webinar rear-end collision -- 5-29-2014 · 5/29/2014 1 center for urban transportation research |...

5/29/2014

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Center for Urban Transportation Research | University of South Florida

Evaluation of Rear-end Collisions and Identification of Possible Solutions

William P. Morris and Christopher P. DeAnnuntis

CUTR Webcast May 29, 2014

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Purpose

• Determine if rear-end collisions are increasing• Conduct an assessment to ascertain the prevalence of

rear-end collisions• Identify conditions that exist when rear-end collisions

occur• Identify mitigation strategies for agencies that have

identified rear-end collisions as a major issue• Assess impact of Yield to Bus and pull out bays on rear-

end collisions• Identify solutions and/or strategies to reduce rear-end

collisions• Examine bus safety legislation in other states and assess

whether Florida’s current statutes need to be revised

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Major Incident Report – National Transit Database

• NTD Database for Major Incidents• Compiles data from all reporting agencies in all 50

states and territories• Starting in 2008, included “rear-ended” and “rear-

ending” as collision types• Data was aggregated by FTA Region• For analysis and comparison, rear-ended and

rear-ending collisions as a percentage of total collisions were compiled.

• For comparison, collisions per 100,000 miles was used as a leveling data set for analysis.

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Total Annual Motorbus Collisions with Rear-ended and Rear-ending (2008-2012)

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

383 277 274 291 204

633 722 697 686 668

3,162 3,121 3,224 3,2613,696

Collision Type (Rear-ending)Collision Type (Rear-ended)Total Motor Bus Collisions

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Total Annual Motorbus Collisions per 100,000 miles -2008-2012

0.000

0.050

0.100

0.150

0.200

0.250

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

0.020 0.014 0.014 0.016 0.011

0.032 0.037 0.036 0.037 0.037

0.162 0.158 0.168 0.1760.203

Total Rear-ending Collisions per 100,000 miles

Total Rear-ended Collisions per 100,000 miles

Total Collisions per 100,000 miles

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Rear-ended and Rear-ending as a Percentage of Total Collisions – 2008-2012

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

12.1%8.9% 8.5% 8.9%

5.5%

20.0%23.1% 21.6% 21.0%

18.1%

Collision Type (rear-ending) as % of Total Collisions

Collision Type (rear-ended) as % of Total Collisions

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Total Collisions with Rear-ended and Rear-ending by FTA Region - 2012

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Region 4 Region 5 Region 6 Region 7 Region 8 Region 9 Region 10

16 29 31 36 28 15 5 8 31 5

32 43 73

197

11764

14 3077

21

157

440

543610

725

357

90 101

552

121

Collision Type (Rear-ending)

Collision Type (Rear-ended)

2012 Motor Bus Collisions

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Annual Motorbus Collisions, All Florida Agencies, 2008-2012

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

30 30 14 14 14

104123

97120 128

310287 276

311336

Collision Type (Rear-ending) Collision Type (Rear-ended)

Annual Motor Bus Collisions

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Annual Motorbus Collisions by Collision Type as a Percentage of Total Florida Transit Agency Collisions,

2008-2012

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

9.7% 10.5%5.1% 4.5% 4.2%

33.5%

42.9%

35.1%38.6% 38.1%

Collision Type (rear-ending) as % of Total Fl Agency Collisions

Collision Type (rear-ended) as % of Total Fl Agency Collisions

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Annual Motorbus Collisions per 100,000 Miles, All Florida Agencies, 2008-2012

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

0.03 0.030.01 0.01 0.01

0.090.11

0.090.11 0.10

0.27 0.26 0.250.28 0.30

Rear-Ending Collisions per 100,000 milesRear-Ended Collisions per 100,000 milesTotal Collisions per 100,000 miles

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Broward County Transit Division: Motorbus Collisions, 2008-2012

0

20

40

60

80

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

11 5 4 5 4

1321

1324 26

44 47 50

6779



Total Motor Bus Collisions

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Central Florida Regional Transportation: Annual Motorbus Collisions, 2008-2012

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

1 4 2 3 3

1118 18

27

3931

42 4349

66


Collisions Type (Rear-ended)

Annual Motor Bus Collisions

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Aggregate Total Collisions per 100,000 miles for Florida, Region 4, and the United States plus Territories for the

years 2008-2012

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

0.16 0.16 0.17 0.180.20

0.220.21

0.23 0.240.25

0.270.26 0.25

0.28 0.28

United States + TerritoriesRegion 4Florida

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Aggregate Total Rear-ended Collisions per 100,000 miles for Florida, Region 4, and the United States

plus Territories for the years 2008-2012

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

0.030.04 0.04 0.04 0.04

0.060.07 0.07 0.08 0.08

0.090.11

0.09

0.11 0.11

United States + Territories

Region 4

Florida

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Total Motorbus Collisions - Six Most Populous States - 2012

0

100

200

300

400

500

California Texas New York Illinois Pennsylvania Florida

25 12 28 14 5 14

55 48 3564

9

128

429

301

394444

125

337



2012 Motor Bus Collisions

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Rear-ended and Rear-ending as a Percentage of Total Collisions - Six Most Populous States - 2012

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4


5.8% 4.0%7.1%

3.2% 4.0% 4.2%

12.8%15.9%

8.9%

14.4%

7.2%

38.0%

Collision Type (rear-ending) as % of Total Motorbus Collisions

Collision Type (rear-ended) as % of Total Motorbus Collisions

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Collisions per 100,000 Miles - Six Most Populous States

0.000

0.100

0.200

0.300

0.400

0.500


0.008 0.010 0.015 0.015 0.006 0.012

0.0180.039

0.0190.069

0.011

0.108

0.14

0.240.21

0.48

0.15

0.28

Total Rear-ending Collisions per 100,000 miles

Total Rear-ended Collisions per 100,000 miles

Total Collisions per 100,000 miles

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Review of Collision Files

• Reviewed a total of 55 files of rear-ended collisions at LYNX (CFRTA) from January 2011 through December 2012.

• Reviewed a total of 51 rear-ended collision files at Broward County Transit (BCT) from October 2011 to September 2013.

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Factors Coded from Collision Files

• Route Direction, direction the bus was traveling when the collision occurred;

• Roadway surface conditions, expressed as dry or wet;

• Lighting conditions, expressed as light, dark (lighting and no-lighting), dawn and dusk;

• Weather conditions, expressed as clear, cloudy or raining;

• Time factors, including day of week and time of day;

• Roadway factors, which include prevalent rear-ended collision corridors, roadway classifications, ownership, lanes, divided/undivided, jurisdiction, and posted speed limits;

• Transit factors, including stop location (near side, far side and mid-block), bus movement at rear-ended collision location, passenger injuries, and estimated damage; and

• Other vehicle factors, reported for Broward only and including estimated speed of vehicle rear-ending the bus, distraction, obstructed vision, suspicion of drug and/or alcohol use, and whether the driver of the vehicle was transported for medical treatment.

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Principal Collision Facilities with >1 Rear-ended Collision

0

2

4

6

8

SR 441 BrowardBoulevard

University Drive SunriseBoulevard

Davie Road Coconut CreekParkway

8

65

43

2

Broward

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21

Principal Collision Facilities with >1 Rear-ended Collisions

0

5

10

1511

43 3 3 2 2 2 2 2

LYNX

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Principal Collision Facilities with >1 Rear-ended Collisions: Percentages

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%32.4%

11.8%8.8% 8.8% 8.8%

5.9% 5.9% 5.9% 5.9% 5.9%

Lynx

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Roadway Jurisdiction at Rear-ended Collision Location

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

County Local State

75

37

3

13

39

Broward LYNX

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Roadway Jurisdiction at Rear-ended Collision Location: Percentages

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

County Local State

14.3%10.2%

75.5%

5.5%

23.6%

70.9%

Broward Lynx

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Number of Lanes and Divided/Undivided Roadways at Rear-ended Collision Location

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

2 Undivided 4 Divided 4 Undivided 6 Divided 8 Divided

1

12

2

31

4

7

14

10

24

0

Broward LYNX

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Number of Lanes and Divided/Undivided Roadways at Rear-ended Collision Location: Percentages

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

2 Undivided 4 Divided 4 Undivided 6 Divided 8 Divided

2.0%

24.0%

4.0%

62.0%

8.0%

12.7%

25.5%

18.2%

43.6%

0

Broward Lynx

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Vehicle Lanes and Jurisdiction

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1 13

52

7

1

28

3

5 4 42 3

86

22

Broward LYNX

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Vehicle Lanes and Jurisdiction: Percentages

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

2.0% 2.0%5.9%

9.8%3.9%

13.7%

2.0%

54.9%

5.9%

9.1% 7.3% 7.3% 3.6% 5.5%

14.5%10.9%

40.0%

Broward Lynx

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Rear-end Collision Location: US 441 and Copans Road

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Stop Type

0

5

10

15

20

15

3

18

14

01

0 0

19

0

15 15

2 21 1

Broward LYNX

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Stop Type: Percentages

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

29.4%

5.9%

35.3%

27.5%

0.0%2.0% 0.0% 0.0%

34.5%

0.0%

27.3% 27.3%

3.6% 3.6% 1.8% 1.8%

Broward Lynx

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Bus Movement Status at Rear-ended Collision Location

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Departing stop N/A Moving Slowing down Stopped

2 1 04

44

0 0 40

51

Broward LYNX

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Posted Speed Limit at Rear-ended Collision Location

0

5

10

15

20

25 30 35 40 45 N/A

13

10

18 18

1

Broward

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Posted Speed Limit at Rear-ended Collision Location: Percentages

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

25 30 35 40 45 N/A

2.0%5.9%

19.6%

35.3% 35.3%

2.0%

Broward

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Consultation with Transit Agencies

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Technology Improvements

• Reflective Striping - PSTA, LeeTran, HART, RTS • LED lights – HART, SCAT in Brevard, LeeTran• Flashing “Stop” signs (Red) – HART, PSTA, LeeTran• Yield to Bus – Illuminated - LeeTran• Yield to Bus – Non-illuminated – Pasco County Public Transit • Cameras/Video – SCAT in Brevard, RTS, HART, PSTA, VOTRAN,

LeeTran, Pasco County Public Transit• Audio (Bus interior) - VOTRAN• 4 red bars to indicate bus is stopping – SCAT in Brevard• 2nd Yield to Bus Sign - LeeTran• Fluorescent lights – Pasco County Public Transit• Red strobe and amber strobe lights – SCAT in Brevard

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Rear Exterior Treatments –LeeTran Bus

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PalmTran - Agency with Comparatively High Total Collisions per 100,000 Miles

National Aggregate (U.S. + Territories)Six Most Populous States

Region 4Florida

PalmTran

00.05

0.10.15

0.20.25

0.30.35

0.40.45

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

0.16 0.16 0.17 0.180.20

N/A N/A N/A N/A

0.220.22

0.210.23 0.24 0.25

0.16

0.26 0.250.28 0.28

0.35

0.41 0.40 0.400.36

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Total Collisions per 100,000 Miles ‒ Comparison of Aggregate Five-year Agency Data to Florida

Aggregate Data, 2008-2012

0.070.11

0.160.20

0.220.24

0.270.31

0.36

0.370.39

0.490.62

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70

ECAT/Escambia County

RTS/GainesvilleSpacecoast/Brevard County

JTA/Jacksonville

VOTRAN/Volusia CountyLeeTran/Lee County

Florida AggregateLYNX/Central Florida

BCT/Broward CountyPSTA/Pinellas County

PalmTran/Palm Beach CountyHART/Hillsborough County

PCPT/Pasco County

FL Transit Agencies

Florida Aggregate

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HART - Agency with Comparatively High Rear-ended Collisions per 100,000 Miles


Region 4Florida

HART

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

0.030.04 0.04 0.04 0.04

N/A N/A N/A N/A

0.04

0.06 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08

0.090.11

0.090.11 0.11

0.180.16

0.19

0.22 0.21

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Rear-ended Collision per 100,000 Miles ‒ Comparison of Aggregate Five-year Agency Data to

Florida Aggregate Data, 2008-2012

0.030.05

0.060.07

0.100.12

0.120.13

0.14

0.150.15

0.200.43

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50

RTS/Gainesville

VOTRAN/Volusia CountyJTA/Jacksonville

ECAT/Escambia County

Florida AggregateSpacecoast/Brevard County

BCT/Broward CountyLeeTran/Lee County

PSTA/Pinellas CountyPalmTran/Palm Beach County

LYNX/Central FloridaHART/Hillsborough County

PCPT/Pasco County

FL Transit Agencies

Florida Aggregate

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LYNX - Agency Comparatively High Percentage of Rear-ended Collisions to Total Collisions


Region 4Florida

LYNX

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

20%23% 22% 21%

18%

N/A N/A N/A N/A

17%

26%

34%31% 33% 32%

34%

43%

35%39% 38%35%

43% 42%

55%59%

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Rear-ended Collisions as a Percentage of Total Collisions ‒ Comparison of Aggregate Five-year

Agency Data to Florida Aggregate Data, 2008-2012

22%29%

31%34%

38%38%39%

40%49%

50%50%

54%

75%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

VOTRAN/Volusia CountyRTS/Gainesville

JTA/JacksonvilleBCT/Broward County

Florida AggregatePSTA/Pinellas County

PalmTran/Palm Beach CountyHART/Hillsborough County

LYNX/Central FloridaECAT/Escambia County

PCPT/Pasco CountyLeeTran/Lee County

Spacecoast/Brevard County

FL Transit Agencies

Florida Aggregate

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Average One (1) Total Collision Every "X" Days over Five-year Timeframe

183152

10768

5249

2013

1110

86

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

EscambiaSpacecoast/Brevard

RTS/GainesvilleVOTRAN

Pasco County Public TransitLeeTran

JacksonvillePalmTran

Pinellas Suncoast Transit…HARTLYNX

Broward

Transit System

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Average One (1) Rear-ended Collision “x” Days over Five-year Timeframe

365365

304203

9176

6534

2925

1916

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Escambia/PensacolaRTS/Gainesville

VOTRANSpacecoast/Brevard

LeeTranPasco County Public Transit

JTA/JacksonvillePalmTran

Pinellas Suncoast Transit…HART

BrowardLYNX

Transit System

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Mitigation Strategies• Post-collision investigation• Move/Improve/Remove bus stops• Post-collision training for individual

operators• Annual in-service training• Training for operators to maximize

technology enhancements• Every transit system has policies,

procedures and training but not all agree on effectiveness

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The “It” Questions

What is the factor or what are the factors that contribute to rear-ended bus collisions?

Is it the amount of service on a facility?

Is it conditions at the bus stop?

Is it the design of the road network?

Is it traffic operations?

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Future Research

• Factors that are within the control of the transit agency.

• All collisions and reportable incidents– Rear-ended collisions may be most prevalent,

but may not be the most expensive

• Best practices in post-collision investigation• Best practices in risk management

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Contact Information

William [email protected]

Christopher [email protected]

Download final report:http://www.nctr.usf.edu/2014/04/evaluation-of-rear-end-bus-collisions-and-identification-of-possible-solutions-2/

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