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TRANSCRIPT
Chapters 4 & 5 Test
Vocabulary
Activation energy
Minimum amount of energy required to activate reactants and trigger a chemical reaction
Active site
Region of an enzyme into which a particular substrate fits
Amino acid
Monomer that makes up proteins; Contains carboxyl and amino functional groups, hydrogen, plus a unique side group
Atom
Smallest particle of an element
Atomic number
Number of protons in an atoms nucleus that is unique to each element
Carbohydrate
Organic compound made of sugar molecules
Catalyst
Compounds that speeds up chemical reactions
Cellulose
Polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant cell walls
Chemical reaction
Breaking of old and formation of new chemical bonds that result in new substances
Cholesterol
Steroid molecule present in the plasma membranes of animal cells
Compound
Substance containing two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio
Covalent bond
Chemical bond that forms when two atoms share electrons
Dehydration reaction
Process of building a polymer chain; The removal of water that occurs when a monomer is added to the chain
Denaturation
Loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factor
Disaccharide
Sugar made from two monosaccharides
Electron
Subatomic particle with a single unit of negative electric charge
Element
Pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical or physical means
Enzyme
Specialized protein that catalyzes the chemical reactions of a cell
Fat
Organic compound consisting of a three-carbon backbone (glycerol) attached to three fatty acids
Functional group
Group of atoms within a molecule that interacts in predictable ways with other molecules
Glycogen
Polysaccharide in animal cells that consists of many glucose monomers
Hydrocarbon
Organic molecule composed of only carbon & hydrogen atoms
Hydrolysis reaction
Process of breaking down a polymer chain; The use of water to break apart polymer chain
Hydrophilic
Attracts water molecules
Hydrophobic
Avoids water molecules
Inorganic molecule
Non-carbon-based molecule
Ion
Atom that has become electrically charged as a result of gaining or losing an electron
Ionic bond
Chemical bond that occurs when an atom transfers an electron to another atom
Lipid
One of a class of water-avoiding compounds
Matter
Anything that occupies space and has mass
Molecule
Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
Monomer
Small molecular units that is the building block of a larger molecule
Monosaccharide
Sugar containing one sugar unit
Neutron
Subatomic particle that has no charge is electrically neutral
Nucleus
In an atom, the central core that contains protons and neutrons
Organic molecule
Carbon-based molecule
Polymer
Long chain of small molecular units (monomers)
Polypeptide
Chain of linked amino acids
Polysaccharide
Long polymer chain made up of simple sugar monomers
Product
Material created as a result of a chemical reaction
Protein
Polymer constructed from a set of 20 amino acid monomers
Proton
Subatomic particle with a single unit of positive electric charge
Reactant
Starting material for a chemical reaction
Saturated fat
Fat in which all three fatty acid chains contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms; All C atoms in fatty acid form single bonds with each other & rest of bonds with hydrogen atoms
Starch
Polysaccharide in plant cells that consists entirely of glucose monomers
Steroid
Lipid molecule with four fused carbon rings
Substrate
Specific reactant acted on by an enzyme
Trace element
Element critical to health that makes up less than 0.01 percent of body mass
Unsaturated fat
Fat with less than the maximum number of hydrogens in one or more of its fatty acid chains; Some C atoms are double-bonded to each other
Concepts to Know
Name FOUR elements that make up 96% of living matter.
Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N)
Name FOUR elements that make up the remaining 4% of living matter.
Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Sulfur (S)
Name TWO trace elements & their purposes
Iodine
You need 0.15 mg / day. If you dont get it, your thyroid gland wont function properly.
Iron
Essential for carrying oxygen in your blood
How are elements & compounds different?
Elements are substances that cannot be broken down into any other substances by chemical means, while compounds are substances made from the chemical combination of two or more elements in a fixed ratio.
Give TWO examples of how a compounds properties differ greatly from those of its component elements
H2, Hydrogen gas + O2, Oxygen gas Water, H2O is a liquid
Na, silvery-gray Sodium metal + Cl, yellowish green Chlorine gas NaCl, White table salt crystals
Describe the structure of an atom Tell the name, charge & location of all subatomic particles
Protons, p+ & Neutrons, no are located in the nucleus
Electrons, e- are constantly moving outside the nucleus
Describe the significance of the number of electrons in an atoms highest energy level.
The number of electrons in an atoms highest energy level determines how the atom reacts. Atoms will react when the highest energy level is partly filled.
Describe how an ionic bond forms & draw an example.
An ionic bond forms when oppositely charged ions formed from the transfer of electrons are attracted to one another
Describe how a covalent bond forms & draw an example.
In a covalent bond, electrons are shared between atoms.
Name THREE ways a molecule can be represented & give an example.
Chemical Formula
Structural Formula
Space-Filling Model
H2O
O
/ \
H H
Identify & Draw FOUR Functional Groups
Hydroxyl
Carbonyl
Carboxyl
Amino
H H
| |
H C C OH
| |
H H
H O H
| || |
H C C C H
| |
H H
OH \\| C C H
/ | HO H
H H
\ |
N C H
/ |
H H
Draw Building a Polymer Chain
Draw Breaking a Polymer Chain
Sugars Elemental Components & Ratio
1 carbon : 2 hydrogen : 1 oxygen
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES
Main fuel supply for cellular work; Use carbon skeletons of monosaccharides as raw material for manufacturing other kinds of organic molecules (larger carbs or fats);
Examples of Monosaccharides
Glucose (in both straight-chain and ring-shaped forms), fructose, galactose
Name THREE polysaccharides, describe their functions & where they are found
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Starch chains serve as sugar stockpiles; Broken down for stored glucose to become availablePotatoes, rice, corn
More highly branched than starch; Stored as granules in liver/muscle cells; Body breaks down glycogen granules to release glucose for energy
Serve as building materials protect cells, stiffen plant; Multiple cellulose chains linked together with hydrogen bonds, forming cable-like fibers
Why cant humans digest cellulose?
They lack the molecule necessary to break the bonds between the glucose monomers in cellulose
Is cellulose nutritious? What is its purpose?
Fiber passes unchanged through your digestive system. It helps keep the digestive system healthy, but doesnt serve as a nutrient.
Are carbohydrates hydrophilic? Why? Name one way this is helpful and one way this is not ideal.
Carbohydrates are hydrophilic. Due to many hydroxyl groups in sugar units.
Mono-/Di-saccharides dissolve readily in water to make sugary solutions.
Polysaccharides (like cellulose) are too large to dissolve. This prevents cotton clothing from dissolving in water, but allows cotton bath towels to absorb water
PRIMARY FUNCTION OF LIPIDS
Lipids acts as a boundary that surrounds & contains the aqueous contents of body cells; Circulate as chemical signals to cells; Store energy in your body
Know the structure of fats.
Glycerol (3-C backbone) attached to 3 fatty acids (which contain long hydrocarbon chains)
Know the function of fats.
Store energy for later use; Fatty tissues cushion organs; Provide body with insulation
Examples of saturated fats
Solid at room temperature; Animal fats such as lard & butter
Examples of unsaturated fats
Fats in fruits, vegetables & fish; Corn, olive, & other vegetable oils
Diets high in saturated fats cause
The build-up of lipid-containing deposits, called plaques, within the walls of blood vessels. Plaques can reduce blood flow & contribute