Welcome to Marine Ecology!

any student with schedule issues can see a counselor in room 193

• Schedule issues are:1. I have a hole in my schedule2. I am scheduled in a course I have already taken

and passed3. I failed the pre-requisite course

• Schedule issues are not: 1. I don't want this class anymore.2. I don't want to be in this teacher's class.

Classroom Mechanics

• Randomizers• Paperwork Flow• Assignment types• Syllabus• Letters Home• Dissections

TARDY POLICY

Your butt is in your seat by the time the bell finishes ringing.

What is considered on-time?

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Please take a moment to locate your Butt and Your Seat

http://www.totallygeeze.com/2012/04/glutesignoring-them-is-more-than-pain.html http://www.seatingzone.com/products/thumbs/3700BR_thumb_522.jpg

&

If the bell rings and you are:• Just entering the room.• Walking to your seat.• Near but NOT in your seat.• Sharpening your pencil.• In someone else’s seat.• ANYTHING other than sitting PROPERLY in YOUR seat.

http://blogs.discovery.com/.a/6a00d8341bf67c53ef0147e386287a970b-800wi

What is considered “tardy”?

Warm-Ups

• Most days we will have them. You will have 3 minutes from the start of class to complete them.

• They will mostly be a review of the material we covered the previous day.

• These will be useful for you to study with.• I will spot check this for a weekly grade.

What is Marine Ecology?

• You signed up for it. What is it?

What is Marine Ecology?

It is a division of Oceanography.

Oceanography- scientific discipline concerned with all aspects of the world’s oceans and seas, including their physical and chemical properties, their origin and geologic framework, and the life forms that inhabit the marine environment.

Marine is simply a term meaning found in or produced by the sea.

• Traditionally, oceanography has been divided into four separate but related branches:

• Physical• Chemical• Geological• Biological

Physical oceanography - deals with the properties of seawater (temperature, density, pressure, and so on), its movement (waves, currents, and tides), and the interactions between the ocean waters and the atmosphere.

Chemical oceanography - has to do with the composition of seawater and the biogeochemical cycles that affect it.

Geological oceanography - focuses on the structure, features, and evolution of the ocean basins.

Biological oceanography (Marine ecology) - involves the study of the plants and animals of the sea, including life cycles and food production.

• All of these overlap and the lines between the sciences are really conceptual rather than definitive.

• One general distinction we will make in this course is between biology and ecology.

• Biologist tend to focus on a particular organism.• Ecologist tend to focus on the environment and

species interactions.

Why Study Marine Science?

Think-Pair-Share

2 min write down as many reasons you can think of to study marine science.

When I call time find a partner and compare your results.

Why Study Marine Science?

• It’s amazing and awesome!– Tons of weird and wonderful creatures!– Ocean is huge!

• Practical reasons– Medical advances have come from studying marine organisms

(understand the nervous system better because of using giant squid axons)

– All the oceans living systems are worth more than 20 trillion a year– Food, the oceans provide us with a tremendous (but declining)

amount of food!– Travel, a lot of transportation utilizes the ocean– Recreation and Tourism, lots of fun things to do in and around the

oceans!

Why Study Marine Science? Cont.

• Issues– Marine organisms can cause disease or attack people

directly– Marine organisms can damage to ships and structures

• Fundamentally important reasons– Marine organisms produce most of the oxygen in the

world– Shorelines are shaped and protected by sea life– Organisms and the ocean itself help regulate the

environment.

What does this mean?

“To make both full and wise use of the sea’s living resources, to solve the problems marine organisms create, and to predict the effects of human activities on the life of the sea…”Castro & Huber; Marine Biology

Peer Interview!• Find someone who you don’t know in the class! • You will take turns interviewing each other.• Pick someone to be interviewed first. You will each

have 2 minutes. After 2 minutes I will tell you to switch roles!

• Ask them the following:– What is your name?– Why are you taking this class?– If you were a marine organism what would you be? And

why?– Any other question you think might be interesting!

INTRODUCTIONS!

Warm-Up 1/21/15

1. If you found a weird shell on the beach. Would you take it to an ecologist or a biologist to identify it? Why?

2. When might a chemical oceanographer collaborate with a biological oceanographer on a research project?

3. What type of oceanographer might get a phone call from a meteorologist?

Do Elephants Exist?

Do Dragons Exist?

Scientific Method

Observation: “The Currency of Science”

• Science is based on the idea that we can learn about the world making observations only through our senses, or the tools we use to extend these senses.– Example: Microscope (see stuff we can see with the

naked eye)• Relying on observations allows them to be verified

by others. • Thoughts and feelings are personal, we can not

directly experience the mind of another.

• Next we must explain these observations.– Why is that species of seaweed found only in certain

depth ranges?• And to make predictions.– Will the fishing be good next year?

Two ways of thinking

• Induction- use observations to arrive at general principals (bottom up)

• Deduction- Reasoning from general principals to specific conclusions (top down)

Inductive• Comes from multiple observations. • Look for a pattern in the observations.• Move from Data to theory.• General conclusions are made on the basis of

specific observations.

Example: I observe that sharks, sailfish and tuna all have gills. They are all fish.

Therefore, all fish have gills

Deductive• Based upon a theory.• Make a prediction or determination of a specific

event or outcome. • Making specific predictions by applying general

principals.

• Statement/Theory: All marine animals have gills.

• Whales are marine animals.• Therefore, whales have gills.

Testing Ideas

• Hypothesis:–A statement that might be true.

• Scientific hypothesis:–Must be stated in a way that can be tested. Must

be capable of being disproven if false.• Example: Whales have gills.• Testable: Look.• Result: Proven incorrect.

Hypothesis: Mermaids are real!

Is this scientific?Explain.

• We could search forever and never find one, but someone could simply reply “You just haven’t found them yet.”

• The statement that there are mermaids in the ocean is not a scientifically valid hypothesis, because it is not completely testable.

• Scientist could never really prove the hypothesis false. (there are no mermaids)

Nature of Scientific Proof

How can you prove a hypothesis true?

• No hypothesis can ever be proven absolutely true.• If we say that all fish have gills, and every fish that

we have seen thus far does indeed have gills, it does not mean that there isn’t a fish out there that might not have them.

• In science there is no absolute truth.

Limitations to Science

• This is why hypothesis must be continually be examined and re-examined, poked and prodded.

• If they stand up to this for long enough, they are eventually conditionally accepted as “true” in that it is consistent with available evidence.

• Hypothesis are accepted, not proven.

Limitations to Science

• Scientist are people too!• Mistakes can happen, this is why many people need

to test one another’s hypothesis and science is a collaborative effort. Bias can creep in. It is not possible to be completely objective all the time.

• Science is based on direct observations and testable hypothesis. This means that science cannot make judgments about values, ethics or morality. Science can reveal how the world is, but not how it should be.

• “Science is organized common sense where many a beautiful theory was killed by an ugly fact.”

• -Thomas Henry Huxley

END.

Inductive Vs. Deductive WorksheetD & T Activity.

Warm-Up 1/23/15

1. Give an example of inductive reasoning2. Give an example of deductive reasoning3. What is critical to a hypothesis being

considered scientific?

• 2nd- Observation Activity then D&T activity.• 4th- D&T activity

History of Marine Science

• Phoenicians were the first accomplished western navigators. Widely traveled by 2000 B.C.

• Pre-Historic and Ancient sea travel is a complex story.

Greeks studied sea life

• Aristotle• 384–322 BC• “First Marine Biologist” –

studied and recorded observations

• Described many forms of marine life and recognized among other things, that gills are the breathing apparatus of fish

Centuries of Exploration

• Dark Ages- around 500-1500 A.D

• Scientific inquiry grinds to a halt. Most previous knowledge lost.

• Vikings did most of the sailing in Western Europe. Landed in North America in 995A.D.

• Arab and eastern world kept exploring and learning.

Centuries of Exploration

• Renaissance saw a “rediscovery” of previous knowledge and information from other cultures. Inspired Christopher Columbus (1492) and Ferdinand Magellan (1519).

• Explorers begin producing fairly accurate maps.

James Cook (~1768)• Explored all the world’s oceans and

provided detailed descriptions and samples

• First to have a full time naturalist ‐aboard (Before it was cool) and brought back specimens of plants and animals

• First to Use Chronometer: timepiece for determining longitude precisely which resulted in creation of accurate charts and maps

• Mistakes were made and he was killed by native Hawaiians

Chronometer

Charles Darwin (~1831)

• Naturalist on the HMS Beagle (it had become common to take one along)

• Five year voyage – collected enough data, information, and samples to keep him working for the rest of his life.

• Resulted in the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection, but he also studied plankton, barnacles, and lots of other Marine Biology

• Edward Forbes (1840’s & 50’s)– Dredged the sea floor– First to describe sea floor fauna

(people didn’t think anything could live down there)

– Collected a lot of the information known about the sea floor today

– Set standards for marine collecting

HMS Challenger Expeditions 1872‐

• First vessel equipped solely for oceanographic exploration (retrofitted military vessel)

• 3.5 years traveling the world gathering information and samples

• 19 years to publish results (50 large books)

• Set new standards for studying the ocean

• Laid the foundations of modern marine science

Welcome to Marine Ecology!

Warm-Up 1/26/15

1. What oceanic voyage is said to have laid the foundations of marine research?

2. What Greek philosopher is said to be the “first marine biologist”?

3. James Cook took what two things along during his voyages that allowed for significant advances in understanding marine environments?

Challenger Tweets.

Warm Up 1/27

1. What year did the HMS Challenger launch?2. How many continents did it visit?3. What is dredging and why was it important

during the Challenger expedition?

• Science voyages had limitations.• To improve research seashore laboratories were

established.• Allowed scientist to keep organisms alive and study

them over time.

• Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Massachusetts was the first major American marine laboratory.

• Other early institutions:– Hopkins Marine Station, CA– Scripps Institute of Oceanography, CA– Friday Harbor Marine Lab, WA

War! What is it good for?• During the second world war, technology was

developed to try to detect submarines.• System of underwater echoes. Requires listening

underwater. • SONAR:

SOundNavigation AndRanging

• It was once thought that the ocean was silent. Suddenly realized there are a lot of animals making a lot of noise out there!

• Military had to start studying the sounds so they could detect enemies.

• Lots of money thrown at marine biologist, significant advances made.

SCUBA• After WWII, French engineers, Emile Gagnan and

Jacques Cousteau, used compressed air technology developed during the war to develop SCUBA.

• Self• Contained• Underwater• Breathing• Apparatus

This is HUGE!Marine biologist could

observe marine organisms in their natural environment, collect specimens and perform experiments!

Look at me! I’m NOT drowning!

Current Technology

Current TechnologyROV – Remotely Operated Vehicles

Computers – rapid analysis of information

Internet – information availability and distribution

• Satellites – ocean currents and temperatures; migratory patterns

Critter Cams – track organisms

Submarines and research vessels – direct access to deep ocean

R/V Flip ‐Research Platforms

Critical Thinking Question

• Nearly all of the major advances in marine biology have come in the last 200 years. What do you think are the reasons for this?

• Think-Pair-Share

What does an Oceanographer Do?