Name: _____________________________________________________________

Biology EOC Review Packet

Unit I – Introduction to Biology

1. Smithers thinks that a special juice will increase the productivity of workers. He creates two groups of 50 workers each and assigns each group the same task (in this case, they're supposed to staple a set of papers). Group A is given 1 cup of the special juice to drink while they work. Group B is given 1 cup of water. After an hour, Smithers counts how many stacks of papers each group has made. Group A made 2,113 stacks, Group B made 1,587 stacks.

a. What is Smithers trying to find out?

b. List 3 variables that would have to be a constant in this experiment.

c. Which variable is the independent variable?

d. Which variable is the dependent variable?

e. Is this experiment valid? Explain?

2. Lisa is working on a science project. Her task is to answer the question: "Does Rogooti (which is a commercial hair product) affect the speed of hair growth". She uses her family members for this experiment and measures each person’s hair growth each day for a week. Lisa has Bart use 10 mL of the product twice a day and his hair grows 9 cm. Lisa has Homer use 20 mL of the product once a day and his hair grows 2 cm. Lisa has her sister Maggy use 5 mL of the product 4 times a day and her hair grows 12 cm.

This is an example of an experiment that is not valid.

a. Describe 3 reasons why this experiment is not valid.

b. Describe how you would change this experiment to make it valid.

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3. An experiment was performed to determine how much fertilizer was needed to produce the most pumpkins on the vine. The results are shown below.

Pumpkin A Pumpkin B Pumpkin CType of Seed Jack-O-Lantern Jack-O-Lantern Jack-O-LanternAmount of Water Daily (mL) 29.5 29.5 29.5Amount of Sunlight Full Sunlight Full Sunlight Full SunlightTemperature (°C) 23.9 23.9 23.9Amount of Fertilizer (g) 0 200 300Type of Soil Organic Organic OrganicDay the Seeds Were Planted 07/08/2007 07/08/2007 07/08/2007Number of Pumpkins Produced 3 6 2

a. What is the problem?

b. What is the independent variable?

c. What is the dependent variable?

d. What are the constant variable(s)?

e. What is the control pumpkin? Why?

f. How much fertilizer would you use to grow the most pumpkins?

4. A test was conducted to determine the highest possible soda geyser when placing Mentos into the soda. The following data was collected:

Soda A Soda B Soda C Soda DType of Soda Diet Coke Diet Coke Diet Coke Diet CokeAmount of Soda in Container (L) 2 2 2 2Temperature of Surroundings (°C) 24 24 24 24Temperature of Soda (°C) 23.9 23.9 23.9 23.9Amount of Mentos (g) 0 3 6 9Day the Mentos Were Dropped 07/08/2007 07/08/2007 07/08/2007 07/08/2007Estimated Height of Soda Geyser (cm) 0 250 300 300

a. What is the problem and the question in the above experiment?

b. What is the independent variable?

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c. What is/are the dependent variable(s)?

d. What were/are the constant variable(s)?

e. What is the control soda? Why?

f. Using the information above, would you drop 9 Mentos into the diet soda? Explain why or why not.

5. List the characteristics that all living organisms have in common.

6. What is homeostasis?

7. What four things need to be maintained when maintaining homeostasis?

8. What is salinity?

9. How do cells maintain homeostasis?

Unit II – Biochemistry

10. What is an organic compound? Give an example.

11. What is an inorganic compound? Give an example.

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12. Complete the following chart:

Macromolecule Function Subunit(s) Example

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Lipids

Nucleic Acids

13. Complete the following chart:

Specific Molecule Function Type of Macromolecule

Starch

Cellulose

Insulin

Glycogen

Enzymes

Hemoglobin

Unsaturated fats

Saturated fats

DNA

mRNA

rRNA

tRNA

14. Complete the following chart:

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Nutrient Test Used Positive Test Results Negative Test Results

Starch

Lipid

Monosaccharide (Simple Sugar)

Protein

15. Explain the process of an enzyme binding to the active site of a substrate molecule.

16. How do temperature and pH affect enzyme activity?

17. Can an enzyme be reused?

18. Is an enzyme specific to a particular function?

19. Draw a general synthesis enzyme reaction and label the parts of the reaction.

20. Draw a general digestion enzyme reaction and label the parts of the reaction.

21. Which substrate would fit into the enzyme in the picture below?

22. What do enzymes do to the rate of chemical reactions? How?

23. Look at the graph below and interpret it to determine which temperature range and pH range the enzyme works best in:

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24. Sugars usually end in:

25. Enzymes usually end in:

26. Proteins usually end in:

Unit III – Cellular Structure

27. Explain how a compound light microscope works.

28. Draw the way a lowercase letter “e” would look under a light microscope.

29. How do you determine the total magnification of a light microscope?

30. List the hierarchy of cell organization from largest to smallest below:

31. Fill in the chart below.

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Organelle Structure Function

Nucleus

Plasma Membrane

Cell Wall

Mitochondria

Vacuole

Chloroplast

Ribosome

32. How is the structure of the cell related to its function? Give two examples.

33. What is the importance of chemical signals between cells? Give one example.

34. What is the purpose of receptor proteins?

35. What is the purpose of hormones?

36. Compare and contrast eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells.

37. Compare and contrast plant cells and animal cells.

38. What organelle(s) are found only in plant cells?

39. What organelle(s) are found only in animal cells?

Unit IV – Cellular Function

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40. Explain why water is important in cells.

41. Define the following terms:a. Active transport

b. Passive transport

c. Diffusion

d. Osmosis

e. Semi-permeable membrane

42. Label each diagram as either osmosis or diffusion. Describe what will happen in each of the diagrams below.

43. Draw a diagram of a cell in each of the following solutions and describe what will happen to the cell:

a. Hypertonic:

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b. Isotonic:

c. Hypotonic:

44. What is the main source of energy for all cells?

45. How do cells store and use energy? (hint – Adenosine… )

46. Write the complete formula for photosynthesis.

47. What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?a. Reactants:

b. Products:

48. Define the following terms:a. Aerobic respiration:

b. Anaerobic respiration:

49. Write the complete formula for aerobic cellular respiration.

50. What are the reactants and products of aerobic cellular respiration?a. Reactants:

b. Products:

51. Write the complete formula for the following anaerobic cellular respiration processes:a. Alcoholic Fermentation:

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b. Lactic Acid Fermentation:

52. What are the reactants and the products for lactic acid fermentation?a. Reactants:

b. Products:

53. What are the reactants and the products for alcoholic fermentation?a. Reactants:

b. Products:

54. Aerobic Respiration occurs in (Plants / Animals / Both)?

55. Photosynthesis occurs in (Plants / Animals / Both)?

56. What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?

57. What factors affect the rate of cellular respiration?

58. Which type of cellular respiration results in the production of the most ATP?

59. Name and explain the 2 types of anaerobic respiration.

Unit V – DNA

60. Where is DNA located within a prokaryotic cell? Within a eukaryotic cell?

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61. Why is the sequence of nucleotides so important?

62. Describe the process of DNA replication.

63. What is the end result of DNA replication?

64. Compare DNA and RNA in the following table:

DNA RNA

Sugar:

Bases:

Number of Strands:

Location in the Cell:

Function:

65. Why are there hydrogen bonds between each nitrogen base?

66. Use the diagram below to answer the questions:

a. When does the duplication of DNA occur? What is this phase called?

b. What do GI and G2 represent?

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c. Where does the cell spend over 90% of its time?

67. Be able to put pictures of cells in various stages of mitosis in order.

68. Describe the process of transcription and where it happens.

69. Describe the process of translation and where it happens.

70. Use the diagram below to answer the questions:

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DNA: AAA ACG GCA TAC TAC ACG CGT

a. If the strand of DNA above undergoes transcription, what will be the resulting sequence of mRNA be?

b. After translation, what would the amino acid sequence be for this section of mRNA?

71. What is a codon?

72. Explain gene expression:

73. Explain cell differentiation:

74. What are the advantages to cell differentiation?

75. What are the disadvantages to cell differentiation?

76. What were the reasons for establishing the human genome project?

77. How has the human genome project benefited humans?

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78. How can DNA technology allow us to:a. Identify an individual?

b. Identify a person’s parents?

c. Investigate a crime scene?

79. What is amniocentesis?

80. What is a transgenic organism and give an example?

81. What is cloning?

82. What is gel electrophoresis?

83. Using the gel electrophoresis diagram below, which suspect committed the crime?

84. What are some ethical implications and dangers of biotechnology?

Unit VI – Genetics

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85. Complete the chart below comparing and contrasting mitosis and meiosis.

Mitosis MeiosisType of reproductionChromosome number of parent cellChromosome number of daughter cellsNumber of cell divisionsNumber of cells produced

86. Define the following terms:a. Diploid:

b. Haploid:

87. What is crossing over?

88. When does crossing over occur?

89. What is the benefit of crossing over occurring?

90. What is the Law of Independent Assortment? How does it increase variation?

91. What is a mutation? How does it increase variation?

92. What is nondisjunction?

93. Draw nondisjunction:

94. How does non-disjunction result in variation?

95. How does fertilization result in variation?

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96. Define the following terms:a. dominant:

b. recessive:

c. homozygous:

d. heterozygous:

e. genotype:

f. phenotype:

97. A phenotype is the result of what two things?

98. Sample Monohybrid Cross Question:a. In a genetics laboratory, two heterozygous tall plants are crossed. If tall is dominant

over short, what are the expected phenotypic results?

b. If one homozygous short plant is crossed with a heterozygous tall plant, what percentage of the offspring will be short?

c. What are the genotypes of the parents that would produce 25% short and 75% tall pea plants.

d. What are the genotypes of the parents that would produce 50% short and 50% tall pea plants.

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99. Look at the following karyotype. What can you state about this individual?

100. Explain the characteristics of the following:a. Colorblindness

b. Huntington’s disease

c. Cystic fibrosis

d. Sickle cell

e. Hemophilia

101. Sample incomplete dominance question: When Red and white flowers are crossed, pink flowers are produced. What is expected when two pink flowers cross?

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102. Sample Blood Type (Multiple Allele/ co-dominant) Question: Mr. Jones has blood type A and Mrs. Jones has blood type AB. What is the probability that they will have a child with blood type A if both of Mr. Jones’s parents were AB?

a. Is it possible for a male with A blood type to have a child with a female B blood type who is O? Explain.

103. Why are males more likely to express a sex liked trait?

104. Sample Sex-linked trait Question: Color blindness is a sex-linked recessive trait. A mother with normal color vision and a color blind father have a color blind daughter. Which of the following statements is correct?

a. All of their daughters will be color blind.b. The mother is a carrier of the color blindness gene.c. All of their sons will have normal color vision.d. All of their sons will be color blind.

105. Black color is dominant over white in rats. In order to determine whether a black rat is homozygous or heterozygous for the color trait, the rat should go through a test or back cross. That means that the black rat would be mated to a

a. heterozygous black rat b. hybrid white rat c. white rat d. homozygous black rat

106. In a pedigree, an open circle indicates _________________________________________ and a solid square indicates ______________________________________________________.

107. Answer the following based on the diagram below:

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a. What is the genotype of individual I-1?

b. What is the genotype of II-4?

c. If someone with the genotype similar to II-7 had children with someone with the same genotype as III-3, what are the chances that their childen will be affected?

108. Describe how genetics and environment affect:a. malnutrition (undernourishment)-

b. malnutrition (obesity)-

c. diabetes-

d. lung cancer-

e. skin cancer-

f. PKU-

g. Vitamin D-

h. Folic acid-

109. What is a polygenic trait?

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Unit VII – Evolution and Classification

110. Contrast abiogenesis and biogenesis. (Hint: included experiments to support both)

111. What did Louis Pasteur contribute to our understanding of the origins of life?

112. What can we infer from the fossil record? Where do you find the oldest/youngest fossils?

113. What was Earth’s early atmosphere made up of?

114. What were the first living organisms to appear on Earth? How did it obtain energy?

115. How did the organisms listed in question above evolve?

116. Explain how biochemical similarities supports evolution.

117. Explain how anatomical similarities supports evolution.

118. Define natural selection.

119. How are variation and natural selection related?

120. Describe co-evolution and give an example.

121. What is geographic isolation?

122. What is reproductive isolation?

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123. Describe Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection:

124. Define the following and explain how they are related to natural selection:a. pesticide resistance:

b. antibiotic resistance:

125. How does our modern classification system show the evolutionary relationship among organisms?

126. Originally, how many kingdoms were there? Why?

127. List the 7 levels of classification from largest to smallest.

128. Circle each of the following as prokaryotic or eukaryotic AND as autotrophic or heterotrophic AND as unicellular or multicellular.

a. Bacteria – pro / eu auto / hetero uni / multib. Protists – pro / eu auto / hetero uni / multic. Plants – pro / eu auto / hetero uni / multid. Animals – pro / eu auto / hetero uni / multi

129. Identify each organism below.

a. Organism A:

b. Organism B:

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c. Organism C:

130. Use the diagram below to answer the following questions:

a. Which would be the most primitive organism?

b. Circle two organisms that would have the most similar DNA.

c. Why did you circle the organisms in the previous question.

131. Explain the characteristics of including their reproduction, how they eat, how they regulate their internal environment:

a. Bacteria –

b. Protists –

c. Insects –

d. Amphibians –

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e. Mammals –

f. Nonvascular (mosses) –

g. Gymnosperms –

h. Angiosperms –

132. Explain the feeding adaptations of animals.

133. What are reproductive adaptations that has offered the most success to animals? And plants?

134. Are viruses living or nonliving? Explain.

135. Compare and contrast viruses and bacteria in regard to their structure.

136. How can someone get:a. Influenza – virus/bacteria?

b. HIV – virus/bacteria?

c. Streptococcus – virus/bacteria?

d. Small Pox – virus/bacteria?

137. Compare and contrast mimicry and camouflage.

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138. Explain how each of the following help plants survive:a. phototropism –

b. gravitropism –

c. thigmotropism –

139. What are some adaptations that allow animals to survive on land? (as compared to water)

140. What are some adaptations that allow plants to survive on land? (as compared to water)

141. Describe what causes:a. mercury poisoning-

b. lead poisoning-142. Describe the general life cycle of a parasite.

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143. What are t-cells?

144. What are B cells?

145. How are vaccines used to keep people healthy?

Unit VIII – Ecology

146. Define the following innate behaviors:a. phototaxis (positive/negative)-

b. migration-

c. hibernation-

d. estivation-

e. instinct (suckling)-

147. Define the following learned behaviorsa. imprinting-

b. conditioning-

c. habituation-

d. trial and error-

148. Define the following social behaviors

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a. courtship-

b. communication-

c. territoriality-

149. Explain how certain animal behaviors such as courtship and other behaviors may have evolved.

150. Explain the difference between biotic and abiotic factors.

151. How do limiting factors affect carrying capacity?

152. Define these types of relationships (symbiosis).a. mutualism-

b. commensalism-

c. parasitism-

d. predator/prey-

e. competition-

153. Define and give an example of:a. density-dependent limiting factor

b. density-independent limiting factor

154. What is carrying capacity?

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155. Describe the Carbon cycle.

156. How can humans influence cycling with:a. deforestation-

b. factories-

157. How does photosynthesis relate to energy getting into ecosystems?

158. What role do decomposers play in the environment?

159. What is a trophic level?

160. What is a food chain?

161. Draw a food chain including the following organisms (heron, minnow, plankton).

162. What happens to energy in an ecosystem? What happens to nutrients?

163. How much energy is passed from one trophic level to the next in an ecosystem? What happens to the rest?

164. What is a food web?

165. How have increased human population impacted acid rain production, habitat destruction and the introduction of a non-native species.

166. What is global warming? What causes it?

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167. What are the possible effects of global warming?

168. What are some ways that carbon dioxide emissions can be reduced?

169. What are some factors that influence birth/death rates in the human population?

170. What effects would the following have on the environment?a. human population size-

b. human population density-

c. resource use-

d. pesticide use-

171. What effect can a buildup of pesticides have over the long term in the environment (bioaccumulation)?

172. What affect can pesticides have on organisms that they weren’t intended to affect?

173. What is pesticide resistance? What are the long term affects?

174. What are some biological alternatives to chemical pesticides? What are the pros and cons?

175. What is DDT and what is its effect on the ecosystem?

176. What are CFC’s and how do they impact the environment?

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