Welcome

First AidTraining

Emergency

Preserve Life

Prevent Worsening

Promote Recovery

The aims of first aid

P

P

P

Priorities of treatment – Primary survey2

Danger

Response

Airway

Breathing

Circulation

DRABC

Remove Danger

YES

Resuscitation

Give 30 chest compressions, then 2 rescue breaths. Continue giving cycles of 30 compressions to 2 rescue breaths. Only stop to recheck the casualty if they start to wake up AND start breathing normally. If there is more than one rescuer, change over every 1 - 2 minutes to prevent fatigue.

30 to 2

Resuscitation flow chart3

Open AirwayA

Normal Breathing?

Call 999/112 Now(If not already done)

NO

B

Danger?D

Response?

NO

NO

Help!

R

Danger

Response

Airway

D

R

A

B

Resuscitation4-8

Breathing Normally?

WARNING:

“In the first few minutes after cardiac arrest, a casualty may be barely

breathing, or taking infrequent, noisy gasps. These are known as ‘agonal’

gasps, and should not be confused with normal breathing.”

If you are in doubt, start CPR.

Resuscitation4-8

First Aiders can use the adult sequence of resuscitation on a

child or baby who is unresponsive and not breathing.

Child and baby CPR7 Child and baby CPR7

For a babyunder 1 year, use two fingers

For a child over 1 year,use one or two handsto achieve an adequate depth

The following minor modifications to the adult sequence will, however, make it even more suitable for use in children:

If you are on your own, perform resuscitation for about 1 minute before going for help

Give five initial rescue breaths before starting chest compressions

Compress the chest by about one-third of its depth:

Child and baby CPR7

Vomiting8

Gurgling noises when giving rescue breaths?

Secondary survey9

Primary Survey First – DRABC

Recovery Position?

History, Signs and Symptoms

Head and Neck

Shoulders and Chest

Abdomen and Pelvis

Legs and Arms

Pockets and Clues

Recovery Position9

The respiratory system

The respiratory system

Choking adult or child11

Cough! 5 Back Blows 5 Abdominal Thrusts

Choking baby13

5 Chest Thrusts5 Back Blows

Choking – unconscious casualty4-7

Start CPR

Shock14

About one third

Treatment of bleeding15

Sit or Lay

Examine

Elevate

Pressure

S

E

E

P

Indirect pressure points

Types of wound – laceration

Types of wound – laceration

Types of wound – laceration

Types of wound – puncture wound

Types of wound – amputation1717

Size

Cause

Age

Location

Depth

Severity of burns19

SCALD

1%

Burns – estimating the area19

Burns19

Burns treatment19

1

2

3

Cool

Remove

Dress

Broken bones – The skeleton20

Pain

Loss of power

Unnatural movement

Swelling or bruising

Deformity

Irregularity

Crepitus

Tenderness

Broken bones – signs and symptoms20

Types of fracture – closed

Types of fracture – open

Note the poor aseptic technique!

Types of fracture – open fracture

Types of fracture – open fracture

Dislocation

Dislocated

Normal

The spine21

7 Cervical

12 Thoracic

5 Lumbar

5 Fused Sacral

Aorta

CoronaryArtery

The heart22

Cholesterol PlaqueCoronary Artery Wall

Reduced blood flow

Angina

Angina22

Heart Attack

Heart attack22

Blood Clot

Heart attack22

Blood clot

Area of dyingheart muscle

Heart attack22

Blood clot

Factors giving relief

Other signs and symptoms

Pulse

Skin

Duration

Location of Pain

Pain

OnsetSudden, usually during exertion, stress or extreme weather.

Sudden, can occur at rest.

Vice-like squashing pain.‘Dull’, ‘tightness’ or ‘pressure’.Can be mistaken for indigestion.

Central chest. Can radiate intoarms, neck, jaw, back, shoulders.

Vice-like squashing pain.‘Dull’, ‘tightness’ or ‘pressure’.Can be mistaken for indigestion.

Central chest. Can radiate into arms, neck, jaw, back, shoulders.

3 – 8 Minutes, rarely longer. Usually longer than 30 minutes.

Pale, may be sweaty. Pale, grey colour. May sweat profusely.

Variable. Often becomesirregular, missing beats.

Variable. Often becomesirregular, missing beats.

Shortness of breath,weakness, anxiety.

Shortness of breath, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, sense of ‘impending doom’.

Resting, reducing stress,taking ‘GTN’ medication.

GTN medication may give partial or no relief.

Angina Heart Attack

Angina and heart attack22

Facial weakness

Arm weakness

Speech problems

Time to call 999!

Stroke23

F

A

S

T

Stroke23

Normal

Unequal

Dilated

Diabetes24

insulin

Fixed amount injected:

Burns up sugar! To balance the insulin taken.

Eaten:

sugar

Diabetes – untreated24

insulin

sugar

Diabetes – low blood sugar24

sugar

insulin

Overdosedon insulin

Or not eaten enough food;

Or over exercised.

Oxygen + Food = Energy = LIFEOxygen + Food = Energy = LIFE

Why is low blood sugar so dangerous?

Brain cells can only use glucoseglucose (sugar) for energy.

Diabetes – low blood sugar24

High Blood Sugar Low Blood Sugar

Onset Slow Fast

Levels of response

Deteriorate slowly Deteriorate rapidly

Skin Dry and Warm Pale, cold, sweaty

Breathing Deep sighing breaths Shallow and rapid

Pulse Rapid Rapid

Other symptoms

Excessive urinationVery thirsty

HungerFruity smell on breath

May be confused for drunkenness

Diabetes24

Picture: Many Thanks to the Anaphylaxis Campaign.

Anaphylaxis27

Successful Resuscitation?

and finally…

Thank you!

First AidTraining

Emergency

The airway4

Make your own slides / mnemonicsX

Alpha

Bravo

Charlie

Delta

Echo

ABCDE

Alpha

Make your own slides / mnemonicsX

AB

C

D

Bravo

Charlie

Delta

EchoEF

G

H

Golf

Hotel

Foxtrot

IndigoIJ

K

L

Kilo

Lima

Juliette

MikeMN

O

P

November

Oscar

Papa

QuebecQ

R

S

T

Sierra

Tango

Romeo

UniformU

VW

X

Whiskey

X-ray

Victor

Y

Z

Yankee

Zulu