First AidTraining

aims of first aid

P

P

P

reserve Life

revent Worsening

romote Recovery

the airway

emergency action plan

AirwayOpen the airway bytilting the head backand lifting the chin.

Remove Danger

Make the scene safe.Do not take risks.

YES

DANGER?Make sure it is safe for

you to give help.

NO

YESHistoryFind out what has happened.

Signs and SymptomsHow does the patient feel or look?

Try to work out what’s wrong.

TreatmentRemember – If you’re not sure, always seek

professional medical advice.

Response?Shout and gently shake or

tap the casualty.

Help!Shout for help, but don’t leave the casualty yet.

NO

Normal Breathing?

Look, listen and feel for no more than 10

seconds.

If you’re not sure ifbreathing is normal, treat it

as though it is not.

Dial 999Now

(If not already done)

NO

Resuscitation Give 30 chest compressions, then 2 rescue breaths. Continue giving cycles of 30 compressions to 2 rescue breaths. Only stop to recheck the patient if they start breathing normally – otherwise do not interrupt resuscitation. If there is more than one rescuer, change over every 2 minutes to prevent fatigue.

30 to 2

YESSecondary Survey Check for bleeding, injuries and clues

(see your first aid book).

Recovery Position

Recovery Position (see book).Dial 999 if not already done.Monitor Airway and Breathing.Keep the casualty Warm.

priorities of treatment

Primary Survey

Secondary Survey

BBreathing

AAirway

BBleeding (or burns)

BBones

D

R

A

B

anger

resuscitation

esponse

irway

reathing

F

I

S

H

S

H

A

P

E

D

Causes of unconsciousness

ainting

mbalance of heat

hock

ead Injury

troke

eart Attack

sphyxia

oisoning

pilepsy

iabetes

levels of consciousness

A

V

P

U

lert

oice

ain

nresponsive

Confused

Inappropriate words

Utters sounds

No verbal response

Localises pain

Responds only

secondary survey

Primary Survey First! – D.R.A.B.

Bleeding or Burns

Head and NeckHead and Neck

Shoulders and ChestShoulders and Chest

Abdomen and PelvisAbdomen and Pelvis

Legs and ArmsLegs and Arms

Pockets and CluesPockets and Clues

Recovery PositionRecovery Position

head injuries

Concussion Compression

Unconsciousness for a short period, followed by an increase in levels of response and recovery.

Could have a history of recent head injury with apparent recovery, but then deteriorates

Short term memory loss (particularly of the incident). Confusion, irritability.

Levels of response become worse as condition develops

Mild, general headache. Intense headache.

Pale, clammy skin. Flushed, dry skin.

Shallow / normal breathing. Deep, noisy, slow breathing.(Pressure on the respiratory control area of the brain)

Rapid, weak pulse. (Blood diverts away from the extremities)

Slow, strong pulse. (Caused by raised blood pressure)

Normal pupils, reacting to light.

One or both pupils dilate as pressure increases on the brain.

Possible nausea or vomiting on recovery.

Condition becomes worse. Fits may occur. No recovery.

compression

pupils

pupils

pupils

the respiratory system

the respiratory system

Alveoli

collapsed lung

External

Airway

Breathing

Circulation

Control Centre

Suffocation,Drowning, High Altitude

Tongue, Vomit, Choking, Strangulation, Hanging, Burns, Anaphylaxis, Disease.

Crushing, Collapsed Lung, Chest Injury, Poisons, Asthma, Disease, Illness.

Heart Attack, Angina, Bleeding, Poisons, Anaemia.

Stroke, Head Injury, DrugOverdose/Poisons, Spinal Injury,Electric Shock.

hypoxia – the causes

hypoxia – signs and symptoms

Pale, Cold, Clammy / Cyanosis

Nausea / Vomiting

Increase In Pulse Rate

Weak Pulse

Increase in Breathing Rate /Short of Breath

Dizziness / Confusion Lowered Levels of Response

the circulatory system

the heart – blood flow

From the Lungs

To the Lungs

From the

Body

To the Body

Left Ventricle

Right Ventricle

Left AtriumRight

Atrium

the heart

a typical heart attack

electrical impulses of the heart

Shock –normal circulation

Hypovolaemic Shock

cardiogenic shock

fainting

Handbrake!!

anaphylactic shock

anaphylaxis

Picture: Many Thanks to the Anaphylaxis Campaign.

CALIPGAD

ontusion

types of wound

brasion

aceration

ncision

uncture

un Shot

mputation

egloved

fractured wrist

eye / face laceration

finger laceration

Fingertip amputation

puncture wound

blood loss

10% 20% 40%30%

Blood Loss

Blood Pressure

Heart Rate

80

100

120

140

Blood Vessels

Constrict

Dilate

SS

EE

EE

PP

it or Lay

treatment of bleeding

xamine

levate

ressure

SS

CC

AA

LL

DD

ize

severity of burns

ause

ge

ocation

epth

burns – estimating the area

laceration

dislocated kneecap

burns

COOL!

REMOVE

DRESS

1

2

3

burns treatment

the skeleton

the spine

5 Fused Sacral

5 Lumbar

12 Thoracic

7 Cervical

Closed

Open

Complicated

Green Stick

types of fracture

PPLLUUSSDDIICCTT

ain

types of wound

oss of power

natural movement

welling or bruising

eformity

rregularity

repitus

enderness

open fracture

open fracture

Note the poor aseptic technique!

open fractured wrist

RR

II

CC

EE

est

sprains and strains

ce

ompression

levation

body temperature

25

30

26

27

28

29

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

24

77

78.8

80.6

82.4

75.2

84.2

86

87.8

95

93.2

91.4

89.6

104

102.2

100.4

98.6

96.8

109.4

107.6

105.8

0C0F

Unconsciousness / fitting.Confused / restless.Headache, dizzy, uncomfortable.Strong bounding pulse.Flushed dry skin, hot to touch.Cramps in stomach / arms / legs.Pale sweaty skin.Nausea / loss of appetite.

Normal Body Temperature

ShiveringFatigue, Slurred speechConfusion, forgetfulnessShivering stops, muscle rigidityVery slow, very weak pulseNoticeable drowsiness

Severe reduction in response levelsUnconsciousnessDilated pupilsPulse undetectable

Appearance of death

Death

HeatStroke

HeatExhaustion

Mild Hypothermia

Severe Hypothermia

Normal

body temperature

25

30

26

27

28

29

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

24

77

78.8

80.6

82.4

75.2

84.2

86

87.8

95

93.2

91.4

89.6

104

102.2

100.4

98.6

96.8

109.4

107.6

105.8

0C0F

Unconsciousness / fitting.Confused / restless.Headache, dizzy, uncomfortable.Strong bounding pulse.Flushed dry skin, hot to touch.Cramps in stomach / arms / legs.Pale sweaty skin.Nausea / loss of appetite.

Normal Body Temperature

ShiveringFatigue, Slurred speechConfusion, forgetfulnessShivering stops, muscle rigidityVery slow, very weak pulseNoticeable drowsiness

Severe reduction in response levelsUnconsciousnessDilated pupilsPulse undetectable

Appearance of death

Death

HeatStroke

HeatExhaustion

Mild Hypothermia

Severe Hypothermia

Normal

body temperature

25

30

26

27

28

29

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

24

77

78.8

80.6

82.4

75.2

84.2

86

87.8

95

93.2

91.4

89.6

104

102.2

100.4

98.6

96.8

109.4

107.6

105.8

0C0F

Unconsciousness / fitting.Confused / restless.Headache, dizzy, uncomfortable.Strong bounding pulse.Flushed dry skin, hot to touch.Cramps in stomach / arms / legs.Pale sweaty skin.Nausea / loss of appetite.

Normal Body Temperature

ShiveringFatigue, Slurred speechConfusion, forgetfulnessShivering stops, muscle rigidityVery slow, very weak pulseNoticeable drowsiness

Severe reduction in response levelsUnconsciousnessDilated pupilsPulse undetectable

Appearance of death

Death

HeatStroke

HeatExhaustion

Mild Hypothermia

Severe Hypothermia

Normal

body temperature

25

30

26

27

28

29

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

24

77

78.8

80.6

82.4

75.2

84.2

86

87.8

95

93.2

91.4

89.6

104

102.2

100.4

98.6

96.8

109.4

107.6

105.8

0C0F

Unconsciousness / fitting.Confused / restless.Headache, dizzy, uncomfortable.Strong bounding pulse.Flushed dry skin, hot to touch.Cramps in stomach / arms / legs.Pale sweaty skin.Nausea / loss of appetite.

Normal Body Temperature

ShiveringFatigue, Slurred speechConfusion, forgetfulnessShivering stops, muscle rigidityVery slow, very weak pulseNoticeable drowsiness

Severe reduction in response levelsUnconsciousnessDilated pupilsPulse undetectable

Appearance of death

Death

HeatStroke

HeatExhaustion

Mild Hypothermia

Severe Hypothermia

Normal

body temperature

25

30

26

27

28

29

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

24

77

78.8

80.6

82.4

75.2

84.2

86

87.8

95

93.2

91.4

89.6

104

102.2

100.4

98.6

96.8

109.4

107.6

105.8

0C0F

Unconsciousness / fitting.Confused / restless.Headache, dizzy, uncomfortable.Strong bounding pulse.Flushed dry skin, hot to touch.Cramps in stomach / arms / legs.Pale sweaty skin.Nausea / loss of appetite.

Normal Body Temperature

ShiveringFatigue, Slurred speechConfusion, forgetfulnessShivering stops, muscle rigidityVery slow, very weak pulseNoticeable drowsiness

Severe reduction in response levelsUnconsciousnessDilated pupilsPulse undetectable

Appearance of death

Death

HeatStroke

HeatExhaustion

Mild Hypothermia

Severe Hypothermia

Normal

the digestive system

diabetes

High Blood Sugar Low Blood Sugar

Onset Slow Fast

Levels of response

Deteriorate slowly Deteriorate rapidly

Skin Dry and Warm Pale, cold, sweaty

Breathing Deep sighing breaths

Shallow and rapid

Pulse Rapid Rapid

Other symptoms

Excessive urinationVery thirsty

HungerFruity smell on breath

May be confused for drunkenness

moving and handling

For most women, reduce weight by one thirdReduce weight by 10% for twisting 45o

Reduce weight by 20% for twisting 90 o

Assumptions:The load is grasped in both hands.

The handler is in a stable body positionThe lift takes place in reasonable working conditions

An average adult weighs 60 to 70kg!

moving and handling

Chin up as you lift

Bend with your knees not your back

Keep your back upright

Keep the load as close to your body as possible

Feet apart to give you balance