GRADUATE PROGRAMS IN COEXISTENCE AND CONFLICT

HS 243f1 – Religion, Identity and ConflictDavid Steele, Adjunct Faculty in Coexistence and Conflict

Class Time: Tuesdays 2:00-4:50Location: Heller School Room?

Contact information for Prof. SteeleNo office on campus; Appointments can be made on ad hoc basisEmail: dsteele@brandeis.eduPhone: (978) 897-5303

Course Description

This course examines the role of religious identity, in relation to that of other conflict drivers, in both the escalation and mitigation of conflict. Students will study the role that ideology, belief, values, faith-based relationships and practices can play in developing and legitimizing, or in transforming and resolving, deeply rooted conflict dynamics. The focus of this course will be on both integration of religious identity factors into conflict analysis and an introduction to faith-based interventions skills, used by various actors to foster conflict transformation. During the course, we will examine the different ways in which religion functions as a driver in a number of distinct types of contemporary conflict. We will ask how best to understand and handle conflicts perpetrated by extremist religious groups that frequently utilize ideological, relational and functional linkages to appeal to wider populations. We will explore possible ways to reframe identity, address polarized ideologies, transform relationships, influence other social/political dynamics, and foster collaborative interfaith efforts to meet mutual basic needs. Students will be exposed to a diversity of faith-based reconciliation processes (such as hospitality, healing ritual, apology, etc.) as well as distinct ways in which faith-based actors perform a variety of roles (education, advocacy, mediation, dialogue facilitation, etc.). Examples and case studies will be drawn from a wide variety of religious traditions and diverse cultures. In addition to those cases presented in the readings and by the professor, each student will be required to select cases on which to make a class presentation and write a paper. The purpose of these assignments and the course in general is to provide students the opportunity to: (a) assess concrete conflict situations in which religious identity is a factor, (b) recognize the potential, distinctive contribution of faith-based actors to coexistence whether or not religion is a primary conflict driver, and (c) evaluate how to support, compliment, and partner with the reconciliation and peacebuilding efforts of religious actors.

Objectives

Students who take this course will be able to:

The Heller School for Social Policy and

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1. Assess the diverse ways in which religion functions, in combination with other identity markers and substantive factors, as a driver of conflict within different types of contemporary aggression.

2. Articulate a framework for understanding, and responding to, conflicts driven by extremist religious groups from a variety of religious traditions.

3. Understand and appreciate the potential contribution that all faith-based actors can make toward peaceful coexistence within/among diverse societies .

4. Identify specific, faith-based reconciliation processes which religious actors, from a variety of faith traditions and cultures, can use to assist conflicted parties to develop healthy, peaceful and cooperative relationships.

5. Examine the distinctive conceptions and approaches by which faith-based actors can fulfill traditional conflict transformation roles.

Format

This course consists of seven class sessions, taught once a week for 3 hours per class. Class sessions will include presentation, exercises, role plays/simulations, case studies, and discussion which will draw upon student’s own experience as well as the professor’s 20+ years of experience in the field.

Disability

If you have a documented disability on record at Brandeis University and require accommodations, please bring it to the instructor’s attention prior to the second meeting of the class. If you have any questions about this process, contact the administration.

RequirementsAttendance, Punctuality, and Active ParticipationIn order to benefit from experiential learning, all students are expected to attend every class, barring documented illness. If you know you will be absent or late, for a legitimate reason, make sure you notify the professor in advance. Students taking this course for credit cannot miss more than one class session if they wish to qualify for course credit.

Attendance, however, is more than just coming to class. All students, including auditors, are expected to actively participate, providing thoughtful contributions to class discussions, sharing your perceptions, questions and any relevant experience. In all class activities, you will of course enjoy complete academic freedom in the classroom, within the limits defined by mutual respect.

Use of Technology in ClassroomUse of your laptop to follow class presentations, for note-taking or web research related to this course can be useful to enhance learning. Therefore students are encouraged to bring laptops to class. However, use of a laptop, cell phone or any other electronic devise to talk, text, e-mail or surf the web on non-course related matters is disrespectful to everyone else present and is prohibited except in the following circumstances.

Any student who needs to use technology due to disability may do so. However, in such cases, please notify the professor at the beginning of the course or as soon as such disability occurs.

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Any student experiencing an ongoing emergency situation which may require immediate response, may leave a cell phone on silent or enable a notification process on a laptop. In such cases, please notify the professor prior to, or at, the beginning of the course. If responding to the emergency requires talking, the student must leave the classroom, but can return if the emergency situation allows.

Assignments (in general)Students taking this course for credit are required to complete the assignments listed below on time. Those auditing the course are encouraged, but not required, to do as many of the non-written assignments as they can, since that will add to the value gained for them and other students. Those taking the course for credit are expected to spend a minimum of 6 hours/week outside of class on these assignments.

ReadingsThere is a significant amount of reading assigned each week. In addition to required reading, optional recommended readings are also listed for some sessions. The purpose is to expose students to a variety of perspectives on the topic to be covered in the next class session. In preparation, please check on LATTE before each class to see if extra readings have been added – or substituted. It is also recommended that you make notes from the assigned readings.

PresentationsYou may be asked to give periodic short class presentations or participate in exercises throughout the course. You will also have the opportunity to participate in a role play during session 6 on Feb. 27 and will be required to observe and contribute to the debriefing. Since you may be assigned roles with confidential instructions in preparation for role plays, you are asked not to communicate before class with students who do not represent the same party as you.

Each student will be expected to participate, along with other class members, in one major case presentation at the end of the course (during session 7 on Mar. 6). Each presentation group should include 3-4 students who can select their own case. Each student in the group is expected to be present on the due date of the group assignment. The focus for this case presentation is on the positive role of religion. Therefore the intervener must be a faith-based actor, but the significant conflict drivers could include any combination of substantive or identity drivers, whether or not that includes religion. Further instructions can be found in the description of session 7 below. In addition, a list of possible resources is available on LATTE.

Writing Requirement

Each individual student will be expected to write a paper of 8-10 pages due on Feb. 9 (the Friday following session 4). The focus for the paper, unlike the oral case presentation, is on conflict in which religious identity plays a major negative role. In selecting a context, you are not limited to any particular time period. You can choose a current conflict or one at any time in the past. The time period you choose should be somewhat limited in duration since it will be very difficult to adequately cover a long period of time in a paper of this length. 

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The writing of the final paper is intended to demonstrate your knowledge of the conflict dynamics when religion functions as a significant conflict driver within a specific context of your own choice. This is not, however, an evaluation of a specific actor or even type of actor. To perform an adequate conflict assessment of a context requires that you examine the way in which religion, as a conflict driver, affects a variety of the pertinent actors. You should, therefore, acknowledge the spectrum of religious traditions present within the selected context, but focus your assessment on a few examples, at least one taken from each of the parties to the conflict. Keep in mind that evaluating religion's effect requires assessing the perspective and behavior of both faith-based actors and those who respond to their religious motivation. One must ask why and how specific religious worldviews motivate certain actors to exacerbate the conflict. But it is also essential to assess why and how other actors, either religious or secular, react to those worldviews and actions. The response of any actor to religiously motivated behavior can also contribute to the conflicted dynamics.

In summary, the paper should address the issues listed in the outline below:

1. Briefly describe the primary factors involved in the conflict, including both substantive and identity-based drivers.

2. Identify the specific role that religious identity plays, naming and describing the religious parties involved and assessing the type of contemporary religious conflict depicted.

3. Assess the role played, in exacerbating the conflict, on the part of religious beliefs/ideology and values, as well as relational dynamics and provision of services to meet basic social needs. Evaluate the way religious actors who drive the conflict utilize these linkages to influence others within their wider religious traditions or social/national communities.

4. Briefly present a few of your own tentative recommendations regarding the best way this conflict might be addressed by an intervener (religious or secular).

This assignment is designed to foster improved research, critical assessment of readings and enhanced writing skills. You are expected to devote careful attention to the technical quality of your written work, as well as its substance. This assignment must be typewritten, double-spaced, in 12-point font, and submitted electronically via e-mail to the instructor as a Microsoft Word attachment. You must state the title of your paper and indicate your name at the top of the document. You are also expected to use the APA writing format, with appropriate endnote references to literature, readings, and lectures as well as a bibliography indicating the necessary breadth of background information and knowledge of the context. A list of possible resources and a more complete description of this assignment are available on LATTE (see top of site).

You are asked to submit your paper on time. The grade for papers may be penalized if submitted late.

Academic Integrity

All written work and oral presentations for this course must avoid plagiarism and include appropriate citation of any sources used, when either quoted or summarized. If you have

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questions, check the Concise English Handbook, section 56c, on plagiarism and see the following webpages:

http://www.brandeis.edu/svpse/academicintegrity/index.html - on academic integrity http://www.brandeis.libguides.com/content.php?pid=10580&sid=99216 - in particular

the section dealing with citations

The university policy on academic honesty is also distributed annually, in section 4 of the Rights and Responsibilities handbook. Academic integrity is critical in all that you write and say, and transgressions are treated seriously. Instances of alleged dishonesty will, first, be presented to the student with request for response. If the case involves more than a minor violation, it may be forwarded to the COEX program director to determine the appropriate response. Potential sanctions may include failure in the course, referral to the Office of Campus Life for possible referral to the Student Judicial System, delay in graduation, or suspension from the university. If you have any questions about this, do not hesitate to talk to your instructor, and to seek guidance.

Critical Dates

Paper: due Feb. 9Case Presentation: due Mar. 6

Students must make, in advance, any requests for extension of due dates or absence from a case presentation.

Grading

Class participation (including participation in exercises, role plays, and class discussion) 20%Case presentation 40%Paper 40%

Communication

Refer to LATTE, throughout the course, for any updates regarding reading assignments, case presentations, papers, and any notices regarding other pertinent course information.

In the event of cancellation of a class session (e.g. snow days), the professor will make an effort to reschedule date and time, considering rooms available and schedules of students in the course.

Class Schedule and Reading Assignments

Session 1: Contemporary Conflict and the Role of Identity The Nature of identity formation: primary and secondary identify markers, ascribed vs.

acquired identity; individual vs. collective. The role of identity markers in conflict situations: the place and nature of group

boundaries; in-group/out-group relations; the influence of threat; tensions between group loyalty and treatment of the “other;” the need for balance between bonding dynamics and bridging dynamics.

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The role that values, spiritually-based or secular, play in identity formation, providing basic frameworks/world views that are distinct; examination of different value systems in different types of cultures – when they are antithetical, challenged, or imposed and how this influences conflict dynamics. How values frameworks relate to events that trigger conflict/violence.

Evaluation of the theory that there is an inevitable “Clash of Civilizations” due to value differences.

Relationship of identity markers (e.g. religion, ethnicity, nationalism) and the value systems which help define them to substantive conflict drivers (e.g. political, economic, resources).

Required ReadingsSteele, David, Creative Approaches to Conflict Transformation in Societies Affected by

Extremist Religion, unpublished manual (San Diego: University of California, 2013), pp. 2-13

Korostelina, Karina, Social Identity and Conflict (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), pp. 74-87, 134-43 and 145-54.

Brewer, Marilynn, “Intergroup Identification and Intergroup Conflict: When Does In-Group Love Become Out-Group Hate?” in Social Identity, Intergroup Conflict and Conflict Resolution, ed. by Lee Jussim, Richard Ashmore, and David Wilder (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001) pp. 17-41

Inman, Patrick and James Peacock, “Conclusion: Ethnic and Sectarian As Ideal Types,” in Identity Matters: Ethnic and Sectarian Conflict, ed. by Inman, Peacock and Patricia Thornton (Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2007), pp. 205-34

Recommended ReadingsHuntington, Samuel, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York:

Simon & Schuster, 1996), pp. 40-78.Sandole, Dennis, “Identity under Siege: Injustice, Historical Grievance, Rage and the ‘New’

Terrorism,” in Rothbart and Korostelina, Identity, Morality and Threat (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2006), pp. 59-77

Hicks, Donna, “The Role of Identity Reconstruction in Promoting Reconciliation,” in Forgiveness and Reconciliation, ed. by Raymond Helmick and Rodney Petersen (Radnor, Pennsylvania: Templeton Foundation Press, 2001), pp. 129-49

Session 2: The Role Played by Religious Identity in Conflict Situations

The role sometimes played by religious identity in legitimizing and perpetuating conflict: sources of religious identity; links between religious belief/ideology and identity

The role often played by religion as an underlying world view/value system: identifying positive religious values and their impact on society; identifying the negative role religion can play in values conflicts

Types of contemporary conflict involving religion Characteristics of extremist religious groups Linkages such groups often make with fellow adherents of their wider faith community:

ideological, relational and functionalo The ideological factor: Awareness that some conflicts/tensions are supported by

strong frameworks of religious belief; examination of the kinds of religious

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imperatives that foster conflict/violence (including concepts of fairness, justice, etc.); evaluation of religious justifications for rebellion and violence; characteristics of extremist religious groups that adopt a violent, confrontational posture; relationship between such groups and the wider faith tradition of which they are a part.

o The relational dynamics: Examination of dynamics that have their roots in a sense of faith-based victimization and grievance; the religious mythologies that have arisen to portray and justify the need for “believer” loyalty; the role religion plays in a resulting identity defined by enmity and a behavior infused with prejudice and stereotyping; the confusion of faith-based justice with a revenge mentality.

o The meeting of functional needs: Examining how some groups solidify religious loyalties by providing basic services of aid and development exclusively to one’s own faith community; the use of religious calls for charity to deepen in-group/out-group perceptions and exacerbate divisions.

Required ReadingSteele, David, Creative Approaches to Conflict Transformation in Societies Affected by

Extremist Religion, unpublished manual (San Diego: University of California, 2013), pp. 14-28

Appleby, R. Scott, The Ambivalence of the Sacred: Religion, Violence and Reconciliation (Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2000), pp. 57-63, 81-91 and 117-20

Gopin, Marc, Between Eden and Armageddon: The Future of World Religions, Violence and Peacemaking (New York: Oxford university Press, 2000), pp. 51-64

Gopin, Marc, To Make the Earth Whole (Lanham, Rowman & Littlefield, 2009), pp. 12-22, 33-41

Aslan, Reza, Beyond Fundamentalism (New York: Random House, 2010), pp. 3-12 and 15-33Slim, Hugo, Violent Beliefs: Faith, Hope and Violence in Religious Movements (Geneva: Centre

for Humanitarian Dialogue, 2005), pp. 1-5. Bielfeldt, Heiner, Report of the Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief (New

York: United Nations General Assembly, Human Rights Council, Twenty-eighth session, 29 Dec. 2014), pp. 3-10

Recommended ReadingNasr, Vali, The Shia Revival (New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 2007), pp. 17-29 and 227-73Appleby, R. Scott, The Ambivalence of the Sacred: Religion, Violence and Reconciliation

(Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2000), the rest of cha. 2, pp. 64-80Pinker, Steven, The Better Angels of Our Nature [from chapter on “Inner demons”] (New York:

The Penguin Group, 2011), pp. 529-37 and 556-69Johnston, Douglas, Religion, Terror and Error (Santa Barbara: Praeger, 2011), pp. 11-51Montville, Joseph, “Religion and Peacemaking,” in Forgiveness and Reconciliation, ed. by

Raymond Helmick and Rodney Petersen (Radnor, Pennsylvania: Templeton Foundation Press, 2001), pp. 97-116

Session 3: Transforming Entrenched Religious Conflict: Examining approaches to handling the 1st two linkages that extremist religious groups make with fellow adherents of their wider faith communities: ideological and relational

Bridging the Ideological Divide:

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o Understanding “their” perspective and the limitations of “one’s own” perspectiveo The potential added value of a faith-perspectiveo Building solidarity on the “others” terms

Faith-based Reconciliation Processes: Addressing the Relational Dynamics – concepts to understand and steps to take: o Building trusto Discovering a deeper understanding of a variety of faith-based reconciliation

practices dealing with grief and trauma healing, confronting fears, re-humanizing the “other,” confession/apology/ acknowledgment of wrongdoing, justice, and forgiveness. Examining the complex issues and effective approaches involved in each process/practice

Required ReadingSteele, David, Creative Approaches to Conflict Transformation in Societies Affected by

Extremist Religion, unpublished manual (San Diego: University of California, 2013), pp. 30-55

Sachedina, Abdulaziz, The Islamic Roots of Democratic Pluralism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 102-31

Amstutz, Mark, The Healing of Nations: The Promise and Limits of Political Forgiveness (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2005), pp. 41-65 and 91-113

Recommended ReadingsMoix, Bridget, “Faith Matters: Religion as a Third Side for Peace,” in The Handbook of Theory

and Practice: Conflict Resolution, ed. by Coleman, Deutsh and Marcus, 3rd ed. (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2014), pp. 1-22

Abu-Nimer, Mohammed, “The Miracles of Transformation through Interfaith Dialogue,” in Interfaith Dialogue and Peacebuilding, ed. by David Smock (Washington: US Institute of Peace, 2002), pp. 15-31

Gopin, Marc, Between Eden and Armageddon: The Future of World Religions, Violence and Peacemaking (New York: Oxford university Press, 2000), pp. 199-227

Philpott, Daniel, “Beyond politics as Usual,” in The Politics of Past Evil: Religion, Reconciliation, and the Dilemmas of Transitional Justice, ed., by Philpott (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre dame, 2006), Cha. 1, pp. 11-44

Hadley, Michael, “Introduction: Multifaith Reflection on Criminal Justice” in The Spiritual Roots of Restorative Justice, ed. by Michael Hadley (Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, 2001), pp. 1-26

Session 4: Comparison of Religious Traditions as Sources and Mitigators of Conflict

Evaluation of several of the major religious traditions, examining the impact of their tradition on both conflict escalation and conflict transformation. Both assets and challenges facing the following faith traditions will be examined: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and indigenous traditions.

In-depth look at a few specific faith-based reconciliation processes: in Islam and Judaism

Required Reading

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Vendley, William and David Little, “Implications for religious Communities: Buddhism, Islam, Hinduism and Christianity,” in Religion, The Missing Dimension of Statecraft, ed. by Douglas Johnson and Cynthia Sampson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 306-315

Cox, Harvey, et. al., “World Religions and Conflict Resolution,” in Religion, The Missing Dimension of Statecraft, ed. by Douglas Johnson and Cynthia Sampson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 266-82

Gopin, Marc, Between Eden and Armageddon: The Future of World Religions, Violence and Peacemaking (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 171-91

Lang, Sharon, “Sulha Peacemaking and the Politics of Persuasion,” Journal of Palestine Studies XXXI, No. 3 (Spring 2002), pp. 52-66

Hanh, Thich Nhat, Being Peace (Berkeley: Parallax Press, 200), pp. 77-82 and 90-106 [Available as e-book at Goldfarb Library]

Rye, Mark, et. al., “Religious Perspectives on Forgiveness,” in Forgiveness: Theory, Research, and Practice, ed. by McCullough, Michael, et.al. (New York: Guilford press, 2000), pp. 17-39

Recommended ReadingsKalin, Ibrahim, “Islam and Peace,” in Crescent and Dove, ed. by ul-Huda, Qamar (Washington:

US Institute of Peace, 2010), Cha. 1, pp. 3-37,Endredy, James, Beyond 2012: A Shaman’s call to Personal Change and the Transformation of

Personal Consciousness (Woodbury, MN: Llewellyn Publications, 2008), pp. 51-67, 87-107 and 115-34.

Bondurant, Joan, Conquest of Violence: The Gandhian Philosophy of Conflict (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1958), Cha. 2, pp. 15-35

Cabezon, Jose, "The UNESCO Declaration: A Tibetan Buddhist Perspeective,” in Buddhist Peacework, ed. by David Chappell (Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publications, 1999), Conclusion, p. 183-188

Volf, Miroslav, Exclusion and Embrace, unpublished manuscript (Pasadena, California: Fuller Theological Seminary, n.d.) pp 1-13

Assignment

The paper, as described in the “Writing Requirement” (above), is due on Feb. 10, the Friday following this session.

Session 5: Adaptation of Peacebuilding Roles Used by Faith-Based Peacebuilders: Who are considered to be faith based actors The reasons why faith-based actors often can play an important role When in the life cycle of a conflict it is most effective to perform which role or function What distinct functions faith-based actors can perform, including (1) observation and

witness, (2) education and formation, (3) advocacy and empowerment, and (4) intermediary engagement. Examination of the complexities, difficulties and advantages involved in performing each peacebuilding role

Meeting basic needs: Addressing the functional linkage problem

Required Readings

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Steele, David, Creative Approaches to Conflict Transformation in Societies Affected by Extremist Religion, unpublished manual (San Diego: University of California, 2013), pp. 55-60

Steele, David, "An Introductory Overview to Faith-Based Peacebuilding." Pursuing Just Peace. Ed. by M. Rogers, et al. (Baltimore: Catholic Relief Services, 2008), pp. 22-33 (beginning with sub-heading “Roles that Faith-Based Actors Can Play”

Bock, Joseph, Sharpening Conflict Management: Religious Leadership and the Double-Edged Sword (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2001), pp. 63-99

Bouta, Tsjeard, S. Ayse Kadayifci-Orellana and Mohammed Abu-Nimer, Faith-Based Peace-Building: Mapping and Analysis of Christian, Muslim and Multi-Faith Actors (The Hague: Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael; and Washington: Salaam Institute for Peace and Justice, 2005), pp. 35-46

Tyndale, Wendy, Visions of Development: Faith-Based Initiatives (Aldershot, Hampshire, England: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2006), pp. 160-78

USAID, Office of Conflict Management and Mitigation, Bureau for Democracy, Conflict, and Humanitarian Assistance, Religion, Conflict and Peacebuilding (Washington: USAID, 2009), pp. 3-13

Recommended ReadingsThomas, Scott M. 2005. The Global Resurgence of Religion and the Transformation of

International Relations. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, pp. 219-45Smock, David, Faith-Based NGOs and International Peacebuilding, Special Report

(Washington: U.S. Institute of Peace, October 2001), pp. 1-9

Session 6: Examination of the Place of Ritual and Case studies of Faith-based Actors Video of interfaith reconciliation in Nigeria Examination of the role of ritual in transforming worldviews and relationships Participation in a role play based on a real life conflict scenario in which religion is factor

and faith-based interveners are the primary actors

Required Readings Schirch, Lisa, Ritual and Symbol in Peacebuilding (Bloomfield, Connecticut: Kumarian

Press, 2005), pp. 97-119 and 137-56 Background readings will be assigned for each participant in the role play, depending on

the exact role to be played. These readings will be sent by e-mail to the respective students.

Recommended ReadingsMason, Simon and Moncet Karta, Transforming Conflicts with Religious Dimensions (Zurich:

The Graduate Institute, Centre on Conflict, Development and Peacebuilding, 2009), pp. 25-39

Session 7: Case Presentations on Faith-Based Peacebuilding RolesEach student will be expected to participate in a class presentation during this session. The primary purpose of this assignment is to enhance students’ ability to discover new sets of faith-based agents of transformation and conceptualize additional potential possibilities. A second goal is to foster improved research and oral presentation skills. Since the focus for this case

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presentation is on the positive role of religion, the intervener must be a faith-based actor, but the significant conflict drivers could include any combination of substantive or identity drivers, whether or not that includes religion.

Each presentation group should include 3-4 students who can select their own case. Each presentation should be made using PPT and is expected to be 10-15 mins. in length. Each presentation group is expected to address the following points and e-mail their PPT slides to the professor by 9 am on the day of the presentation:

Select a conflict situation in a particular country in which there is a clear example of efforts by a faith-based peacebuilder/reconciler.

Describe the context, briefly noting the nature of the conflict and its main drivers. Describe this religious actor. How has this person/group attempted to transform

relationships, meet basic needs of social groups, or influence other social/political dynamics?

What kinds of faith-based interventions have they made? Have they attempted to address polarized ideologies or reframe identities? What faith-based practices, reconciliation processes or peacebuilding roles did they employ?

Describe how their faith influenced what they did and how it impacted the results Give your evaluation of the attempted peacebuilding process. Make any recommendations regarding what you think could have been done differently.

Review of themes/topics from the entire course: Time for final questions/discussion

Required ReadingsA list of possible readings will be distributed in advance that students might use to prepare case

presentations on a variety of situations.