welcome to biology class! when you enter, please find the seat that has your name on the small...

Welcome to Biology Class!Welcome to Biology Class!

When you enter, please find the seat that When you enter, please find the seat that has your name on the small square taped has your name on the small square taped to the desk.to the desk.

Have a seat and write your name in the Have a seat and write your name in the textbook on the desk. This is your book!textbook on the desk. This is your book!

When finished, answer the Student Self-When finished, answer the Student Self-Evaluation questions. Evaluation questions.

Why should I learn biology?Why should I learn biology? Biology is the study of life … and you are alive! Biology Biology is the study of life … and you are alive! Biology

will help you understand things that you will experience, will help you understand things that you will experience, such as sickness and doctor’s visits or training your dog, such as sickness and doctor’s visits or training your dog, and make the BEST choices.and make the BEST choices.

Biology, and science in general, helps you think about Biology, and science in general, helps you think about problems differently, and then to figure out a solution that problems differently, and then to figure out a solution that works. works.

Biology can be very interesting. After all, the Discover Biology can be very interesting. After all, the Discover Channel and TLC don’t stay on because people DON’T Channel and TLC don’t stay on because people DON’T watch!watch!

On a practical note, successfully passing this class is On a practical note, successfully passing this class is required to graduate. Better to get it finished in one year, required to graduate. Better to get it finished in one year, than to take the class over and over and over …than to take the class over and over and over …

How can I win in biology? There How can I win in biology? There are two factors: YOU and the class.are two factors: YOU and the class. What about me?What about me?

At what kinds of things am I At what kinds of things am I successful? (What are you successful? (What are you good at?)good at?)

What kind of a student am What kind of a student am I? Do I want to be?I? Do I want to be?

If I have taken it before, If I have taken it before, what happened that what happened that caused me not to get caused me not to get credit?credit?

What else is going on in my What else is going on in my life that affects my school life that affects my school work?work?

What about the class?What about the class? What will I be expected to What will I be expected to

do?do? How can I study to prepare How can I study to prepare

for the tests?for the tests? How have other people How have other people

successfully passed the successfully passed the class?class?

What are the most What are the most important things I need to important things I need to do in order to pass?do in order to pass?

Index Card DirectionsIndex Card Directions

On Front (unlined side):On Front (unlined side): Name (printed – first AND last)Name (printed – first AND last) Parent Email (due tomorrow)Parent Email (due tomorrow)

On Back (lined side): In paragraph formatOn Back (lined side): In paragraph format I ______ school because ________. My I ______ school because ________. My

favorite class is ________ because _____. At favorite class is ________ because _____. At home, I ___________. I am thinking about a home, I ___________. I am thinking about a career in _________. The three words that career in _________. The three words that best describe me are ____, ___, and _____.best describe me are ____, ___, and _____.

The Nature of BiologyThe Nature of Biology

Unit 1 NotesUnit 1 Notes

pp. 1-7pp. 1-7

How do you design an experiment?How do you design an experiment?

A.A. Problem/PurposeProblem/Purpose1.1. The The questionquestion the lab will answer the lab will answer

2.2. Identifies the Identifies the independentindependent and and dependentdependent variablesvariablesa.a. Independent variable – Independent variable – the factor the scientist changes the factor the scientist changes

from group to groupfrom group to group

b.b. Dependent variable – Dependent variable – the factor the scientist measures the factor the scientist measures to see the effect of the independent variableto see the effect of the independent variable


B.B. Research/Background Research/Background InformationInformation

1.1. Lets the reader Lets the reader learnlearn about the topicabout the topic

2.2. Helps the scientist Helps the scientist developdevelop an educated an educated hypothesishypothesis

3.3. Focuses on the subjects Focuses on the subjects and variables tested in and variables tested in the labthe lab


C. HypothesisC. Hypothesis1.1. An educated predictionAn educated prediction

2.2. Can be Can be testedtested, proven false, and agrees with previous , proven false, and agrees with previous researchresearch

How do you design an experiment? How do you design an experiment?

D. Procedure/ExperimentD. Procedure/Experiment1.1. List of List of materialsmaterials may be included first may be included first

2.2. Steps must be Steps must be precise and detailedprecise and detailed

3.3. Has one Has one controlcontrol group groupa.a. Normal conditionsNormal conditions or absence of independent variable or absence of independent variable

b.b. Used for comparisonUsed for comparison

4.4. Experimental group(s) have only Experimental group(s) have only oneone changing changing variable (which is the independent variable)variable (which is the independent variable)


E. Observations/DataE. Observations/Data1.1. Must be Must be objectiveobjective. .

a.a. Good Example: Good Example: The bacterial colony is yellow.The bacterial colony is yellow.

b.b. Bad Example: The bacterial colony is nasty.Bad Example: The bacterial colony is nasty.

2.2. May be descriptive or May be descriptive or quantitativequantitative. .

3.3. Use Use measurementsmeasurements whenever possible. whenever possible.

a.a. Good Example: Good Example: There are 50 bacterial colonies in There are 50 bacterial colonies in section two.section two.

b.b. Bad Example: There are a whole bunch of colonies.Bad Example: There are a whole bunch of colonies.


E. Observations/DataE. Observations/Data4.4. Do Do notnot draw conclusions in the data section of draw conclusions in the data section of

the report.the report.a.a. Good Example: Good Example: There are bacteria and fungal colonies There are bacteria and fungal colonies

in the shoe section.in the shoe section.

b.b. Bad Example: The shoe was really dirty and so it was Bad Example: The shoe was really dirty and so it was the most contaminated and grew a lot of stuff.the most contaminated and grew a lot of stuff.

5.5. Should be Should be organizedorganized..a.a. May use a May use a graph, tablegraph, table, or drawing(s)., or drawing(s).

b.b. Always include Always include units of measurementunits of measurement and a title. and a title.


F. F. Analysis/ConclusionsAnalysis/Conclusions

1.1. Answers the Answers the purposepurpose question.question.

2.2. Accepts or rejectsAccepts or rejects the the hypothesis.hypothesis.

3.3. Explains what can be Explains what can be inferredinferred from the data. from the data.

What is the nature of research?What is the nature of research?

A. Scientific knowledge is A. Scientific knowledge is tentativetentative..1.1. TheoriesTheories are the most logical explanation based are the most logical explanation based

on on currentcurrent evidenceevidence, become stronger as more , become stronger as more evidence is gathered, and give us a basis for evidence is gathered, and give us a basis for prediction.prediction.

2.2. LawsLaws are universal generalizations that are are universal generalizations that are virtually virtually unchangingunchanging. .

B. Scientific knowledge must be B. Scientific knowledge must be shared,shared, which which allows other scientists to allows other scientists to repeat and verifyrepeat and verify the work of others.the work of others.

Review QuestionsReview Questions Review QuestionsReview Questions 1. Which step of the scientific method is used to develop a 1. Which step of the scientific method is used to develop a

hypothesis?hypothesis? Background ResearchBackground Research 2. Which step is an educated prediction about the outcome of the 2. Which step is an educated prediction about the outcome of the

experiment?experiment? HypothesisHypothesis

3. In the experiment, “The effect of nicotine on the heart rate of a 3. In the experiment, “The effect of nicotine on the heart rate of a water flea” …water flea” …

a. the independent variable is a. the independent variable is NicotineNicotine b. the dependent variable is b. the dependent variable is Heart RateHeart Rate

c. the control group would most likely be c. the control group would most likely be Fleas NOT exposed Fleas NOT exposed to nicotineto nicotine

4. Is evolution a theory or a law? Explain why. 4. Is evolution a theory or a law? Explain why. A theory – although supported by evidence, it has not yet been A theory – although supported by evidence, it has not yet been

proven to be a universal generalizationproven to be a universal generalization

What is biology?What is biology?

A. Biology means the study of (-ology) all A. Biology means the study of (-ology) all lifelife (bio-) and includes many branches. (bio-) and includes many branches.

1.1. MicrobiologyMicrobiology: : The study of microorganismsThe study of microorganisms

2.2. Ecology:Ecology: The study of living things The study of living things and their environmentand their environment

3.3. CytologyCytology:: The study of cellsThe study of cells

4.4. Genetics:Genetics: The study of heredityThe study of heredity

5.5. Oncology:Oncology: The study of cancerThe study of cancer

6.6. Botany:Botany: The study of plantsThe study of plants


A. Characteristics of A. Characteristics of life life

1.1. Organization (The Organization (The level of level of complexitycomplexity))

• OrganismOrganism• Organ SystemOrgan System• OrgansOrgans• TissuesTissues• CellsCells• MoleculesMolecules• Atoms/ElementsAtoms/Elements


b.b. All living things All living things need six essential need six essential elements (atoms): elements (atoms): Carbon, Hydrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Phosphorus, SulfurSulfur (CHNOPS) (CHNOPS)

c.c. All living things All living things are made of are made of cells. cells.

1. One-celled 1. One-celled organism – organism – unicellularunicellular

2. Many-celled 2. Many-celled organism - organism - multicellularmulticellular

electron

neutron

proton


2. Energy Use 2. Energy Use a.a. Organisms need energy Organisms need energy

constantly to constantly to buildbuild molecules molecules ((synthesissynthesis) and cells and to ) and cells and to break break downdown substances (such as food substances (such as food for for nutritionnutrition or invading bacteria or invading bacteria cells).cells).

b.b. Organisms must Organisms must transport transport nutrients to be used in cellular nutrients to be used in cellular respiration to produce energyrespiration to produce energy..

c.c. An organisms’ chemical reactions An organisms’ chemical reactions (all of which use or store energy) (all of which use or store energy) are called its are called its metabolismmetabolism


3. Reproduction3. Reproductiona.a. Important at the Important at the

speciespecie level level (organisms must (organisms must replace themselves replace themselves so the entire species so the entire species will survive.)will survive.)

b.b. May be May be asexualasexual (only one individual (only one individual contributes genetic contributes genetic material) or material) or sexualsexual (two individuals (two individuals contribute genes).contribute genes).


4. Growth and Development4. Growth and Developmenta.a. Growth – to Growth – to increase in sizeincrease in size. Increases . Increases the number of the number of

cellscells of a multicellular organism. of a multicellular organism.

b.b. Development – Development – changechange that takes place that takes place in structure in structure and functionand function of an organism during its life cycle. of an organism during its life cycle.

Example: Embryo becomes a fetusExample: Embryo becomes a fetus


5. Respond to Stimuli5. Respond to Stimulia.a. A A quick, non-quick, non-

permanentpermanent change change

b.b. Stimulus – any Stimulus – any condition that causes condition that causes an organism to an organism to react.react.

Example – A loud Example – A loud noise (stimulus) noise (stimulus) causes your dog to causes your dog to run under the bed run under the bed (response).(response).


6.. Adjust to 6.. Adjust to EnvironmentEnvironment

a.a. Homeostasis - the Homeostasis - the regulation of an regulation of an organism’s internal organism’s internal environmentenvironment to to maintain conditions maintain conditions suitable for lifesuitable for life

Ex: Sweating when you Ex: Sweating when you get hot to cool downget hot to cool down

Ex: Getting rid of wastes Ex: Getting rid of wastes by by excretionexcretion


b. An b. An adaptationadaptation is an is an inherited inherited structure, structure, behavior, or internal behavior, or internal processprocess that enables that enables organisms to better organisms to better survive an survive an environment.environment.

Ex: Opposable thumb Ex: Opposable thumb on all primateson all primates

Ex: A chameleon’s skin Ex: A chameleon’s skin can change colors can change colors

Review QuestionsReview Questions Review QuestionsReview Questions 1. What is the basic unit of life? 1. What is the basic unit of life? A cellA cell 2. A group of cells that perform a similar function are known as a 2. A group of cells that perform a similar function are known as a aa tissue tissue 3. What are two reasons an organism needs energy?3. What are two reasons an organism needs energy? To build and to break down materialsTo build and to break down materials 4. Label the following as an adaptation or a response to a stimulus.4. Label the following as an adaptation or a response to a stimulus. a. the hollow bones of a bird a. the hollow bones of a bird AdaptationAdaptation b. jerking your hand away from a hot stove b. jerking your hand away from a hot stove ResponseResponse 5. A butterfly emerging from a cocoon is an example of which 5. A butterfly emerging from a cocoon is an example of which

characteristic of life?characteristic of life? DevelopmentDevelopment

What technology allows biologists What technology allows biologists to study microscopic life?to study microscopic life?

A. Compound Light A. Compound Light MicroscopeMicroscope

1.1. Has two lenses – Has two lenses – ocularocular (eyepiece) (eyepiece) and objectiveand objective

2.2. In order to be viewed, In order to be viewed, specimen must be specimen must be thinthin (so the light may (so the light may shine through the shine through the specimen) and specimen) and placed on a placed on a slideslide..

3.3. Specimen may be Specimen may be stainedstained to better see to better see structures structures

B. Electron MicroscopeB. Electron Microscope1.1. Uses Uses electronselectrons to produce an image to produce an image

2.2. Types:Types:a.a. Scanning Electron Microscope (Scanning Electron Microscope (SEMSEM))

i.i. Sends a beam of electrons Sends a beam of electrons across the object’s across the object’s surfacesurface

ii.ii. Produces a Produces a 3-D3-D image image

b.b. Transmission Electron Microscope Transmission Electron Microscope ((TEMTEM))

i.i. Designed to look at structures Designed to look at structures insideinside a cell a cell

ii.ii. Capable of Capable of greatest greatest magnificationmagnification

Eye of an ant

C. Limitations of microscopesC. Limitations of microscopes1.1. Magnification is limited by the strength of the Magnification is limited by the strength of the

lens.lens.a.a. Calculating magnification:Calculating magnification:

Ocular lens x objective lens = total magnificationOcular lens x objective lens = total magnification

b.b. Example:Example:

Ocular (10x) x objective (40x) = 400x Ocular (10x) x objective (40x) = 400x

2.2. As magnification increases As magnification increases resolution/(resolution/(sharpness) decreases.sharpness) decreases.

Review QuestionsReview Questions

1. Why must specimen be thin for a compound 1. Why must specimen be thin for a compound light microscope?light microscope?To allow light to pass through to lensTo allow light to pass through to lens

2. Which microscope provides the highest possible 2. Which microscope provides the highest possible magnification?magnification?TEMTEM

3. If the ocular lens is 10x and the objective lens is 3. If the ocular lens is 10x and the objective lens is 10x then the total magnification is? 10x then the total magnification is? 100x100x

4. As magnification increases resolution 4. As magnification increases resolution decreasesdecreases

Biology BingoBiology Bingo Independent variableIndependent variable Dependent variableDependent variable Background informationBackground information HypothesisHypothesis Control groupControl group Experimental groupExperimental group DataData TheoryTheory Law Law MicrobiologyMicrobiology EcologyEcology CytologyCytology GeneticsGenetics GrowthGrowth DevelopmentDevelopment ResponseResponse StimulusStimulus HomeostasisHomeostasis

OncologyOncology BotanyBotany OrganismOrganism Organ SystemOrgan System OrgansOrgans TissuesTissues CellsCells MoleculesMolecules AtomsAtoms CHNOPSCHNOPS UnicellularUnicellular MulticellularMulticellular MetabolismMetabolism Energy useEnergy use Asexual reproductionAsexual reproduction Sexual reproductionSexual reproduction AdaptationAdaptation

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