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WelcometoSaintJoseph’sUniversityandtoBarbelinHall*

Namedforfounderandfirstpresident,FelixJ.Barbelin,S.J.(b.France1808-69)DedicatedNovember13,1927

Architect,FrancisFerdinandDurangBuilder,JohnMcShain,’22

ByCarmenR.Croce’71

WhenSaintJoseph’sCollegedecidedtoseparatefromSt.Joseph’sPrepin1922andtoestablishanewcampus, itchoseasiteonthewesternedgeof theCityofPhiladelphia,highabove itshistoriccenter.ByNovember1927,inits76thyear,SaintJoseph’sachieveditslonged-forgoalofaCollegiateGothiccollegeonahillwithroomtogrow.Afterthreemovesinitsbriefhistory,thesoaring150-foot-highBarbelinTower,reputedtomarkthehighestpointinthecity,servedasamostdistinguishedexclamationpointtothemessagethatSaintJoseph’shadfinallyarrived.In itsfirstseventy-fiveyears,SaintJoseph’sbuiltanddevelopedtwoothersitesthat includedparish churches, and secondary and primary schools, a model typical of Jesuit educationalinstitutionsthatsoughttoformitsstudentsfromadolescencetoadulthoodandtobenefitfroma reliable income stream to underwrite tuition-free education. Thus, the new City Avenuecampuswas a significant departure from that traditionalmodel and a leap of faith for SaintJoseph’s,absentthereliablefinancialsupportofaparishchurchandthereliableenrollmentfeedofanon-sitesecondaryschool.Thisreckoningwiththerealitiesofhighereducationintwentieth-centuryAmericaalsoservedtostrengthentheurbanmissionstrategyoftheJesuits,forasthecitygrewandexpandeditsbordersoutsidethecitycenter,so,too,didSaintJoseph’s,evermorepreparedtobringJesuiteducationtobearontheurbanenvironment.AbriefoverviewofthemissionstrategiesofthreelocaluniversitiesundertakenbytheirfoundingreligiouscommunitiesoffersinterestingpointsofcontrastandanodtoWilliamShakespeare.

What’sPastisPrologue:HowtheDifferingCharismsofThreeReligiousCommunitiesofMen

DeterminedtheCampusLocationsthatShapedSaintJoseph’s,Villanova,andLaSalleUniversities

SaintJoseph’sUniversitywasfoundedbytheJesuitsin1851.About the founding order: The Society of Jesus (Jesuits)was founded in Paris in 1540 by St.IgnatiusLoyola(1491-1556).HeandhisclosestcompanionsweregraduatesoftheUniversityofParis,and,asproductsoftheRenaissancewhichpromotedmanasthemeasureofall things,rejectedthemonasticlifeandlocatedtheirapostolatesinhighlyvisiblecitylocationswheretheytaught,preached,andministeredinthecontextofurbanculture.

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Thus,thechoiceoftheCityAvenuesiteforSaintJoseph’swasnoaccidentofrealestate.Rather,itconnectedPhiladelphia’sJesuitsmoredirectlytothecharismoftheSocietyofJesusandwhatsomehavecalledits“urbanmissionstrategy,”thatis,the“corporate”decisionbytheSociety,fromitsfounding,tositeitsinstitutionsinmajorcitiesthroughouttheworldtoeducateaction-oriented Christian humanists: men prepared to transcend the abstractions of a classicaleducationbytransformingidealsintoideasandideasintoaction.Ofcourse,theCityAvenuesitesatisfiedanumberofpracticalneedslikesize,cost,andaccesstopublictransportation,butoffargreaterimportancewasavisibleurbanlocationfortheJesuitstodialoguewithurbancultureinordertochangeitforthebetter.ThisSaintJoseph’sdidasitsoldiered on to four different campus locations, all within the boundaries of the city ofPhiladelphia.VillanovaUniversitywasfoundedbytheAugustiniansin1843.About the foundingorder:TheOrderofSt.Augustine (Augustinians)was founded inTuscany(Italy)in1244tofollowtheRuleofSt.AugustineofHippo(354-430).Augustinianfriarspreached,taught, and established missions, but as mendicants living in monastic communities, theintellectuallifeofprayerfulcontemplativesconnectedmoredirectlytothecharismoftheorder.AugustinianssawtheworldasdeeplyflawedandthreateningtoChristians,instarkcontrasttotheJesuits’determinationtofindGodinallthingsofthisworld.Mindfulofthis,theAugustinians’choicetofoundVillanovaCollegeon197acresoffarmlandinwhatwasthenaruralareaaboutfifteenmilesfromthecityofPhiladelphiawasapt.Farenoughtoprotectstudentsfromthedistractionsofcitylife,PatrickMoriarty,O.S.A.,fifthpresidentofVillanova,saidofthesiteatthetimeofitspurchase:“...[thefarm]affordsareligiousretreattopersonsveryoftenfoundinthiscountry,whoareanxioustoretirefromtheworld,andtogivetheirservicestoreligioninthecharacterofthelaybrothersofamonasticestablishment.”LaSalleUniversitywasfoundedbytheChristianBrothersin1863.About the founding order: The Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools (ChristianBrothers)wasfoundedinFrancebySt.John-BaptistdeLaSalle(1651-1719)in1680toprovideabasicandfreeeducationtopoorChristianyouth.Thisfocusonimprovingthelivesofthepoorestyouthpromptedthedecisiontoofferinstructioninthevernacular—whatusewouldGreekandLatinbetothepoor,theyreasoned.Itfollowed,then,thattheChristianBrotherswould,liketheJesuits,foundtheirschoolsinurbanlocations.Thistheydid,andinEurope,theJesuitsprovidedclassicaleducationbasedonthestudyofLatintexts,oftentothewealthy,whiletheChristianBrothersprovidedpracticaleducationinthevernaculartothepoor.Suchdistinctionswere less relevant innineteenth-centuryAmerica, so theChristianBrothersbeganteachingLatinandGreekintheirAmericanschoolsdespitetheclearly-expressedcharismof their founder. The Jesuits, not grateful for the competition, protested to the Vatican’sPropagationoftheFaithandtheBrotherswereorderedtorespecttheircharismandrefrainfromteachingLatinandGreek.Thus,itiseasytoseehowthecharismofthesetwoteachingorders

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andtheso-called“LatinQuestion”wouldcombinetochartdivergentpathsforLaSalleandSaintJoseph’sanddeterminelocationsfornewcampussitesforbothinstitutionsinthe1920’s.Tobeclear,thecharismsofthesethreecommunitiesofmencontinuetoanimatetheirrespectiveinstitutionsbutnotinthewaysthattheyoncedid.SaintJoseph’snolongerfollowsacurriculumgrounded in theRatio Studiorum, Villanova no longer endeavors to isolate its students fromworldlydistraction,andLaSalle teachesLatinandGreekand isno longer tuition-free topoorstudents. These things notwithstanding, Saint Joseph’s, Villanova, and LaSalle continue to beshapedbythecharismsoftheirfoundingreligiousorders;infact,allthreeinstitutionsarewhatandwheretheyaretodaypreciselybecauseofthosedifferingcharisms.

TheNewSaintJoseph’sCampusatOverbrookTheJesuitcharism,ormission,coincidedperfectlywithagrandplanenvisionedbyagroupofwealthyCatholicsfromOverbrookandBalaCynwydin1922todevelopCityLineintoanuber-Catholic community— a CatholicMain Line. The twowealthiest and largest parishes in thearchdiocese,OurLadyofLourdesinOverbrookandSt.MatthiasinBalaCynwydwerealreadyinplace.CardinalDoughertywasplanningtoerectwhatwasprojectedtobethelargestpreparatoryseminaryintheworldonwhatisnowthecampusofSt.CharlesBorromeoSeminary,justafewblocksfromtheproposedsiteoftheNewSt.Joseph’s.RealizationofthatgrandplanawaitedaJesuitcollegeandaresidencefortheCardinalArchbishopofthePhiladelphiaArchdiocese.WithCardinalDougherty’smovefromcentercitytohisCityAvenueresidence(nowLoyolaHall), in1927; the dedication of the New Saint Joseph’s College on City Avenue, in 1927; and thededicationofthePreparatorySeminary,in1928,thegrandplanfortheCatholicMainLinehadbeenrealized.Inthe1920sand’30s,CollegiateGothicwaswidelyregardedastheidealarchitecturalstyleforcolleges because it reflected an ancient and noble heritage that derived from themedievalEnglishcollegesofOxfordandCambridge.Thetowers,quadrangles,battlements,gargoyles,neo-Gothic flourishes, and Latin inscriptions embodied permanence and elitism, as well as themonasticidealsofscholarship,faith,community,andintrospection.Indeed,Fr.AlbertBrown,thepresidentwhoinitiatedSaintJoseph’sbuildingcampaign,describedhisvisionforthenewcollegiateGothicbuildingas“thearchitecturalembodimentofaspiritualideal.”But,ecclesiasticalthoughthelookmaybe,theCollegiateGothicstylewasnotparticularlyCatholic. What was Catholic, and particularly Jesuit about Barbelin Hall, were certainarchitecturalanddecorativeembellishments, forexample, theShieldof theHouseof Loyola,copiedfromtheLoyolafamilycastleinSpainandcarvedinlimestoneontheBarbelinHallfiretower, the limestone heads of Jesuit college presidents in the Quad, and the stained-glasswindowmedallionscommemoratingJesuitsaints,scholars,inventors,explorers,anddramatists.BarbelinHall’sQuadrangleisopenononesidebecauseasecondCollegiateGothicbuildingwasto have been built around a second quadrangle and joined to Barbelin Hall forming amore

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coherent complex surrounding two fully-enclosed quadrangles. The Great Depression (1929)derailedthatplanaswellastheoriginalmasterplanforcampusdevelopment.TheLonerganwingthatextendsfromBarbelinHalltothewestalongCityAvenuewasbuiltin1933instead.Due to theGreatDepression and toWorldWar II, therewould be nomore construction oncampusuntiltheAlumniMemorialFieldhousewasbuiltin1949.Bythen,theCollegiateGothicstylehadfallenfromfavorascollegeslookedtothefutureratherthanthepasttocopewiththecomplexandunpredictablenatureofhighereducationinthepost-warera.

TheYear1927andtheDedicationofBarbelinHallThere was no going back: the dislocations wrought by the GreatWar changed America, itsculture,itsinstitutions,itseconomy,anditspeople.Confidenceinthefuture,exuberance,andprosperitydefinedthedecadeknownastheRoaringTwentiesandfoundexpression inmass-producedautomobiles,talkingpictures,jazzmusic,modernart,newspapercomicstrips,andthecultofcelebrity.ButthepenultimateeventofthedecadewasCharlesLindbergh’ssolo,non-stopflightfromNewYorktoParisonMay21,1927,anachievementthatheraldedandreinforcedAmericandetermination,enterprise,andsuperioritythroughouttheworld.SaintJoseph’sexpressionofconfidenceinitsownfuture,indeeditsembraceofmodernity,wasexpressedbyitsdecisionin1922tofullyseparateitselffromSaintJoseph’sPreparatorySchoolandtobuildanewcampusonCityLineAvenueontheborderbetweenthecityofPhiladelphiaanditsstoriedMainLine.Thevisualstoldthetale:ThenewSaintJoseph’s,shornofitsnineteenth

-centurySecond-EmpirebuildingsandnewlyclothedinthefashionableCollegiate-Gothicstyle,waspreparedtomovebeyondthereligiousandculturalseparatismofthenineteenthcenturyandembarkuponaneweramoreinstepwithcontemporarynormsandpracticesinAmericanhighereducation.TheDedicationThededicationofthe“NewSaintJoseph’s”(BarbelinHall)wasamajorsuccessbyanymeasurebut positively astonishing in viewof the institution’smodest profile at the time.Matthew L.Fortier,S.J.,wasthemasterfulplannerbehindboththefundraisingeffortsforthenewcampusandthededicationceremonies.TheprincipalguestwasCharlesA.Lindbergh,thetwenty-five-year-oldherooftheage,whojustsixmonthsearlierhadelectrifiedtheworldwhenhebecamethefirstpersontoflyaloneandnon-stopacrosstheAtlanticOceaninhissingle-engineairplane“TheSpiritofSt.Louis.”Acrowdestimated at 10,000 gathered on the campus. The newspaper reported that at one pointLindbergh’s feetwereactuallyoff thegroundaspolice forcedhim through the crowd to thesafety of the Dean’s office to change for the ceremony. Also in attendance were BritishAmbassador, Sir Esme Howard; French Ambassador, Paul Claudel; and the ambassadors orministersofBelgium,Chile,Argentina,Greece,Dominica,andHaiti.FerdinandFoch,MarshallofFranceandCommander-inChiefoftheAlliedArmiesduringWorldWarI,tentativelyacceptedan

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invitationextendedfromhisfriend,Fortier,butfrailhealthpreventedhimfromattending.FochwasaloyalanddevotedfriendoftheJesuitswhohadbeeneducatedataJesuitcollege.Fortier’schoiceofspecialguestspeakersevokesthetensionbetweentraditionandmodernismin the aftermath ofWW I both for the nation and for Saint Joseph’s. Lindbergwas the veryembodiment ofmodernism at the time,while Paul Claudel, renowned French dramatist anddevoutCatholic,wasaprincipalinthepost-warCatholicrevivalinFrance.ClaudelcongratulatedSaintJoseph’sonitsnewcampusandthankedtheJesuitswhowereatthatverytimeeducatinghissoninFrance.Foch,hadhebeenwellenoughtoattend,wouldhavetippedthescalesinthedirectionoftraditionforhewasanotherconservativeFrenchCatholicwhohad,himself,beeneducatedbytheJesuits.HisbrotherwasaJesuitpriestandFochremainedloyaltotheJesuitsthroughouthislife.Congratulatorymessageswerereadat the luncheonthatday fromPresidentCalvinCoolidge;PopePiusXI;VladimirLedochowski,SuperiorGeneraloftheJesuits;andGeneralJohnPershing,Commanderof theAmericanExpeditionary Force in FranceduringWorldWar I. Claudel alsospoke,anduponfinishing,theorchestraplayed“LaMarseillaise,”theFrenchnationalanthem.Thecrowdstoodandsangalong—aHollywood-worthysceneifevertherewasone.Andso,itseemedthatSaintJoseph’sCollegehadfinallyarrived,yettherewasmuchtobedone:thoseexaltedpublicceremoniesdisguisedthefactthatfewerthan200studentswereenrolledatSaintJoseph’satthetime.

TheArchitects:EmileG.Perrot,FrancisFerdinandDurang,andSigmundJ.Laschenski

TheCampusMasterPlanEmileG.Perrot(1872-1954)wasthearchitectchosentodevelopthefirstcomprehensivemasterplan for thenew campus site in 1922. Perrot’s plan included tenbuildings, in addition to anathleticfield,tenniscourts,andacentralcampusgreen—allwithinthetwo-blockareaboundby City and Overbrook Avenues and 54th and 56th Streets. Among the buildings planned inadditiontoBarbelinHallandaJesuitfacultyresidencewereSchoolsofFinance,Engineering,andLaw,aScienceCenter,library,chapel,auditorium,andgymnasium.Noprovisionforparkingwasmadeonthesite,so,picturesqueasPerrot’splanwas,itwasablessingthatitwasnotfollowed.Twenty-two years were to pass before Perrot would undertake another project for SaintJoseph’s:theoriginalAlumniMemorialFieldhouse,completedin1949.ArchitectofBarbelinHallTothedisappointmentofPerrot,itwasFrancisFerdinandDurang(1884-1966)whowaschosenasthearchitectofBarbelinHall.DurangwasthesonofEdwinForrestDurang(1829-1911),whomFr.BurchardVilligerhadchosenasarchitectofTheChurchoftheGesùandthecollegebuildingsat17thStreetandGirardAvenue(currentlythecampusofSJPrep).TheDurangs,fatherandson,were the most accomplished Catholic architects in the area. Principally known for their

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ecclesiasticalcommissions,DurangbuildingsremainamongthemostbeautifulandiconicinthecityofPhiladelphia.ArchitectoftheJohnE.LonerganAdditiontoBarbelinHallTothedisappointmentofFrancisFerdinandDurang,itwasSigmundJ.Laschenski(1891-1980)whowaschosenas thearchitectof the JohnE.LonerganwingofBarbelinHall, completed in1933. A few years before, in 1929, Laschenski had been commissioned to design an athleticstadiumonthesiteofthecurrentSweeney(formerlyFinnesey)Field.SaintJoseph’smaybetheonly institution in America to benefit from the Great Depression, for it dashed institutionaldreamsofLaschenski’smisbegottenstadium—aneo-Gothiccarbunclewithaseatingcapacityof70,000atatimewhenSaintJoseph’senrolledabout200full-timestudents.

TheBuilder:JohnMcShain,“TheManWhoBuiltWashington”

The sonof Irish immigrants, JohnMcShain (1898-1989)becameoneof thegreatestbuildingcontractorsintheUnitedStates.HewasgraduatedfromSaintJoseph’sCollege(lowerform)in1918 and is an honorarymember of the class of 1922 (upper form.) JohnMcShainwas justtwenty-sevenyearsoldwhenhewasentrustedwiththecommissiontobuildBarbelinHall,thefirstbuildingon this siteandMcShain’s first importantproject. Thus,hehadmuch toprove,especiallysincethechoicewasopposedbyIgnatiusHorstmann,thecollege’smostdistinguishedtrustee.WhenBarbelinHallwithits150’hightowerwascompletedinNovember1927,itwascelebratedasalandmarkoftheCityofPhiladelphiaandsignificantlyenhancedtheprofileandprospectsofitsarchitect,bothpersonallyandprofessionally.McShain’striumphmeritedtheadmirationofHorstmann and his daughter,Mary, and so it was thatMcShain andMary Horstmannweremarriedthatsameyear.Withinfouryears,McShainwonhisfirstfederalcontractfortheNavalHospital in South Philadelphia. Two years later, hewon the first ofmany important buildingcommissions in our nation’s capital: the Jefferson Memorial (1939), the Pentagon (1941),GeorgetownHospital(1944),DupontCircle(1945),therebuildingoftheWhiteHouse(1948),theNationalInstitutesofHealthHospital(1949),theNationalShrineoftheImmaculateConception(1954),andtheJohnF.KennedyCenterforthePerformingArts(1965),amongmanyothers;thus,thewell-deservedsobriquet,“TheManWhoBuiltWashington.”Of these iconiccommissions,none was as prestigious as the reconstruction of the White House under President HarryTrumannwhomovedtoBlairHousefortheduration(1948-1952).TheentireinterioroftheWhiteHousewasgutted,millworkwascarefullyremovedandlaterreturned,sub-basementsweredug,foundationswerereinforced,andtheTrumannBalconywasadded.TheMcShains’ interestandsuccesses inhorseracingbroughtthemto Irelandseveraltimesayearthroughthe1950sand‘60s,andin1961,theypurchasedtheLakesofKillarneyandKillarneyHouse on the 25,000-acre property that Queen Elizabeth I had bestowed upon the Earl ofKenmare400yearsbefore.ItwastherethatJohnMcShaindiedin1987.

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AthisfuneralMassattheCathedralBasilicaofSS.PeterandPaulinPhiladelphia,McShainwaseulogizedbyhisgoodfriend,Fr.MichaelSmith,afterwhomtheChapelofSt.Joseph—MichaelJ. Smith, S.J.,Memorial on the SJU campus is named. The theme of Smith’s homilywas notscripturalbutclassical,basedonaversefromtheLatinpoet,Horace,thatMcShainandSmithhad studied as students of the Jesuits. The talk was entitled Exegi Monumentum AeneusPerennius,meaning“Ihavebuiltamonumentmorelastingthanbronze”—andindeedhehad,manytimesover.JohnMcShain’sphilanthropicworkwaslegendaryinCatholicPhiladelphia.HisgenerositytoSaintJoseph’s University was foundational to the growth and development of the institution. Inaddition to BarbelinHall, he is best remembered on campus for his support of theMcShainStudent Residence, The John McShain Chair in Ethics, and the John McShain EndowedScholarship.

TheGrotesques,GargoylesandCarvingsofBarbelinHall,1927GargoylesgroupedonbuildingfacadesareassociatedwiththegreatcathedralsthattypifytheGothicstyleconstructedbetweenthe12thandthe15thcenturies.Theiroriginalpurposeremainsamystery, but it is generally thought that gargoyles represent the fears and superstitionsofmedievalmen.Aslifebecamemoresecure,thegargoylesbecamemorecomicalandwhimsical—andsotheyareatSaintJoseph’sUniversity.Grotesques, gargoyles, bosses,heraldicdevices, inscriptions, andother carvingsdecorate thefaçadeofBarbelinHall.MostofthelimestonecarvingwasdoneanonymouslybutthenameofAnthonyAgunsdaycomesdowntousascraftsmanandforemanoftheteamofstonemasonsworking on the building. A photograph in the university archives shows Agunsday in theQuadranglecarvingagargoyle(chimera)composedoffifteenpartsofdifferentanimals.Allofthecarvingsbegan thesameway,asblocksof limestonecut to the right size, thenset into theirproperplacesonthefaçade.Allwerecarvedinsitu.A1926photographoftheconstructionworkinprogressshowsthewords“carve,don’tchip,”asacautiontothestonemasons,printedonalimestoneblockfromwhichacarvingwastoemerge.CarvingsontheBlockedMinorTowerTheBlockedMinorToweratthemainentrancetoBarbelinHallonCityAvenueisdecoratedwithfour limestone carvings on its upper register: two facing City Avenue and two facing theQuadrangle. Among the gargoyles and carvings on the building, these four are unmistakablemarkersoftheyearofconstructionandwindowsintoSaintJoseph’snewunderstandingofitself.Chosenassymbolsofmodernity,success,andleisure,notonlydidthesecarvingsrefertothetransformationofAmericancultureintheearlydecadesofthe20thcentury,theyalsosignaledaradicalnewbeginningforSaintJoseph’sCollege.NewlyseparatedfromthePrepandrelocatedto a new campus with contemporary science labs and plenty of room to grow, these witty

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carvingssignaledtheCollege’sreadinesstoacceptthechangingrelationshipofcollegiatelifetoeducationinthefirstdecadesofthetwentiethcentury.Thefourcarvings,takentogether,arerepresentativeoftherichnessofAmericanculturallifeintheearlyyearsofthetwentiethcentury,andmostimportantly,thepowerthatcultureexertedinshapingatrulydiverseAmericanexperiencethatquicklyspreadacrossthisvastlandunitingitinwaysthatnothingelsecouldhave.Automobilesandtheimprovedroadstheyrequired,thedevelopmentofthemotionpictureindustry,atasteformusicrisingfromtheAfrican-Americanexperience,theriseofmodernart,andthespreadofcontinuitycomicstripsallplayedsignificantrolesincreatingacommonAmericanexperienceinwhichnearlyeveryonecouldshareandinwhichdistancewasnoobstacle.Thetidewasturning;thebestthingswerenolongertocomefromEurope.ThefourcarvingsontheMinorTowerinclude,lefttoright:

• AndyGump.TheGumpswasapopularcomicstrip,runningfrom1917until1959,aboutamiddle-classfamilyledbyAndyGump,thebunglingfatheroftheclan.Gumphadanimpossiblylongnoseandnochinwhatsoever.TheGumpssymbolizedAmericanfrivolityand launched a craze for continuity strips. National distribution of their hair-brainedadventuressignaledtheriseofawidelyaccessibleandpopularcartoonculture.

• Pan.TheGreekgodofmusic,Pan,playsasaxophonesymbolizingtheJazzAge.Themovie,TheJazzSinger,starringAlJolson,wasthefirsttrue“talkingpicture.”Releasedin1927,TheJazzSingerforeverchangedthemotionpictureindustryandsetthestagefortheso-called“GoldenAgeofHollywood”andthedisseminationofAmericancultureintheatresthroughouttheworld.

• ModernArt.AhumanfaceisdepictedreducedtoitsbasicformandpositionedoveradetailofaclassicalarchitecturalcapitalsymbolizingtheevolutionofModernArt fromclassicalforms.

• The JoyRide. Two studentsaredepictedat thewheelof a carenjoyingahair-raisingadventurethatsymbolizestheriseoftheAutomotiveAgeandmachine-ageideals.HenryFord’sModelAwasunveiledin1927,replacingthemorebasicModelTopentouringcar.

TheMischievousStudentandtheWatchfulProfessorThe Gothic arch at themain entrance to Barbelin Hall on City Avenue was carved with theinscription:Dominuscustodiatintroitumtuumetexitumtuum(MaytheLordwatchoverthineenteringinandthygoingforth). Onthespring-lineofthatGothicarchcarved limestonereliefsarefoundofaprofessorandastudent:ontheleft,“TheMischievousStudent”;ontheright,“TheWatchfulProfessor.”Onthe

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cornerstone of the building, appropriately positioned just below the Watchful Professor, isinscribed the admonition: Conserva Eorum Istam Immaculatam in Aeternum (Preserve yourhouseimmaculateforever.)TheCourageousLionTheCourageousLionistheguardianoftheBarbelinQuadrangle.HelooksdownfromundertheorielbayatthetopofthestaircaseinthenorthwestcorneroftheQuad.Hiseyesarehumanandwise,hiswingsareprominentsymbolsofdivinemission.Lionswereacceptedassymbolsofpower,fortitude,andjusticeeveninancientculturesandthattropewasappropriatedbyChristianart,architecture,and literature.Themedievalbelief thatlionssleptwiththeireyeswideopencausedChristiansymboliststoconflateleonineperpetualwatchfulnesswithChristwhoappearedtohavediedonthecrossyetremainedall-seeing.BiblicaldescriptionsofSolomon’sThroneofJusticerestingonsixstepsguardedbytwelvelionslinkedthe animals symbolically to the concept of justice. The lion continues to the present as ametaphorforChristthrough“TheChroniclesofNarnia,”themid-centuryseriesofsevennovelsbyBritishauthorandpoet,C.S.Lewis.WhenBarbelinHallwastheonlybuildingonSaintJoseph’scampusandtheQuadwasthecenterof campus life, activities, and even commencement exercises, the Courageous Lion wasparticularly well positioned from his lofty lair to fulfill his role as admonitor and symbol ofcourage,justice,andfortitude—especiallyfortitude,forthecourageheenjoinsisnotrecklessbutthefortitudetodotherightthingnomatterhowdifficult.That was an important message for the Jesuits to impart to their students and the wingedanthropomorphiclionwithitsmedievalChristologicalassociationswasanaptvehicletohighlightthe importance of steadfastness in the face of adversity and temptation. Central to Catholicmoral theologyandphilosophy, fortitude,oneof the four cardinal virtues,was recognized inClassicalAntiquityinthethoughtandwritingsofAristotle,Plato,andCicero.Fr.JohnO’Malley,S.J.,haspositedthattheJesuitsknewCicerobetterthantheyknewtheBible,socommittedweretheytohumanisteducation.AlinefromCicero’sDeofficiis,oftenquotedbytheJesuits,highlightstheideal:“Wearenotbornforourselvesalone,”thusrelatinglearningtothelifeofvirtueandpublicserviceadvocatedinthecontemporaryJesuitmissiontoeducate“MenandWomenforOthers.”TheEmblematicTympanumTotherightofthemainarched-entrancetoBarbelinHallisanotherentrancedistinguishedbyanemblematictympanumuponwhicharecarvedthreeshieldsfeaturingconventionalizedsymbolsofLearning,Holiness,andHealthonabackgroundofintertwinedgrapeandoakfoliage.Learningissymbolizedatleftbythelampofknowledgeonabook;Holiness,byaLatincrossonalargershieldatcenter,andHealth,byabaseballbat,basketball,football,tennisracket,andcricketbat,all interlocked. The grapes, oak leaves, and acorns are interpreted here as emblems of

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Christianity: grapes as symbols of the Eucharist; oak leaves and acorns as symbols of Christ,strength,andsteadfastness,inthatacornsdeveloponlyonmaturetrees.Thesethreeemblematiccomponents,takentogether,symbolizetheknowledge,Christianvirtue,andphysicalwell-being(Scientia,Sanctitas,Sanitas)thatSaintJoseph’sUniversityproposesforits sons and daughters, and, as such, are also emblazoned on one of the four flags that theuniversityfliesatCityAvenueandLapsleyLane.TheBiologyandChemistryGrotesques.Onthenorth(CityAvenueside)ofthebuildingflankingtheeastwindowgroup(2nd fl),withinwhichthesciencedepartmentswereoriginallylocated,arefoundacarved limestonecreatureholdingafrogandanothercreatureholdingadistillingtuberepresentingthedisciplinesofbiologyandchemistry,respectively.TheExLibrisGrotesques.Alsoonthenorth(CityAvenueside)ofthebuildingbutflankingthewestneo-Gothictracery-window(2ndfl)arefoundtwoliterategrotesques,creaturesreadingbooksinscribedwiththewordsExLibris(fromthelibrary).Therewasnomistakingthelocationofthelibrarywithin.TheAgunsdayGrotesque,socalledbecauseitistheonlycarvingattributabletoaparticularstone mason. Anthony Agunsday, craftsman and foreman of the stone masons, wasphotographedputtingthefinishingtouchesonagrotesque,orchimera,saidtobecomposedofpartsoffifteendifferentanimals.Suchanimalsofnoknownspeciesmayhavebeensymbolsoftheunpredictabilityandchaosoflife.Itiscalledagrotesqueinsteadofagargoylebecauseitwasnotmeanttofunctionasadecorativespouttocarrywaterawayfromthebuilding.TheBatGargoyleintheBarbelinQuadrangleistheonlygenuinegargoyleonthebuildinginthatitistheonlycreaturedesignedtofunctionasaspouttodivertwaterfromthebuilding.HeraldicSymboloftheHouseofLoyola.Theeast-facingfiretowerofBarbelinHallisinsetwithalimestonecarvingoftwowolvesandakettle,thecoatofarmsoftheHouseofLoyola,saidtosymbolize thehospitalityof theHouse.The imagederives fromtheoriginal, inset into theportaloftheLoyolacastleintheBasqueregionofnorthernSpain.ThewolvesandkettleimageisalsoincludedintheupperrightquarteroftheheraldicshieldofSaintJoseph’sUniversityandisalsofoundintheshieldsofanumberofotherAmericanJesuituniversities.HeraldicShieldofSaintJoseph’sUniversity.TheBlockedMinorTower(CityAvenueside)featuresthefullheraldicshieldoftheuniversity.Theshieldisquartered,thatis,dividedintofourpartsbyacross.TheupperleftquarterdisplayssevenbandsrepresentingthesevensonsoftheHouseofLoyola:St.Ignatiusandhissixbrothers.Theupperrightdepictstwowolvesandakettle,symbolizing the hospitality of the Loyola family. The lower left quarter features a lily, aniconographicattributeofSt.Joseph,thepatronoftheuniversity.Thelowerrightquarterfeatures

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the letters “IHS,” the first three lettersof thenameof Jesus inGreek, themonogramof theSocietyofJesus.

TheWorldWarIIMemorialtotheClassof1943ATheclassof1943wasfast-tracked,duetothewar,andwasgraduatedinFebruaryastheClassof1943A.Alas,thatclasswasparticularlyhardhithavinglosttwelvemen—nearlyone-fourththetotalnumberofSaintJoseph’smenwhodiedinallofWorldWarII.Asamemorialtothoseheroicalumni,theirclassmates,families,andfriendserectedthestatueofOurLadyofGraceintheBarbelinQuadrangleinOctober,1947.ThedevotiontoOurLadyofGracederivesfromtheapparitionsofMarytoSt.CatherineLaboure(France,1830)inwhathavecometobecalledtheMiraculousMedalApparitions.RaysoflightshonefromMary’soutstretchedhandsintwoofthoseapparitionstosymbolizethegracessheobtainsforthosewhoaskforthem.ItisthisimageofMaryasOurLadyofGracethatappearsontheMiraculousMedals,oneofthemostrecognizedsymbolsofmaterialChristianityinthe19thand20thcenturies.ThestatueofMaryasOurLadyofGracewasgivenprideofplaceintheBarbelinQuadrangleintheaftermathofWorldWarII.Itsplacement,justbelowthestonerostrumorpulpitfromwhichthe president addressed the assembled student body, positioned it at the very heart of theinstitution.OurLadyofGracequicklycametodefinethespace.Seventyyearslater,itisperhaps,difficulttoappreciatethesignificanceofthatgestureuntilitisrememberedthatBarbelinHallwas the only building on the Saint Joseph’s campus at that time and literally all collegiateactivitieshappenedwithinitsembrace.Thus,itisappropriatethatthestonesofBarbelinHall,witness to the collegiate lives of the heroes of the Class of 1943A, should forever harbor amemorialtotheirsacrifice.CommencementexerciseswereheldintheQuadranglefrom1928through1948.Thepresidentof the university presided from the natural rostrum on the elevated landing. For that finalcommencementintheQuad,thepresidentwaspositionedjustbehindthestatueofOurLadyofGracewith theplinthbearing thememorializednamesof theClassof1943A, installedsevenmonthsbefore.ThisvisualanditsevocativeassociationwithSaintJoseph’sheroicalumni,wouldhavemadeapowerfulimpressionuponanaudiencewithvividmemoriesofthedislocationsofwar.Studentsofthelate-1940sandearly-1950sthoughttheQuadrangleaspecialplaceandhadvividmemoriesofthe“LivingRosary”stagedthereeachMaybytheSodality.StudentsframedtheoutlineofarosarybyformingalinethatloopedaroundthestatueofOurLadyofGraceandtherostrum.Eachstudent,representingonerosarybead,saida“HailMary”inturn.

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EarlyPresidentsofSaintJoseph’sinLimestoneFoundedandNurturedbyEmigresSevenJesuitsservedaspresidentsofSaintJoseph’sinthenineteenthcentury,fiveofthemwereforeign-born(Barbelin,Ryder,Villiger,Dooley,andGillespie);twosoughtrefugeinAmericafromreligiousandpoliticaloppression (BarbelinandVilliger)—notuncommonstatistics for Jesuitcolleges inAmericaduring theperiod. In fact, the Jesuiteducationalnetwork inAmericawasfoundedonthebacksofacadreofextraordinaryJesuitsemigres,includingnearlyonefourthoftheJesuitsintheMarylandProvince.Ofthetwenty-fivefoundingpresidentsofJesuitcollegesinthenineteenthcentury,allbuttwowerebornoutsidetheUnitedStates.TheLimestonePresidentialBustsEight of themost accomplished of the thirteen Jesuit presidents who served Saint Joseph’sbetween1851and1927arememorializedwithsculptedbustsintegratedintothenorthandeastcornicesoftheQuadrangle.TheomissionfromthisgroupofCharlesW.Lyons,S.J.,presidentfrom1909-14,iscuriousashisportfolioisstrongerthansomeofthosewhowerechosenfordistinction.In1912,heopenedthefirst“wireless”telegraphystationinPhiladelphia,allowingSaintJoseph’stoclaimtohavehadtheearliestradiostationinthecity.Thecollegebaseballteamalsodistinguisheditselfthatsameyear,when, inanexhibitiongameheld inApril1912,SaintJoseph’sdefeatedthethen-world-championPhiladelphiaAthleticsbyascoreof8to7atShibePark.Thefollowingyear,1913,thecollegeerectedalargenewJesuitfacultyresidenceatthecornerof18thandThompsonStreets.After leaving Saint Joseph’s, Fr. Lyons served as president of Boston College (1914-19) andpresidentofGeorgetownUniversity(1924-28).These portraits in limestone are well sculpted; all of the men are easily recognizable, theirphysiognomieshavingbeenmodeledonperiodphotographs.Buttheirimagesservemorethanamerecommemorativefunction,forlikeallpublicart,theyaremeanttomakelegendscredible,tomodelmodesofbeingandbehavior,andtorecordspecificeventsandevokeconvictionsmorepermanent.When theQuadranglewas thecenterof campus life, the JesuitEightbore stolidwitness to the daily drama of life at Saint Joseph’s. In the Society of Jesus, thosewho holdauthorityareassignedanadmonitor,whose task it is to represent the Jesuit communityandcounselthesuperiorshouldhisleadershipproveproblematic.ThepresenceofthoselimestonebustsofdistinguishedformerpresidentswouldalsohaveservedassilentadmonitorstoSaintJoseph’sJesuitadministrators.FelixJ.Barbelin,S.J.,Founder,first(1851-56)andfourth(1860-68)presidentBarbelin’simageisfoundintheQuadrangle,firstpositionontheeastcorniceinagroupofthreewithWalshandGillespie.Hewearsasurplice,apreachingstole,andabirettaonhishead.

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FelixJosephBarbelinwasborninLuneville,Francein1808anddiedinPhiladelphiain1869.Heserved as prefect of studies at the minor seminary at Pont-a-Mousson, France, until theRevolutionof1830closed theseminariesandBarbelinwasconscripted toserve in thearmy.Armedwithapassportanddocumentationofhiseducation,he fled to theportof LeHavre,France—gendarmesinhotpursuit.HearrivedinNewYorkonDecember21,1830.OrdainedatGeorgetownCollegein1832,BarbelinwassenttoPhiladelphiatwoyearslater.HewasgrantedcitizenshiponNovember20,1840andspent the restofhis lifeatOldSt. Joseph’sChurch inWilling’sAlley.BarbelinwasanindefatigableorganizerandcharismaticpastorwhosevisionofparishlifewasbasedonEuropeanmodelsofpietyand Ignatianmodelsofserviceand justice. InadditiontofoundingSaintJoseph’sCollegein1851,hepioneeredanumberofothereducationalinitiatives:a parochial school, academy for young girls, a night school for adults, and English-languagelessonsforAcadianrefugees,amongthem.HewelcomedtheAcadianrefugee,African-American,andItalianimmigrantcommunitiestoOldSt.Joseph’sandsponsoredtheiractivitiesintheparishhall. The rush of Irish immigrants at the nearby docks along the Delaware River promptedBarbelin to organize the Society for the Relief of Irish Immigrants in 1848. The next year heestablishedSt.Joseph’sHospitalonGirardAvenueinNorthPhiladelphia.Barbelinwasawell-knownandrespectedfigureinthecityofPhiladelphia.HewasclosefriendswiththebankerFrancisA.DrexelandpresidedathismarriagetoEmmaBouvieratSaintJoseph’sChurch in 1860, Drexel’s first wife having died shortly after giving birth to their daughter,Katherine,latertobecomeSt.KatherineDrexel.TheBouvierswereparishionersatSaintJoseph’s,and, likeBarbelin,wereofFrenchdescent.Emma’sfather,MichaelBouvier,wasthepaternalgreat-greatgrandfatherofJacquelineKennedyOnassis.FullofhistoricandinterestingeventsthoughBarbelin’s lifewas,nothingcouldhavepreparedhimforwhatawaitedonJuly17,1856,forthatwasthedayoftheGreatTrainWreckof1856,thedeadliestrailroadcatastropheintheworld,tothatpoint intime.St.Michael’sparishhadorganized an excursion to FortWashington for the children of the parish and their parents.Specialtrainswerecharteredwithtwodeparturesscheduledforthecrowdof1200.Asthefirsttrainroundedthecurve, itcrashedhead-onathighspeed intotheregularservicetrain.BothtrainsweresmashedtopiecesandthewreckageoftheSt.Michaelcarscaughtfireimmediately.Theblazecouldbeseenformiles.Acrowdrushedtothescenerippingshutters fromhousesalong theway to carry the dead and injured children away. In all, sixty-fivewere killed andhundredsinjured.DirectingtherescueeffortwasMaryAmbler,anelderlyQuakerwomanwholivednearby.Ambler’shomewasusedasatemporaryhospital,andforherservice,therailroadcompanychangedthenameofthestationfromWissahickontoAmblerin1869,oneyearafterAmbler’sdeath.CoincidencealsoplacednearbybothBarbelin,theoutgoingpresidentofSaintJoseph’sCollege,andPatrickE.Moriarty,O.S.A.,formerpresidentofVillanovaCollege.Thetwopriestsrushedtothescenetoanointtheinjuredandthedead.InalettertohisbrotherinFrance,Barbelinwrote:“NevershallIforgettheheart-rendingscenewhichpresenteditself—thecarsheapedtogether

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inaburningmass,fromwhichpersonsweretryingtoextricateburnedandpartiallyconsumedbodies.”Barbelin’slifeandaccomplishmentsarememorializedatOldSt.Joseph’sChurch,SaintJoseph’sPrep,andSaintJoseph’sUniversity.JamesA.Ryder,S.J.,secondpresident(1856-57)Ryder’simageisfoundintheQuadrangle,firstpositioninthenorthwestcornerofthecorniceinagroupoffourwithDooley,Ward,andVilliger.Hewearsashirtwithanuprightcollarandabowtie.Ryderdressedasagentlemanandwasreferredtoas“Dr.Ryder”duringtheperiod,becausewhenhostilityturnedtoviolenceduringtheanti-nativist,anti-CatholicKnow-Nothingmovementofthe1840sand50s,CharlesStonestreet,JesuitprovincialoftheMarylandProvince,1852-58,forbadehisJesuitstowearclericalgarbinpublic.RyderhadgoodreasontobecautioussincehehadbeentwicestonedinthestreetsofWashington,D.C.duringhistwotermsaspresidentofGeorgetownUniversity(1840-45and1848-51).JamesRyder(1800-1860)wasborninDublin,Ireland,andbroughttotheUnitedStatesasayoungboybyhiswidowedmother.HeenteredtheSocietyof Jesusafter twoyearsatGeorgetown.Ryderandtwoothers,ofthemostpromisingJesuitscholasticsweresenttoRomefortraininginthe1820s.Ryder,thoughttobethemostbrilliantofthattrio,wasappointedtoteachtheologyandsacredScriptureattheUniversityofSpoletoafterhisordinationin1824.RyderreturnedtoAmericain1829andwasappointedpresidentofGeorgetownin1840.By then, considered to be one of the foremost Catholic orators in the country, his talks inWashingtonandGeorgetownattractedhundreds,includingmembersoftheadministrationandCongress.HedevelopedawarmrelationshipwithPresidentJohnTylerwhobecamearegularparticipant in Georgetown’s commencement exercises during Ryder’s tenure. Tyler’s sonattended Georgetown and Tyler’s sister became a convert to Catholicism in those years.President James Buchanan often attended Ryder’s sermons and took private instruction inCatholicismfromhim.RyderleftGeorgetownin1845toassumethepresidencyoftheCollegeoftheHolyCross.Threeyearslater,hereturnedtoWashingtonforasecondtermaspresidentofGeorgetown.There,hewas an able if severe administrator. He was an ardent temperance advocate and bannedconsumptionofalcoholbystudentsbothonandoffcampus.By1845RyderhadextendedthebantotheJesuitsaswellwhichwonhimnofriends.SmokingalsobecameaforbiddenpracticeunderRyderatatimewhenstudentswerenoteasilycontrolled.Asascholastic,StonestreetwascompelledtomaintainauthorityinhisclassroomatGeorgetownwithhisfists.Onceafterbestingadefiantstudentatthecostofablackeyeandruinedhabit,StonestreetprotestedtoPresidentRyderthathehadnotenteredtheSocietyofJesustobecomeaprize-fighter. “Why,man,” repliedRyder, “yougot thebetterofhim—whatmoredoyouwant?”

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Ryder’sfirstactinhissecondterm(1848-51)wastocommitGeorgetowntobuildanewchurchtobecalled“Trinity”oncollegeproperty,completedin1852.In1849,heestablishedGeorgetownMedicalSchool.Ryderspentonlyoneyear(1856-57)aspresidentofSaintJoseph’s.Failinghealthandbadluckpreventedhimfrommakinga lastingcontribution.Hisopening initiativewastonegotiatethemoveofSaintJoseph’sfromWilling’sAlleytotheSt.John’sschoolbuildingatJuniperandFilbertStreetsincludingthetransferofSt.John’sChurch(thepro-Cathedral)totheJesuits.RyderwasinstalledintheparishhousebySeptember1856.Alas,Ryder’sinitiativeprovedunviableinthelongtermforreasonsembedded inthecomplexrelationshipbetweenSaint Joseph’sandthearchdiocese.JamesA.Ward,S.J.,thirdpresident(1857-60)Ward’simageisfoundonthecorniceofthenorthwestcorneroftheQuadrangleinagroupoffourwithRyder,Dooley,andVilliger.Hewearsclericalgarbandabirettaonhishead.JamesWardwasborninPhiladelphiain1813.HewasordainedapriestoftheSocietyofJesusin1843atGeorgetown,whereheeventuallydiedin1895.WardservedasthedeanofdisciplineandvicerectoratGeorgetownuntil1850.Hedidnotsufferrebelliousstudentsgladly,and,tohis chagrin, collegiate rebels were particularly problematic at Georgetown and many otherAmericancollegesduringtheperiod.Aboveall,Wardwasateacherandascholar.Trainedasaclassicist,hetaughtinanumberofdisciplinesatLoyolaCollege,Baltimore,theCollegeoftheHolyCross,andGeorgetown.Throughout the 1850s, the American Jesuits were preoccupied with the Know-Nothingmovement and its anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic agenda. In 1854, a Know-Nothing crowdtarredand feathered JohnBapst, a Swiss Jesuit,whohad come toAmericawithVilliger. TheJesuitswere keenly awareof that episodewhen, in that same year, theywere chargedwithelectingthenextprovincialoftheMarylandProvince.TheItaliansendorsedAngeloParesce,theGermansbackedVilliger,andtheAmericansfavoredoneoftheirown,Philadelphia-bornJamesA.Ward.WardtoldSuperiorGeneral,PeterBeckx,S.J.,thatheshouldkeeptheKnow-Nothingthreatinmindwhenmakinghischoice.Animprudentappointmentcould“leadtoworsethings”inthe“particularlydangerous...presentstateofthisrepublic.”ParesceandVilligerweresensibleand“well versed in our rules,” Ward advised, “but they are not Americans, nor are they wellacquaintedwiththeAmericanspirit.”Nevertheless,Villiger,awell-acculturatedSwiss,gotthejob.”Neapolitan,AngeloParescesucceededVilligerasprovincialin1859.TheEuropeanJesuitshadenduredfarworsetreatmentintheirhomelandsandwerenoteasilyinfluencedbyAmericanprovincialismandintimidation.SaintJoseph’swasstrugglingin1857,whenWardarrivedaspresident;enrollmentwasdown,debt was up, and discipline was flagging. His predecessor, Ryder, was not well enough to

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accomplishmuchexcepttonegotiatetransferofthecollegetoSt.John’satJuniperandFilbertStreets.Wardrestoreddisciplineandacademicstandards;hereconstructedthecourseofstudiesinthecollege in accordancewith the strict requirements of the Jesuit Ratio Studiorum. Philosophyhaving been added to the curriculum, studentswere now eligible to earn the baccalaureatedegree.And,itwasduringWard’spresidencythatthefirstbaccalaureatedegreewasconferredonJuly8,1858.AsWard’stenurecametoaclose,St.John’sChurchandschoolwerereturnedtothearchdioceseandSaintJoseph’sreturnedtoWilling’sAlley.BurchardJ.Villiger,S.J.,fifthpresident(1868-93)Villiger’simageisfoundonthecorniceofthenorthwestcorneroftheQuadrangleinagroupoffourwithRyder,Dooley,andWard.AnativeofSwitzerland(b.1819),BurchardVilligerwasascholasticstudyingtheologyatFribourgin1847whentheSwissDietexpelledtheSocietyfromtherepublic.HeescapedfromFribourgwithacompanionandproceededtotheUnitedStatesin1848with40otherJesuitsunderordersfromhisJesuitsuperiors.Bytheendofhislife,VilligerhadundertakenoroverseenimportantbuildingprojectsatSantaClaraCollege,St. IgnatiusCollege(nowUniversityofSanFrancisco),Boston College,Gonzaga College (Prep), and, of course, Saint Joseph’s College.He had beenprovincial of theMarylandProvinceof the Societyof Jesus, Superiorof the JesuitMission inCalifornia,andRectorofWoodstockCollege,widelyacclaimedastheacademicflagshipoftheSocietyofJesusinAmerica.Butin1851,VilligerwasayoungnewlyordainedSwissexilemissionedtoSaintJoseph’sCollegeinPhiladelphia.AsPrefectofStudies(Dean),hesharedthestagewithfoundingpresident,Fr.Felix Barbelin, on the morning of September 15, 1851 to welcome the first students ofPhiladelphia’s new Jesuit college.He stayedonly one year beforemovingon to someof theassignmentsmentionedabove,buthere,unknowntohim,thegreatestworkofhislifeawaited.UponhisreturntoPhiladelphiain1868asfifthpresidentofSaintJoseph’s,itwascleartoVilligerthatthefutureoftheinstitutiondependeduponbetterfacilitiesthanOldSt.Joseph’sinWilling’sAlleywouldallow.Thus,he immediatelyundertookconstructionofanewcampusandparishchurchonaplotoflandinNorthPhiladelphia,offGirardAvenuethathadbeenpurchasedbyBarbelin.Aftertwentylongyearsofconstruction,SaintJoseph’sCollegemovedtoitsnewcampusbuildinganchoredbythemagnificentChurchoftheGesuwhichtheJesuitsdescribedas“pureRoman”instyle.Bythistheymeantabuildingendowedwithbaroquearchitecturalreferences,acavernousnave, dedicated side chapels, altars decorated with paintings and sculpture, and an amplecollectionofrelicsofthesaints.At last,SaintJoseph’shadbeenproperly“Romanized” inthegrandtraditionofitsEuropeanJesuitforebearers.Villiger’sboldstrategy,“toshowyourselftothe world and strike their senses with a decent appearance,” had successfully rebuilt andinvigoratedSantaClaraCollegeanditdidthesameforSaintJoseph’sCollege.Thus,Villigerleft

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anindeliblemarkonboththeEastandWestcoastsandislaudedasthesecondfounderofbothJesuituniversitiestoday.Fr.Villiger’sfinalillnesswasreportedonthefrontpageoftheNewYorkTimesonNovember3,1902, aswas his death in Philadelphia shortly thereafter. One hundred priests attended thefuneralMassonNovember5,1902,atVilliger’sbelovedChurchoftheGesu;fifty-fivepolicemenmanagedthecrowd.PatrickJ.Dooley,S.J.,sixthpresident(1893-96)Dooley’simageisfoundonthecorniceofthenorthwestcorneroftheQuadrangleinagroupoffourbetweenRyderandWard.BornCountyMayo,Ireland,in1853,PatrickDooleycametoSaintJoseph’sasPrefectofStudies(Dean)in1889.Atthattime,SaintJoseph’s,likeotherJesuitinstitutionsthatfollowedtheRatioStudiorum,offeredaseven-yearprogramofhighschoolandcollege—tuitionfree.Hisarrivaldatein1889wasfortuitousforDooleywhoservedfouryearsasdeantothefirstclassacceptedtoVilliger’snewcampusinNorthPhiladelphia.Hethenservedthreeyearsaspresidentuntilillhealthforcedhisresignation.AndsoitwasthatDooleyhadthedistinctionofbeingthefirstSaintJoseph’spresidenttoguideaclassthroughanentireseven-yearprogramofstudiestocommencement.Ofcourse,theentirecollegewouldhavedelightedinthatgraduatingclassofsevenmen in1896,sincetherehadbeennoneothersince1858.ThealumniassociationwasfoundedthatJune.Patrick Dooleywould have been a refreshing change on the heels of his dour and assertivepredecessors:JamesRyder,JamesWard,andBurchardVilliger.Asatongue-in-cheekchroniclerofearlyWoodstockCollege,Dooleywrotethat“EmilioDeAugustinisshunnedthedangerousgiftoforiginalityintheology,fororiginalityborderedtoocloselyontheprecipiceofheresytosuithismind.”And,“InreverenceforwhatheperceivedasCatholictradition,[Fr.Camillus]Mazzellasetacommandingexample.Abigman,physicallyandintellectually,thelordlyNeapolitanlookedlikeatoweroforthodoxy,”Dooleysaid,“alwaysfollowinginthefootstepsofapprovedleaders.”Dooleyhadalwaysbeenahumble,self-effacingman.AtthecelebrationofhisGoldenJubileeintheSociety,theRectoraddressedDooleyinafewwordsofcongratulationandaskedhimtotellhisownfeelingsoffiftyyearstothoseassembled.“Fr.Dooleyarose,andafterjoyfulapplause,gratefullythankedusforourkindness,andwittilylikenedustolittleboyswhowerethrowingstonesatahelplessfrog.‘Theboys,hesaid,‘enjoyedit,butthefrogwasillatease.’Suchwerehisfeelingsatbeingtheobjectofsomanycompliments.”WilliamF.Clark,S.J.,seventhpresident(1896-1900)Clark’simageisfoundaloneontheeastcorniceoftheQuadrangle.Heistheonlypresidentdepictedwearingeyeglasses.Describedinhis1947obituaryas“bynatureaforthrightperson,somewhatfieryintemperament,courageous in his convictions and resolute in the extreme,” is probably an accurate

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characterizationof themanwhoacquired thenickname“DaddyClark”whilea seminarianatWoodstock.Wealso learnfromhisobituary inWoodstockLetters thatClarkhada“horroroftaxis”and,indeed,ofallautomobilesasdidsomanypeopleofhisgeneration.Born at Smithtown, Long Island, in 1856, Clark earned a well-deserved reputation as adistinguished classicist and scholar who taught at Georgetown from 1882 to 1887. He wasappointedPresidentofSaintJoseph’sin1896,and,inabreakwithtradition,servedashisownPrefectofStudies(Dean),atitleheheldsubsequentlyatXavier(NY),HolyCross,Canisius,andBrooklynColleges.ClarkwasthefirsttobeappointedPrefectofStudiesfortheentireMarylandProvince(AssistantProvincialforHigherEducation),apositioneventuallyinstitutedthroughouttheAmericanAssistancy.AtSaintJoseph’s,Clarkbuilt theremarkableSecondEmpire“collegebuilding” in1899onthecornerof17thandStilesStreets(destroyedbyfire,January1966)thatservedasanarchitecturalbalancetotheChurchoftheGesuatthe18thStreetendoftheblock.Constructionofthatbuildingwasthelynchpinintheplantoseparatethehighschoolfromthecollege.Enrollmentinthatyearnearly doubled to 280 students in the collegedivision.Amonghis other achievements, ClarkfoundedtheDramaticSocietyin1897andtheDebatingSocietyin1897.CorneliusGillespie,S.J.,eighth(1900-1907)andtenth(1908-1909)presidentGillespie’simageisfoundontheeastcorniceoftheQuadrangleinagroupofthreewithBarbelinandWalsh.CorneliusGillespiewasborninCountyDonegal,Ireland,onSeptember12,1851(justthreedaysbeforetheopeningdayofSaintJoseph’sCollege).HeemigratedtoPhiladelphiaatagesixteen.AlthoughSaintJoseph’swasofficiallyclosedwhilethenewcampus inNorthPhiladelphiawasunderconstruction,GillespiewasacceptedandstudiedunderPatrickJordan,S.J.,forsixyears.SinceGillespie’stimeatSaintJoseph’spreparedhimtoenterthenovitiateatFrederick,Marylandin1873,heisconsideredthefirstalumnusofSaintJoseph’stoserveaspresident.Ordainedin1887,GillespiespenttwoyearsatGeorgetown.GillespiewasappointedPresidentofSaintJoseph’sonAugust20,1900.Histermatanend,heleftPhiladelphiainSeptember1907,andreturnedastenthPresidentonJune16,1908,duetotheuntimelydeathofninthpresident,DenisT.O’Sullivan,S.J.,thatsameyear.Alas,Gillespie’sownpoorhealthforcedhimtohandoverthereinstoCharlesLyons,S.J.,onJuly9,1909.Inhiseightyearsaspresident,CorneliusGillespieaccomplishedagreatdeal,amonghisinitiativesarethefollowing:

• TheCadetBattalion(founded1892)wasmorefullydevelopedin1900.AdrillmasterwasdetailedtotheCorpbytheWarDepartmentin1901.

• Theyear1901wascelebratedastheFiftiethAnniversaryYearofSaintJoseph’s.Itwasasourceofgreatjoygiventhedifficultiesofsomanyofthoseyears.Honorarydegreeswereconferredupontenmen,someofwhomhadbeenamongthefirststudentsenteringin1851.Alsointhatyear,thefirstCollegeAnnualwasissued.

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• Coursesforthehighschoolprogramwerelistedseparatelyforthefirsttimein1901-1902.Thisprogramwasgiventhename“St.Joseph’sPreparatorySchool”about1904.

• Beginningwiththeschoolyearof1902,SaintJoseph’sceasedtobea“freecollege.”Thegrowthofthestudentbody,theincreaseindebtfortheconstructionofthenewbuilding,andtherenovationoftheoldmadeitclearthatfreetuitioncouldnolongerbesustained.Tuitionwassetat$100peryear.

• ThedebatinganddramaticsocietiesalsoflourishedduringGillespie’spresidency.Atleastsevenproductionswerestagedduringhistenure,atleastoneoftheseinLatinandoneinGreek.EachyeartheFrenchandGermanclassesalsoproducedplays.

• Thefirstvarsityathleticsprogramwasestablishedin1909.Gillespie,“Neil”tohisfamilyandfriends,wasbyallaccountsawarmandjovialman.HebroughthisconsiderablefinancialacumentobearthroughouthistenureandleftSaintJoseph’sinmuchbettershapeatthetimeofhisdeath,inFebruary1910,thanhefoundit.AninterestingpostscripttothestoryofFr.CorneliusGillespie(eighthandtenthpresident)isthatitseemslikelythatheandFr.C.KevinGillespie(twenty-seventhpresident)aredistantcousins,bothwithfamilyrootsinCountyDonegal,Ireland.TheyaretheonlytwoalumniofSaintJoseph’stoserveaspresidentsoftheiralmamater.RedmondJ.Walsh,S.J.,thirteenthpresident(1917-20)Walsh’simageisfoundontheeastcorniceoftheQuadrangleinagroupofthreewithBarbelinandGillespie.RedmondJ.Walsh,S.J.,wasborn inNewYorkCityonMarch30,1875,andreceivedhisearlyeducationattheCollegeofSt.FrancisXavier(nowXavierHighSchool)inManhattan.HestudiedphilosophyatWoodstockandtaughtclassicsandmathematicsatBostonCollegeforthenextfiveyears. Ordained atWoodstock in 1906, he returned to Boston College as Prefect of Studies(Dean).HewasappointedchairofphilosophyatBrooklynCollege,newlyfoundedbytheJesuitsandnowclosed(1908-21).In1917,Fr.WalshwastransferredtoPhiladelphiaandassumedthepresidencyofSaintJoseph’s,apositionhehelduntilhishealthfailed.HediedonJanuary20,1921,andwasburiedatSt.Andrew-on-Hudson.The principal accomplishment ofWalsh’s presidency at Saint Joseph’swas connected to thegovernment’spreparations forWorldWar I.Early in1918, theWarDepartmentasked thataquotaofSaintJoseph’sstudentsbedetailedtotheSpecialOfficers’TrainingCampatPlattsburg,NewYork.Atthesametime,WashingtonmadeSaintJoseph’sagovernmentmilitaryschoolforthedurationofthewar.ItestablishedhereaStudents’ArmyTrainingCorp(orS.A.T.C.),theonlytrainingfacilityofitskindataCatholicCollegeinPhiladelphia.Fivehundredapplicationswerereceivedbut only 121 could be accepted. Theusual curriculumof classical andphilosophicalstudieswassuspendedandwarcourseswereinstitutedunderthedirectionofanarmyofficerwiththecooperationofthecollegefaculty.Thenew“WarCollege”openedonSeptember30.The Department of War took over almost every classroom on the SJC campus significantlyincreasingenrollmentandrevenue—albeitforaverybrieftimeuntilthearmisticewassigned

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inNovemberof1918.Bythetimeofthearmistice,240currentstudentsandanotherroughly500alumnihadservedinthemilitary.Fourteendiedinservice.

TheStained-glassmedallionsofBarbelinHallTwenty-oneofthefirst-floorwindowsinBarbelinHallareinsetwithstained-glassmedallionsthatrepresent and honor saints, scholars, inventors, explorers, and dramatists who were Jesuitpriests,educatedbytheJesuits,orconnectedtotheSocietyofJesusinasignificantway.

TheologiansCorneliusa’Lapide,S.J.(1567-1637),wasaFlemishJesuitandbiblicalexegete.FranciscoSuárez,S.J.(1548-1617),wasaSpanishphilosopherandtheologian.St.RobertBellarmine,S.J.(1542-1621),wasarenownedtheologianandDoctoroftheChurch.PopeBenedictXIV(1740-58),wasdescribedbyMontesquieu(d.1755)as“thescholar’spope.” Amongthemanyaccomplishmentsofhispontificate,he:

• Promulgated the papal bull "Immensa Pastorum Principis" against theenslavementoftheindigenouspeoplesoftheAmericasandothercountries.

• PublishedimprovededitionoftheIndexofForbiddenBooksin1758,prescribingfairerandmorescholarlystandardsofinclusion.

• Expanded the Vatican Library and brought distinguished scholars to cataloguemanuscriptsandarrangearchives.

• ProtectedtheJesuiteditorsoftheActaSanctorumwhoserigorousinvestigationofthelegendsofthesaintswascausingoffensetoreactionarycritics.

• Was the first pope tomake use of the encyclical letter as a favored form forteaching.

AsceticsandLitterateurs

Joannes Bollandus, S.J. (1596-1665), was the founder of the now-famous school of hagiographical studies and responsible for the initiative to publish the Imago primi saeculi(1640),thenonpareilemblembooktocelebratethecentennialofthefounding oftheSocietyofJesus.BollanduscompiledtheActaSanctorum,acollectionofthelives ofChristiansaints,andwasfounderoftheBollandists,whocontinuetoresearch,editand publishtheActa.AlonzoRodriguez,S.J.(1526-1616),wastheauthorofThePracticeofPerfectionandChristian Virtues,abookthatstressestheimportanceoftheasceticlifeinChristianspirituality.RobertSouthwell,S.J.(1561-95),wasaJesuitpoetandmartyrofEngland.Torquato Tasso (1544-95) is considered by some to be the greatest Italian poet of the Renaissance.HewaseducatedbytheJesuitsinNaples.

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PierreCorneille (1606-84),was a Frenchpoet anddramatist, knownas the Fatherof French TragicTheatre.HewaseducatedbytheJesuitsattheCollegedeBourbon(LycéePierre- Corneillesince1873).Molière(1622-73),wasaFrenchplaywrightandmasterofcomedy,educatedbytheJesuitsat theCollegedeClermont.

NotedScientistsofthe17thcentury:JesuitStudentsofRenownAthanasius Kircher, S.J. (1602-80), “the Man Who Knew Everything,” was a German Jesuit polymath, inventor,museologist, and scholar who established at the Jesuit’s Collegio Romano,oneoftheworld’sfirstmuseumstobeopentothepublic.GalileoGalilei(1564-1642),wasanItalianastronomerandpioneerofmodernscience.Hewas noteducatedbytheJesuitsbuthehadthesteadfastsupportoftheJesuit,Christopher Clavius,andtheotherscientistsattheCollegioRomano—foratime.Thatsupportwas criticalforGalileo.ItisacknowledgedthatGalileowasgivenandreliedtoagreatextent uponlecturenotesofthoseJesuitsattheCollegio.Alas,thoughJesuitscientistsaccepted Galileo’s observations, his telescopic observations that the Earth revolves around the Sun posed a serious threat to the natural philosophy of Aristotle, and therefore, to Churchdoctrine.Thus,Galileowas silencedby theChurchwith theassentofCardinal Bellarmine—aJesuit.PopeSt.JohnPaulIIissuedanapologytoGalileoonOctober31, 1992, acknowledging that Church theologians in 1633 had not recognized the formal distinctionbetweentheBibleanditsinterpretation.[Note:Thoughthepresenceofthe GalileomedallionisnotedindescriptionsoftheconstructionofBarbelinHall,ithasbeen missingfromthewindowsincethe1950s.]Christopher Clavius, S.J. (1538-1612), was an astronomer and mathematical genius who foundedtheworld-renownedschoolofmathematicsattheJesuit’sRomanCollege.He isperhapsbestknownforreformationofthecalendarunderPopeGregoryXIII—thus, PopeGregorybecametheeponymoftheGregoriancalendar.Giovanni Domenico Cassini (1625-1712), was an Italian-born French astronomer who was educatedbytheJesuitsatGenoa.

MilitaryAchievementDon JohnofAustria (1547-78),washalf-brother toPhilip IIof Spain.Hispaternal family, the Habsburgs,werebenefactorsoftheJesuits.DonJohnisbestknownforhisnavalvictory at theBattleofLepanto in1571against theOttomanEmpire.ThecultofOurLadyof VictoryowesitsorigintothevictoryatLepanto,forPopePiusVinstitutedthefeastday ofOurLadyoftheRosarytocommemoratetheintercessionofOurLadyofVictoryon thatdayin1571.ThevictorywascelebratedinthepoemLepantobyG.K.Chestertonin 1911.MarshalFerdinandFoch(1851-1929),wastheSupremeCommanderoftheAlliedArmiesduring WWI.HewaseducatedattheJesuitCollegeatSaint-Etienne.Frederick William von Steuben (1730-94), was a German officer who served the cause of AmericanIndependencebyconvertingtherevolutionaryarmyintoadisciplinedfighting

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force.HetrainedthetroopsatValleyForgeandwrotethe“bluebook”fortheAmerican army entitled “Regulations for the Order and Discipline of Troops of the United States.”VonSteubenwaseducatedbytheJesuitsinPrussia(NeisseandBreslau).

Explorers

Pierre-JeandeSmet,S.J.(1801-73),wasapioneerandmissionaryamongtheNorthAmerican Indians.HeexploredmuchoftheNorthwestattherequestoftheU.S.Government.Jacques Marquette, S.J. (1637-75), was a French Jesuit missionary who traveled down the MississippiRiverandreportedthefirstaccuratedataonitscourse.HeandLouisJolliet werethefirstEuropeanstoseeandmapthenorthernportionoftheMississippiRiver.

OratoricalExcellencePaoloSegneri,S.J.(1624-94),wasaJesuitoratorwhoreformedtheartofpulpitoratory.Jacques-Benigne Bossuet (1627-1704), whowas educated by the Jesuits at Dijon, became a FrenchbishopandcourtpreachertoLouisXIVofFrance.Hewasknownasthe“Voiceof FranceintheAgeofLouisXIV.”Louis Bourdaloue, S.J. (1632-1704), was a renowned orator who preached at the court of Versaillesduring the reignof LouisXIV.Knownas “Kingofpreachers andpreacherof kings,”Voltaire favoredBourdaloue’ssermonsoverthoseofBossuet forthesimplicity ofhisstyle.DistinguishedStudentsandAlumniofSaintJoseph’sintheNineteenthCenturyIt is likely that fewer than1,000studentswereacceptedtoSaint Joseph’sCollege from1851through1899,inpartduetotheclosureofthecollegewhiletheNorthPhiladelphiacampuswasunder construction. Although some faculty remained and some students continued to beenrolled forprivate instruction, these studentswereactually graduated fromGeorgetownorFordham.Retentionratesthroughouttheentireperiodwereverypoorforreasonsembeddedinthevicissitudesofdailylifeinnineteenth-centuryAmerica.Infact,fewerthantwentystudentscompletedtheprescribedseven-yearprogramofstudiesleadingtotheBachelorofArtsdegree.Giventhosemodestnumbers,itisremarkablethatsomanyoftheearliestSaintJoseph’sstudentsand/oralumniachieveddistinction.Someofthesearementionedbelow:Constantine Lippe ’58. Lippe was the only student from the first class (1851) who completedtheseven-yearprogramofstudies,andthus,thefirstSaintJoseph’salumnus. SonofAdolphus Lippe, one of the best known homeopathic physicians of his day; Constantine,too,becameaphysicianofrenowninPhiladelphia.JosephMcKenna (1851 to 1855).McKennadid not complete his education at Saint Joseph’s becausehisfamilyrelocatedtoCalifornia.HewaselectedfourtimestotheU.S.Congress andwasappointedAttorneyGeneraloftheUnitedStatesbyPresidentMcKinleyin1897.

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Thenextyear,McKinleyappointedhimanAssociateJusticeoftheUnitedStatesSupreme Court,whereheservedwithdistinctionfrom1898to1925.RobertO’Reilly(entered1851).O’ReillywasoneoftheconsultingphysiciansatPresidentJames Garfield’sdeathbedintheaftermathofanassassin’sbullet.Alas,itisnowthoughtthat Garfieldmighthavesurvivedhiswoundshaditnotbeenforhisphysicians’attentions. O’Reillywasalsophysician inordinarytoPresidentGroverClevelandwhomanagedto survivehisphysicians’care.AnthonyA.Hirst(entered1852).ItisunclearifHirstwasgraduatedfromSaintJoseph’sbuthe continued on to Georgetownwhere he earnedmaster’s and law degrees. Said to be Georgetown’smostloyalalumnus,HirstwasamemberoftheBoardofRegents.In1902, hedonatedtheHirstLibraryandReadingRoomandsaidatthetime:“Forty-twoyears agoIenteredthisCollege[GU];thirty-eightyearsagoI left it,andtheverdictofthese thirty-eightyearsprovestomethateducationfromthehandsoftheJesuitFathersisa pricelesslegacy,ajewelthatwillshinewithincreasedbrilliancyintheyearsthatareto come.”HirstwasoneofPhiladelphia’smosteminentattorneys. Hewascounselor to successivebishopsofthearchdiocese.HewasalsopresidentoftheBrynMawrTrustCo. HirstmaintainedhisfriendshipwithBarbelin;infact,BarbelinwasadinnerguestatHirst’s homeon July17,1856, theeveningof theGreatTrainWreckatWissahickonStation. Together,theyrushedtothesceneofthedisastertoattendtotheinjuredanddying.Dr.JohnH.Mullen(entered1854).MullenwasaphysicianwhowasgraduatedfromThomas JeffersonMedicalCollegein1867.ThreeyearsbeforehehadservedintheUnionarmy andfoughtintheBattleofGettysburg.JohnGregoryBourke, (enteredca.1856and left,1859).Bourke,Captain intheUnitedStates Army,issaidtohavestudiedandmasteredLatin,Greek,andGaelicasayoungboy—the Latin and Greek, no doubt, acquired at Saint Joseph’s. He joined the Fifteenth PennsylvaniaCavalryatagesixteenclaimingtobenineteen.Consideredascholar-soldier, Bourke,acareerofficerintheU.S.Army,wonfameasanethnologistforhispioneering studiesofNativeAmericans.HekeptvoluminousdiariesofhisexperiencesamongNative Americansfrom1872to1896intheWest.The124-volumeBourkediariesaremaintained atWestPoint.JohnGregoryBourkewasawardedtheCongressionalMedalofHonorfor GallantryattheBattleofStoneRiver,Tennesseein1863. He is buried at Arlington NationalCemetery.IgnatiusF.Horstmann(entered1857).HorstmannwasanoutstandingmemberoftheAmerican Catholichierarchy.HecompletedhisstudiesinRomeandwentontoaprofessorshipat St.CharlesBorromeoSeminarywherehe taughtphilosophy,German,andHebrew. In 1885,hewasappointedChancellorof theArchdioceseofPhiladelphia.Sixyears later, HorstmannwasappointedBishopofClevelandbyPopeLeoXIIIandconsecratedin1892.

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HenryJosephThouron(entered1851).ThouronwasagraduateofthePennsylvaniaAcademyof theFineArts.Hewasawell-knownfigurativeartistandteacherofcomposition(drawing) atthePAFAfrom1893to1903.HeplannedamuralcycleforPAFA’sauditoriumthatwas executedbyhisstudents,JohnSloanandWilliamGlackens,amongothers. In1902,he endowedtwoHenryThouronPrizeAwardsforPAFAstudentsthatarestillawardedtoday. ThouronsentfromRomethebronzesculpturesthatfillthenichesonthefaçadeofthe Cathedral Basilica of SS. Peter and Paul. He also painted two large murals for the Cathedral.HenryThourondiedin1915attheHotelEdeninRome,thenasnow,oneof thecity’sfinesthotels.JohnMcLureHamilton,anotherwell-knownartistandThouron’s colleagueatPAFA,memorializedThouronthuslyinhisbookentitledMenIHavePainted: “. . . indeed, his lifewas one long devotion, either to his faith, . . . or to the service ofthosewhomhecould,withhisabundanttalents,minister.”Samuel P. Town ’62 was descended from a distinguished Philadelphia family. His great- grandfather,theRev.JohnW.G.NevelingwaschaplaintoGeorgeWashington’sarmy. TownenlistedintheUnionarmyin1864joiningthe20thPennsylvaniaCalvary.AColonel in the Grand Army of the Republic, Town served as amember of the Select Council oftheCityofPhiladelphiaandthePennsylvaniaStateLegislature.CorneliusGillespie,S.J.,(enteredca.1867).GillespieservedtwiceaspresidentofSaintJoseph’s, 1900-1907, and then for one year, 1908-09, upon the untimely death of his successor in1908.Gillespie studiedatSaint Joseph’s for sixyearsuntil1873whenhe entered the Jesuit novitiate at Frederick,Maryland.Hewas ordained atGeorgetown. GillespieisconsideredSaintJoseph’sfirstalumnustoserveaspresidentofhisalmamater.DanielJamesGercke,’95.AfterGercke’searlyeducationatSaintJoseph’s,heenteredSt.Charles BorromeoSeminaryandwasordainedin1901.HewasnamedRectorofPhiladelphia’s Cathedral of SS. Peter andPaul in 1919byArchbishopDoughertywithwhomhehad workedinthePhilippines.GerckewasappointedBishopofTucson,Arizonain1923by PopePiusXI.Onthedayheretired,afterthirty-sevenyearsatTucson,hewasnamed TitularArchbishopofCotyaeumbyPopeJohnXXXIII.JohnJ.Sullivan,’96(entered1889).Sullivanstudiedbusinesslawandwasgraduatedfromthe UniversityofPennsylvania’sWhartonSchoolin1904,wherehegainedafullprofessorship in1916.HewasalsovicepresidentoftheMarketStreetNationalBank.PresidentCalvin CoolidgeappointedhimtotheU.S.IndianCommissionin1925.Afterhisdeath,Sullivan HallStudentResidenceontheLowerMerionsideofSaintJoseph’scampuswasnamedin hishonor.InadditiontoabequesttoSaintJoseph’s,Sullivanleftthebulkofhismillions tothe“IndianandNegroMissionsoftheUnitedStates.”JamesV.Crowne,’96(entered1889).JamesV.Crowne,alongwithJohnJ.Sullivan,weretwo studentsfromthe1896classofsevenwhowerethefirsttobeenrolledandgraduated fromthenewSaintJoseph’scampusoffGirardAvenueinNorthPhiladelphia.Crownewas electedaFellowinEnglishLiteratureattheUniversityofPennsylvania.Aftercompleting

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M.A.andPh.D.degreesatPenn,CrownewasappointedProfessorofEnglishLiteratureat CityCollegeofNewYork.ColemanNevils,S.J., ’97.ColemanNevils servedaspresidentofGeorgetownUniversity from 1928to1935andaspresidentoftheUniversityofScrantonfrom1942to1947. Nevils was the first JesuitpresidentofScrantonandwas therefore taskedwith transforming theinstitutionfromaChristianBrotherstoaJesuitschool.NevilsalsofoundedScranton PreparatorySchool.JamesA.Newlin (entered1854).NewlinwasaprominentPhiladelphiaattorney,havingbeen admitted to the bar at nineteen years of age by a special act of the Pennsylvania legislature.Atage twenty-three, he was appointed Deputy Attorney-General of Pennsylvania. Just three years later, Newlin was elected a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1872. The constitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvaniawasratifiedthenextyearandeffected in 1874. Newlin also published a bookentitledProposedIndianPolicyin1881.HediedinGermantownin1914.JohnTimothyMcNicholas,’97(entered1889).McNicholasjoinedtheDominicansin1894.He wasordainedin1901andsenttoRomeasprofessoroftheologyandcanonlawatthe Angelicum University. In July, 1918, McNicholas was appointed Bishop of Duluth, Minnesota.InJuly,1925,hewasappointedArchbishopofCincinnatibyPopePiusXI.Itwassuggestedatthebeginningofthisstudythatagreatleapoffaithwasrequiredinthe1920sfortheJesuitstoseparatetheSaintJoseph’sCollegefromthePrepandtheChurchoftheGesù,andtoundertakethepurchaseofanewpropertyuponwhichtobuildacampusinthegrandCollegiate Gothic style. This, at a time when fewer than 200 students were enrolled in theundergraduateprogram.Yes, the Jesuitswere a self-confident lot, but undergirding that great leap of faithwere thestoriedlivesofthoseextraordinarystudentsfromtheearliestyearsofthecollege:thephysicians,educators, jurists, politicians, scholar-soldiers, artists, lawyers, and leaders of the AmericanCatholichierarchy.Theircontributions tosociety, to the faith,andto thenationwerereasonenough for continued confidence in Saint Joseph’s. Ninety years hence, that confidencecontinuestobejustifiedbythethousandsofalumni—menandwomeneducatedforothers,astheJesuitswouldhaveit—thatSaintJoseph’shassentforthintotheworld.

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*Note onNorth Philadelphia campus street identification: Throughout this study, the Saint Joseph’scampusislocatedonGirardAvenueratherthanonStilesStreet,inanodtothosewhodonotknowthehistory of the property.When the propertywas acquired onwhich Saint Joseph’s College, Prep, andChurchof theGesuwerebuilt, theofficial streetboundarieswereStilesStreetbetween17thand18thStreets.At the time,StilesStreetwasoneblocknorthofGirardAvenue.Whenthe residentialhousesfrontingonGirardAvenuebetween17thand18thStreetswerebuilt,SaintJoseph’scampuswaspartiallyhiddenbehindthem.Whentheywererazed,thePrepacquiredthatblockandwasabletobuildthenewPrepbuildinguponitinthewakeofthefireof1966.*Noteonbuildingnomenclature:BarbelinHalldidnotacquireitsnameuntil1960,havingbeenknownsimplyas“theCollege,”“CollegeHall,”orthe“AdministrationBuilding”fromthedateofitscompletionin1927.SinceitwastheonlyadministrativeandclassroombuildingoncampusuntilBellarmineHallwasbuilt in1959,CollegeHallhadnoparticularneed todistinguish itselfbyname.TwowartimebarracksacquiredafterWWIIfortemporaryuseaftertheG.I.BillofRights,andsituatedatthebottomofthehillonlandnowoccupiedbytheMandevilleHallParkingLot,werecalledBarbelinandVilligerHallsfrom1946totheirdemolitionin1960,allowingthe“BarbelinHall”designationtobeshiftedtotheold“CollegeHall”building.Sourcesconsulted:FrancisF.Burch,S.J.,AmericanNationalBiographyOnline,AmericanCouncilofLearnedSocietiesandpublishedbyOxfordUniversityPress,2007.David H. Burton and Frank Gerrity, Saint Joseph’s College: A Family Portrait, 1851-1976(Philadelphia:SaintJoseph’sCollegePress,1976).LouisCharbonneau-Lassay,TheBestiaryofChrist(NewYork:ParabolaBooks,1991).JamesF.Connelly,ed.,TheHistoryoftheArchdioceseofPhiladelphia(Wynnewood:St.CharlesSeminary,1976).

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DavidR.Contosta,SaintJoseph’s:Philadelphia’sJesuitUniversity,150Years(Philadelphia:SaintJoseph’sUniversityPress,2000).DavidR.Contosta,VillanovaUniversity,1842-1992:American,Catholic,Augustinian(UniversityPark:PennStateUniversityPress,1995).RobertEmmettCurran,S.J.,TheBicentennialHistoryofGeorgetownUniversity:FromAcademytoUniversity,1789-1889,Vol.1(Washington,D.C.:GeorgetownUniversityPress,1993).JeanM.Farnsworth,CarmenR.Croce,andJosephF.Chorpenning,O.S.F.S.,eds.,StainedGlassinCatholicPhiladelphia(Philadelphia:SaintJoseph’sUniversityPress,2002).James J.Gormley, S.J.,St. Joseph’sPreparatory School:AHistory, 1851-1976 (Philadelphia: St.Joseph’sPreparatorySchool,1976).TheHawk,StudentNewspaperofSaintJoseph’sUniversityThomasA.Lucas,S.J.,Landmarking:City,Church&JesuitUrbanStrategy(Chicago:LoyolaPress,1997).MatthewMcDevitt, JosephMcKenna,Associate Justiceof theUnitedStates (Washington,D.C.:TheCatholicUniversityofAmericaPress,1946).WilliamC.McFadden,ed.,GeorgetownatTwoHundred:FacultyReflectionsontheUniversity’sFuture(Washington,D.C.:GeorgetownUniversityPress,1990).Gerald McKevitt, S.J., Brokers of Culture, Italian Jesuits in the American West, 1848-1919(Stanford:StanfordUniversityPress,2007).Coleman Nevils, S.J., Miniatures of Georgetown, 1634 to 1934: Tercentennial Causeries(Washington,D.C.:GeorgetownUniversityPress,1934).JohnP.Rossi,LivingthePromise:A150thAnniversaryHistoryofLaSalle (Philadelphia:LaSalleUniversity,2013).TheSaintJoseph’sUniversityArchivesCharlesJ.Shindo,1927andtheRiseofModernAmerica(Kansas:UniversityPressofKansas:2010).Francis X. Talbot, S.J., Jesuit Education in Philadelphia: Saint Joseph’s College, 1851-1926(Philadelphia:SaintJoseph’sCollege,1927).TheUrbanArchivesatTempleUniversityTheDorothyandKennethWoodcockArchivesatThePennsylvaniaAcademyoftheFineArtsWoodstockLetters(Woodstock:WoodstockCollegePress).WoodstockLetters,publishedbytheSocietyofJesusfrom1872until1969,featurednewsandessaysontheJesuitsandtheiractivitiesintheAmericas.

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CaptionsforthePhotographs,GroundFloorBarbelinHall

1. Theone-hundred-and-fifty-foot-highBarbelinTowerunderconstruction.2. StonecarversatworkontheTowertracery.3. TheblockedtowerseenfromtheQuadrangle.4. BarbelinHallfromthenortheast.Thekiosk,whichfeaturesadrawingofthetowerontheleft,

reads:“HerewillrisethetoweroftheNewSaintJoseph’s”5. The City Avenue arched entrance before the carvings of the “Watchful Professor” and the

“MischievousStudent”emergedfromthestone.Ontheright,thewords“don’tchipcarve”maybeinterpretedas“don’tchip,carve,”cautionaryadvicetothestonecarvers.

6. Fr. Matthew Fortier; Francis Ferdinand Durang, architect; Joseph C. Trainer; and CardinalDougherty.

7. ThededicationMassintheQuadrangle.8. HisEminence,DennisCardinalDougherty,preparingtoblessthecornerstoneofBarbelinHall,

November13,1927.9. Theformaldedicationceremonyforthe"NewSaintJoseph’sCollege”washeldonthemorning

ofNovember13,1927.CrowdsfilledthelawnsandtheQuadrangle.Inattendancewasthegreathero of the era, Col. Charles Lindbergh, the British and French ambassadors, and numerousdiplomaticandconsularofficialsfromEuropeanandLatinAmericannations.

10. Thenearlycompletedbuildingfromthesouth.11. Thebuildingfromthewest.TheLonerganwingwasalateraddition(1933),henceitsabsence

fromthis1927photograph.