Name : _______________________Unit 7 Study Guide

VocabularyOpportunity Cost

An opportunity cost is when you give up one thing in order to accomplish or get something else. For example, in World War II Americans were rationed on many products including food, rubber and gasoline, so that the military would have all of the supplies needed to win the war.

Dictator A dictator is the ruler of a country who has complete authority. The U.S. has a president who most people see as in charge, but his power is actually shared with Congress and the Supreme Court. A dictator, such as Adolf Hitler, controls everything in their country.

Blitzkrieg Blitzkrieg was Hitler’s plan for waging war. It was known as “lightning war.” His plan was to attack countries suddenly and take them over before they were able to defend themselves.

Internment Camp

In the U.S. during WWII, many Japanese Americans were forced to live in internment camps because the government was afraid some of them might be spies helping Japan. For several years they were forced to live in these camps.

Allies Allies usually refers to “friends,” or countries that agree to help each other. In World War II one group of countries that agreed to help each other became known as the “Allied Powers,” while the other group of countries that agreed to help each other became known as the “Axis Powers.” The main Allied Powers were the USA, Great Britain, Russia and France (when they got free from Germany).

Axis Powers The axis powers were considered the bad guys or the aggressors in World War II. They were the countries that allied together and tried to take over the world. The axis powers were Germany, Italy and Japan, who were led by Hitler, Mussolini and Hirohito.

Concentration Camp

Adolf Hitler started concentration camps in the late 1930’s. This is where he sent everyone he disliked. Some of these camps required the prisoners sent there to work as slaves, while they were being starved. Other camps, such as Auschwitz became known as death camps. The prisoners were basically sent there to be killed.

Nazi The Nazis were a political party in Germany. In the U.S. our main political parties are the democrats and the republicans. Adolf Hitler was actually a very good public speaker and became the popular leader of the Nazi political party in the early 1930’s. The Nazis became responsible for the killing of millions of people once they got in power.

Aggression Aggression is a word that describes someone being aggressive and usually involves them attacking. For example, Germany showed aggression during WWII when they invaded and conquered several other countries. Japan also showed aggression by attacking China and islands in the Pacific.

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Capitalism An economic system in which ordinary people and businesses control the flow of money. The United States is based on the idea of capitalism. The main advantage of this system is that it is based on competition. Businesses and individuals must compete to earn money, requiring them to do their best or suffer the consequences.

Draft The draft is when you are selected by your government to serve in the military during a time of war, even if you don’t want to. All men over the age of 18 are required to register for the draft. The draft was used during both world wars, but really drew attention during the Vietnam War, because so many people disagreed with the war and protested the draft.

Communism An economic system in which the government controls the flow of money. The system sounds good in theory, because it is presented as making things fair for everybody. Problems usually exist though, because the government controls everything, which leads to terrible dictators like Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union) or Mao Zedong (China) who murdered millions of their own people. The other problem is that people aren’t motivated to work hard, because the system isn’t based on competition.

Arms Race During the Cold War both the United States and the Soviet Union were terrified of the other country and were afraid the other was going to try to take over the world using their nuclear weapons. As a result both countries began to make as many nuclear weapons as possible to defend themselves in case of war. “Arms” refers to weapons and the “Race” refers to the competition to have the most. Many new technologies were created as a result of the arms race.

Nuclear War The United States first successfully used an atomic or nuclear bomb at the end of WWII in 1945. Throughout the cold war people all over the world were afraid the U.S. and Soviet Union would try to use them on each other. The tremendous power of the bombs would cause all kinds of problems if nuclear war did occur. Obviously there would be millions of casualties and radiation poisoning would harm millions more. In addition, scientists feared that if many nuclear bombs were set off, the world would experience a nuclear winter, which means that the ash from the bombs would stay in the atmosphere for months or even years and decrease the amount of sun the earth receives causing the earth to go into an extended winter.

Veteran A veteran is someone who has served in the military.

Space Race Similar to the arms race, the U.S. and Soviet Union both raced to dominate in space exploration. They feared what might happen if the other dominated outer space. They were worried about nuclear weapons being launched from space, spying from satellites or that the other country might get some advantage by controlling outer space

Demonstration

This word has multiple meanings. In the context of this unit, it means a public protest. Many people protested the war in Vietnam, because they didn’t believe Americans should be dying in a war on the other side of the world.

SS5H6a. Describe Germany’s aggression in Europe and Japanese aggression in Asia

Adolf Hitler, who took power in the early 1930’s, led Germany. He began

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discriminating against his own people and sent millions of Jews and other people he disliked to prison camps, called concentration camps. However it wasn’t until 1939 that the war started. Hitler began suddenly attacking countries that surrounded Germany and taking them over using a strategy called “Blitzkrieg,” which means “lightning war.” He took over Czechoslovakia, Poland, Denmark and eventually France, just to name a few. He was trying to take over the world, or at least all of Europe, and this made people very afraid, so World War II began.

On the other side of the world Japan had a similar mission. They wanted to take over Asia and the entire Pacific. They attacked and conquered Manchuria (part of China), the Philippines and most of the small islands in the Pacific. It wasn’t until they attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii that they ran into trouble. The US, who had tried to stay out of WWII stating that it wasn’t their problem, joined the war the very next day.= Hitler, who was allied with Japan, then declared war on the U.S. The U.S. then declared war on Germany as well as Japan.

SS5H6b. Describe major events in the war in both Europe and the Pacific; include Pearl Harbor, Iwo Jima, D-Day, VE and VJ Days and the Holocaust.

Pearl Harbor —The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, while trying to take over all the pacific islands. The U.S., who owned Hawaii, was completely caught off guard, because it was a surprise attack and Japan had not declared war. The U.S. was furious and immediately joined World War II.Iwo Jima- This small pacific island was very close to Japan and the U.S. wanted to gain control of it because they were planning an invasion of Japan. The island was also a refueling station for planes that were going on bombing missions over Japan. The fighting was horrendous, because the Japanese preferred to die with honor for their country rather than surrender. Of the 22,000 Japanese who were defending the island, more than 20,000 died. Many Americans died and were wounded trying to take this island. This battle was fresh in President Truman’s mind when he decided to drop the atomic bombs, rather than try to invade Japan. If it was that deadly to take over a tiny Pacific island, he was very worried about how deadly it would be to try to invade the mainland of Japan.D-Day-This event took place on the other side of the world. Many battles actually were known as D-Day at the time and it simply meant, the day when things were going to happen. The name D-Day stuck with this battle because it was such a tremendous fight. Germany had taken over almost all of Europe except for Great Britain. Germany had been bombing Britain, but had not been able to get Britain to surrender. The British and American forces crossed the English Channel and invaded France, which was being held by the Nazi’s on June 6, 1944. It was a fierce battle, but the Allies were able to get a foothold and this was the turning point of the war in Europe. From D-Day on Hitler was being driven backwards, and he was losing ground, until the eventual surrender of Germany in May of 1945.VE Day- VE day was the day that Germany surrendered, May 8, 1945. After D-Day the German army was being pushed back until they were in the capital and had no further to go. Just days before Germany had to surrender Hitler realized he was defeated and committed suicide. There was rejoicing all across the world when it was learned that Germany had surrendered and there was Victory in Europe!

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VJ Day--VJ day stands for Victory over Japan day. This happened August 15, 1945. The Americans dropped the first atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on August 6th. Then after the Japanese still refused to surrender, they dropped a second atomic bomb on the city of Nagasaki. Both cities were completely destroyed. The Japanese military generals still did not want to surrender, but Hirohito, the emperor, stepped in and made them surrender. The emperor of Japan was seen as a god and was not very involved in the decisions concerning the war, which was controlled by the country’s military council.Holocaust-The holocaust was a time period in history in which approximately 12 million people were killed just because Hitler did not believe they were worthwhile to have around. Hitler was incredibly racist and believed that the German (Aryan) race was the best race of people. He felt that inferior (not as good) races or groups of people should be eliminated. He started by just sending all the people he didn’t like to concentration camps to work as slaves. Many people starved in these camps and many more were killed. The longer Hitler was in power the more cruel the camps became. Eventually, the Nazi’s came up with the Final Solution, which was their name for simply killing everyone they believed was not worthwhile to society. Hitler especially hated Jews. Approximately 6 million Jews were killed during the Holocaust, as well as millions more handicapped, gypsies and people who disagreed with Hitler.

SS5H6c. Discuss President Truman’s decision to drop the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

At the end of World War II President Truman decided to drop atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. More than 200,000 civilians (non-military people) died as a result of the bombs. Some people feel like it was not a good decision because so many innocent civilians died in the attack. On the other hand, many people feel like it was a good decision because it ended the war much sooner and so many soldiers and billions of dollars were spared. The Japanese believed it was cowardly to surrender and would rather die fighting than to surrender (see Iwo Jima above). The people of Japan were being trained to fight back if Japan was invaded. Truman felt that by ending the war sooner, even though many died, many more lives would be spared. He also felt that as president of the United States it was his duty to protect American lives, by making it so that American’s would not have to invade Japan to end the war. Scientists had been trying to invent this powerful bomb for several years, but it was finally finished in July of 1945. Truman felt that it was his responsibility to end the war, which had been started by Japan, without losing thousands more American lives.

SS5H6d. Identify Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill, Hirohito, Truman, Mussolini and Hitler.Franklin RooseveltFDR was the President of the U.S before the war began and throughout most of the war. He died in April of 1945, just before the war ended. He did not want to join World War II, because he didn’t want to risk American lives for something that was happening on the other side of the world. His isolationist view ended when Japan

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made a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii in December of 1941. He immediately declared war, and the US joined World War II

Joseph StalinStalin was quite possibly the worst good guy ever. He was the dictator of the Soviet Union (Russia) and originally made an alliance or agreement to help Hitler. However, Hitler broke the promise and tried to invade Russia. Stalin quickly joined the Allies (Britain and the U.S.) and was one of major forces that helped to stop Hitler. While the U.S. and British troops attacked Germany from the West, Stalin and the Russians were invading from the East, forcing Hitler to split his military. Stalin helped get rid of Hitler, but was a horrible man himself and actually was responsible for killing about 20 million of his own people during the 1940’s and 1950’s. Most of the people he had killed were political opponents or people who disagreed with his leadership and decisions.

Winston ChurchillChurchill was the Prime Minister (leader) of Great Britain during World War II. Great Britain was the one country that Hitler couldn’t defeat despite many efforts to do so. Churchill famously said, “We will never surrender.” The U.S. joined with Churchill’s British forces to invade the beaches of France on D-Day and eventually pushed Germany all the way back until they surrendered.

HirohitoHirohito was the emperor of Japan. He was viewed as a god by his people, but was not very involved in the decisions made by the country. The military council made most of the decisions for Japan. Hirohito, though, stepped in at the end of the war and insisted that the military council surrender after the atomic bombs had been dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Hirohito was allowed to remain the emperor of Japan after the war, because he was more of a symbolic leader rather than the one making all the decisions. Many people felt like he should have been held responsible for war crimes because he ultimately had to approve his military’s actions even if he wasn’t the one making the plans. He remained emperor, however, until his death in 1986!

Harry TrumanTruman was FDR’s vice president and became the president after FDR died in April 1945. He is most well known for being the president who decided to use the atomic bombs. The two atomic bombs dropped on Japan were the only atomic bombs ever used in war.

Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini was a leader of Italy during World War II. He allied with Hitler and became one of the leaders of the Axis powers. Italy tried to expand its territory during the war by invading northern Africa. The Italian people became angry with Mussolini as the war was coming to an end, and it was clear that they were on the losing side. Mussolini was killed by his own people in April of 1945.

Adolf HitlerHitler was the dictator of Germany and the leader of the Nazi political party from the early 1930’s until the end of WWII. He was very popular when he first took power and was a very convincing public speaker. He was however, a horrible racist and was eventually responsible for the Holocaust in which he had about 12 million people killed.

SS5H6e. Describe the effects of rationing and the changing role of women and African-Americans; include “Rosie the Riveter” and the Tuskegee Airmen.

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Rosie the RiveterRosie the Riveter was a propaganda campaign designed to convince women to join the war effort. Women joined the war effort in mass numbers and worked in factories making war supplies while the men went off to war. Times were changing. After the war many women remained in the work force.

Tuskegee AirmenThe Tuskegee Airmen were the first African American pilots to join the U.S. military. They had an incredible record of success as escorts for bombing missions. They flew small fighter planes, and their job was to protect the big slow bombers. Despite their heroic efforts and the fact that they all risked their lives (and some died) for their country, they still faced the Jim Crow Laws and discrimination at home.

.Rationing-Rationing was common during World War II. Every person was given ration cards, which limited the amount of certain items that you could buy, so that the military would have enough of everything that they needed. When people went to the store they had to show their ration cards in order to buy certain items. If they had already used their ration that month, then they would not be allowed to buy more of that item. Many items were rationed from various food items, to things made of rubber and even gasoline. Rationing helped make sure the soldiers had enough supplies and was also necessary because some supplies were unavailable because of the war.

S5H6f. Explain the U.S. role in the formation of the United Nations.The United Nations is an organization that was created to try to help all nations join together and work out disagreements without fighting. After two world wars in 30 years, most countries were supportive of this effort and almost all the countries in the world joined the United Nations. It has not prevented all wars, but there have not been any more world wars. The UN also helps to solve some of the world’s problems such helping with education, food for the starving and trying to provide clean water for all. President Woodrow Wilson had tried to create a similar organization called the League of Nations after World War I, but he couldn’t convince congress that the U.S. should join. After World War II though, the U.S. quickly joined the United Nations. As of 2014, the UN has representatives from 193 countries

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SS5E1a Describe opportunity costs and their relationship to decision-making across time (such as decisions to ration goods during WWII).An opportunity cost is when you have to give up one thing to get something else that you want. For example, during World War II, the people of the US wanted their soldiers to be well equipped and have everything that they needed, so they rationed the amount of certain items that they could buy. They would have to give up some of the things that they wanted so that the military would be well cared for.SS5G1b Locate important man-made places: Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

Be able to label each of the key World War II locations on the map below. a. Pearl Harbor b. Iwo Jima c. D-Day Invasiond. Holocaust Concentration Campe. Hiroshima & Nagasaki

SS5H7 The student will discuss the origins and consequences of the Cold War. Explain the origin and meaning of the term “Iron Curtain”Explain the origin and meaning of the term “Iron Curtain”The term “Iron Curtain” was first used by Winston Churchill, the leader of Great Britain, shortly after WWII. He was describing how Europe had been split in half, with all of eastern Europe becoming communist countries and all of western Europe becoming capitalist. This happened mostly because of the way Europe was divided after the War. Germany had been defeated in WWII by Great Britain and the U.S. invading from the West and Stalin and the Soviet Union invading from the East. After the war the Soviet Union wanted countries to become communist and many of the Eastern European countries came under their control. Truman (U.S.) and Churchill (Britain) wanted countries to become capitalist because they feared that

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A

E

B

DC

communism would cause countries to be ruled by strong government dictators. They feared dictators because dictators have all the power (such as Hitler in Germany). They also feared Stalin. Although he had helped defeat Hitler, he was a cruel dictator who was responsible for the death of more than 20 million of his own people

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Berlin Wall-Berlin Wall-The Berlin Wall is often confused with the Iron Curtain. The Berlin wall was actually a wall that was built through the middle of Berlin, Germany. The Iron Curtain is just a figurative divider, meaning it wasn’t actually a wall in many places, but just a symbolic divider between communist and capitalist Europe. The Berlin Wall was built August 13, 1961 and it remained in place until 1989, when the Soviet Union was beginning to collapse. The city of Berlin was actually on the communist side of the “Iron Curtain” because it was in East Germany, but the city was split in half after the war. Half fell under Soviet control and half fell under capitalist control.SS5H7b. Explain how the United States sought to stop the spread of communism through the Berlin Wall, the Korean War, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).Berlin Airlift—Germany was split following WWII into two countries. East Germany was controlled by the Soviet Union and West Germany was controlled by the capitalist allies (U.S., Great Britain). Berlin, the capital, was technically in East Germany, but the agreement drawn up after the war, split the capital into a communist side and a capitalist side as well. The Soviet Union cut off all entrances into the city in 1948, hoping to gain control of the whole city. For the next year the U.S., Great Britain and France sent supply planes over West Berlin and dropped more than 2 million tons of supplies on more than 250,000 flights. The purpose of the airlift was to provide hope for the people in West Berlin so that they could remain free and not fall under communist rule. The airlift worked and the Soviet blockade was eventually lifted. West Berlin remained free.Korean War—Following WWII, the Soviet Union installed a communist government in North Korea, and the U.S. installed a capitalist government in South Korea. Korea has been controlled by Japan during WWII, but became free after the Japanese lost WWII. The Korean War was fought from 1950-1953. The war started with communist North Korea trying to make the rest of Korea communist. The U.S. intervened with help from the United Nations. When all was said and done, the Korean peninsula remained split exactly as it had been before the war, with North Korea still communist and South Korea still capitalist.North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)—NATO was originally a group of capitalist countries that joined together to stop the spread of communism. The key countries were those in Western Europe such as France, Britain and Belgium. It also included key North American countries such as the U.S. and Canada. They agreed to work together to keep communism from spreading and to defend each other if attacked by a communist country. NATO was formed in 1949 and still exists, but since the Cold War ended it is focused on different issues.SS5H7c. Identify Joseph McCarthy and Nikita KhrushchevJoseph McCarthy—McCarthy was a U.S. senator who was a major part of the “Red Scare.” Red was symbolic of communism, because both the Soviet Union and China had red flags. He declared that he had a list of communists that worked for the United States government. During the time (1950’s) there were a lot of accusations going around about being a communist and McCarthy was at the heart of it. Many people lost their jobs because of accusations about communism, even if they turned out to not be true.

Nikita Khrushchev—Khrushchev was the leader of the Soviet Union

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following Joseph Stalin in 1953. He remained the leader until 1964. He is most remembered by Americans for being the Soviet leader who tried to put nuclear missiles on the island of Cuba, which is only 90 miles from the United States, during the Cuban Missile Crisis. After a standoff with John F. Kennedy he backed down and removed the missiles from Cuba.

SS5CG3b Explain how voting rights were protected by the 26th amendmentThe Vietnam War was largely responsible for the passing of the 26th amendment. The amendment lowered the voting age from 21 to 18. Vietnam was very unpopular among many Americans, but many who disagreed with the war were being drafted and required to serve in the war anyway. Any man over the age of 18 has to register for the draft, but they were not allowed to vote until they turned 21. Many people found this very unfair, because they were being forced to risk their lives for their country, even though they didn’t want to fight in the war, but they weren’t able to vote against the people sending them to war. The 26th amendment passed in 1971

Compare Communism and CapitalismCommunism Government controls almost

everything (in many cases this included property and even what job you had)

Sounds good in theory because they promise equality for all

Because everyone is rewarded “equally” it causes a lack of motivation by workers and businesses to work hard, which causes the economy to suffer

Note: Many countries today that are considered communist are not completely communist like they were during the cold war. Many of today’s communist countries like China still have a lot of government control, but most have free markets which allow for competition in business. Many of the old communist governments like the Soviet Union collapsed because the system had major flaws.

Capitalism People and businesses control

much of the economy The system, in an ideal situation,

would reward those who work hard and those who don’t would struggle

Competition causes the economy to grow because individuals want to earn more so they work harder, and businesses want to be more successful, so they will do whatever it takes to be the best.

Note: The U.S. system is based on a free market or capitalist economy.

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