webinar 1 on resilience: confronting drought in africa’s drylands, opportunities for enhancing...
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List
of
webinars
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EU Commission’s Directorate General for International Cooperation and Development:DEVCO-C1: Rural Developement, Foood Security and Nutrition; andDEVCO-O3: Knowledge Management.
Food and Agriculture organization of the United Nations (FAO):FAO Strategic Programme on Resilience-SP5; Agricultural Development Economics Division (ESA); Office for Partnerships, Advocacy and Capacity Developement (OPC).
INFORMEDINFORMATION FOR NUTRITION FOOD SECURITY AND RESILIENCE FOR
DECISION MAKING
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www.fao.org/resilience/
FAO’s strategic programme on
resilience
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#ks4resilience
#UNFAO
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Confronting Drought in Africa’s Drylands Opportunities for Enhancing Resilience
Findings and recommendations of a major new study
Strategic Programme on Resilience - INFORMEDFood and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations (FAO)Rome, Italy
27 May 2016
Raffaello Cervigni
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Collaborators and contributors
Africa Re-greening Initiative
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Why this report?
Drylands (including arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas) account for:
43% of land area
50% of population
75% of agriculture land
About 75% of Africa’s poor (living on less than $1.25/day) live in countries where people living in drylands make up more than 25% of total population
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Context
Many initiatives
• AGIR (Sahel)
• Global Alliance (Horn of Africa)
• Sahel Initiative (WB)
• Sahel Action Plan (AfDB)
• Great Green Wall (WB)
A fragmented dialogue
• Many parallel conversations
• Large range of views
• Lack of consensus
• High degree of sensitivity
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Overall goal: Inform next generation of policies and programs for resilience
Specific objectives
1. Characterize current and future challenges to reducing vulnerability and increasing resilience in drylands
2. Identify main interventions to enhance resilience, estimate their costs, and assess their effectiveness
3. Provide an evidence-based framework to improve decision making on alternative options to enhance resilience
4. Promote sharing of regional and global knowledge on resilient development in drylands
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Three core messages1. Business as usual is not an option
• By 2030, up to 70% increase of population vulnerable to drought• Strong push to drop out of existing livelihoods (e.g. pastoralism)
2. Better management of livestock, farming, and natural resources is effective and affordable• Opportunity to cut in half or more the size of the problem• The cost ($0.4 - 1.3 billion/ year) is in the range of current
development budgets
3. But it needs to be complemented with:• Better safety nets• Contingent finance mechanisms• Alternative livelihoods• Landscape restoration
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Scope of analysis
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Drylands are defined based on the Aridity Index, which is consistent with UNCCD practiceParticular emphasis is given to the vulnerable areas in West and East Africa
Some 300 million people are estimated to live in drylands in East and West Africa
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Multiple challenges faced by drylands:
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• Land degradation
• Climate variability
• Poor infrastructure
• Conflict
• Political marginalization
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Result: Negative development outcomes
Poverty headcount by aridity zone (2010, selected countries)
Figures refer to Niger, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Uganda, Malawi, Tanzania
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Result: Lagging development indicators
Food consumption scores lower in drylands
Proportion of underweight children higher in drylands
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Result: Pastoralists particularly disadvantaged
Vaccination rates lower in dryland pastoral areas
Primary school enrolment lower in dryland pastoral areas
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Vulnerability profiles will change in the future
Change drivers Exposure SensitivityInabilityto cope
Population growth
Climate change
Economic transformation
• Population growth and climate change will increase the number of vulnerable people living in drylands
• Economic transformation will reduce the number of people living in drylands who are sensitive to shocks and unable to cope
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Baseline
Shift and expansion with climate change
Climate change likely to shift the location of drylands
Climate change Climate models used
to analyze a range of climate change scenarios
Drylands areas will expand and shift as the result of climate change
Some zones might become incapable of sustaining livestock production and intensive agriculture
In the driest scenario, drylands extent can increase up to 20% overall, much more in individual countries
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Many people are already vulnerable…
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Percent of people vulnerable to and affected by drought, 2010, selected countries
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Vulnerable people living in drylands in 2030 (2010 = 100)
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…and the problem is likely to intensify
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Report focuses on seven interventions to enhance resilience
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Interventions Arid Semi-Arid Dry Sub-humid
Individual Themes
Support to pastoralist livelihoods
Irrigation
Support to rainfedagriculture
Tree based systems
Cross-cutting
Landscape approach
Markets and trade
Social Safety Nets
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Livestock: improved productivity can help…
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About 200,000 pastoral households and more than 3 million agro-pastoral households would become resilient by 2030, relative to the baseline.
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..but only a wider set of interventions can make a difference
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Impact of different interventions on the resilience status of livestock-keeping households, 2030
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Irrigation: technically and financially viable to quadruple area..
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25About 60% of the potential for irrigation expansion in East and West Africa is in drylandsAbout 85% of this area (about 8 million ha) suitable for small scale systems
…but potential in drier areas is more limited
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Investing in rainfed cropping systems can reduce drought impacts…
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The figure shows the reduction in 2030 in the share of drought-affected households relative to the BAU scenario that would occur under a scenario of optimal selection of the following interventions: Drought-tolerant germ plasm; Heat-tolerant germ plasm; soil fertility management; combined interventions
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..and adding trees further boosts the benefits
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Investing in landscape approaches
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Use of landscape approaches could lead to triple wins:
1. Improved productivity
2. Higher climate resilience
3. Carbon sequestration
Emerging experience in Africa and elsewhere points to the potential for enhancing the effectiveness of individual interventions and reducing risks of conflicting resilience interventions
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Investing in market integration
Removing physical and regulatory trade barriers can help build resilience in normal years and facilitate movement of food in crisis years
Improving infrastructure can enlarge marketsheds and lower food prices
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Investing in safety nets
West Africa: Average annual cost (US$ million) of safety net support to poor households
as compared with humanitarian response
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The annual cost of safety net coverage…
..is lower than annualized cost of humanitarian response in times of crisis
Expanding safety net coverage is cost effective…
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…but the fiscal cost of complete coverage is large
Cost of providing safety net support to population affected by drought on an average year, selected countries, 2030
Investing in safety nets
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Overall, investing in existing livelihoods can cut in half the 2030 number of drought affected people
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Contributions of technical interventions to resilience, 2030
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Optimal mix of interventions varies between countries
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Relative contributions of technical interventions to reduced vulnerability, 2030
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Investing in resilience cheaper than providing cash transfers to drought affected population
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Benefit/cost ratios of resilience interventions
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Investing in resilience can be self-sustaining
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Cost of cash transfers needed to support drought-affected people in drylands in 2030 (with and without interventions)
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Key recommendation: look at ALL the pathways towards resilience
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A. Invest in existing livelihoods
B. Strengthen safety nets
C. Alternative options
From vulnerability.. ..to resilience
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Selectively adopt individual recommendations
1. Livestock• Improve animal health, increase market integration• Enhance herd the mobility• Develop Livestock Early Warning Systems (LEWSs)
2. Farming• Accelerate the rate of varietal turnover and increase availability of hybrids• Improve soil fertility management• Improve agricultural water management, including irrigation
3. Natural resource management • Promote farmer managed natural regeneration (FMNR)• Invest in tree germplasm multiplication and promote planting of location-
appropriate high value species especially in dry sub-humid areas• Develop value added opportunities for tree products produced in the drylands
4. Social protection• Expand the coverage of national adaptive safety net programs• Use social protection programs to build capacity of vulnerable households to
climb out of poverty37
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Recognize the limits of current livelihoods and look at further options
1. Landscape restoration
2. Alternative livelihoods
3. Contingent financing
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Interested in more?
Main report
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https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/23576
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Background papers (in press)
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Annex slides
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Structural transformation will reduce the share of agriculture in total employment
Starting at $600 of per capita GDP, a 2.5 % growth over 20 years may lead to a reduction in labor share of agriculture from 52% to 40%, thereby possibly reducing the relative exposure to shocks
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Farmer-managed natural regeneration
Trees can contribute to enhanced resilience
Returns to farmer managed natural
regeneration under three discount rates
Planting of trees for wood and non-wood products
Investing in tree-based systems
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Targeting of resilience interventions is key
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