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Ppolitikuri azris istoriaAantikuri xanidan XVIII saukunemde

(qrestomaTia studentebisTvis)

Tbilisi2008

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Semdgeneli da samecniero redaqtorisalome dundua

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s a r C e v i

Sesavali................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4

Zveli saberZneTi da misi saxelmwifoebrivi wyoba................................................................................... 5

platoni (mokle biografiuli cnobebi)................................................................................................................ 6

saxelmwifo.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 6

aristotele (mokle biografiuli cnobebi)...................................................................................................... 55

politika................................................................................................................................................................................................. 55

SeniSvnebi.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 91

stoicizmi----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 92

markus avreliusi (mokle biografiuli cnobebi)...................................................................................... 93

fiqrebi..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 93

SeniSvnebi............................................................................................................................................................................................. 107

inglisi XVII saukuneSi (mokle istoriuli mimoxilva)..................................................................... 108

Tomas hobsi (mokle biografiuli monacemebi).............................................................................................. 110

leviaTani anu saeklesio da samoqalaqo saxelmwifosmateria, forma da xelisufleba.................................................................................................................................. 111

SeniSvnebi.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 134

jon loki A(mokle biografiuli cnobebi)......................................................................................................... 135

ori traqtati mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb....................................................................................................................... 136

SeniSvnebi.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 150

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werili tolerantobis Sesaxeb...................................................................................................................................... 151

SeniSvnebi.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 160

safrangeTi XVIII saukuneSi (mokle istoriuli mimoxilva)............................................................. 162

Sarl lui monteskie (mokle biografiuli cnobebi)................................................................................ 163

kanonTa goni......................................................................................................................................................................................... 163

SeniSvnebi................................................................................................................................................................................................. 205

Jan Jak ruso (mokle biografiuli cnobebi)....................................................................................................... 214

sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba.......................................................................................................................................... 214

SeniSvnebi................................................................................................................................................................................................... 243

Sesavali

imisaTvis, rom ukeT gaviazroT dResdReobiT saqarTvelosa da msoflioSi mimdinare politikuri procesebi, ufro Rrmad da safuZvlianad CavwvdeT Tanamedrove politikuri sistemebis arssa da Taviseburebebs, aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT politikuri mecnierebis genezisi, Camoyalibeba da ganviTareba, anu is gza, rac Tanamdrove politikurma mecnierebam ganvlo uZvelesi droidan dRevandel dRemde.

politikuri azris istoria istoriuli ideebis is gansakuTrebuli nawilia, romelic politikuri mecnierebis Camoyalibebis etapebis Seswavlasa da TviToeuli am etapis Taviseburebebis gaazrebaSi dagvexmareba.

iseve rogorc yvela saxis istoriaSi, aqac gamoiyofa gansakuTrebuli epoqebi, romelTa periodizacia, saerTo jamSi, saerTo istoriul sqemas emTxveva. iseve rogorc istoriis mecnierebaSi politikuri azris ganviTarebis istoriaSic sami ZiriTadi etapi gamoiyofa: antikuri xana _ Sua saukuneebi _ axali epoqa.

mocemul qrestomaTiaSi warmodgenilia antikuri xanisa da axali epoqis, konkretulad ki Zveli romisa da saberZneTis da XVII_XVIII saukuneebis inglisisa da safrangeTis politikuri azris im TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebis nawarmoebebi, romelTa naazrevma gansakuTrebuli roli Seasrula Tanamedrove politikuri Teoriis CamoyalibebaSi. mocemuli saleqcio qrestomaTia gamiznulia socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis politikuri mecnierebis departamentis saleqcio kursis _ “politikur moZRvrebaTa istoria” msmenelTaTvis. Aaseve politikuri mecnierebis sakiTxebiT dainteresebuli studentebisTvis.

aRniSnuli saleqcio kursis specifikidan da dasaxuli miznebidan gamomdinare qrestomaTiaSi Setanili avtorebis _ platonis, aristoteles, avreliusis, hobsis, lokis, monteskiesa da rusos naSromebi Semoklebuli saxiT ibeWdeba.

iqidan gamomdinare, rom ama Tu im politikur TeoretikosTa naazrevis da zogadad, mimdinare politikuri procesebis gageba da srulyofilad gaazreba mxolod konkretuli epoqis fonzea SesaZlebeli, qrestomaTiaSi saWirod CavTvaleT konkretuli epoqebis _ antikuri xanis

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romisa da saberZneTis, XVII saukunis inglisisa da XVIII saukunis safrangeTis mokle istoriuli mimoxilvis gakeTebac.

aRniSnuli krebuli erT-erTi pirveli mcdelobaa politikuri azris istoriaSi msgavsi tipis qarTulenovani qrestomaTiis gamocemisa da, Sesabamisad, igi ver iqneba dazRveuli garkveuli tipis xarvezebisgan, risTvisac winaswar mogixdiT bodiSs.

Zveli saberZneTi da misi saxelmwifoebrivi wyobileba

imisaTvis rom ukeT gavigoT Zveli berZeni filosofosebis platonisa da aristoteles Sexedulebebi polisis saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebis, misi mmarTvelobis formebisa da meqanizmebis Sesaxeb, saWiroa vicnobdeT demokratias - mmarTvelobis im formas, rac Zveli saberZneTis qalaq saxelmwifoebSi, kerZod ki aTenSi xorcieldeboda da rac berZeni filosofosebis mxridan seriozuli kritikis sagani iyo.

aTenis demokratia sam etapad yalibdeboda da Sesabamisad, es procesi sami reformatori politikuri moRvawis saxels ukavSirdeba: solonma 594 w. Zv.w.aR. gaauqma valebis gadauxdelobis gamo adamianis damoneba da qonebrivi cenzis mixedviT gansazRvra politikuri movaleobebi;

klisTenem Zv.w.aR. 509 w. moxdina filebis reorganizacia _ religiur-gvarovnuli erTobebidan isini iqcnen teritoriul-politikur warmonaqmnebad, SemoiRo konstitucia da daamkvidra samoqalaqo Tanasworoba; klisTenes periodSi uamravma ucxoelma da mona-metekma (monebi, romlebic Tavisufldebodnen monobisgan metekebis siaSi ewerebodnen) miiRo moqalaqeoba.

periklma 459w. Zv.w.aR. gaauqma areopagi _ sagvareulo didebulebis xelisuflebis ukanaskneli instituti. mis mierve iqna SemoRebuli moqalaqeobis miniWeba mxolod ded-mamiT berZnebisaTvis. am gatarebulma reformebma saboloo jamSi moitana is, rom sazogadoebrivi samsaxuri aRar iyo mdidrebisa da didebulebis privilegia, yvela moqalaqe praqtikulad Tanaswori gaxda.

klasikuri periodis demokratia Semdegi meqanizmebiT xorcieldeboda: umaRlesi saxelisuflebo organo iyo saxalxo kreba, romelic weliwadSi erTxel ikribeboda. kreba warmoadgenda pirdapiri mmarTvelobis organos. qalaqis administracia saqalaqo dacvis meSveobiT (perikles droidan igi skviTebisgan iyo Semdgari) moqalaqeebs acnobebda krebis mowvevis Sesaxeb da mouwodebda pniqsze (aTenis dasavleT nawilSi mdebare gora) Sekrebisken. Tavad qalaqi Sesdgeboda 10-15 aTasi saxlisgan. Sesabamisad daaxloebiT amdenive moqalaqisgan. (berZnuli demokratia moqalaqeobas ar aniWebda qalebs, monebs da ucxoel metekebs, aseve arsebobda asakobrivi cenzi). qvorumi saerTo raodenobis meoTxedisgan Sesdgeboda. krebaSi monawileobisTvis moqalaqeebi ixdidnen garkveul gadasaxads. krebaze Tanaswori uflebebiT sargeblobda yvela adamiani da yvela mosazreba. nebismier mosazrebas qonda arsebobis sruli ufleba, xolo nebismier moqalaqes

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ki sakuTari mosazrebis gamoxatvis ufleba. zustad aseve sasamarTloebSic “polidoqsiis” (yvela mosazrebis Tanabari Rirsebis) principi xorcieldeboda. mosamarTleebs ar hqondaT ufleba vinmesTvis aekrZalaT azris gamoTqmis ufleba konkretul gansaxilvel sakiTxze. amave dros mosamarTle xelSeuxebeli piria.

aTeni iyofoda filebad, roemlic Tavis mxriv iyofoda demebad. mkacri kontroli xorcieldeboda, rom krebaze aravin Separuliyo iseTi, vinc ar iyo moqalaqe da Sesabamisad, krebaSi monawileobis uflebac ar hqonda. krebis dawyebamde xdeboda msxverplSewirva da ficis dadeba. Semdeg acxadebdnen im pirebis vinaobas, visac arCeviTi Tanamdebobis dakaveba surda. Tanamdebobis dakaveba SeeZloT mxolod im moqalaqeebs, romlebic ar iyvnen 30 welze naklebi asakis da 60 wels gadaSorebuli.

zogierTi Tanamdebobis piri, mag. strategebi, iniSnebodnen erTwliani vadiT. xazinadarad arCevisaTvis kandidats garkveuli qonebrivi cenzis moTxovnebi unda daekmayofilebina. TiToeuli filidan 10 strategi airCeoda, arqontebi _ qurumebi, romlebic ganagebdnen sagareo urTierTobebs, arCevnebs, welTaRricxvis sistemas, _ wilisyriT irCevdnen 500-is sabWos (umaRlesi saxelmwifo organo klisTenes periodidan), mosamarTleebs, zedamxedvelebs, aT Tanamdebobriv pirs, romlebic qalaqSi sisufTavis dacvaze agebdnen pasuxs. wilisyris procedura Semdegnairi saxiT xorcieldeboda: arqontebi dgamdnen or urnas. xmis micema xdeboda Savi da TeTri lobios marcvlebis meSveobiT, brmad (rogorc xSirad SeniSnaven xolme, am kuTxiT, Tavad demokratiac garkveulwilad brma iyo). gadmocemis Tanaxmad, Tavis droze, rodesac ganixilavdnen aTenis jarisaTvis cxenebis naklebobis sakiTxs, sokrates SeuTavazebia _ xmis micemis meSveobiT virebi cxenebad gadaeqciaT da amiT gadaeWraT cxenebis naklebobis problema. kanonis winaSe yvela Tavisuflad Sobilis Tanasworobis pirobebSi gansakuTrebiT moqalaqeebis dabali fenebi demagogebis zegavlenis qveS advilad eqceodnen. amasTanave, aTenelebs Zalian didi warmodgena hqondaT TavianT demokratiul mmarTvelobaze. rogorc Tukidide ambobda: “Cven mTeli saberZneTis maswavleblebi varT. yvelgan dgas Cvens mier aRmarTuli sikeTisa da siborotis Zeglebi.”

antikuri mwerlebi, sokrate, platoni, aristotele ewinaaRmdegebian demokratiis im ukidures formas, romelic perikles droidan modioda da romelmac maTi azriT, dakarga sulieri sawyisi da waSala Tavad samoqalaqo sulierebis kriteriumebic ki.

platoni(Zv. w. aR. 427-347 ww)

(mokle biografiuli cnobebi)

didi berZeni idealisti filosofosi platoni moRvaweobda Zv. w. aR. 427-347ww. igi iyo sokrates moswavle. platonma Zv.w.aR. 387w. aTenSi daarsa filosofiuri skola _ platonis akademia, romelic Zv. w. aR. I saukunemde arsebobda. platonis akademiis tradiciebi aRdgenil iqna ax. w. aR. I-II saukuneebSi Sua platonizmis da neoplatonizmis (IV-VI ss) skolebSi. aRorZinebis epoqaSi platonis akademia aRdgenil iqna florenciaSi da arsebobda XV-XVI saukuneebis manZilze.

platons ekuTvnis araerTi naSromi, sadac igi gvTavazobs sanimuSo saxelmwifo wyobis miseul xedvas. am naSromTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovania “saxelmwifo”.

platoni samogzaurod gaemgzavra siciliaze, sadac igi siciliis tiranma dionisem monebis bazarSi gayida, Semdeg ki igi Tavisma megobrebma gamoisyides.

s a x e l m w i f o

wigni II

_Cven vambobT, rom samarTlianoba niSnulia ama Tu im kacisaTvis, magram vaRiarebT Tu ara, rom is mTel saxelmwifosac axasiaTebs?

_ rasakvirelia vaRiarebT._ ki magram, saxelmwifo xom kacze didia? _ diax._ mereda, gana imaSi, rac ufro didia, samarTlianobac ufro didi ar iqneba da advilad

amosacnobi? amitom, Tu gnebavT, Tavdapirvelad vnaxoT, ranairia samarTlianobis buneba saxelmwifoSi. Semdeg ki sakuTriv adamianis sulSi ganvixiloT igi da amrigad, didTan msgavsebis mixedviT, SevicnoT mcirec.

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_ momwons eg Seni sityva, _ Tqva adimantem._ Tu warmosaxviT warmovidgenT saxelmwifos dasabams, gana iqve ar vixilavT

samarTlianobisa Tu usamarTlobis Canasaxs?_ cxadia._ maS, SeiZleba Tu ara imedi viqonioT, rom ase ufro advilad mivakvlevT imas, rasac

veZebT? _ ra Tqma unda._ amitom, me mgonia yovelnairad unda vecadoT amas. Cemis azriT, xumroba saqme

rodia. Tumca Tqven TviTon gadawyviteT._ gadavwyviteT da egaa. _ Tqva adimantem, _ maS saqmes Seudeq._ me mgonia, saxelmwifos maSin eZleva dasabami, roca arcerT adamians aRar

SeuZlia daikmayofilos Tavisi Tavi, radganac aTasi ram sWirdeba. Tu Senis azriT, saxelmwifos dasabams raime sxva ganapirobebs?

_ ara, sxva araferi._ amitom yoveli kaci xan vis mimarTavs da xan vis Tavisi moTxovnilebebis

dasakmayofileblad. aTasnair gaWirvebas rom ganicdis, aTasobiT kaci erTiandeba, raTa erTad icxovron da Seewion kidec erTmaneTs _ swored am Tanacxovrebas vuwodebT Cven saxelmwifos; asea ara?

_ ra Tqma unda._ amrigad, isini raRacas iReben erTmaneTisgan da sanacvlod gascemen kidec,

radganac yvelas hgonia, rom es ufro umjobesia misTvis._ diax._ maS, modi vcadoT _ vTqvi me _ azriT CavuyaroT safuZveli saxelmwifos; xolo am

safuZvlad, rogorc Cans, Cveni moTxovnilebebi unda migvaCndes._ ueWvelad._ upirvelesi da udidesi moTxovnileba ki sazrdosa da saarsebo saSualebaTa

mopovebaa._ ra Tqma unda._ meore moTxovnileba isaa, rom sakuTari Weri gefaros Tavze, mesame is, rom

tansacmeli gqondes da ase Semdeg._ marTals brZaneb._maSin isic unda vikiTxoT, _ vuTxari me _ ranairad gaarTmevs Tavs saxelmwifo

yovelive amas. iqneb ise, rom erTi miwis muSa iqneba, meore – xuro, mesame _ feiqari da ase Semdeg? xom ar mivumatoT amaT xarazi da kidev bevri sxva xelosanic, vinc Cveni xorcieli moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas emsaxureba?

_ cxadia, unda mivumatoT._ maSasadame sazogadoeba oTxi Tu xuTi kacisgan mainc unda Sesdgebodes?_ rogorc Cans._ ki magram, yoveli maTgani Tavis sakuTar saqmes unda asrulebdes, im angariSiT,

rom mTeli sazogadoebisaTvisac Sromobdes? ase magaliTad, miwis muSas, miuxedavad imisa, rom erTia, oTxi sulis samyofi puri unda mohyavdes, oTxjer met dros xarjavdes da oTxjer ufro met oflsac unda Rvrides, raTa sxvebsac uwilados Tavisi naSrom-najafi, Tu aras dagidevs danarCenebs, mxolod Tavis samyof mosavals iwevdes, oTxjer ufro nakleb dros xarjavdes, drois danarCen sam meoTxeds ki saxlis asaSeneblad, tansacmlis mosaqsovad Tu fexsacmelis Sesakerad iyenebdes, ase rom sxvebisTvis ki ara, mxolod TavisTvis wvalobdes da Tavissave saqmes igvarebdes?

_ pirveli ufro iolia, sokrate, vidre meore, _ Tqva adimantem._ amaSi, vficav zevss, araferia uCveulo, _ vuTxari me. _ Seni pasuxi mafiqrebinebs,

rom adamianebi dabadebiTve gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan imis mixedviT, Tu vis ra saqmis keTebis niWi dahyveba Tan da arc Tavisi bunebiT hgvanan erTmaneTs; gana Senc amas ar gulisxmob?

_ diax, magas._ mereda, vin ukeT asrulebs Tavis saqmes _ vinc mraval xelobaSi gawafulia, Tu vinc

mxolod erTi xeloba icis?_ vinc erTi xeloba icis._ Cemis azriT, isic aSkaraa, rom Tu xelidan gavuSvebT raime saqmis keTebisaTvis

xelsayrel dros, araferic ar gamogviva._ ra Tqma unda._ radganac, me mgonia, araviTari saqme ar dauwyebs lodins xelosans, aba rodis

moiclis CemTvisao. piriqiT, xelosani verasodes ver unda iclides sxva ramisTvis, garda sakuTari saqmisa.

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_ WeSmaritad._ amitom SeiZleba yvelaferi ufro ukeT, ufro swrafad da advilad akeTo, roca mxolod erT

saqmes asruleb, Seni bunebrivi niWisa da unaris Sesabamisad da Tanac, droulad asruleb ise, rom sxva ramisTvis ara gcalia.

_ uciloblad._ hoda, ai ras getyvi adimante: yovelive imas, razedac weRan vlaparakobdi,

saxelmwifos oTxi wevri namdvilad ver gaarTmevs Tavs; radganac miwis muSa, romelsac mWreli saxnisi sWirdeba, TviTonve rodi daamzadebs mas, an Toxsa Tu sxva samiwaTmoqmedo iaraRs. xurosac, Tavis mxriv vin mosTvlis, ramdeni rame sWirdeba. igive iTqmis xarazsa da feiqarzec.

_ marTalsa brZaneb._ Tu am Cvens pawawina saxelmwifoSi mWedlebs, xuroebs da sxva xelosnebsac

CavrTavT, isini xalxmraval qveynad aqceven mas._ ra Tqma unda._ magram, is mainc ar gaxdeba veeba saxelmwifo, TviT maSinac ki, Tu zemoT

CamoTvlilT mejogeebs, mecxvareebs da sxva mwyemsebsac mivumatebT, raTa miwis muSebs xarebi hyavdeT saxnavad, xuroebs, iseve rogorc miwis muSebs, sauRle saqoneli tvirTis sazidad da arc xarazebs an feiqrebs moakldeT tyavi Tu matyli.

_ veeba Tu ara, patara mainc ar iqneba saxelmwifo, romelic amden xalxs aerTianebs, _ Tqva adimantem.

_ egec ar iyos, _ gavawyvetine me, _ sad moZebni imnair adgils saxelmwifos dasaarseblad, rom mis moqalaqeebs araferis Semotana ar dasWirdeT?

_ versad._ maSasadame, saxelmwifosTvis saWiro iqneba sxva xelobis xalxic ucxo qveynebidan

saWiro saqonlis Semosatanad._ diax._ese igi, saxelmwifom unda awarmoos ara marto is, rac saWiroa misi moqalaqeebis

moTxovnilebaTa dasakmayofilebalad, aramed isic, rac sxvebs sWirdebaT. maSasadame, rac SeiZleba meti miwis muSa da sxva xelosani unda gvyavdes.

_ diax, rac SeiZleba meti._ aseve is xalxic, saqonlis gacvla – gamocvlisTvis rom gvWirdeba; xolo es xalxi

vaWrebia ara?_ diax._ ase rom, arc vaWrebi unda gvakldnen._ ra Tqma unda._ magram, Tu sazRvao vaWrobas exeba saqme, vaWrebs garda zRvaosnebic xom

dagvWirdeba? _ dagvWirdeba da blomadac dagvWirdeba._ ki, magram, TviT qveynis SigniT rogorRa iqneba saqme? ranairad moxerxdeba

nawarmis gacvla-gamocvla xelosnebs Soris? aki, Cvenc, uwinares yovlisa, swored am mizniT davaarseT saxelmwifo?

_ cxadia aReb-micemobis gziT._ maSasadame, unda Seiqmnas bazari da dawesdes Rirebulebis aRmniSvneli niSani _

fuli._ ra Tqma unda._ mereda, Tu miwis muSa an romelime sxva xelosani bazrobaze gamoitans Tavis

nawarms, misi muStari ki daigvianebs, nuTu is gulxeldakrefili daelodeba bazarSi da ase uqmad gaacdens saqmisTvis saWiro dros?

_ aramc da aramc _ Tqva adimantem, _ gana cotaa iseTi xalxi, Tavis samsaxurs rom SesTavazebs mas? keTilmowyobil saxelmwifoebSi eseni arian yvelaze Zabunni da yovelgvari sxva saqmeebisaTvis uvargisni: erTTavad bazarSi hyrian, raTa Semdeg sxvebs mihyidon igi.

_ swored am moTxovnilebebis gamo Cndebian CvenSi qorvaWrebi _SevniSne me _ gana ase ar vuwodebT Suakacebs myidvelebsa da gamyidvelebs Soris, bazarSi rom aTeneben da aRameben? xolo im xalxs, erTi saxelmwifodan meoreSi rom daexeteba saqonlis gasasaReblad, vaWrebs veZaxiT ara?

_ diax._ me Tu mkiTxavT, sxvac bevria saWiro kaci; marTalia mwiri gonebis gamo es xalxi

naklebad imsaxurebs imas, rom maTTan raime urTierToba viqonioT, magram sakmao Zali ki SeswevT mZime samuSaoebis Sesasruleblad. isini fulze hyidian TavianT Zalas da raki am fuls qiras uwodeben, me mgonia, swored amitom moqiravneebad uxmoben maT.

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_ ra Tqma unda._ saxelmwifos sisrulisaTvis, rogorc Cans, moqiravnec sWirdeba._ egre mgonia._ ras ityvi, adimante, imdenad xom ar gaizarda, es Cveni saxelmwifo, rom ukve

SeiZleba dasrulebulad migvaCndes?_ albaT SeiZleba._ ki magram, sadRaa samarTlianoba da usamarTloba? ramdeni ram ganvixileT,

magram mainc saidan iReben isini dasabams?_ver getyvi, sokrate; iqneb saerTo saqmianobaSi TviT adamianTa

urTierTdamokidebulebidan?_SeiZleba marTalic iyo, _ vuTxari me, _ maS, ganvagrZoT kvleva-Zieba da ganuxrelad

mivsdioT Cvens mier dasaxul mizans. uwinares yovlisa, ganvixiloT amnairad daxelovnebul kacTa cxovrebis wesi. isini moiweven xorblisa da yurZnis mosavals, xels mihyofen tansacmlisa Tu fexsacmelis kervas da saxlebis mSeneblobas. zafxulis xvatSi welszemoT gatitvlebuli da fexSiSveli imuSaveben, zamTarSi ki saguldagulod CafuTnul-CaTbunebulni Tavis sarCenad qers daRerRaven da xorbals dafqvaven, RerRilisagan fafas moxarSaven, fqvils ki mozelen da comisgan dabrawul purebsa da funTuSebs daacxoben, romlebsac madis aRmZvrelad Caamwkriveben lerwmis Wilobsa Tu qorfa foTlebze. murtisa da urTxlis ylortebiT mofenil sarecelebze SvilebTan erTad mxarTeZoze wamowolilni da gvirgvinebiT SublSekrulni nebierad Seeqcevian Rvinos, sagaloblebiT qebas Seasxamen RmerTebs da mxiarul musaifSi gaatareben dros; Svilebs ki, SimSilobisa da omianobis SiSiT, mxolod imdens iyolieben, ramdenis yolis nebasac miscemT maTi avladidieba.

_ rao?! _ gamawyvetyina, glavkonma _ xmela pursa da TiTo fiala Rvinoze upireb am xalxs gadatarebas?

_ marTali xar, _ mivuge me, _ kinaRam damaviwyda, rom maT nair-nairi sasmel-saWmelic dasWirdebaT. cxadia, marilic unda hqondeT, zeTisxilic, yvelic da prasica da sxva bostneulic; ase moaTuxTuxeben soflur SeWamands. magram verc piris Casakoklozinebels movaklebT: leRvs, muxudos, cercvs, an murtis nayofs Tu rkos, romlebsac cecxlze moxalaven da wrupva-wrupviT miayoleben Rvinos. ase, siamtkbilobiT gaatareben mTel sicocxles, uzrunvelni da saRsalamaTni, mere ki, Rrmad moxucebulni, samudamod miiZineben da aseTsave cxovrebas uanderZeben TavianT STamomavlebs.

_ RorebiT rom dagvesaxlebina eg Seni saxelmwifo, sokrate, albaT verc maT SesTavazebdi sxvanair salafavs _ wamoiZaxa glavkonma.

_ maS ras mibrZaneb SevTavazo? _ vkiTxe me._ rasac Cveulni arian: inaxad jdomas, xoragiT savse tablebi, nugbar-nugbari kerZebi da

tkbileuli, mokled, yvelaferi, rac Tavze sayrelada aqvT Cvens Tanamedroveebs, _ Tu ginda, rom SimSiliT ar ewodeT kuWi.

_ keTili da patiosani, _ vuTxari me, _ rogorc Cans, Cven ganvixilavT ara marto im saxelmwifos, romelic es-esaa ibadeba, aramed keTildReobiT galaRebulsac. vin icis, iqneb asedac sjobdes, radganac SeiZleba TviT am ukanasknelis ganxilvamac dagvanaxos, ranairad iCenen Tavs saxelmwifoSi samarTlianoba da usamarTloba. Cvens mier warmosaxuli saxelmwifo me jansaR saxelmwifod meCveneba; magram Tu gnebavT, araferi ar gviSlis xels im saxelmwifosac davukvirdeT, romelsac TiTqos cieb-cxeleba Seyria. rogorc Cans, zogierTs marTlac ar daakmayofilebs yovelive es, arc esoden martivi cxovrebis wesi; ara, keTil-inebe da saswrafod miarTvi maT sareclebi, tablebi, nair-nairi WurWeli Tu dgam-aveji, madis aRmZvreli nazuqebi, sakmeveli, nelsacxeblebi, agreTve heterebi Tu nugbar-nugbari kerZebi, da Tanac yovelive es _ rac SeiZleba blomad. etyoba, aucilebeli martooden is ki ar aris, rac zemoT mogaxseneT, _ saxli, tansacmeli, Tu fexsacmeli,- ara, moitaT suraTebic, samkaulebic, oqro-vercxlisa da spilos Zvlis nakeTobebic; asea ara?

_ diax._ ki magram, xom ar mogviwevs gavafarTovoT Cveni saxelmwifos farglebi? radganac

is pirveli _ jansaRi saxelmwifo ukve aRar aris sakmarisi, aramed imnairi xalxiT unda avavsoT, romlis yofnac saxelmwifoSi sulac ar aris aucileblobiT gamowveuli: me vgulisxmob aTasi juris monadireebs da mimbaZvelebs, ferebs, bgerebs Tu saxeebs rom iyeneben mibaZvisas, ese igi, poetebsa da maTTan ganuyrelad dakavSirebul rafsodebs, msaxiobebs, qorevtebs, Teatris menardeebs, meavejeebs da sasaluqo sagnebis, metadre, qalebis samSvenisTa Tu samkaulTa ostatebs. warmoudgenlad gaizrdeba msaxurTa ricxvic: vin mosTvlis, ramdeni aRmzrdeli, ZiZa, lala, moaxle, dalaqi, mzareuli Tu yasabi dagvWirdeba. axla meRoreebs aRar ikiTxav? eseni ar gvyolia Cvens pirvel saxelmwifoSi; arc gvWirdebodnen. aq ki esenic saWironi arian da aTasnairi pirutyvic da saqonelic, rakiRa upiratesad xorciT vsazrdoobT; ras ityvi, gana swori ara var?

9

_ra Tqma unda._amnairi cxovrebis Sedegad gacilebiT ufro meti eqimi iqneboda saWiro, vidre uwin._diax, gacilebiT meti._egec ar iyos, qveyana odesRac sakmaod vrceli saimisod, rom Tavisi mosaxleoba

gamoekveba, axla ukve dapataravdeba ara?_ marTlac asea._ maSasadame, iZulebulni viqnebiT kai mozrdili nawili CamovaWraT mezobel

saxelmwifos, Tu gvinda samyofi saZovari da saxnav-saTesi gvqondes, xolo mezobeli saxelmwifo k, Tavis mxriv, moindomebs Cveni qveynis nawili miitacos. Tuki TviTonac dausrulebeli momxveWelobis gzas daadgeba da, amrigad, gadava imis zRvars, rac aucilebelia saarsebod.

_ yovel mizezs gareSe, egrec moxdeba, sokrate._ maS, omSi unda CavebaT, glavkon?_ diax, unda CavebaT._ jer-jerobiT arafers vityviT imis Taobaze, Tu ra mosdevs Sedegad oms _ sikeTe Tu

boroteba; SevniSnavT mxolod, rom ukve mivakvlieT omebis wyaros, xolo omi udidesi ubedurebis saTavea rogorc kerZo piris, ise mTeli sazogadoebisTvisac, roca isini iZulebulni arian iomon.

_ ra Tqma unda._amasTanave, mogviwevs mcirediT ki ara, mTeli laSqriT gavzardoT saxelmwifo, Cemo

Zvirfaso: laSqriT, romelic daicavs Cvens samflobeloebs da zemoT Tqmulisa ar iyos, sxvis miwa-wyalsac Semogvimtkicebs.

_ rogor gana Cven TviTon ki ver SevZlebT amas?_ vera, ver SevZlebT, Tuki sworad gadavwyviteT es sakiTxi Cveni warmosaxuli

saxelmwifos daarsebisas. Tu gaxsovs, imTaviTve SevTanxmdiT, rom SeuZlebelia erTi kaci srulyofilad flobdes mraval xelobas.

_ marTals brZaneb._ mereda, meomris xeloba xelobad ar migaCnia?_ ra sakiTxavia?_ ki magram, nuTu mewaRis xelobaze ufro mets unda vzrunavdeT, vidre meomrisaze?_ rogor gekadreba._ im mizniT, rom CvenSi ukeT viTardebodes mewaReoba, xom avukrZaleT mewaRes,

miwis muSas, feiqrisa Tu xuros saqmisaTvis mieyo xeli; zustad aseve, yvela sxva xelosansac mxolod erTi saqme mivandeT, rasac is warmatebiT gaarTmevs Tavs Tavis bunebrivi monacemebis wyalobiT; mTeli sicocxlis manZilze swored es iqneba misi erTaderTi saqme. ase rom, sxva ramisTvis veRar moiclis. da warmatebasac miaRwevs, Tuki fuWad ar gaflangavs dros. ki magram, gana saomari xelovneba nakleb yuradRebasa da gulmodginebas moiTxovs? an, iqneb, es imdenad advilia, rom miwis muSas, mewaResa da nebismier sxva xelosansac Tavisuflad SeuZlia, imavdroulad, meomaric iyos? koWis TamaSi rom koWis TamaSia, imasac ki ver auReb alRos, Tu bavSvobidanve ar gagiwafavs xeli, aramed ise, sasxvaTaSorisod giTamaSia. mereda, nuTu sakmarisia, farTiT an sxva saomari saWurvliT aRiWurvo, anda abjari aisxa, rom maSinve Zlevamosil meomrad iqce da hoplitebis mxardamxar brZolac SeZlo da sxva meomarTa dasSic? maSin rodesac sxva romelime xelosnis iaraRi rom aiRo, amis wyalobiT verc xelosani gaxdebi erTbaSad da verc aTleti, Tu sagangebod ar Segiswavlia saTanado xeloba da arc am iaraRis xmareba SegiZlia.

_ egre rom ara, maSin yovelgvari iaraRi marTlac rom fasadaudebeli iqneboda._maSasadame, rac ufro mniSvnelovania mcvelebis saqme, miT ufro SeuTavsebelia igi

sxva saqmianobasTan, radganac udides ostatobasa da gulmodginebas moiTxovs._ mec egre mgonia._ aucileblad saTanado bunebrivi monacemebi, raTa Tavi gaarTva mas._ ra Tqma unda._ ase rom, Tuki Zali Segwevs, Cveni saqmea imaTi gulmodgine SerCeva, vinc Tavisi

bunebrivi monacemebiT SeiZleba saxelmwifos mcvelad gamodges._ diax, swored Cveni saqmea._vficav zevss, Znel saqmes mivyaviT xeli! magram SevinarCunoT simxneve da

SeZlebisdagvarad aRvasruloT Cveni vali._ vcadoT._ rogor ggonia, roca dacvas exeba saqme, aris Tu ara raime gansxvaveba jiSiani

lekvisa da keTilSobili Wabukis bunebriv monacemebs Soris?_mainc ra Tvisebebs gulisxmob?

10

_rasa da imas, rom erTsac da meoresac utyuari alRo unda hqondes, orive erTnairad swrafi unda iyos da uCveulo Zalis patronic, raTa umalve SeigrZnon mtris siaxlove, swrafad wamoewion momxdurs da TavianTi ZaliTa sZlion.

_ marTals brZaneb._ magram mterTan Sebma xom simamamces moiTxovs?_ rasakvirelia._ mereda ra simamace unda mosTxovo ZaRls, cxensa Tu nebismier sxva cxovels, vis

arsebaSic ar boboqrobs sificxis mborgavi suli? nuTu ar SegimCnevia sificxis Seupovari da mborgavi Zala? ase rom, romelSiac Zalumad borgavs sificxe, arafers Seudrkeba da arc aravis winaSe daixevs ukan.

_SemimCnevia._axla xom xedav, ranairi Tvisebebi unda amkobdnen saxelmwifos mcvelis sxeuls?_ vxedav._ agreTve sulsac: es gaxlavs sificxe._ diax.-_ki, magram, Tu yvela mcveli amnairia, glavkon, gana isini daundobelni ar iqnebian,

rogorc erTurTis, aseve danarCen TanamoqalaqeTa mimarT?_ vficav zevss, Zneli kiTxvaa._ magram isini lmobierni unda iyvnen Tavisianebisadmi da ulmobelni – mtrebis

mimarT, Torem gadamTielTa lodini aRar dasWirdebaT: TviTonve gaavleben musrs erTi-meores.

_ WeSmaritad.-_maS ra vqnaT? sad vipovoT znelmobieri da imavdroulad ulmobelnic? lmobiereba xom

upirispirdeba sulis sificxes?_ cxadia. _xolo Tu kaci arc lmobieria da arc ulmobeli, namdvili mcvelic veRar iqneba. rogorc

Cans es piroba ganuxorcielebelia da amrigad, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom WeSmarit mcvelsac veRar vipovniT.

-_ vai rom egrea _ Tqva glavkonma._ erTxans vyoymanobdi da vcdilobdi gamexsenebina yvelaferi, rac zemoT iTqva._ eh, Cemo Zvirfaso, _ vuTxari bolos glavkons, _ am gamouval mdgomareobaSi

amitomac CavcvivdiT, rom TviTonve daviviwyeT is, rac sanimuSod movixmeT._ ras gulisxmob?_arc ki davfiqrebulvarT imaze, rom arseboben iseTi zneni, am urTierTsapirispiro

Tvisebebs rom iTavseben._ mainc?_ es ufro naTlad Cans cxovelebis, uwinares yovlisa ki imis magaliTze, rac weRan

mcvels SevadareT. xom mogexseneba jiSiani ZaRlebis buneba: ra alersiani arian Sinaurebisa Tu patronis nacnob-megobrebis mimarT da piriqiT, ra gaafTrebiT uteven ucnobT.

_ ra sakiTxavia._ maSasadame, es SesaZlebelia da mcvelSi amnair znes rom veZebT, sulac ar

vupirispirdebiT bunebas._ rogorc Cans ara._ ras ityvi, am Cvens momaval mcvels erTi ram mainc xom ar aklia _ marto sificxe ar

kmara: Tavisi bunebiT, sibrZnesac unda mieltvodes._ rogor? ai, eg ki ar mesmis._ es SeiZleba ZaRlebSic SeniSno; marTlac rom saocari Tvisebaa cxovlebisa._ mainc ra Tvisebas gulisxmob?_ ucnobis danaxvaze ZaRli avdeba, Tumca am ucxo kacs araferi dauSavebia misTvis,

nacnobis danaxvaze ki kudis qiciniT egeba fexqveS, Tumca araviTari sikeTe ar axsovs misgan. arasodes ganucvifrebixar amas?

_ marTali giTxra, dRemde arc ki davfiqrebulvar amaze, magram cxadia rom ZaRli marTlac egre iqceva.

_ misi bunebis es Tavisebureba marTlac rom saocaria da ase gansaje, WeSmaritad brZnulic.

_ rogor?_ rogor da ise, rom mter-moyvares mxolod imis mixedviT ganasxvavebs

erTmaneTisagan, nacnobia is Tu ucnobi. mereda, ra aris es, Tu ara swrafva Semecnebisaken, roca ucxosa Tu Sinauris gansazRvris cnoba, an piriqiT, arcnoba udevs safuZvlad?

11

_ veravin uaryofs magas._ ki, magram swrafva Semecnebisaken xom igivea, rac sibrZnisken swrafva?_ diax._ amitom Tamamad SegviZlia davuSvaT, rom Tu adamianic Sinaurebisa da nacnob

megobrebis mimarT lmobieria da alersiani, maSasadame misTvis bunebiT niSneulia sibrZnisa da Semecnebisken swrafva.

_davuSvaT._ase rom saxelmwifos uzado mcvelisaTvis niSneuli iqneba ara marto sificxe, siswr-afe

da Zala, aramed sulieri srulyofilebac._ WeSmaritad._ ai, ranairi iqneba Cveni mcveli. magram rogor unda vwvrTnaT imis mikvlevaSi, rasac

veZebT, ese igi, bolos mainc Tu mivxvdebiT ranairad iCens Tavs saxelmwifoSi samarTlianoba da usamarTloba. nu daviviwyebT Cveni saubris ZiriTad mizans, raTa sityva metismetad ar gagvigrZeldes.

maSin glavkonis Zmam CaurTo:_ me Tu mkiTxavT, am sakiTxis ganxilva Zalze sasargeblo iqneba CvenTvis._ vficav zevss, Cemo Zvirfaso adimante, _ vuTxari me, Tavadac mag azrisa var; xels nu

aviRebT amaze, Tundac usaSvelod gagviWianurdes Zieba._ swori gadawyvetilebaa._ maS, modi, moclili mezRapreebiviT dinjad da auCqareblad, saqmiT Tu ara, sityviT

mainc SevudqeT Cveni mcvelebis aRzrdas._ Cveni valic swored eg aris._ ki magram, ranairad aRvzardoT isini? Tumca Znelia mivakvlioT imaze ukeTess

saSualebas, rac uZvelesi droidanvea cnobili. sxeulisaTvis es gaxlavT gimnastikuri aRzrda, sulisaTvis ki _ musikuri.

_ egrea._ xolo musikuri aRzrda ki win unda uswrebdes gimnastikurs._ ra Tqma unda._ musikuri aRzrdao, rom vambobT, gana masSi sityvierebasac ar vgulisxmobT?_ cxadia, vgulisxmobT._ magram sityviereba orgvaria _ WeSmariti da yalbi._ diax._ aRzrdisaTvis orive gvWirdeba, magram yalbiT unda daviwyoT._ ar mesmis, ras ambob _- Tqva adimantem._ ra ar gesmis? _ vuTxari me, _ is, rom patara bavSvebs yvelaze umal Tqmulebebi

unda vuamboT? Tqmuleba ki, arsebiTad yalbia., Tumca is WeSmaritebasac Seicavs. bavSvebis aRsazrdelad Cven umal Tqmulebebs mivmarTavT, vidre gimnastikas.

-_ maraTals brZaneb._ amitomac mogaxsene, musikuri xelovnebiT unda daviwyoT da mxolod Semdeg

gadavideT gimnastikurze-meTqi._ sworia._ mereda, nuTu ar ici, rom yvela saqmeSi mTavaria dasawyisi, miT umetes, roca

saqme exeba norCsa da saTuT arsebas, radganac swored am asakSi yalibdeba da sulSi TandaTanobiT fesvs idgams is Tvisebebi, romlebic gvinda mozardSi ganvaviTaroT.

_ sruli simarTlea._ gana SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom bavSvebi visganac gnebavT imisgan ismendnen

RmerTma icis ranair Tqmulebebs, romlebic umeteswilad upirispirdebian yovelive imas, rac Cven gvsurs CavunergoT da cxovrebis gzazec vusagzloT maT?

_ vera, ver davuSvebT._uwinares yovlisa, Tvalyuri vadevnoT TqmulebaTa mTxzvelebs: Tu maTi qmnileba

faseulia, Cvenc moviwonebT, Tu ara da uarvyofT mas. dedebsa da aRmzrdelebs vTxovT, mxolod Cvens mier mowonebuli Tqmulebebi uambon TavianT patarebs, raTa maTi meSveobiT ufro umal Camoqnan da Camoayalibon norCebis suli, vidre maTi sxeuli _ xelebiT. im Tqmulebebis umravlesoba ki, romlebsac dRes uamboben bavSvebs, unda uaryon.

_ mainc ra Tqmulebebs gulisxmob?_ Cven SegviZlia ufro vrceli Tqmulebebis mixedviT SevafasoT ufro mcireni, radganac

yvela Tqmuleba, vrcelic da mcirec, erTnair moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebdes da zemoqmedebiTac erTnair zemoqmedebas axdendes sulze: ras ityvi, ase araa?

_ diax, asea, magram ar mesmis, vrcel Tqmulebebad mainc romeli Tqmulebebi igulisxmeba?

12

_ Tqmulebebi, romlebsac hesiode, homerosi da sxva poetebi gadmogvcemen; radganac swored maTi monaCmaxia is yalbi laTaiebi, romlebic vin mosTvlis ramdenisaTvis uambniaT da dResac uamboben.

_ ara, mainc ras ayvedri maT?_ rasac uwinares yovlisa ayvedrian xolme ukeTuri sicruisa da siyalbis mTxzvelebs.-_ rogor?_ roca ugvani sityviT uaryofiTad warmogviCenen RmerTebs Tu gmirebs, es igivea, rom

mxatvarma Tavisi naxati verafriT ver miamgvanos imas, risi daxatvac surda._ Tu asea, Seni yvedreba gamarTlebulia, magram ramdenad imsaxureben poetebi

amas?_ jer erTi, Tavisi udierebiT, udidesi sicrue SeTxza da cili daswama did RmerTebs, vinac

moCmaxa, TiTqoss uranoss Caedinos mTeli is saSineleba, rasac mas miawers hesiode, kronoss ki Suri eZios masze. igive iTqmis kronosis sisastikesa da im sazarel sanacvlozedac, gadmocemiT zevsma rom miago mas. yovelive es marTalic rom iyos, Cemi azriT, mainc aravisTvis ar unda migveca imis neba, rom ase windauxedavad eambnaT amdeni ukuRmarToba jer kidev undili da ugunuri balRebisaTvis. ajobebda krintic ar dagveZra amaze, anda Tu iZuleblni viqnebodiT viRacisTvis mainc gagvendo es, rac SeiZleba naklebi msmeneli gvyoloda, xolo am mizniT RmerTebisTvis goWi ki ara, uZvirfasesi da uiSviaTesi msxverpli unda Segvewira, raTa oriode sando kacis garda aravis moesmina Cveni sityvebi.

_ es Tqmulebebi marTlac rom saeWvoni Canan._ amitomac Cven saxelmwifoSi saerTod unda avkrZaloT isini, adimante. rad unda

CavagonoT umwifar msmenels, rom SeiZleba saSineli danaSaulic Caidinos, SeiZleba sastikad awamos Tundac usamarTlobis moqmedi mama, magram amaSi araferi iqneba uCveulo da arnaxuli rakiRa iseve iqceva, rogorc iqcevian TviT upirvelesi da udidesi RvTaebebi.

_ vficav zevss, mec meCveneba, rom umjobesia krintic ar davZraT amaze._da arc imaze, Tu rogor omoben RmerTebi, maxes ugeben da erkinebian erTmaneTs

(vai sircxvilo!) Tu gvinda Cvens momaval mcvelebs saTakilod miaCndeT is ambavi, rom SeiZleba ase advilad waekidon erTmaneTs. rac Seexeba gigantTa brZolebsa da gauTavebel SuRlsa da mtrobas, erTis mxriv ukvdav RmerTebsa da gmirebs, xolo meore mxriv maT naTesavebsa da axloblebs Soris, sastikad unda avukrZaloT yvelas mTeli am sisaZaglis aRwera da TavianTi aRwerilobis zizil-pipiliT Semkoba, piriqiT, Tu gvinda CavagonoT msmenels, rom Cveni Tanamoqalaqeni arasodes aSlian erTimeores, da rom es iqneboda namdvili RvTisgmobeloba, dedaberebica da berikacebic xSir-xSirad unda uambobdnen TavianT patara SviliSvilebs winaprebis sasaxelo saqmeTa ambavs, Tumca arc davajkacebulT awyendaT amis gameoreba. magram aq saqmeSi unda CavrToT poetebi da vaiZuloT isini nabijiTac ar gadascdnen Cvens mier moniSnul gzas. xolo rodesac gadmogvcemen, Tu ranairad gakoWa hera misma Zem, an zevsma rogor moisrola olimpodan hefestosi, romelsac surda gamosarCleboda dedas da gacofebuli meuRlis muStebisgan daexsna igi, an kidev ra gaafTrebiT ebrZvian RmerTebi erTmaneTs homerosis warmosaxviT, _ amas namdvilad ver moviTmenT Cvens mier daarsebul saxelmwifoSi, mTeli es monaCmaxi wminda wylis alegoriac rom iyos. ranairad gaarCios undilma balRma sadaa alegoria da sad ara? am asakSi miRebuli STabeWdilebani ki ucvlelad da waruSlelad aRibeWdebian mis sulSi. ai, ratom vaniWebT esoden did mniSvnelobas imas, rom yvela Tqmuleba, romelsac sul pirvelad moismenen bavSvebi, xels uwyobdes maT sulSi siqvelis aRzrdas . . . . Cven ver gaviziarebT verc homerosisa da verc romelime sxva poetis mcdar warmodgenas RmerTebze. verc imas movuwonebT saqciels, vinc amtkicebs, rom pandaross aTenam da zevsma gaatexines fici da daarRvevines sazavo xelSekruleba. igive iTqmis zevsisa da Temidas mier gamowveul RmerTebis SuRlsa da brZolebzec. verc nebas davrTavT vinmes, rom msmenelebs gaacnon Wabuk esqiles leqsi:

“RmerTi mizezs ar daulevT mokvdavT, roca surs mosras, moaoxros visime saxli”

_ Tu romelime nawarmoebSi gamoereva amnairi iambakuri leqsebi, sadac aRwerili iqneba niobesa da pelipidebis tanjva-vaeba, troas omis ambebi da sxva misTanani, poetma ver unda gabedos imisi Tqma, rom mTeli es ubedureba RmerTma mouvlina mis gmirebs anda Tu mainc gabedavs, daaxloebiT igive azri unda gamouZebnos yovelive amas, rasac Cven amJamad vikvlevT; gamouZebnos da gvauwyos, rom RmerTi mxolod simraTlisa da sikeTis moqmedia, xolo sasjeli, am adamianebs rom daatydaT Tavs, TviT maTTvisvea sasargeblo magram aravis ar unda hqondes imis Tqmis neba, rom RvTis mier dasjili mokvdavni ubedurebi arian da swored RmerTia maTi ubedurebis mizezi. xolo Tu poeti piriqiT ityvis, rom borotmoqmedni ubedurni arian da amitom sasjeli saWiroa maTTvis,

13

radgan ubdurebas umsubuqebs da amis gamo lamis RvTis wyalobad evlinebaT _ es SeiZleba dasaSvebad migvaCndes. magram rodesac amtkiceben rom RmerTi, romelic keTilia Tavisi arsiT, viRacisTvis SeiZleba borotebis mizezi iyos, amas yvelanairad unda aRvudgeT win, raTa aravis wamocdes da arcerT moqalaqes _ arc ymawvili kacisa da arc mowifulis yurs ar miswvdes es RvTismgmobeloba, sulerTia, gind poeturi sityviT iyos gadmocemuli da gind prozauliT, Tuki gulwrfelad veswrafviT Cvens mier daarsebul saxelmwifoSi kanonierebis sufevas, radganac amnairi mtkiceba mkrexeluria, moqalaqeTaTvis aSkarad mavne da Sinagani winaaRmdegobis Semcveli.

wigni mesame

_ . . . yvelaze didi simaxinje da saSineleba isaa, roca mwyemsebi imnairad zrdian faris modaraje qofakebs, rom isini uxorcobis, SimSilisa da raRac ukeTuri Cvevebis gamo TviTonve glejen cxvrebs da amrigad qofakebs ki aRar hgvanan, aramed _ mglebs.

_ marTlac rom saSinelebaa._amitom yvelanairi Rone unda vixmaroT, rom Cveni mcvelebi aseve ar epyrobodnen

moqalaqeebs da TavianTi mZleTamZleobisa Tu keTilmowyale mfarvelTa imediT, mZvinvare moZaladeebs ar daemgvanon.

_ ra Tqma unda yoveli Rone unda vixmaroT._ magram yvelaze ukeTesi saSualeba is iqnebda, rom wesierad aRgvezarda isini._ rogor? nuTu aRzrda akliaT?_ modi nu daviCemebT magas, Cemo Zvirfaso glavkon. erTaderTi rac SeiZleba iTqvas

isaa, rac axlaxans mogaxsene: wesierad unda aRvzardoT meTqi isini, sulerTia, ranairic ar unda iyos es aRzrda, raTa ukiduresad lmobierni iyvnen rogorc erTurTis, ise danarCenTa mimarTac, romelTa dacvac valad adevT.

_ marTali xar._ garda saTanado aRzrdisa, saRi azri gvkarnaxobs, ise davabinaoT da imnairi pirobebi

SevuqmnaT, rom araferma SeuSalos xeli TavianTi movaleobis aRsrulebisas, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom yvelaze ukeTesi mcvelebi iyvnen da araviTar zians ar ayenebdnen TavianT Tanamoqalaqeebs.

_ diax, saRi azri swored magas gvkarnaxobs._ maS daukvirdi, Tu ginda rom Rirseulad moixadon TavianTi vali, aucilebelia Tu ara ise

davabinaoT da imnairi pirobebi SevuqmnaT maT, rogorc me geubnebiT. jer erTi arcerTi maTgani ar unda iyos raime kerZo sakuTrebis mflobeli, garda im sagnebisa, romlebic aucilebelia yvela CvenganisaTvis. meorec, arcerTs ar unda hqondes imnairi sacxovrisi, Tu saTavsi, sadac ver SeaRwevda nebismieri sxva moqalaqe. rac Seexeba TavdaWerili da mamaci memrebisaTvis sakmaris sarCos, mas TavianTi samsaxuris sazRaurad unda iRebdnen danarCeni moqalaqeebisagan, ise, rom arc SemoakldeT da arc mosWarbdeT mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi. iseve rogorc laSqrobisas, isini erTad unda cxovrobdnen da erTadve sWamdnen pursac. oqro vercxlze ki maT unda vuTxraT, rom sulSi yovelTvis ubrwyinavT RvrTivboZebuli oqro, ase rom kacTagan boZebuli oqro aRar sWirdebaT da egec ar iyos, mkrexeloba iqneboda miwieri oqroTi SeebRalaT RvTiuri oqro, roemlic yovelTvis wmindaa da Seureveli. maSin rodesac miwieri oqro uricxv uwmindurobisa DTu danaSaulis wyarod gvevlineba. moqalaqeTa Soris mxolod maT ekrZalebaT ara Tu oqro vercxlis floba, aramed TviT maTi Sexebac, im WerqveS yofna, sadac oqro vercxls inaxaven da oqrosa da vercxlis sasmisebiT smac. mxolod esaa rogorc TviT maTi, ise saxelmwifos xsnis erTaderTi sawindaric da saSualebac. radgan sakmarisia sakuTari adgil-mamulis, saxl-karis, Tu oqro-vercxlis mflobelebi gaxdnen, rom mcvelebi ki aRar iqnebian, aramed mxvnel-mTesvelni da mesakuTreni, ase rom danarCen moqalaqeTa Tanamdgomad ki ara, maT mtrebad da mrisxane mbrZaneblebad mogvevlinebian. sxvaTa moZuleni da sxvaTa mgmobelni da sxvebisagan gmobilni mTeli TavianTi dRe da moswreba Tavs ver daaRweven SiSsa da Zrwolas. xolo maTi SiSis mizezi Sinauri mteri ufro iqneba, vidre gareSe momxduri, ase rom, adre Tu gvian, ufskrulSi gadaiCexebian da saxelmwifosac Tan gadaiyolieben. ai, yovelive amis gamo giTxari, rom saTanadod unda movawesrigoT da davakanonoT kidec Cveni mcvelebis yofa-cxovreba; an iqneb ar meTanxmebi?

_ geTanxmebi, - miTxra glavkonma.

wigni meoTxe

14

aq adimante Caeria saubarSi: _ki magram,_ Tqva man _ ranairad imarTleb Tavs, Tu dagiwyeben imis mtkicebas, rom didad rodi abedniereb am adamianebs, raSiac Turme TviTonve miuZRviT brali, radganac marTali giTxra swored isini arian saxelmwifos baton-patronni, magram maTTvis amaSi saxeiro ara yria ra: maSin rodesac sxvebi adgil-mamulebs iZenen, da didebul saxlebs iSeneben, saTanadod amkoben maT da sagangebo msxverpls swiraven RmerTebs, guluxvad maspinZloben ucxoel stumrebs da flobiTac floben imas, razedac weRan vlaparakobdiT, _ oqro vercxlsa da saerTod, yvelafers, rac saWiroa bednierebisaTvis, rogorc Cans, eg Seni mcvelebi ise efuZnebian saxelmwifoSi, rogorc daqiravebuli maSveli razmebi, romlebsac sxva saqme ara aqvT, moqalaqeTa dacvis garda.

_ diax, mivuge me, _ metsac getyvi: danarCenebisgan gansxvavebiT, isini mxolod sursaT-sanovagisaTvis msaxuroben da araviTar sxva sazRaurs ar iReben, ase rom verc ucxo qveynebs moinaxuleben TavianTi surviliT da verc sxva siamovnebisaTvis daxarjaven fuls, rogorc iqcevian maTi bednieri Tanamoqalaqeni. danarCens rom Tavi vaneboT, ai ramdeni ram gamogrCa Sen, roca mag Sens braldebas miyenebdi.

_ maS egec CavrToT braldebaSi _ Tqva adimantem._ ese igi Sen gsurs gaigo, ranairad vimarTleb Tavs? _ diax._ me mgonia pasuxis moZebna ar gagviWirdeba Tuki imave gzas davadgebiT. Cven

vityviT, rom sakvirveli ara aris ra imaSi, Tu Cveni mcvelebi swored am pirobiT iqnebian yvelaze bednierebi. Tumca Cveni saxelmwifos daarsebisas imas ki ar visaxavT miznad, rom gansakuTrebiT bednierebi gavxadoT mosaxleobis erTi romelime fena, aramed imas miveltviT, rom mTel saxelmwifos movupovoT didi bedniereba, radganac imTaviTve gvegona, rom swored amnair saxelmwifoSi SeiZleboda samarTlianobis mikvleva, iseve rogorc usamarTlobisa _ mankieri wes-wyobilebis mqone saxelmwifoSi da imedi gvqonda, rom amnairi dakvirvebis wyalobiT SevZlebdiT gadagveWra is sakiTxi, romelsac amdeni xania vukirkitebT. amitomacaa, rom axla Cveni warmosaxviT vZerwavT saxelmwifos, romelic bednieri gvgonia, magram ara nawilobriv, aramed mTlianad. moqalaqeTa mxolod erTi nawili ki ar unda iyos bednieri, aramed yvela. Semdeg ki ganvixilavT mis sapirispiro saxelmwifos. viRacis suraTs rom vxatavdeT, xolo mavani movides da gmoba dagviwyos imis gamo, rom yvelaze lamaz ferebs ar viyenebT sxeulis yvelaze lamazi nawilebis gadmosacemad, vTqvaT Tvalebs, sxeulis am ulamazes samkauls, ZoweuliT ki ar vxatavT, aramed Savi feriT, _ me mgonia marTebuli iqneboda, Tu ase mivugebdiT pasuxad: “o, Cveno saocaro mCxrekelo, ratom ggonia TiTqos Tvalebs ise lamazad unda vxatavdeT rom aRarc ki SeiZleba Tvalebsa hgavdnen? igive iTqmis sxeulis sxva asoebzec. Sen isa Tqvi, Tu sxeulis yvela nawils saTanado feriT gadmovcemT lamazi gamogviva mTeli sxeulic”. asea aqac: nu gvaiZuleb mcvelebis Tanamdebobas uSualod davukavSiroT iseTi bedniereba, ris Sedegadac isini SeiZleba radac gnebavT imad iqcnen, mxolod mcvelebad ki ara. Cven SegveZlo sasaluqe tanisamosiT Segvemosa, oqroqsoviliT Segvemko miwis muSakni da neba migveca maTTvis mxolod saxalisod eSromaT da emuSavaT. buxris piras, mxar-TeZoze arxeinad wamowolili warmogvedgina meTuneebic. dae elxinaT da neba-neba ewrupaT Rvino, TavianTi dazgebi ki gverdiT moedgaT da mxolod imdeni etrialebinaT, ramdenic moeprianebodaT. SegveZlo aseve gagvebednierebina danarCenebic da mTeli Cveni saxelmwifo ayvavebul baRnarad warmogvedgina. magram nu gvaqnevineb amas, radgan kacma rom yuri gigdos, aRarc miwis muSaki emgvaneba miwis muSaks, aRarc meTune _ meTunes; da saerTodac, vercerTi Cveni moqalaqe veRar SeinarCunebs Tavis sakuTar saxes. Tumca zogjer es SeiZleba arc ise didi ubedureba iyos. radgan Tu mewaReebi uvargisi da umaqnisi iqnebian, saxelmwifo rogorme gauZlebs amas. magram Tu qveynisa da kanonierebis sadarajoze mdgari mcvelebi mxolod saxeliT iqnebian mcvelebi da ara TavianTi arsiT, male Seni TvaliTa naxav, rogor daaqceven da miwasTan gaasworeben saxelmwifos, vinaidan maTzea damokidebuli qveynebis bednierebac da keTildReobac. Tu Cven namdvil mcvelebad aRvzrdiT mcvelebs, isini veraviTar zians veRar miayeneben saxelmwifos. xolo visac surs erTgvar miwis muSebad warmogviCinos isini, TiTqos mcvelebi ki ara saerTo saxalxo zeimisa da Rreobis monawileni iyvnen, is albaT saxelmwifos ki ara, sul sxva raRacas gulisxmobs, unda gadavwyvitoT mainc ras visaxavT miznad saxelmwifos sadarajoze rom vayenebT mcvelebs: TviT mcvelebis bednierebas Tu mTeli saxelmwifos keTildReobas. ZaliTa Tu SegonebiT unda vaiZuloT ara marto Cveni mweni da mcvelebi, aramed danarCenebic, rac SeiZleba ukeT Seasrulon TavianTi movaleoba. amrigad, Cvens mier daarsebuli da saTanado wyobilebis mqone saxelmwifos keTildReobis zrdasTan erTad saSualeba unda mivceT yvela fenas, yvela wodebas, Tavisi sakuTari wili edos sazogado sikeTeSi, maTi bunebrivi monacemebis Sesabamisad.

_ me Tu mkiTxav mSvenivrad msjelob.15

_ magram ase mogvewoneba Tu ara Cveni Semdegi msjelobac, tyupiscaliviT rom waagavs winas?

_ mainc romeli?_vnaxoT es ori ram xom ar afuWebs xelosnebs, umaqnisni xom ara xdebian?_ ras gulisxmob?_ simdidres da siRaribes._ rogor?_ rogor da ai ase: gana gamdidrebuli meTune moisurvebs ufro srulyofilad daeuflos

Tavis xelobas?_ aramc da aramc._ piriqiT, dRiTi dRe sul ufro da ufro mconara da daudevari gaxdeba. meores mxriv, Tu

siRaribis gamo verc xelsawyoebis SeZenas SesZlebs da verc misi xelobisaTvis saWiro masalisas, Cveni meTunis naxelavic uaresi iqneba da Tavis saqmes veRarc TviTon aswavlis xeirianad verc Svilebs da verc sxva Segirdebs.

_ cxadia._ maSasadame, rogorc erTis, ise meoris _ rogorc simdidris, ise siRaribis gamoisobiT

naxelavic uaresi xdeba da TviTon xelosanic._ egre Canas._ase rom, etyoba am Cvens mcvelebs raRac axali gamovuCxrikeT, Tanac yvelanairad

unda ufrTxodnen da TavgamodebiT cdilobdnen, rom maTda SeumCnevlad Cven saxelmwifoSi ar SemoaRwios.

_ ram?_ simdidrem da siRaribem. radgan pirveli mconarebis, uqnarobisa da axal-axal

siameTa wyurvilis garda, wyaroa simdablisa da borotmoqmedebisac._ ra Tqma unda. magram amasac daukvrdi, sokrate, ranairadRa iomebs Cveni

saxelmwifo, Tu didZal fuls ar moaquCebs da Tu amasTan, iZulebuli iqneba didsa da mdidar saxelmwifoebs eomos?

_ cxadia erT amisTana saxelmwifosTan omi gauWirdeba, magram orTan ki advilad SesZleba oms _ vuTxari me.

_ ras ambob? _ Tqva man._ rasa da uwinares yovlisa imas, rom Tu saqme saqmeze midga, gana am Cvens

meomar aTletebs mdidar xalxTan ar mouwevs brZola?_ra Tqma unda._mereda ras ityvi, adimante, gana erT magar mokrives gauWirdeba krivSi gauwafav or

zorzox mdidarTan Serkineba?_ orives erTad maic nu SevarkinebT._ ara swored orives erTad. mxolod masze iqneba damokidebuli, ganze gausxltdes

orives, mere anazdad Semotrialdes da vinc pirveli eZgereba, imasa xeTqos muSti. xolo Tu xSir-xSirad gaimeorebs amas da Tanac mzis gulze, SuadRis xvatSi? gana amnair kacs gauWirdeba ori amisTana an Tu gnebavs meti mowinaaRmdegis Zleva?

_ ara, _ Tqva man _ da eg arc iqneba gasakviri._ ki magram, rogor ggonia, gana mdidari xalxi krivSi ufro gawafuli da gamobrZmedili

ar aris, vidre saomar saqmeSi?_ eWvic ar mepareba _ Tqva adimantem._ maSasadame, Cveni meomari aTletebi advilad gaumklavdebian maTze orjer Tu

samjer met mters._ geTanxmebi, me mgonia marTali unda iyo._xolo Tu sxva saxelmwifoSi gagzavnian elCebs da maTi piriT srul simarTles SeuTvlian

“Cven arc vercxls vxmarobT da arc oqros; es sastikad akrZalulia CvenTvis, magram Tqven xom ar gekrZalebaT? maSasadme Tu Cveni mokavSireebi iqnebiT omSi, Cveni wili nadavli Tqveni iqnebao. _ rogora ggonia, ras amjobineben amis gamgoneni, ZarRvmagarsa da gaZvaltyavebul qofakebTan oms Tu maTTan erTad brZolas msuqani da fumfula cxvrebis winaaRmdeg?

_Cemis azriT, am ukanasknelTa winaaRmdeg brZolas amjobineben, magram Tu danarCeni saxelmwifoebis simdidre erT qveyanaSi moiyris Tavs, gana es saSiSi ar iqneba Raribi saxelmwifosaTvis?

_netavi Tu marTla ggonia, rom saxelmwifos saxeli SeiZleba sxva ramesac miesadagos, garda imisa, rasac amJamad vaarsebT?

_ ratomac ara?_imitom rom yvela danarCeni saxelmwifos saxeli gacilebiT ufro grZeli iqneba,

radganac TiToeuli maTgani erTi ki ar aris, aramed mravali, rogorc amboben moTamaSeni. 16

asea Tu ise, yvela saxelmwifoSi erTurTis mimarT mtrulad ganwyobili saxelmwifo maincaa: erTi _ mdidrebis, meore _ Raribebis da TviToeuli maTgani Tavis mxriv, mraval sxvadasxva saxelmwifod iyofa, ase rom sastikad cdebi, erT saxels rom uwodeb maT. xolo Tu yvelas ise aRiqvam, rogorc mravals, sakmarisi iqneba erTTa kuTvnili oqro vercxli Tu Zalaufleba gadasce meoreT da Sen yovelTvis blomad hpoveb mokavSireebs, mowinaaRmdege ki cota geyoleba. es Cveni saxelmwifo ki, vidre mas brZnulad marTaven, im gegmis Sesabamisad, weRan rom SevimuSaveT, diadi da Zlevamosili iqneba, magram moCvenebiTi ki ara, WeSmariti sidiadiT, Tundac mxolod aTasi meomari icavdes mas. rogorc elinTa, ise barbarosTa Soris Znelad Tu hpoveb WeSmaritad diad saxelmwifos, maSin rodesac moCvenebiTi sidiadiT ramdenic gvinda imdeni saxelmwifo aRemateba Cvensas; magram iqneb Sen sxvagavarad fiqrob?

_ ara vficav zevss_ Tqva adimantem._maSasadame swored esaa zRvari Cvenma mmarTvelebma rom unda daudon

saxelmwifos zrdas da mis sidides, ufro metad ki aRar Seecadon gafarToebas._ mainc romel zRvars gulisxmob?_ Cemis azriT, ai amas: saxelmwifo SeiZleba mxolod manamde zardo, sanam is

inarCunebs erTianobas, am zRvars ki ar gadaxvide._ keTili da patiosani._ ase rom Cvens mcvelebs erT amnair davalebasac mivcemT: Tvali fxizlad unda

eWiroT imaze, rom Cveni saxelmwifo arc metismetad didi iyos da arc patara, aramed zomierebasa da erTianobas inarCunebdes.

_ arc ise Zneli davalebaa._ maTTvis amaze ufro advili iqneba is, razedac weRan vlaparakobdiT: Tu mcvelebis

naSierebi uRirsebi da uvargisni gamodgnen, sxva wodebaSi unda gadaviyvanoT da piriqiT, sxva wodebaTa Rirseuli naSierni mcvelebad unda SevracxoT. amiT Cven gvindoda gveCvenebina, rom TviToeul moqalaqes is saqme unda mivuCinoT, risi keTebis unaric SeswevT, radgan Tu kaci mxolod erT saqmes asrulebs, TviTonac erTia da ara mravali, ris Sedegadac saxelmwifoc Tavis erTobas inarCunebs da Tavs aRwevs simravled danawevrebas.

wigni MmexuTe

_ rigiansa da vargiss me vuwodeb swored amnair saxelmwifoebriv mmarTvelobas da kerZo pirsac, xolo raki maT vargisad vTvli yvela sxva saxelmwifo uvargisad mimaCnia. uvargisia maTi saxelmwifo wyobilebac da moqalaqeTa sulieri wyobac. arsebobs mankieri saxelmwifo wyobilebis oTxi sxvadasxva saxe.

_ mainc? _ ikiTxa glavkonma. me davapire im TanmimdevrobiT mesaubra maTze, ra TanmimdevrobiTac isini

erTmaneTSi gadadian. magram aq polimarqem, adimantesgan cota moSorebiT rom ijda, xeli gaiwoda, mxarze mogdebul mosasxamSi Caavlo mezobels da Tavisken miizida, TviTonac gadaixara da raRaca CasCurCula yurSi. me mxolod es momesma: Tavis nebaze mivuSvaT Tu ra vqnaT?

_ ras hqvia Tavis nebaze mivuSvaT? _ xmamaRla miugo adimantem._ ara, mainc vis gulisxmobT? _ vikiTxe me._ visa da Sen _ momigo adimantem._ ras memarTlebiT? _ kvlav vikiTxe me._ Cven gveCveneba rom Tavis Sewuxeba ar ginda da cdilob malulad gamotovo Cveni

saubris sakmaod mniSvnelovani monakveTi, raTa Tavis Sewuxeba aRar dagWirdes. an iqneb ggonia dagvaviwyda, ra Tqvi gakvriT qalebsa da bavSvebze: megobrebs yvelaferi saerTo unda hqondeTo.

_ rao, gana arasworad vTqvi raime adimante?_ asea Tu ise, axsna ganmarteba mainc saWiroa: Cven gvsurs vicodeT, ranairad

warmogidgenia es saerTo sakuTreba, radganac misi ramdenime saxe arsebobs. maS keTili inebe da gviTxari, mainc romel saxes gulismob. ra xania geliT, rodis Camoagdeb sityvas Sobadobasa da axalSobilTa aRzrdaze. imaze, Tu ranairad SeiZleba rom qalebi da bavSvebi saerTo sakuTrebad gvevlinebodnen…. . . .

_ Cvens mcvelebs saerTo colebi unda hyavdeT, ase rom arcerTi qali ar unda ekuTvnodes erT romelime kacs, aseve saerTo unda hyavdeT Svilebic. mamam ar unda icodes romelia misi Svili da arc Svilma unda icodes romelia misi mama. me mgonia veravin uaryofs raoden sargebliania saerTo col_Svilis yola, Tuki es saerTod SesaZlebelia, xolo

17

ramdenad SesaZlebelia amis ganxorcieleba, es me Tu mkiTxav, azrTa did sxvadasxvaobas gamoiwvevs.

_ erTic sadavidaraboa da meorec._ maS Senis azriT, saWiroa orives dasabuTeba? me ki megona, rom erTs mainc

avicilebdi Tavidan, raki TviTonve aRiareb amis sargeblianobas da mxolod meoris damtkiceba damWirdeboda, kerZod imisa, SesaZlebelia Tu ara es.

_ tyuilad cdilob, Tavs ver daiZvren. erTis dasabuTebac mogiwevs da meoresic. . . . me mgonia, Tu Cveni mmarTvelebica da maTi TanaSemweebic Rirsni arian

TavianTi saxelebisa, es ukanasknelni siamovnebiT Seasruleben gankargulebebs, xolo pirvelni gankargulebebis gacemisas, uyoymanod daemorCilebian ara marto kanonebs, aramed qcevis im wesebsac, rasac Cven davudgenT maT.

_ ra Tqma unda._ da raxan maTi kanonmdebeli xar, albaT iseve SearCevdi qalebs, rogorc mcvelebi

SearCie kacebidan da imasac Seecdebi rom isini ASeZlebisdagvarad hgavdnen erTmaneTs. raki sufrac da sacxovrisic saerTo eqnebaT da arcerTi ar iqneba kerZo mesakuTre, raki erTad icxovreben da gimnasionebSiac erTad ivarjiSeben, me mgonia bunebrivi aucileblobis ZaliT, erT-urTis ndomac aReZvriT. Tu Senis azriT, sulac ar aris aucilebeli, rom es ase moxdes?

_ es geometriuli aucilebloba ki ar aris, aramed erotiuli, gacilebiT ufro mZlavr zemoqmedebas rom axdens adamianTa umravlesobaze.

_ marTalia. magram esec miTxari glavkon, saxelmwifoSi, romlis moqalaqeebic bednierni arian, gana sarwmunoeba an mmarTveloba dasaSvebad miiCnevda avxorcobasa da aRviraxsnilobas?

_ es iqneboda didi usamarTloba._ amitom Cven, ra Tqma unda vecdebiT davawesoT rac SeiZleba wminda qorwinebani,

xolo wminda qorwineba imavdroulad yvelaze sasargebloc unda iyos._ rasakvirvelia._ mainc riTi iqneboda is yvelaze sasargeblo? Tumca, ai ras gkiTxav glavkon: Sens

saxlSi uTvalav mwevar-maZebrebsa da jiSian frinvelsa vxedav. hoda miTxari Tu RmerTi gwams, sagangebod Tu gizrunia maTi kavSirisa da gamravlebisaTvis?

_ rogor?_ rogor da ise, rom Tumca yvela jiSiania, magram maT Soris Tu gamoereva iseTi

sxvebze ukeTesi rom iyos?_ diax gamoereva._mereda yvelas ganurCevlad amravleb Tu cdilob mxolod ukeTesebi moamravlo?_ swored magasa vcdilob._ ki magram, visi namati sjobs, sruliad axalgazrda an ukve beberi mSoblebisa, Tu

imaTi, visac swored gamravlebis dro udgas? xolo Tu am pirobas ar daicav, rogor ggonia, sagrZnoblad gauaresdeba Tu ara frinvelebisa da ZaRlebis jiSi?

_ vfiqrob sagrZnoblad.. . . _iqidan, razedac Cven SevTanxmdiT, uSualod gamomdinareobs rom ukeTesi

ymawvilkacebi upiratesad ukeTes qaliSvilebTan Sewyvildebian, uaresebi ki _ uaresebTan. amasTanave, mxolod ukeTesTa naSierebi unda aRvzardoT, uaresebisa ki ara, Tu gvsurs es Cveni patara jogi marTlac sanaqebi ram iyos. magram amis Taobaze aravis araferi ar unda icodes mmarTvelebis garda, raTa mcvelTa rigebSi Tavidan aviciloT yovelgvari ganxeTqileba. saWiroa kanoniT SemoviRoT sagangebo dResaswauli, sadac erTad movuyriT Tavs sasiZoebsa da sasZloebs; unda davawesoT msxverplSewirva da saqorwilo sagaloblebi SevukveToT Cvens poetebs. qorwinebaTa ricxvis gansazRvra ki Cvens mmarTvelebs unda mivandoT, raTa isini omianobis, sneulebaTa Tu sxva misTanaTa miuxedavad, ase Tu ise ucvlelad inarCunebdnen mamakacTa saTanado raodenobas, im mizniT, rom Cveni saxelmwifos mosaxleoba SeZlebisdagvarad arc izrdebodes da arc mcirdebodes.

_ egec sworia._xolo wilisyra imnairad unda movawyoT, rom uaresni da uxeironi mmarTvelebs ki ara,

TavianT ukuRmarT beds adanaSaulebdnen._ ra Tqma unda._ im Wabukebs, ki, romelbmac brZolis velze Tu sxva asparezze gamoiCines Tavi,

saTanado pativi unda mivagoT da saSualeba mivceT, rac SeiZleba xSirad gaataron dro qalebSi, raTa swored maTi naSierni momravldnen qveynad. axalSobilni dabadebisTanave unda gadavceT sagangebod maTTvis miCenil qalebs Tu kacebs, an erTTac da meoreTac, vinaidan Tanmdebobebi Tanabrad unda nawildebodes qalebsa da kacebs Soris.

18

_ diax._es uknasknelni ukeTes mSobelTa naSierT saswrafod mihgvrian ZiZebs, romlebic calke

cxovroben qalaqis erT-erT ubanSi. uares mSobelTa naSierni, an dabadebiTve ama Tu im naklis mqoneni ki saguldagulod unda gadamalon, rogorc jer ars, sagangebod am miznisTvis SerCeul da miudgomel adgilas.

_ ra Tqma unda, _ Tqva glavkonma -_ Tu gvsurs wmindad SevnaxoT da SevinarCunoT mcvelebis modgma.

_ isini izruneben yrmebis kvebaze da bagebSi yovel dRe miiyvanen dedebs, magram yovelnairad ecdebian, ise moawyon saqme, rom vercerTma ver icnos Tavisi Svili. Tu dedis rZe samyofi ar iqna, sxva meZuZur qalebsac moiyvanen da imazec izruneben, axalSobilebs rom droulad aWamon ZuZu, Ramis Teva da sxva yvela sazrunavi ki ZiZebsa da aRmzrdelebs daekisrebaT.

_ mcvelebis colebs Zalian ki uadvileb bavSvebis movlas._ asea saWiro,_vuTxari me _ magram ganvagrZoT Cveni ganxilva. rogorc aRvniSneT,

STamomavlobas janRoniT savse mSoblebi unda gvaZlevdnen. mereda ras ityvi, mainc romeli asakia saamisod zedgamoWrili: qalebisaTvis oci, kacebisaTvis ki ocdaaTi weli?

_ keTili, magram sadamde?_ dae qalebi saxelmwifos ocidan ormoc wlamde uSobdnen Svilebs, kacebi ki mas

Semdeg, rac xtomasa da sirbilis dro gauvaT, ese igi ocdaaTidan ormocdaTxuTmet wlamde._ diax, qalica da kacic swored am asakSia jan-RoniT savse._ xolo Tu vinme ufro adre an ufro gvian daapirebs Svilebis yolas, Cven vityviT, rom

man sarwmunoebisa da samarTlianobis winaSe scoda, radganac saxelmwifos imnair Svils SesZens malulad, Ramis wyvdiadSi rom Caisaxa avxorcobisa da aRviraxsnilobis Sedegad, ise, rom Casaxvas win ar uZRoda arc msxverplSewirva, arc qurumebis locva kurTxeva da arc mTeli saxelmwifos gulmxurvale vedreba, RmerTo yvelaze ukeTessa da Rirseul mSoblebs maTze ukeTesi da qveynisaTvis sasargeblo Svili SesZineo.

_ marTals brZaneb._ aseve unda daigmos jan-RoniT savse kaci, romelic mmarTvelTa nebarTvis gareSe

moindomebs SeeuRlos Tundac misive asakis qals. Cven vityviT, rom am kacma ukanono Svili SesZina saxelmwifos, rakiRa arc dawindva momxdara da arc qorwinebis kurTxeva. roca qalebi da kacebi memkvidreebis gasaCenad dadgenil asaks gadascildebian, Cemis azriT, kacebs ufleba unda mivceT, romeli qalic TvalSi mouvaT is iyolion sayvarlad, ra Tqma unda dedebis, qaliSvilebis, SviliSvilebis da dedis mxriv ufrosi naTesavebis garda. aseTive Tavisufleba unda mivaniWoT qalebsac: visac unda imas gahyvnen vaJiSvilebis, mamebis da ufrosi Tu umcrosi naTesavebis garda. magram amnairi Tavisuflebis miuxedavad, yvelanairad unda cdilobdnen rom arcerTi bavSvi ar moevlinos qveyanas, xolo Tu maTma sifrTxilem Sedegi ar gamoiRo da bavSvi mainc daibada, keTili inebon da ise moiqcnen, rom misi aRzrda aRar dagvWirdes.

_ keTili, magram ranairad gaarCion, vin vis ekuTvnis mamad, qaliSvilad Tu naTesavad?_ aranairad. magram TviToeul mcvels Tavis RviZl Svilad unda miaCndes yoveli

axalSobili, qali iqneba Tu vaJi _ romelic misi qorwinebis dRidan merve Tu mecxre Tvis Tavze daibada, xolo es qal-vaJi TavianT mSobel mamad unda saxavdes mas. maTi Svilebi TavianT bebiebad da babuebad unda miiCnevdnen am Cvens mcvelsa da mis cols, xolo TavianT tol-sworebs ki debad da Zmebad. ase rom dauSvebelia col-qmruli kavSiri maT Soris. da-Zmebs mxolod kanoni Tu darTavs SeuRlebis nebas, isic wilisyriTa da piTias saRmrTo dasturiT.

_ marTals brZaneb._ai ras niSnavs glavkon saerTo col-Svilis yola am Cvens saxelmwifoSi, xolo es rom

zedmiwevniT Seesabameba mis wes-wyobilebas, amas Semdegi msjeloba dagvanaxebs. . . . . Cven xom SevTanxmdiT, rom swored esaa udidesi sikeTe saxelmwifosTvis, roca keTilmowyobili saxelmwifo sxeuls SevadareT, romlis sneulebaca da sijansaRec misi asoebis mdgomareobazea damokidebuli. maSasadame Cveni saxelmwifosaTvis udidesi sikeTis mizezi isaa, rom mcvelebs saerTo col-Svili unda hyavdeT.

_ diax._ es imasac eTanxmeba, razedac adre SevTanxmdiT. aki iTqva, rom mcvelebs arc

sakuTari saxl-kari unda hqondeT, arc miwa-wyali da arc raime sxva avla-dideba. isini mosaxleobisagan iReben sursaT-sanovages TavianTi samsaxuris sanacvlod da erTad moixmaren mas, Tuki surT WeSmariti mcvelebi erqvaT.

_ sworia._ Cemis azriT, zemoTTqmulica da miT umetes isic, rasac axla vambobT, WeSmarit

mcvelebad aqcevT da nebas ar miscemT maT daglijon da daaqucmacon saxelmwifo, rac 19

esoden xSirad xdeba, roca adamianebi sityviT “Cemi” erTsa da imaves ki ar aRniSnaven, aramed zogi ras gulisxmobs da zogi ras: erTi Sin miaTrevs yvelafers, rasac xelT igdebs, ise, rom araviTar angariSs ar uwevs sxvebs da aseve iqceva meorec. yvelas Tav-Tavisi col-Svili hyavs da amitom yvela Tavisi sixaruliT xarobs da yvelas Tavisi sadardebeli awuxebs. magram roca yvela erTsulovania da yvelas swrafva Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs, maSin rasac erTi ganicdis, imasve ganicdis meorec, radgan yvelas erTi aqvs Wirica da lxinic.

_ ra Tqma unda._ ki magram, gana samudamod ar Cabardeba warsuls yovelgvari dava, SuRli Tu Sexla-

Semoxla, raki aravis araviTari sakuTreba aRar eqneba, Tavisive sxeulis garda? yovelive danarCeni ki saerTo iqneba yvelasaTvis, ase rom maT Soris arasodes iCens Tavs ciloba da davidaraba qonebis, Svilebisa Tu naTesavebis gamo. aRarc sasamarTloSi uCivleben erTmaneTs, rakiRa aravin Seuracxyofs da arc ZalmomreobiT Seaviwroebs vinmes. Cven CavagonebT maT, rom sapatio da sasaxeloa Tavi daicva tol-sworebisgan da davavaldebulebT, wvrTniT gaikaJon sxeuli.

_ keTili._ amnairi kanonebis wyalobiT Cvens mcvelebs Soris mSvidoba daisadgurebs._ WeSmaritad._ magram Tu maTTvis ucxo iqneba yovelgvari ganxeTqileba, dabejiTebiT SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom warmoudgenelia saxelmwifos danarCeni mosaxleoba an maT aeSalos, anda SinaaSlilobam TviT am danarCenebSive iCinos Tavi.. . .

_ amdeni gasaWirisgan Tavdaxsnili mcvelebis cxovreba ufro bednieri iqneba, vidre olimpiur asparezobaSi gamarjvebulebisa.

_ rogor?_rogor da ise, rom olimpiur asparezobaSi gamarjvebulebs im upiratesobaTa mxolod

mcire nawili eniWeba, riTac sargebloben Cveni mcvelebi. am ukanasknelTa gamarjveba xom gacilebiT ufro didebulia, ase rom sazogadoebac gacilebiT ufro did pativs miagebs maT. marTlac, am gamarjvebis wyalobiT isini mTeli saxelmwifos mxsnelebad mogvevlinebian. ase rom TavianT SvilebTan erTad uzrunvelyofilni iqnebian ara marto sursaT-sanovagiT, aramed yovelive imiTac, rac aucilebelia saarsebod da Tavis sarCenad. arc sicocxleSi moakldebaT pativiscema da sikvdilis Semdegac didi pativiT miabareben miwas.

_ didebulia._ Tu gaxsovs, zemoT, ar vici sad, viRacam misayvedura, rom didad rodi vabednierebdi

Cvens mcvelebs, radganac SeeZloT yvelaferi hqonodaT, rac danarCen moqalaqeebs aqvT, magram araferi gaaCndaT. razec Cven mivugeT, rom am sakiTxs Tavis droze ganvixilavdiT. axla ki mcvelebi namdvil mcvelebad unda vaqcioT da saxelmwifoSic iseTi keTildReoba unda davamkvidroT, martooden erTi romelime wodebis keTildReobas rom ar gulisxmobs.

_ maxsovs _ Tqva man._ mereda, Tu axla Cveni mcvelebis cxovreba ufro bednieri gveCveneba, vidre olimpiur

asparezobaSi gamarjvebulisa, rogorRa SeiZleba mewaReebis an sxva xelosnebisa Tu miwis muSakTa cxovrebas SevadaroT igi?

_ me Tu mkiTxav es SeuZlebelia._ hoda, me mgonia droa axlac gavimeoroT is, rac maSin vTqviT: Tu mcveli

bednierobad miiCnevs imas, rom mcveli ar iyos, Tu ar dasjerdeba am zomier, saimedo da Cvenis azriT, yvelaze umjobes cxovrebas, aramed bednierebaze balRursa da sulelur warmodgenebs ahyveba, rac aiZulebs ZaliT miitacos saxelmwifos mTeli qoneba, maSin mixvdeba, rom WeSmaritad brZeni iyo hesiode, roca amtkicebda _ ‘’nawili garkveulwilad mTelze didiao’’

_ CemTvis rom egdo yuri, _ Tqva man, _ ise icxovrebda, rogorc Cven vurCieT._ maSasadame, Sen dasaSvebad migaCnia, rom am mcvelebs saerTo colebi hyavdeT,

razedac zemoT ukve vilaparakeT? es exeba bavSvebsac, maT aRzrdasac da danarCen moqalaqeTa dacvasac. miuxedavad imisa, qalaqSi rCebian Tu saomrad midian, qalebi kacebTan erTad icaven saxelmwifos da erTadve nadiroben, ZaRlebis msgavsad isini SeZlebisdagvarad monawileoben yvela saqmeSi. maTi amgvari saqmianoba marTlac rom saqebaria da sruliad ar ewinaaRmdegeba mamrsa da mdedrs Soris bunebis mier dadgenil wess . . .

_ me mgonia, rogorc ori sxvadasxva sityva aRniSnavs omsa da SinaaSlilobas, arsebobs ori sxvadasxva mizezic, rac maT gansxvavebas ganapirobebs: erTia uTanxmoeba TvistomTa, xolo meore _ ucxoTa mimarT. urTierTuTanxmoeba SinaaSlilobas iwvevs, ucxoTa mimarT uTanxmoeba ki _ oms.

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_ es gansazRvreba zustad gansazRvre._ me vamtkiceb, rom elinebi Tvistomni da TanamoZmeni arian, barbarosebi ki

gadamTielebi da ucxoni._ diax._ maSasadame, roca elinebi barbarosebs ebrZvian, barbarosebi ki elinebs, Cven

vityviT, rom isini omoben, radganac bunebiT erTmaneTis mtrebi arian da am mtrobas omis saxels unda varqmevdeT. xolo roca elinebi elinebsve uteven, Cven vityviT, rom isini bunebiT mainc megobrebi arian, magram am SemTxvevaSi elada avadaa da misi Svilebic erTmaneTs darevian, rasac SinaaSliloba unda ewodos.

_ geTanxmebi, swored asea._roca qveyanaSi ganxeTqileba isadgurebs da saxelmwifo SinaaSlilobas moucavs, roca

meomari mxareebi erTimeoris miwa-wyals aoxreben da cecxls aZleven mtris saxl-kars, raoden damRupvelia es SuRli da ra naklebad adardebs samSoblos bedi moSuRarT! Torem ra gaabedvinebdaT xeli aRemarTaT mSobel dedaze da nafleTebad eqciaT TavianTi gamzrdeli ZiZa? nuTu sakmarisi ar iqneboda gamarjvebulebs moweuli mosavali waerTmiaT ZleulTaTvis da wamiTac ar daviwynodaT, rom maTi mizani dazavebaa da ara mudmivi omi?

_ es gacilebiT ufro keTilSobiluri iqneboda._ mereda, gana Cvens mier daarsebuli saxelmwifo elinuri saxelmwifo ar unda iyos?_ ra Tqma unda _ momigo man. _ ese igi misi moqalaqeebi keTilSobilni da Tvinierni iqnebian ara? _ rasakvirvelia._ amitomac eyvarebaT yovelive elinuri, TavianT samSoblos miiCneven eladas da

sxvebTan erTad iqnebian misi sarwmunoebis aRmsarebelnic._ cxadia._Tvistom elinTa Soris Camovardnil ganxeTqilebasac SinaaSlilobad miiCneven da omis

saxels ar uwodeben mas. ase rom SinaaSlilobis drosac emaxsovrebaT mSvidoba. amitom arc daimoneben da arc sasikvdilod gaswiraven TavianT mowinaaRmdegeebs, aramed ecdebian keTilmosurne SegonebiT Seagnebinon maTi Secdoma, rogorc keTilgonier mrCevels SeSvenis da ara mters.

_ asea._ raki elinebi arian da ar daarRveven eladas, arc saxlebs gadabugaven da arc amaTu

im saxelmwifos uklebliv yvela moqalaqes _ qalebs, bavSvebsa da kacebs _ miiCneven TavianT mtrebad, aramed mxolod ganxeTqilebis moTaveT, es ukanasknelni ki yovelTvis mcirericxovanni arian. amitom ar aaoxreben im miwa-wyals, romlis mkvidrTa umravlesobasac TavianT megobrebad Tvlian da arc maT saxl-kars miscemen cecxls, SuRlsa da mtrobas ki mxolod manamde gaagrZeleben, sanam udanaSaulod evneba da ewameba xalxi, raTa saTanado sasjeli miagon am tanjva wamebis mizezT.

_geTanxmebi, Cveni moqalaqeni swored ase unda eqceodnen TavianT mowinaaRmdegeebs, barbarosebs ki _ ise, rogorc amJamad eqcevian erTmaneTs eladis mkvidrni.

_ mcvelebs amasac davudebT wesad: ar aaoxron qveyana da arc saxlebi gadawvan.. _ Semdgom amisa, Cven SevecdebiT mivakvlioT, mainc ra aris uvargisi Tanamedrove

saxelmwifoebSi, ris gamoc isini gansxvavdebian Cveni saxelmwifosagan. arada, sul mcire cvlilebasac ki SeeZlo Cvens mier aRwerili saxelmwifosTvis daemgvanebina isini _ cvlilebas, romelic erT, or an ramdenime araarsebiT mxares Seexeboda da araarsebiTi iqneboda TviTonac.

_ ra Tqma unda._sakmarisia Seicvalos erTi ram da Cven vnaxavT, rom saxelmwifo gardaiqmneba,

Tumca es cvlileba arc ise umniSvneloa da advili, magram SesaZlebeli kia._ras gulisxmob?_axla ki pirispir Sevegebebi imas, rac veeba talRas SevadareT; TqmiT mainc vityvi,

Tundac mfrTonavi talRasaviT damatydes Tavs dacinva da masxrad agdeba. maS, daukvirdi, risi Tqmac msurs.

_ Tqvi raRas aWianureb?_ vidre saxelmwifoSi ar gamefdebian filosofosebi, anda isini, visac dRes mefeebsa da

mbrZaneblebs uwodeben, namdvil da keTilSobil filosofosebad ar iqcevian, raTa amrigad erTmaneTs Seerwyas saxelmwifoebrivi Zalaufleba da sibrZnismetyveleba, xolo meore mxriv, aucileblobis karnaxiT ar CamoiSoreben imaT brbos, calke Zalauflebas rom mieltvian da calke _ filosofosobas, manamde glavkon, verc saxelmwifoebi da Cemi azriT, verc kacTa modgma Tavs ver daaRweven borotebas. verc imnairi saxelmwifo wyobileba ver ixilavs

21

dRis sinaTles, zemoT Cveni sityviT rom aRvwereT. amitomac vyoymanobdi da bolomde ver vbedavdi meTqva saTqmeli, rom vgrZnobdi, rarigad davupirispirdebodi sazogadoebriv azrs. advili rodia aRiaro, rom sxvagvarad SeuZlebelia rogorc piradi, ise sazogado keTildReoba.

wigni meeqvse

_ Tu filosofosebi is xalxia, visac imis wvdomis unari Seswevs, rac marad ucvlelia da marad igiveobrivi, sxvebs ki amis Tavi ara aqvT da saganTa simravlesa da cvalebadobaSi daborialeben, _ sakiTxavia, am orTagan vin unda idges saxelmwifos saTaveSi?

_ ra unda vTqvaT rom saTanado pasuxi gamogvivides?_ visac imis Zala Seswevs, rom kanonebsa da qveynis adaT-wesebs icavdnen, swored

maT davadgenT mcvelebad._ sworia, _ Tqva man._ xom cxadia, _ mivuge me _ rom mcveli brma ki ara, maxvili mzeris patroni unda iyos._ ra sakiTxavia?_ ki magram, ra ganasxvavebs brmas imisagan, visTvisac mTlianad dafarulia saganTa

arsi da vis sulSiac veravin hpovebs maT mkafio xatebs? mxatvrebisa ar iyos, arc mas SeuZlia uzenaesi WeSmaritebis Wvreta, Tumca wamiTac ar unda wyvetdes Tvals da cdilobdes SesaZlo sizustiT warmoadginos igi, raTa mSvenierebis, samarTlianobisa da sikeTis kanonebi daadginos am qveynad, Tuki saWiro Seiqna maTi dadgena, anda fxizlad icavdnen maT, Tuki isini ukve arseboben.

_ vficav zevss, didad rodi gansxvavdeba brmisagan._mereda, vis davadgenT mcvelebad, brmebsa Tu imaT, visTvisac cnobilia yoveli sagnis

arsi da amasTan arc gamocdilebiT Camouvardeba maT da arc nebismieri siqveliT?_ ugunureba iqneboda sxvebis dadgena, Tuki isini tols ar udeben da siqveliTac

aSkarad Crdilaven maT. . ._ filosofosTa bunebasTan dakavSirebiT unda SevTanxmdeT, rom isini vnebianad

mieltvian codnas rac maT umJRavnebs maradiul arss, romelic ar eqvemdebareba warmoSobiTa da xrwnilebiT gamowveul cvalebadobas. . .

_ magram nuTu Sen mxolod amnair mowifulsa da zedmiwevniT ganswavlul xalxs miandobdi saxelmwifos marTvas?

_ saxelmwifo ise sastikad epyroba brZenkacT, rom uaresi aRar iqneba. amitom maT dasacavad sxvadasxva sagans moviSvelieb, raTa erTmaneTs mivusadago es sxvadasxvaoba, rogorc iqcevian mxatvrebi vac-irmis Tu sxva misTanaTa xatvisas, erTmaneTTan rom axameben sxvadasxvagvar nakvTebs. maS warmoidgine xomaldisa Tu xomaldTTa mTeli qaravanis patroni, axovanebiTa da Zal-RoniTac rom aRemateba danarCen zRvaosnebs, mxolod egaa, yurs aklia, arc Tvali uWris da sazRvao saqmisac bevri araferi gaegeba ra, zRvaosnebi ki saWis xelSi Casagdebad Tavpirs amtvreven erTmaneTs: yvelas hgonia, rom swored man unda marTos xomaldi, Tumca arsad uswavlia mesaWeoba, ase rom, ver getyviT, vin aswavla an rodis iswavla es xeloba. maTi Tavgasuloba iqamdec ki midis, rom xmamaRla gahyvirian, amas ra swavla undao da mzad arian nakuwebad aqcion yvela, vinc amtkicebs, rom mesaWeoba diaxac moiTxovs swavlas. patronis irgvliv Semojarulni Tavs abezreben vedrebiT, TxovniTa da xvewna mudariT, ara Cven mogvande es saqme da ara Cveno. Tu daiyolies da sawadels ewien, danarCenebs ki xeli moecaraT, gaSmagebuli daerevian da musrs avleben erTmaneTs, cxedrebs ki pirdapir zRvaSi isvrian. xomaldis keTilSobil patrons ki mandragoraTi, RviniTa Tu sxva maTrobela siTxiT abrueben da xelT igdeben xomalds. maSin daerevian yvelafers, rac xomaldzea, iwyeba gauTavebeli sma-Wama da Rreoba, xomaldi ki, raRa Tqma unda ise mihyavT, rogorc amnair mexomaldeebs SehferiT, Tanac qeba-didebas ar akleben namdvil zRvaosans, uebro mesaWes da sazRvao saqmis ubadlo mcodnes uwodeben yvelas, vinc SesZlo patronis dayoliebiTa Tu ZaladobiT Caegdo xelSi Zalaufleba, maSin rodesac dascinian da abuCad igdeben yvelas, vinc es ver SesZlo. am xalxs warmodgenac ara aqvs namdvil mesaWeze, romelic unda iTvaliswinebdes weliwadis dros, Tvals adevnebdes cas, varskvlavebs Tu qaris qrolvas, mokled yvelafers, rac mis xelobas ukavSirdeba, Tu surs marjved marTavdes xomalds, miuxedavad imisa, Seesabameba Tu ara es visme neba-survils. maT hgoniaT, rom SeuZlebelia swavliT SeiZino amis unari, gamocdileba da TviT mesaWis xeloba. xolo Tu es xdeba xomaldze, rogor ggonia, gana amnair viTarebaSi mezRvaurebi maRalfardovan ybedad, ubadrukad da umaqnisad ar miiCneven namdvil mesaWes?

_ ra Tqma unda _ momigo adimantem.

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_ara mgonia am suraTis Semyures raime axsna-ganmarteba dagWirdes imis dasadgenad, Tu riTi hgavs es suraTi filosofosebis mdgomareobas saxelmwifoSi; xom gesmis rasac vambob?

_ Zalian kargad._ amis gamo, amnair viTarebaSi advili rodia yvelaze ukeTes xelovnebas pativs

miagebdes is xalxi, vinc sruliad sapirispiro xelobas misdevs. yvelaze mZime da yvelaze saSinel braldebas ki swored isini uyeneben filosofosebs, visac hgonia, rom filosofosoba advili saqmea. filosofiis mgmobelis sityviT filosofosTa umravlesoba yvelaze ukeTuri xalxia, xolo brZenkacni usargebloni da umaqnisni arian.

_ diax, asea._maS ganvagrZoT Cveni kiTxva-pasuxi da gavixsenoT, ra bunebrivi Tvisebaa saWiro

imisaTvis, rom adamiani Rirseuli da keTili iyos. Tu gaxsovs, pirveli iyo WeSmaritebis siyvaruli, romelsac Tavis winamZRvrad unda saxavdes da yovelTvis uyoymanod mihyvebodes, radganac mkvexara da umaqnisi verasodes eziareba WeSmarit filosofias. gana marTebuli ar iqneboda Cveni mosazrebis dasacavad gveTqva, rom codnis moyvare kaci bunebrivad mieltvis WeSmarit arss da saganTa simravleze ki ar Cerdeba, romelTa arsebobac mxolod moCvenebiTia, aramed ganuxrelad miiwevs win da misi vneba manamdis ar dacxreba, sanam ar Caswvdeba TviT saganTa arss Tavisi sulis im nawiliT, romelic amave arss enaTesaveba, xolo misi meSveobiT rom miaxleba da Seerwymis kidec WeSmarit arss, raTa Svas WeSmariteba da goneba, Semdeg ukve (da ara manam) WeSmariti sicocxliT cxovrobs, WeSmaritebiT sazrdoobs da Tavs aRwevs mSobiarobis tkivilebs.

_ es iqneboda savsebiT marTebuli dacva._ gana am kacs SeiZleba uyvardes sicrue? Tu piriqiT, unda sZuldes igi?_ unda sZuldes._ magram danarCen TvisebaTa mTel qoroze raRas vityviT, romlebic niSneulni arian

filosofosis bunebisaTvis? ra saWiroa xelaxla CamovTvaloT? xom gaxsovs, rom maT ricxvSi Sedis simamace, didsulovneba, codnis advilad SeTvisebis unari, mexsiereba. . .

_ Zalian cotaa im xalxis ricxvi, adimante, visac SeuZlia Rirseuli urTierToba daamyaros filosofosebTan. an is, vinc saucxoo aRzrdis wyalobiT bolomde SeinarCuna keTilSobileba da visac mxsnelad moevlina TviT samSoblodan gandevna, ris Sedegadac Tavi daaRwia ukeTuri sinamdvilis damRupvel zemoqmedebas da zurgi ar aqcia filosofias. an oriode didsulovani kaci, romlebsac bedma patara saxelmwifos moqalaqeoba arguna wilad da daufaravi zizRiT uyurebs yovelgvar Tanamdebobas Tu sazogadoebriv moRvaweobas. an TiTo-orola maRali niWiT cxebuli suli, filosofiis gulisTvis rom Ralatobs Tavis sakuTar xelobas, romelic savsebiT samarTlianad miaCnia ufro mdared. zogs SeiZleba lagami amosdos da gandgomis neba ar misces mismave sakuTarma mdgomareobam, rogorc magaliTad Cvens megobar Teages, romelsac yvela monacemi hqonda saimisod, rom gansdgomoda filosofias, magram janmrTelobaze mudmivi zrunva aiZulebs uari Tqvas politikaze. aRarafers vityvi Cems demonur niSanze, radganac saeWvoa warsulSi Tundac erTi amnairi magaliTi moiZebnebodes.

_ ara, _ Tqva man, _ araferi maqvs saTqmeli. magram dRevandel saxelmwifoebriv wyobilebs Soris mainc romels miiCnev filosofiisaTvis Sesaferisad?

_ vercerTs _ mivuge me, _ Cemi drtvinvis mizezic isaa, rom vercerTs vera vcnob filosofiuri bunebis Rirsad, maTi wyalobiT rom ibRaleba da iers icvlis, rogorc axal niadagze gadanergili Tesli icvlis bunebas da adgilobriv mcenareTa Tvisebebs iZens, filosofiuri bunebac dRevandel pirobebSi ver axerxebs Tavisi Zalmosilebis SenarCunebas da TiTqmis mTlianad icvlis saxes. magram Tu saxelmwifo wyobileba Tavisi srulyofilebiT mis bunebas esatyviseba, maSin ki naxavT, rom WeSmaritad RvTaebrivia, yovelive danarCens ki bunebasac da saqmianobasac mxolod adamianuri Tu SeiZleba ewodos. amis Semdeg Sen albaT mkiTxav, es ra saxelmwifo wyobilebaao?

_ cdebi, _ Tqva man _ eg ki ara, ai ra mindoda mekiTxa: sxva wyobilebas gulisxmob Tu imas, romlis gegmac ukve movxazeT Cveni saxelmwifos dafuZnebisas?

_ am ukanasknels.

wigni meSvide

_ Wkviani kaci gaixsenebda rom mzeras ori sxvadsxva mizezi amRvrevs: roca sinaTlidan sibneleSi gadavdivarT, anda piriqiT _ sibnelidan sinaTleSi. igive iTqmis sulzedac: davukvirdeT Semcbarsa da dabneul suls, saganTa garCevis unari rom dahkargvia, magram briyvulad nuki davuwyebT dacinvas, aramed davufiqrdeT _ ufro naTeli yofidan movida da

23

misTvis uCveulo sibnelem dauvso Tvali, Tu piriqiT, sruli umecrebidan amaRlebuls, Tvali mosWra sinaTlis aseve uCvevma brwyinvalebam? am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba netarebad davsaxoT misi yofa, pirvel SemTxvevaSi ki misdami TanagrZnoba gvmarTebs. magram Tu vinme mainc ver ikavebs sicils, es dacinva naklebad briyvuli iqneba, Tuki misi sagania suli, romelmac sinaTlis sauflodan sibneleSi amoyo Tavi.

_ marTalsa brZaneb._ Tu marTalia, _ vTqvi me, _ ai ra daskvnis gamotana gvmarTebs: ganaTleba sulac ar

aris is, rac zog-zogierTebs hgonia, visi mtkicebiTac gaunaTlebel suls TiTqos ise unda CavunergoT ganaTleba, rogorc usinaTlo Tvals _ xedvis unari.

_ diax, ase amtkicebs bevri._ es Cveni msjeloba ki mowmobs, rom yvela sulsa aqvs amis unari da saTanado iaraRic

moeZebneba. magram rogorc Tvali mxolod mTel sxeulTan erTad Tu mibrundeba sibnelidan sinaTlisken, sulic aseve mTlianad Tu ganudgeba yovelive qmnads, im zomamde, rom ara marto arss, TviT imasac ki gausworos Tvali, rac yvelaze naTelia arsSi, xolo es Cveni mtkicebiT, sikeTea ara?

_ diax._ . . . Cveni, rogorc saxelmwifos damaarseblebis vali isaa, rom vaiZuloT yvelaze

Rirseulni swored imis Seswavlas miubrundnen, rac uzenaesad davsaxeT: me vgulisxmob sikeTis wvdomas da misken swrafvas, magram roca am simaRles miRweven da guls ijereben misi WvretiT, imis nebas ki aRar mivcemT, rac nebadarTulia maTTvis.

_ mainc ris nebas?_ am simaRleze darCenisas, Tuki aRar isurveben kvlav daubrundnen Cvens patimrebs,

raTa avad Tu kargad maTi Wiri gaiziaron._ ki magram, maSin xom usamarTloni viqnebiT maT mimarT, rakiRa Cvens gamo Sav

dReSi unda Cacvivdnen, Tumca ki SeeZloT gacilebiT ukeT ecxovraT._ Sen kvlav gaviwydeba Cemo keTilo, rom kanoni mosaxleobis erTi romelime fenis

keTildReobas ki ar isaxavs miznad, aramed mTeli sazogadoebisas. SegonebiT Tu iZulebiT, is uzrunvelyofs yvela moqalaqis erTianobas, raTa isini erTmaneTisTvis sasargebloni iyvnen imdenad, ramdenadac maT SeuZliaT argon mTel saxelmwifos. moqalaqeTa ricxvSiac imitom rodi rTavs Rirseul adamianebs, raTa saSualeba misces maT visac ra moeprianebT is akeTos, aramed imitom, rom saxelmwifos gasamtkiceblad gamoiyenos isini.

_ marTlac damaviwyda._ imasac daukvirdi glavkon, rom Cven usamarTloni ki ar viqnebiT CvenSive aRzrdili

filosofosebis mimarT, aramed samarTlian moTxovnebs wavuyenebT da vaiZulebT maT, rogorc mcvelebs, sxvebze izrunon. “yvela sxva saxelmwifoSi, _ am sityvebiT mivmarTavT maT, _ vinc filosofosi xdeba, ufleba aqvs monawileoba ar miiRos saxelmwifos marTvis saqmeSi, radganac yvela, saxelmwifo wyobilebisgan damoukideblad, TviTonve gaxda filosofosi, xolo is, rac TavisiT izrdeba, aravis ar umadlis Tavis sazrdos da cxadia, arc imis survili aqvs, rom vinmes aunazRauros misi gulisTvis gaweuli xarjebi. Tqven ki Cven aRzardeT, rogorc TviT Tqvenda sasikeTod, aseve saxelmwifos sakeTildReod, raTa igiveni yofiliyaviT, ranic arian mefeebi da beladebi futkrebis skaSi. Cveni wyalobiT SeiZineT saucxoo da ucxoel filosofosebze gacilebiT ufro srulyofili ganaTleba da Cvenve giboZeT imis unaric, rom erTmaneTisaTvis SegeTavsebinaT filosofia da politika. amitom TviToeuli Tqvengani erTimeoris miyolebiT unda daeSvas danarCen moqalaqeTa saerTo sacxovrisamde; SeaCvieT Tvali iq gamefebul wyvdids da roca SeaCveveT, aTasjer ukeT gaarCevT yvelafers, vidre bneleTis mkvidrni da ukeTve gamoicnobT ras warmoadgens TviToeuli landi an risi xatia igi, radganac adreve gixilavT yovelive mSvenieris, samarTlianisa da keTilis WeSmariti pirvelnimuSni. maSin Cveni saxelmwifo wyobileba Cvenca da Tqvenc sicxadeSi warmogvidgeba da ara sizmarSi, rogorc sxva dRevandeli wyobilebani, sadac mimdinareobs ZmaTamkvleli omebi da landebis gaafTrebuli brZolebi ZalauflebisaTvis, TiTqos es iyos yvelaze didi sikeTe. simarTle ki, Tu gnebavT isaa, rom, sadac Zalauflebas yvelaze nakleb mieltvian isini, vinc unda marTavdes qveyanas, saxelmwifo yvelaze ukeT iq imarTeba da SinaaSlilobisTvisac yvelaze naklebi sababi rCeba; maSin rodesac sul sxvagvardaa saqme im saxelmwifoebSi, romelTa mmarTvelnic sapirispirod arian ganwyobilni.”

_ ra Tqma unda._ rogor ggonia, amas rom moismenen Cveni aRzrdilebi, aRar dagvemorCilebian da ar

inebeben erTimeoris miyolebiT iTanamSromlon danarCen moqalaqeebTan? Tu amjobineben samudamod gvrdi-gverd darCnen wminda sinaTlis saufloSi?

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_ SeuZlebelia, _ Tqva man, _ radganac samarTlian xalxs vuyenebT Cvens samarTlian moTxovnebs. Tumca, yvela dRevandel saxelmwifos mmarTvelT sapirispirod, TviToeuli maTgani mxolod aucileblobis karnaxiT YTu aiRebs xelSi mmarTvelobis sadaveebs.

_ diax, asea saqme Cemo keTilo. Tu imaTTvis, vinc unda marTos qveyana, cxovrebis ukeTes wess hpoveb, vidre mmarTvelobas, maSin imasac SesZleb, rom mSvenieri saxelmwifo wyobileba daamyaro. radganac mxolod amnairi saxelmwifos mmarTvelni Tu iqnebian WeSmaritad mdidrebi, magram oqroTi ki ara, aramed imiT, riTac mdidaria bednieri kaci: sibrZniTa da siqveliT. xolo Tu glaxakni da upovarni mieltvian Zalauflebas, raTa saqveyno sikeTes msuye lukma CamoaTalon, sasikeTos nuras moeli: radganac iwyeba gauTavebeli SuRli, SfoTi, Sexla-Semoxla da es SinaaSliloba bolos uRebs TviT maTac da saxelmwifosac.

_ marTalsa brZaneb._ki magram, Tu icnob cxovrebis romelime sxva wess, iseTive zizRs rom aRuZravdes

adamians ama Tu im saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis mimarT, rogorc WeSmarit filosofiasTan ziarebulis cxovrebaa?

_ ara, vficav zevss._ ase rom, saxelmwifo Tanamdeboba xelSi ar unda CavugdoT im adamianebs,

romlebsac suli elevaT masze, Torem maTi jibri da metoqeoba gadagviyolebs._ marTalsa brZaneb._ mereda, vis ganamweseb iZulebiT saxelmwifos mcvelebad, Tu ara im xalxs, vinc

yvelaze ukeT icis, rogor unda marTos qveyana, magram amasTan bevri sxva Rirsebac aqvs da gacilebiT ufro Rirseuladac cxovrobs, vidre saxelmwifo moRvaweni?

_ sxvas veravis._ axla Tu gnebavs vnaxoT, ranairad SeiZleba aRvzardoT amnairi adamianebi da ra gziT

warvmarToT isini maRla-sinaTlisaken. rogorc gadmocemiT, zogierTi gmiri amaRlebula hadesidan RmerTebamde.

_ ra sakiTxavia?_ es arc ise advilia, rogorc Tixis natexis gadabruneba; aq TviT suli unda SevabrunoT

bindisferi dRidan WeSmaritebiT gabrwyinebuli dRisaken. xolo amnair aRmasvlas Cven, albaT sibrZnisken swrafvas vuwodebT.

_ ra Tqma unda._ iqneb isic gvenaxa, mainc risi codna gvaZlevs amis saSualebas?_ aucileblad unda vnaxoT. . . _ yvela unda davarwmunoT, glavkon, visac surs umaRlesi Tanamdeboba daikavos

saxelmwifoSi, angariSis xelovnebas daeuflon, magram zereled ki ara, aramed manamde ganagrZon swavla, vidre wminda azrovnebiT ar Seicnoben ricxvis bunebas, oRond aReb-micemobis gulisTvis ki ara, rogorc iqcevian vaWrebi da sovdagrebi, aramed saomari miznebisa da imis gulisTvis, rom suls qmnadobis samyarodan WerSmaritebisa da arsis mimarT moqceva gauadvilon.

_ didebulad msjelob._ da marTlac, axla angariSis xelovnebis ganxilvis Semdeg TvalnaTliv vxedavT, ra

daxvewili da mravalmxriv sasargebloa Cveni ganzraxvisaTvis, Tuki mas Semecnebis mizniT euflebian da ara vaWrebiviT.

_ mainc riTia sasargeblo?_ imiT, razedac axlaxans vlaparakobdiT: gavixsenoT, ra ZaliT miiqcevs suls uzenaesi

samyaros mimarT da aiZulebs TavisTavad ricxvebze imsjelos ise, rom am msjelobaSi aramc da aramc ar CerTos xilul da xelSesaxeb saganTa Sesabamisi ricxvebi. xom mogexseneba rogor dascinian am mecnierebaSi gawafulni da zizRiT uaryofen yovelgvar mcdelobas, romelic miznad isaxavs nawilebad dayon erTi TavisTavad, magram Tu mainc dayof, isini kvlav gaaerTianeben maT, raTa erTi kvlav erTad Candes da ara nawilTa simravled . . . Tu SegimCnevia, ra advilad iTviseben yvela sxva mecnierebas gamoTvlis niWiT dajildoebulebi? TviT isinic ki, Zalian mZimed rom azrovneben, gamoTvlis xelovnebaSi saTanado wvrTnisa da gawafvis Semdeg, sxvas Tu arafers, imis unars mainc iZenen, rom sxvebze gacilebiT ufro advilad euflebodnen codnas.

_ asea, _ Tqva man._ Tanac, Cemi azriT, Znelad Tu moiZebneba romelime sxva sagani, romlis dauflebac

ufro met Sromas moiTxovdes Cvengan. _ ra Tqma unda._ yovelive amis gamo, verasdidebiT ver vgulvebelvyofT am mecnierebas; piriqiT, misi

meSveobiT unda aRvzardoT saucxoo bunebrivi monacemebiT dajildoebulni._ geTanxmebi.

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_maSasadame esaa Cvens mier aRiarebuli pirveli mecniereba. axla ki meorec ganvixiloT, romelic pirvels ukavSirdeba da vnaxoT, saWiroa Tu ara CvenTvis.

_ geometrias xom ar gulisxmob?_ diax swored geometrias._ramdenadac is gamoiyeneba samxedro saqmeSi, _ Tqva man,_ ra Tqma unda

gvWirdeba. banakis gaSla iqneba, xelsayreli adgilis dakaveba, laSqris darazmva Tu gaSla an sxva saomari moqmedebebi, rogorc brZolis velze, ase jaris gadaadgilebisas, _ yovelive amas geometriis mcodne mxedarTmTavari gacilebiT ukeT gaarTmevs Tavs, vidre aramcodne.

_ magram amisTvis sakmarisi iqneboda geometriis sul umniSvnelo nawilisa da angariSis codnac. Cven ki gvmrTebs ganvixiloT misi umTavresi nawili, gacilebiT ufro farTod rom gamoiyeneba, raTa davrwmundeT, Seesabameba Tu ara is Cvens mier dasaxul mizans an ramdenad gviwyobs xels imaSi, rom ufro advilad vWvretdeT sikeTis ideas. ra Tqma unda xels gviwyobs, vamtkicebT Cven, ramdenadac aiZulebs suls, miiqces im samyaros mimarT, romelic aris savane arsisa, vis xilvasac dauokeblad unda mieltvodes yvela Cvengani.

_ marTals ambob._ maSasadame, Tu geometria WeSmariti arsis Wvretad migvaqcevs, is saWiroa

CvenTvis, xolo Tu qmnadobis Wvretad _ ara. _ cxadia . . . _ maSasadame, esaa meore mecniereba, romlis Seswavlasac davavalebT Cvens

Wabukebs?_diax._keTili; maSin mesame adgils mivuCenT astronomias; ras ityvi?_geTanxmebi, radganac weliwadis droebis, Tveebisa Tu wlebis monacvleobaze

dakvirveba sasargebloa ara marto miwaTmoqmedisa Tu zRvaosnis, aramed mxedarTmTavrisTvisac.

_ ra kargi vinme xar, _ vuTxari me. _ kacma SeiZleba ifiqros, rom geSinia vaiTu vinmem damwamos, fuWi mecnierebis Seswavlas avalebso xalxs. arada, Tumca Zneli kia, Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs irwmuno, rom is mecnierebebi, romlebzedac Cven vlaparakobdiT, TiTqos wmendnen da sicincxles ubrunebndnen adamianis sulis garkveul unars, romelsac bevri sxva saqmianoba ablagvebs da aClungebs, Tumca misi sisaRis SenarCuneba gacilebiT ufro faseulia, vidre aTasi Tvalis qona, radganac mxolod misi meSveobiT Tu ixilav WeSmaritebas. vinc am azrs iziarebs, albaT ityvis, rom mSvenivrad msjelob, xolo visac amis warmodgenac ar SeuZlia, is, ra Tqma unda ifiqrebs, rom sisulelebebs roSav, radgan darwmunebulia, rom Tu mecniereba praqtikulad usargebloa, masze laparakic ar Rirs. maS amTaviTve gadawyvite, am ori sxvadasxva Sexedulebis mqone msmenelidan mainc romels mimarTv? Tu arc erTis azrs ar uwev angariSs da arc meorisas da mxolod SenTvis msjelob? magram maSin imis sawinaaRmdego ra unda gqondes, rom vinmem am Seni msjelobidan TavisTvis sasargeblo daskvna gamoitanos?

_ me mirCevnia, ai ase, kiTxva–pasuxis saSualebiT vmsjelobde, magram mxolod CemTvis.

_ maSin ukan daixie _ vuTxari me, _ radganac weRan arasworad avirCieT geometriis momdevno sagani.

_ rogor? – ikiTxa man._ sibrtyeebis Semdeg Cven aviReT wriulad mbrunavi myari sxeulebi, Tumca jer

TavisTavad unda gangvexila isini, radganac ufro swori iqneboda ori ganzomilebis Semdeg mesames mivsdgomodiT: me vgulisxmob kubebisa da siRrmis mqone yvela sxeulis ganzomilebas.

_ sworia sokrate, _ Tqva man, _ magram mgonia aq jer kidev araferi aRmouCeniaT._ ori sxvadsxva mizezis gamo: jer erTi, arcerT saxelmwifoSi am mecnierebas

saTanadod ar afaseben da raki Zalian Znelia, amitom sustadaa ganviTarebuli. egec ar iyos, mkvlevarTaTvis aucilebelia xelmZRvaneli, vis gareSec maTi Sroma wyalSi iyreba. magram xelmZRvanelis povna advili rodia, Tumca, kidevac rom ipovnon, TviT swavlulebi dRevandel viTrebaSi ise arian gazuluqebulni, rom mainc ar daemorCilebian, magram mTeli saxelmwifo zrunvas rom ar aklebdes am mecnierebas da mxars uWerdes xelmZRvanelobas, maSin ara marto daimorCilebdnen, aramed gamudmebuli da mkacri sizustiT warmarTuli kvleva-Ziebis wyalobiT naTelsac mohfendnen bevr sakiTxs, vinaidan TviT dResac ki roca mas zizRiT uyurebs brbo da gasaqans ar aZlevs im mkvlevarTa umravlesoba, romelTac TviTon ar esmiT misi mniSvneloba, yovelive amis miuxedavad, mainc viTardeba, imdenad momnusxvelia misi xibli. . .

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ase rom, meoTxe adgilze Cven davayenebT astronomias; dResdReobiT is cota ar iyos miviwyebulia, magram kvlav aRorZindeba, Tuki saxelmwifo miaqcevs mas yuradRebas. . . -_ Tu SegiZlia CvenTvis saWiro kidev erTi mecnierebac gamaxseno?

_ ase saxeldaxelod ar SemiZlia._ moZraoba, Cemi azriT erTi ki ara, bevri sxvadsxva saxisaa: mcodnem SeiZleba

yvelaferi CamoTvalos, Cven ki mxolod ori gvaxsendeba._ mainc?_ garda zemoTTqmulisa, aris kidev erTi, misi Sesabamisi._ romels gulisxmob?_ rogorc Cveni Tvali astronomiiskenaa miqceuli, ise yuri harmoniul TanxmierebaTa

moZraobisken. es ori mecniereba debi arian, rogorc amtkiceben piTagorelebi da Cvenc, glavkon, albaT kvers davukravT ara?

_ ra Tqma unda._ raki es sakiTxi arsebiTia, vecdebiT aqac gaviziaroT maTi azri da sxva mxrivac, Tuki

raimes dasZenen, magram asea Tu ise, mainc Cvens azrze davrCebiT._ kerZod?_ Cvens aRsazrdelebs aramc da aramc ar unda davrToT raime arasrulyofilis an imis

Seswavlis neba, rasac Cvens mier dasaxuli miznisken ar mivyavarT, romelsac unda mieltvodes yvela. amasve vamtkicebdiT weRan astronomiasTan dakavSirebiT. nuTu ar ici, rom harmoniis mimarTac igive Secoma meordeba? aqac, vin icis ramdeni Sroma iyreba wyalSi, mxolod imitom, rom musikosebi martooden smeniT aRqmuli bgerebis gazomviTa da maTi urTierTSedarebiT ifarglebian. . . me mgonia Cvens mier yvela ganxiluli mecnierebis Seswavla maT kavSirsa Tu naTesaobas cxadyofs da imasac gvimJRavnebs, mainc ra mxriv ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs _ isini xels Segviwyoben Cvens mier dasaxuli miznis miRwevaSi Tu ara.

_ mec ase vfiqrob. magram Zalian rTul sakiTxze msjelob sokrate._ sawyis nawils gulisxmob Tu sxva ramesac? nuTu ar ici rom yovelive es mxolod

Sesavalia im melodiisa, romelic Cven unda viswavloT? Tu Seni azriT, vinc yvela am mecnierebaSi gawafulia, is aris daxvewili dialeqtikosic?

_ ra Tqma unda ara, vficav zevss, Cems nacnobTa Soris iSviaT gamonaklisTa garda._ ki magram, visac arc bWobis Tavi aqvs da arc mosmenis, gana odesme Seicnobs

imas, risi codnac, Cveni azriT, saWiroa?_ vera, _ Tqva man._ swored es aris, glavkon, is melodia, romelic gamohyavs dialeqtikas. da Tumca is

gonebiT sawvdomia, xedvis unari cdilobs mis mibaZvas, magram xedva Cveni weRandeli Tqmisa ar iyos, Tavdapirvelad mieltvis cocxal arsebaTa, Semdeg varskvlavTa da bolos _ TviT mzis aRqmas. xolo rodesac vinme cdilobs dialeqtikis gziT, grZnobaTa Semweobis gareSe, martooden gonebis meoxeobiT Caswvdes yovelive sagnis arss da veraferi SeaCerebs, vidre azriT ar amaRldeba sikeTis arsis wvdomamde, maSin is aRwevs goniT sawvdomi samyaros mwvervals, iseve rogorc xedvis unari _ xiluli samyarosas.

_ marTals brZaneb._ mereda, gana dialeqtikurs ar uwodeben am gzas?_ ra Tqma unda._ swored esaa borkilebisgan Tavdaxsna, landebidan _ xatebaTa da sinaTlis mimarT

miqceva, miwisqveSeTidan _ mzisken aRmasvla, xolo Tu am SemTxvevaSic SeuZlebelia cocxal arsebaTa, mcenareTa da mzis Suqis Wvreta, umjobesia RvTaebriv anareklTa Tu namdvil saganTa landebis cimcims umzerde wyalSi, vidre CaxCaxa mzis xatis _ cecxlis SuqiT mRvimis kedlebze mifenili namdvili sagnebis xatebaTa landebis cekvas. amis unars ki gvaniWebs zemoxsenebul mecnierebebSi Tavis gawafva, zeciuri sinamdvilisa da arsTa Soris usrulqmnilesis Wvretad rom miaqcevs Cveni sulis yvelaze mSvenier sawyiss, iseve rogorc Cveni sxeulis yvelaze gamWriaxi sawyisi _ Cveni xorcieli Tvali maRldeba am nivTier da xilul sinamdvileSi yvelaze naTeli sagnis Wvretamde. . .

_ maS ase, xom ar ggonia, rom dialeqtika agvirgvinebs mTel codnas da ar arsebobs xelovneba, romelic SeiZleboda masze maRla dagveyenebina, radganac is aris codnis umaRlesi mwvervali.

_ ra Tqma unda._ isRa dagvrCenia, ganvsazRvroT, vis aRvzrdiT an rogor aRvzrdiT am gziT._ cxadia, _ Tqva man._ Tu gaxsovs, ranairi mmarTvelebi avirCieT maTi pirveli arCevisas?_ rogor ar maxsovs.

27

_ keTili; maS, darwmunebuli unda brZandebode, rom swored maTnairi xalxi unda avirCioT: sandoni, mamacni da SeZlebisdagvarad warmosadgenic. unda veZioT ara marto keTilSobilni da darbaiselni, aramed amnairi aRzrdisaTvis saTanado niWiT cxebulnic.

_ ra niWs gulisxmob?_ swavlaSi gamWriaxni unda iyvnen, Cemo keTilo da advilad euflebodnen codnas.

radgan sulebs gacilebiT ufro akrTobs mecnierebaTa sirTule, vidre gimnastikuri varjiSebisa. vinaidan tanjva-wameba, rasac codnis SeZena moiTxovs, miT ufro mtkivneulia sulisaTvis, roca sxeuli ar iziarebs mas.

_ marTalsa brZaneb._ zustad aseve, gana WeSmaritebasTan mimarTebiTac saxiCrad ar miviCnevT suls,

romelsac ise Zalian sZuls nebsiTi sicrue, rom zizRis gareSe verc Tavis TavSi itans mas da verc sxvaSi _ aRSfoTebis gareSe, magram mainc dasaSvebad miaCnia uneburi sicrue da araviTar aRSfoTebas ar avlens mis mimarT, aramed ise goravs Tavis sakuTar umecrebaSi, rogorc Rori wumpeSi.

_ ra Tqma unda. _ rac Seexeba keTilgonierebas, simamaces, didsulovnebas da siqvelis yvela saxes,

aranaklebi dakvirveba sWirdeba imas, rom ukeTurisgan gaarCio keTilSobili. vinc maT garCevas ver SesZlebs, sulerTia, saxelmwifo iqneba Tu kerZo piri, ama Tu im saWiroebisaTvis ise miiwvevs koWlebsa da ukeTurebs, vis _ megobrebad da vis _ mmarTvelebad, rom TviTon verc ki SeniSnavs amas.

_ Cveulebriv asec xdeba xolme._ Cven ki swored amas unda veridoT. Tu codnis dasauflebad da sxeulis gasakaJeblad

suliTa da xorciT jansaR xalxs SevarCevT, TviT samarTlianobac ki verafers gvisayvedurebs da Cven urRvevad SevinarCunebT saxelmwifos mTlianobasac da mis wyobilebasac. xolo Tu saamisod uRirs xalxze SevaCerebT arCevans, saqme ukuRma wagviva da kidev ufro mware dacinvis sagnad vaqcevT filosofias.

_ marTlac rom sircxvils vWamdiT, _ Tqva man._ ra Tqma unda. magram me mgonia, rom axlave aRmovCndiT sasacilo

mdgomareobaSi._ ratom?_ damaviwyda, rom es TamaSia da cota ar iyos xmas avuwie; Tanac EerTTavad

filosofiaze meWira Tvali da vxedavdi, rogor amcireben. amitomac aRSfoTebiT Sevutie mis abuCad amgdebT da ukmexad gamomivida raca vTqvi.

_ vficav zevss, me rogorc erTi msmeneli, sxva azrisa var._ me ki rogorc ritori, ver dageTanxmebi. asea Tu ise, nu daviviwyebT, rom

xandazmulebze SevaCereT Cveni pirveli arCevani, axla ki vxedavT, rom SevcdiT. marTlacda, xom ver verwmunebiT solons _ xanSi Sesuli bevr rames swavlobso? piriqiT, xandazmuls kidev ufro nakleb Seswevs swavlis unari, vidre sirbilisa. ase rom yvelaze did da mravalricxovan saqmeTa aRsasruleblad axalgazrdoba unda migvaCndes.

_ uciloblad, _ Tqva man._ maSasadame ariTmetikis, geometriisa da sxva mecnierebaTa codna win unda

uswrebdes dialeqtikis Seswavlas, ase rom axalgazrdebi bavSobaSive unda euflebodnen maT, magram yovelgvari iZulebisa da Zaldatanebis gareSe.

_ viTom ratomao?_ imitom rom Tavisufali adamiani monasaviT rodi unda euflebodes codnas. roca sxeuls

siZneleTa daZlevas aCveven, amiT is sulac ar xdeba uaresi, magram sulSi ZaliT Canergili codna aramyaria.

_ amas ki marTals ambob._ amitom Cemo keTilSobilo, Sens Svilebs ZaldatanebiT ki ara TamaSiT unda

aswavlide, rasac aswavli, Tu ginda ukeT adevno Tvalyuri TviToeulis bunebriv midrekilebebs.

_ Wkvianuria._ Tu gaxsovs, Cven vambobdiT, rom bavSvebi cxenebze unda Segvesva da Tan

gveaxla omSi, raTa brZolis qar-cecxlisaTvis Soridan edevnebinaT Tvali, xolo Tu safrTxe naklebi iyo, axlosac migveSva, rom lekvebiviT egemaT sisxli.

_ rogor ar maxsovs._ da vinc yovelive amaSi _ garjaSi, swavlasa Tu gansacdelSi yvelaze ukeT gamoiCenda

Tavs, calke siaSi Segvetana._ ra xnisani?_ roca ukve Tavs anebeben savaldebulo sawvrTnel varjiSebs; radganac am xnis

ganmavlobaSi _ sulerTia, or weliwads grZeldeba Tu sams, arasdidebiT ar SeuZliaT sxva 28

rameSic imecadinon: daRliloba da Zili mecadineobis mtrebi arian. Tan esec xom sakmaod Zneli gamocdaa: ranairad gamoiCenen Tavs sawvrTnel varjiSebSi.

_ cxadia, _ Tqva man._ am drois gasvlis Semdeg oci wlis Wabukebidan gamorCeulT ufro met pativs

miageben, vidre danarCenebs, xolo im mecnierebebs, bavSvobaSi cal-calke rom aswavlidnen, garkveulwilad gaaerTianeben, raTa TvalnaTliv uCvenon Segirdebs maTi naTesaoba rogorc erTurTis, ise arsis bunebis mimarT.

_ mxolod am gziT SeZenili codna iqneba myari._ swored esaa yvelaze didi gamocda, romlis meSveobiTac SeiZleba davadginoT, vinaa

Tavis bunebiT dialeqtikosi da vin ara. visac SeuZlia yvelaferi erToblivad moicvas mzeriT, dialeqtikosia, xolo imas, visac amis unari ar Seswevs, verc Cven miviCnevT dialeqtikosad.

_ mec ase vfiqrob _ Tqva man._ hoda, swored Sen unda gansazRvro, vinaa yvelaze ukeTesi am mxriv da vin ufro

udreki iqneba mecnierebis dauflebisas, brZolis velze Tu yovelive imis aRsrulebis dros, rasac valad gviwesebs kanoni. ocdaaTi wlisani rom gaxdebian, maT Soris xelaxla unda moaxdino arCevani, xolo rCeulebs ufro meti pativi unda miago da gamoscado, vin risi maqnisia dialeqtikaSi, an vis Seswevs xedvisa da sxva SgrZnebaTa Semweobis gareSe WeSmarit arsamde amaRlebis unari. magram aq, Cemo megobaro, didi sifrTxile gvmarTebs.

_ viTom ratomao?_ nuTu ar SegimCnevia is boroteba, dRes rom emuqreba dialeqtikas da esoden Rrmad

gaidga fesvi? _ ra borotebas gulisxmob?_ rasa da imas, rom dialeqtikis mimdevarTa Soris ukanonoba isadgurebs._ marTlac._ mereda gikvirs maTi mdgomareoba?_ ra mxriv?_ aviRoT aseTi magaliTi: vTqvaT mravalricxovan, mdidarsa da keTilSobilur ojaxSi

migdebuli bavSvi izrdeba. aq mas yovelnairad anebivreben. magram roca wamoizrdeba, gaigebs, rom vinc mSoblebad miaCnda Turme ucxoni yofilan, namdvil mSoblebs ki ver poulobs. Tu SegiZlia gamoicno misi damokidebuleba erTis mxriv im xalxisadmi, vinc anebivrebs, da meores mxriv _ dedobil-mamobilis mimarT, jer erTi, roca ar icoda, migdebuli rom iyo da meorec, mas Semdeg, rac gaigebs amas, Tu gnebavs me getyvi, rogor warmogidgenia es?

_ cxadia mnebavs._ winaswar vxedav, rom vidre simarTle ar gaugia, ufro meti pativiscemiT epyroba ded-

mamas da naTesavebs, vidre imaT, vinc Tavs evleba da eloliaveba. nakleb daudevrobas gamoiCens gasaWirSi Cavardnil axlobelTa mimarT, naklebad atkens guls sityviT Tu saqmiT da naklebad eurCeba maT, vidre im xalxs, vinc anebivrebs.

_ albaT._ magram imis Semdeg, rac simarTles gaigebs, me mgonia sagrZnoblad iklebs misi

pativiscema da yuradReba axloblebis mimarT da piriqiT, imatebs imaT mimarT, vinc anebivrebs, romlebsac ufro metad daemorCileba, vidre uwin, yurad iRebs maT rCevebs da aSkarad daiWers maT mxares, mamobilsa da yofil naTesavebze ki saerTod aRar izrunebs, Tu bunebiT uaRresad keTili kaci ar aris.

_ yvelaferi ise moxdeba, rogorc Sen ambob, magram ra saerTo aqvs Sens magaliTs dialeqtikis mimdevar xalxTan?

_ ai ra: samarTlianobasa da mSvenierebaze Cven, mSoblebis zegavleniT, bavSvobaSive gviyalibdeba garkveuli Sexedulebebi, mSoblebisas, romlebsac pativs vcemT da vemorCilebiT.

_ marTlac._ magram am Sexedulebebs upirispirdebian macTuri warmodgenebi, saamod rom

elamunebian suls. Tumca TavdaWerili xalxi ar ahyveba maT macdur xibls da rogorc mamapapur SexedulebaTa erTguli kidevac emorCileba maT.

_ asea._ keTili; modi vkiTxoT amnairad ganwyobil kacs ra aris mSveniereba: ise gvipasuxebs,

rogorc uswavlia kanonmdeblebisgan, magram Tu Semdegi msjelobisas mravalgzis da mravalnairad uaryofen da abaTileben mis azrs, am kacs SeiZleba vafiqrebinoT, rom mSveniereba sulac ar aris ufro mSvenieri, vidre simaxinje da aseTsave Secdomas davaSvebinebT samarTlianobasTan, sikeTesa da yovelive imasTan mimarTebiT, rasac

29

uwin gansakuTrebiT afasebda. amis Semdeg rogor ggonia, ra mouva mis pativiscemas da morCilebas?

_ cxadia, aRarc uwindeli pativiscemis grZnoba SerCeba da aRarc morCilebisa._ magram Tu yovelive amas aRar miiCnevs pativiscemis Rirsad da faseulad,

WeSmaritebas ki veRar miakvlevs, sakiTxavia, cxovrebis ranair wess miubrundeba Tu ara imas, rac saamod elamuneba mis pativmoyvareobas? _ yovelive sxva gamoricxulia.

_ ase rom, Cemi azriT, kanondamrRvevad mogvevlineba, Tumca adre ganuxrelad icavda mas.

_ uciloblad._ maSasadame, amnairi mdgomareoba bunebrivia dialeqtikis mimdevarTaTvis da

rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, isini savsebiT imsaxureben mitevebas._ da sibralulsac._ amrigad, ocdaaTwlianebma amnairi sibraluli rom ar aRgviZran, isini didi sifrTxiliT da

windaxedulebiT unda vaziaroT dialeqtikas?_ ra Tqma unda._ gana sifrTxilis erTi amnairi saSualeba is ar iqneba, rom siyrmeSive ar igemon

dialeqtikis sitkbo? albaT SeginiSnavs, rogorc ki gemos gausinjaven dialeqtikas, ymawvilebi cdiloben saTamaSod da TavSesaqcevad gamoiyenon igi, winaaRmdegobebiT gatacebulni rom baZaven mis uarmyofelT, raTa TviTonve uaryon isini da Tanac imiT tkbebian, rom TavianTi sabuTebiT lekvebiviT ZiZgnian yvelas, visac ki sakbenad moixelTeben.

_ tkbebian da mere rogor._ mas Semdeg, rac TviTon uaryofen mravals da mravali, Tavis mxriv uaryofs maT, isini

ukve swrafad aqceven zurgs yovelive imas, rac manamde swamdaT, es ki xalxis TvalSi Cirqsa scxebs maTac da filosofiis mTel sagansac.

_ marTalsa brZaneb _ Tqva man._ ufro xnieri ki ar isurvebs monawileoba miRos am siSlegeSi; piriqiT, umal im kacs

mibaZavs, visac surs WeSmaritebas miaRwios davisa da kamaTis gziT, vidre imas, vinc mxolod TavSeqcevisa Tu TamaSis gulisaTvis uaryofs mopirispiris mosazrebebs. is TviTonac TavdaWerilia da ki ar amdablebs, piriqiT, xalxis TvalSi fass hmatebs filosofias.

_ sworia._ gana sifrTxilis zomebs ar ekuTvnis yovelive is, rac zemoT iTqva: dileqtikosebad

SeiZleba aRvzardoT mxolod mtkice da TavdaWerili xalxi, ese igi imis sapirispirod viqceviT, rasac dRes vxedavT, roca dialeqtikis dauflebis nebas aZleven yvelas, visTvisac RmerTs ar miucia amisi niWi.

_ ra Tqma unda._ imasTan SedarebiT, vinc gimnastikuri varjiSebiT ikaJebs sxeuls, sakmarisi iqneba Tu

ara orjer meti dro dialeqtikis dasaufleblad, Tu amis garda sxvas arafers akeTebs kaci?_ eqvs weliwads gulisxmob Tu oTxs?_ eg sulerTia; Tundac xuTi iyos. Semdgom amisa, Sen aiZuleb maT kvlav daubrundnen

mRvimes da saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebi daikavon; rogorc samxedro, ise ymawvilkacTa Sesaferis sxva movaleobaTa Sesrulebas mihyon xeli, raTa aravis Camouvardebodnen gamocdilebiT. egec ar iyos, amiT kidec gamocdi maT: gauZleben aTasnair sacTurs Tu vera.

_ saamisod ramden wels aZlev?_TxuTmets. xolo roca ormocdaaTs miukakuneben, maSin isini, vinc Rirseulad gauZlo

gamocdas da rogorc saqmeSi, ise mecnierebaSic gamoiCina Tavi, ukve TavianTi saboloo miznis xorcSesxmas unda Seudgenen: undaT Tu ara, uzenaesi arsis mimarT aRapyran Tvali, arsisa, sinaTles rom hfens yvelafers, xolo mas Semdeg, rac ixilaven uzenaes sikeTes, nimuSad dasaxon igi da sicocxlis mTeli danarCeni drois manZilze misi mixedviT moawesrgon saxelmwifos, kerZo pirTa Tu TavianTi piradi cxovreba. isini filosfiis SeswavlaSi gaatareben sicocxlis udides nawils, xolo roca rigi mouwevT, saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebs daikaveben da sazogado cxovrebis mowesrigebas mihyofen xels, magram imitom ki ara, rom es didebul saqmianobad miaCniaT, aramed imitom, rom ase sWirdeba qveyanas. ase, uwyveti rudunebiT TavianT msgavsad rom aRzrdian moqalaqeebs, raTa maT gadaabaron saxelmwifos dacva, TviTon netarTa kunZulebs miaSureben sacxovreblad. saxelmwifo Zeglebs augebs am RvawlmosilT da maT saxsovrad, rogorc ukvdavi RvTaebebisa, daawesebs msxverplSewirvas, Tuki piTia daadasturebs amas, Tu ara da maSin maT ise Seswiraven msxverpls, rogorc netarsa da RvTaebriv xalxs.

_ ra mSvenivrad gamoZerwe eg Seni mmarTvelebi, sokrate, namdvili moqandakec ver SesZlebda ukeTesad.

_ mmarTveli qalebic, glavkon: rac me vTqvi, qalebsac igive exeba, rogorc kacebs; marTalia mxolod im qalebs, romlebsac saamisod bunebrivi monacemebi moeZebnebaT.

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_ sworia, _ Tqva man, _ rakiRa, SeTanxmebisamebr, erTTac da meoreTac Tanabari uflebebi unda hqondeT yvelaferSi.

_ keTili da patiosani; axla mainc xom aRiarebT, rom fuWi azrebi rodi gamogviTqvams saxelmwifosa da mis wyobilebasTan dakavSirebiT. ra Tqma unda, maTi xorcSesxma Znelia, magram ara SeuZlebeli; roca saxelmwifos saTaveSi WeSmariti filosofosebi Caudgebian, _ gnebavT, erTi da gnebavT mravali, _ maT TvalSi fasi daekargeba yvela im pativs, dRes ase xarbad rom mieltvian, radganac Tavisufal kacisaTvis uRirsad da ufasurad miiCneven maT, maSin rodesac gacilebiT ufro maRla daayeneben movaleobis pirnaTlad moxdas da uangarobis jildos _ Rirsebas. yvelaze did faseulobad ki dasaxaven samarTlianobas, romelsac erTgulad emsaxurebian da romlis mixedviTac ecdebian marTon qveyana.

_ rogor? _ imaT, vinc Cvens saxelmwifoSi aT welze meti xnisaa, soflebSi gagzavnian,

danarCenebs ki dRevandel zne-Cveulebebs ganarideben, rac niSneulia maTi mSoblebisaTvis da Cvens mier zemoT ganxilul kanonTa mixedviT aRzrdian. am gziT saxelmwifoSi yvelaze ufro advilad damyardeba is wyobileba, rac Cven movxazeT; saxelmwifoc ayvavdeba da misi moqalaqeebic beds ewevian.

_ ra Tqma unda; Cemis azriT, kargad axseni, sokrate, ranairad SeiZleba amis xorcSesxma.

_ ase rom, Cven sakmarisad vilaparakeT am saxelmwifozec da mis minamgvan adamianebzec; xom cxadia, rogoric unda iyos igi.

_ diax, cxadia da Seni Tqmisa ar iyos, es sakiTxi amowurulad unda migvaCndes.

wigni merve

_keTili; Cven ukve SevTanxmdiT, glavkon, rom sanimuSo wyobilebis mqone saxelmwifoSi colebi saerToni unda iyvenen, iseve rogorc Svilebi, romlebsac aseve erTad unda zrdides saxelmwifo. saerTo iqneba yovelgvari saqmianoba, rogorc omis, ise mSvidobianobis drosac, xolo yvelafris mbrZaneblebi unda iyvnen isini, vinc filosofiaSic da omSiac yvelaze ukeT gamoiCina Tavi.

_ diax, SevTanxmdiT._imaze SevuTanxmdiT erTimeores, rom mmarTvelebi Tanamdebobebze

daniSvnisTanave Cvens mier zemoT aRweril saxlebSi daabinaveben meomrebs, romlebsac araviTari sakuTreba ar unda hqondeT, aramed yvelaferi saerTo iqneba yvelasaTvis. Tu gaxsovs, isic davadgineT, garda sacxovrebeli binebisa, kidev risi mflobelni SeiZleba iyvnen.

_ rogor ar maxsovs: Cven SevTanxmdiT, rom isini ar unda flobdnen arafers iseTs, rasac dRevandeli meomrebi floben, aramed rogorc brZolis velze moaspareze aTletebi da mcvelebi, saTanado sazRaurs unda iRebdnen moqalaqeebisagan mTeli wlis samyofi sursaT-sanovagis saxiT, maT movaleobas ki saxelmwifos dacva Seadgens.

_ marTali xar. magram Tuki es sakiTxi amoiwura, modi, gavixsenoT, raze vlaparakobdiT weRan, roca saTqmels gadavuxvieT, _ raTa kvlavac uwindel gzas mivdioT.

_ advili gasaxsenebelia, _ Tqva glavkonma, _ roca saxelmwifoze msjelobas morCi, Sen daaxlebiT igive Tqvi, rasac axla ambob: me mgonia, Cvens mier ganxiluli saxelmwifoca da misi minamgvani adamianic kargia, TumcaRa SemeZlo ukeTesi saxelmwifoca da misi minamgvani adamianic meCvenebinao. magram rakiRa es saxelmwifo kargia, _ iqve dasZine, _ yvela danarCeni saxelmwifo wyobileba mankieri iqnebao.

_ Tu ar vcdebi, Sen isica Tqvi, rom arsebobs mankieri saxelmwifo wyobilebis oTxi sxvadasxva saxe, romlebic ganxilvis Rirsad migaCnda, raTa TvalnaTliv davrwmunebuliyaviT maT mankierebaSi da igive Tqvi maT Sesatyvis adamianebzec, romlebic aseve ganxilvis Rirsad scani, raTa agveRo yvelaze ukeTesi da yvelaze uaresi adamiani da, amrigad, saSualeba gvqonoda gvemtkicebina rom yvelaze ukeTesi adamiani yvelaze bednieria, yvelaze uaresi ki yvelaze ubeduri, an iqneb piriqiTac yofiliyo saqme. rodesac gkiTxe, saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebis mainc ra oTx saxes gulisxmob-meTqi, polemarqem da adimantem gagvawyvetines sityva da Semdeg Sen ukve maT esaubrebodi, vidre am sakiTxs ar mivadeqiT.

_ yvelaferi zustad gxsomebia, _ mivuge me._ erTi suli maqvs gavigo, saxelmwifo wyobilebis romel oTx saxeze laparakobdi._ sul advilad Segisruleb mag survils, _ vuTxari me, _ radganac yvela es saxe kargadaa

cnobili. umravlesoba kretul-lakedemonur wyobilebas amjobinebs; am mxriv meore adgilzea oligarqia; es wyobileba aTasi ukeTurebiTaa savse. oligarqiisagan dasabams iRebs

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misi sapirispiro demokratia. samivesgan gansxvavebuli saxelganTqmuli tirania _ ai, saxelmwifo wyobilebis meoTxe da ukanaskneli sneuleba. an iqneb Sen sxva saxelmwifo wyobilebasac icnob, romelic SeiZleba calke saxed iqnes Camoyalibebuli? radganac memkvidreobiT miRebul Zalauflebasa Tu fuliT nayid meufebas erTgvari Sualeduri adgili uWiravT zemoxsenebul wyobilebaTa Soris da barbarosebisaTvis ufro nakleb niSneulni rodi arian, vidre berZnebisaTvis.

_ amis Sesaxeb marTlac bevr ucnaur rames yvebian._ maS icode, rom sxvadasxva adamians uciloblad sulieri wyobis imdeni sxvadasxva

saxe aqvs, ramdeni saxis saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebac arsebobs. an iqneb ggonia, rom saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebani RmerTma icis risgan _ muxisa Tu qarafisagan iReben dasabams da ara maTTvis niSneuli zne-Cveulebebisgan, romlebic ganapirobeben yvelafers, radganac upiratesoba maT mxaresaa.

_ ara, _ Tqva man, _ isini mxolod aqedan Tu SeiZleba iRebdnen dasabams._ maSasadame, raki arsebobs saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebis xuTi sxvadasxva saxe, unda

arsebobdes xuTi sxvadasxva sulieri wyoba._ uciloblad._ Cven ukve ganvixileT aristokratiuli wyobilebis Sesatyvisi adamiani da marTebulad

miviCnieT is keTilad da samarTlianad._ diax, ganvixileT._ axla ki gvmarTebs uaresnic, ese igi Zlevis mosurneni da da pativmoyvareni, anu

lakedemonuri wyobilebis Sesatyvisi adamianebic ganvixiloT, xolo Semdeg _ oligarqiul, demokratiul da tiranul wyobilebaTa Sesabamisni, raTa gamovicnoT maT Soris yvelaze usamarTlo yvelaze samarTlians davupirispiroT da amiT davasruloT im sakiTxis ganxilva, Tu ra Tanafardoba arsebobs wminda samarTlianobasa da wminda usamarTlobas Soris am Tvisebebis mtvirTel adamianTa bednierebisa Tu ubedurebis TvalsazrisiT, ris Sedegadac an gaviziarebT Trasimaqes azrs da usamarTlobis gzas davadgebiT, an im daskvnamde mivalT, romelic ukve naTlad ikveTeba da samarTlianobis erTguli msaxurni viqnebiT.

_ rasakvirvelia, ase unda moviqceT._ rakiRa saqme kerZo pirTa ki ara, saxelmwifos zne-CveulebaTa ganxilviT daviwyeT,

radganac es gza CvenTvis ufro cxadia, modi axlac Tavdapirvelad pativmoyvareobaze dafuZnebuli wyobileba (sxva sityva ver mipovia, sulerTia, “timokratias” vuwodebT mas Tu “timarqias”) da misi Sesabamisi adamianic ganvixiloT, mere _ oligarqia da oligarqiuli adamiani, Semdeg demokratias da demokratiul adamiansac movavloT Tvali da bolos, tiranul saxelmwifosac mivadgeT da masTan erTad tiranuli adamianic ganvsazRvroT. amrigad, vecdebiT marTebulad ganvixiloT Cvens winaSe wamoWrili yvela sakiTxi.

_ amnairi gansjac marTebuli iqneboda da ganxilvac._keTili, maS modi vnaxoT, ranairad SeiZleba aristokratiuli mmarTvelobidan dasabams

iRebdes timokratiuli wyobileba. iqneb sul advilad, rakiRa saxelmwifoSi yovelgvar cvlilebas misi is nawili ganapirobebs, SinaaSlilobisas rom inarCunebs Zalauflebas? patarac rom iyos, arafers SeuZlia amis Seryeva.

_ diax asea._ ras SeuZlia Searyios Cveni saxelmwifo, glavkon, an ra SeiZleba iyos sadavo

mfarvelebsa da mmarTvelebs Soris? an iqneb gnebavs, homerosiviT vedrebiT mivmarToT muzebs, raTa gvauwyon, rogor Camovarda pirvelad ganxeTqileba da warmovidginoT, rom tragikosebiviT maRalfardovnad da darbaislurad gvaZleven pasuxs, Tumca sinamdvileSi, maTis mxriv, es iqneba mxolod xumroba, TiTqos masxrad igdebdnen bavSvebs.

_ rogor?_ daaxloebiT ase: “Znelia Searyio amnairi wyobilebis mqone saxelmwifo, magram raki

yvelaferi, rac ibadeba, sasikvdilod ganwirulia, verc es saxelmwifo gaZlebs samaradJamod, aramed daiSleba da ai ratom: nayofiereba da unayofoba ara marto miwaSi fesvgadgmuli mcenareebisTvisaa niSneuli, aramed miwis zedapirze mobinadre sulebisa da sxeulebisTvisac, yovelTvis, roca wrebrunva amTavrebs garkveul cikls: dRemokle arsebobisaTvis es cikli moklea, dRegrZelTaTvis _ piriqiT. ragind brZenic ar unda iyos is xalxi, saxelmwifos hegemonebad rom aRvzardeT, isini mainc ver SesZleben gamocdilebaze damyarebuli gansjis gziT sxvebze ukeT daadginon, rodis sjobia nayofis gamoReba da rodis ara Tqveni modgmisTvis. amis wvdomas rom ver SesZleben, bavSvebic udroo dros Caisaxebian, radganac RvTaebrivi dabadebisTvis arsebobs wrebrunva, romelic moculia srulqmnili ricxviT da arsebobs wrebrunva adamianuri dabadebisTvis, romlis ricxvic aris pirveli, sadac fesvebisa da kvadratul xarisxTa namravli, sam Sualeds da oTx zRvars rom moicavs, (mimsgavsebis, ganmsgavsebis, matebisa Tu klebis sawyisebisas yvelafers proporciulad da urTierTTanazomad warmogviCens.

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amaTgan Tanafardoba 3:4, rogorc am sawyisTa safuZveli, xuTTan Sewyvilebuli da samjer gadidebuli iZleva or harmonias: pirveli gamoxatulia kvadratiT, romlis gverdic aszea gamravlebuli, xolo meore _ marTkuTxediT, romelic agebulia an xuTis im racionaluri diagonalis as kvadratze, romelTaganac TviToeuli Semcirebulia erTiT, an xuTis im iracionaluri diagonalis as kvadratze, romelTaganac TviToeuli Semcirebulia oriT, roca maT vamravlebT samis kuburi xarisxis da asis namravlze.

_es ricxvi mTlianad geometriuli ricxvia, romelsac gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs ukeTesi Tu ara uaresi dabadebisaTvis. Tu Tqvens mcvelebs es ar ecodinebaT, udroo dros SeauRleben sapatarZloebs da saqmroebs, ris Sedegadac aRar daibadebian bunebiT uxvad dajildoebulni da svebednierni. uwindeli mcevlebi maT Soris saukeTesoebs daniSnaven TavianT Semcvlelebad, magram isini mainc uRirsni iqnebian da rogorc ki TavianT mamebis Tanamdebobebs daikaveben, saCvenod veRar moiclian, miuxedavad imisa rom mcvelebi arian. verc musikur xelovnebas daafaseben saTanadod da verc gimnastikurs, ris Sedegadac Cveni Wabukebi naklebad ganaTlebulni iqnebian, ase rom verc hesiodeseul sxvadasxva modgmas ganasxvaveben erTimeoresgan da verc oqros, vercxlis, spilenZisa Tu rkinis Tqveneul modgmas. roca rkina vercxli hgoniaT, spilenZi ki _ oqro, amas Sedegad mosdevs Tanasworobisa da harmoniis rRveva, rac yvelgan, sadac ki Tavs iCens, dasabams aZlevs SuRlsa da mtrobas. unda vaRiaroT, rom ganxeTqileba yvelgan da yovelTvis amnairi bunebisaa.”

_ isic unda iTqvas, rom muzebma mSvenivrad gvipasuxes._ cxadia, _ mivuge me, _ aba ris muzebi arian?_ ki magram, amis Semdeg raRas amboben?_ rakiRa Tavs iCens ganxeTqileba, _ vuTxari me, _ ori sxvadsxva modgma _ rkinisa da

spilenZisa _ mogebas mieltvis da cdilobs miwa, saxlebi da oqro – vercxli SeiZinos, maSin rodesac oqrosa - da vercxlis modgma romlebic Raribebi ki ara, piriqiT, TavianTi bunebiT mdidrebi arian, siqvelisa da Zveli wyobilebisaken miuZRvian suls. urTierTbrZolisa da metoqeobis Sedegad isini erTgvar SeTanxmebas aRweven: kerZo sakuTrebad acxadeben da erTmaneTSi inawileben miwa-wyalsa da saxlebs, xolo imaT, visac aqamde icavdnen rogorc Tavisufal Tanamoqalaqeebsa da marCenlebs, monebad aqceven da ise epyrobian, rogorc mojamagireebsa da msaxurebs, TviTon ki kvlavac meomrebad da mcvelebad rCebian.

_ me mgonia, _ Tqva man, _ am cvlilebas swored es iwvevs._maSasadame, amnairi saxelmwifoebrivi wyobileba raRac saSualoa aristokratiasa da

oligarqias Soris._ ra Tqma unda._ ai, rogor xorcieldeba es cvlileba, magram ra saxiT warmogviCndeba amis Sedegad

damyarebuli wyobileba? rogorc Cans, nawilobriv _ wina wyobilebis mibaZvad, nawilobriv ki _ oligarqiisa, raki mas Sualeduri adgili uWiravs am ors Soris, TumcaRa misTvis niSneuli iqneba garkveuli TavisTavadobac.

_ cxadia._ mmarTvelTa pativiscemiT, meomarTa mier miwaTmoqmedebis, xelosnobisa Tu aReb-

micemobis mimarT gamovlenili zizRiT, saerTo purobiT, gimnastikuri varjiSebiTa Tu samxedro asparezobebiT da sxva misTanaTa mxriv wina wyobilebis msgavsi iqneba ara?

_diax._meores mxriv ki, SiSi imisa, rom mmarTvelebad ganaweson brZenkacni, radganac

ukve aRar iqnebian wrfelni da alalmarTalni, aramed bunebaziarni; keTilganwyoba ficxTa da SedarebiT martivi sulebis mimarT, romlebic ufro omisaTvis arian dabadebulni, vidre mSvidobisaTvis; pativiscema saomari xerxebisa da xrikebis mimarT, radganac es saxelmwifo yovelTvis iaraRasxmuli iqneba, _ ai, misi damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi.

_ WeSmaritad._amnairi saxelmwifos moqalaqeni fuliT gaumaZRarni iqnebian, rogorc oligarqiuli

wyobilebis pirobebSi gondabindulni, velurebiviT Tayvans scemen oqro-vercxls, romlis sacavadac Sinaur saganZurebsa Tu sakuWnaoebs moawyoben, saxlebs ki galavans Semoavleben da iq, rogorc sakuTar bunagSi, TavianT avla-didebas qalebsa Tu maTTvis sasurvel sxva gancxromas Sealeven.

_ marTals brZaneb._ Tumca, amasTanave, xelmomWirnenic iqnebian, radganac fuls aRmerTeben;

cdiloben damalon Tavisi avla-dideba, sxvisas ki xelgaSlilad flangaven; malulad eZlevian gancxromas da ise gaurbian kanons, rogorc bavSvebi _ mkacr mamas, radganac Zaladobam aRzardaT da ara darwmunebam, rakiRa ugulvebelyofs WeSmariti muza, muza dialeqtikisa da filosofiisa, xolo gimnsaturi varjiSebi musikur xelovnebaze maRla daayenes.

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_ Sen laparakob imnair saxelmwifoebriv wyobilebaze, sadac sikeTe da boroteba mTlianad alufxulia erTmaneTSi.

_ marTlac rom alufxulia; mxolod erTi ram gecema TvalSi _ metoqeoba da pativmoyvareoba, radganac aq mbrZaneblobs sificxis Tu siSmagis suli.

_ marTlac._ maSasadame, amnairi saxelmwifoebrivi wyobileba ase da amgvarad warmoiqmneba.

me mxolod zogadad movxaze igi, wvrilmanebi ki gamovtove, vinaidan arc ase gagviWirdeba erTmaneTisgan gamovarCioT yvelaze samarTliani da yvelaze usamarTlo adamiani, yvela wyobilebasa da yvela zne-Cveulebebis dawvrilebiT ganxilva ki Sors wagviyvanda.

_ sworia._ ki magram, ranairi iqneba am wyobilebis Sesatyvisi adamiani? rogor yalibdeba da

rogoria misi xasiaTi?_ me mgonia, _ Tqva adimantem, - glavkons unda hgavdes, sxva ramiT Tu ara,

pativmoyvareobiT mainc._ SeiZleba, _ vTqvi me, _ magram Cemis azriT, ai riTi unda gansxvavdebodes misi

buneba glavkonis bunebisagan. . ._ mainc riTi?_ is ufro Tavdajerebulia da muzebisTvisac ufro ucxo, Tumca ki afasebs maT;

siamovebiT usmens sxvis sityvebsac, magram ritorisa ki ara scxia ra; monebis mimarT sastikia, Tumca zizRiT ki ar uyurebs maT, radganac sakmaod kargadaa aRzrdili. Tavisufal xalxTan urTierTobisas Tavaziania, xelisufalTa winaSe _ morCili; Zalauflebis trfialsa da pativmoyvares miaCnia, rom mbrZanebloba mWevrmetyvelobas an raRac amgadvars ki ar unda efuZnebodes, aramed sagmiro saqmeebs da saerTod, samxedro niWs; ai, ratom uyvars gimnastika da nadiroba.

_swored esaa xasiaTi, romelic yalibdeba amnairi saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebisas._ amnair kacs axalgazrdobaSi SeiZleba kidevac sZuldes fuli, magram rac ufro emateba

wlebi, miT ufro uyvardeba is: Tavs iCens misi bunebrivi midrekileba angarebisadmi, radganac yvelaze ukeTesi mcveli aklia.

_ mainc romel mcvels gulisxmob? _ ikiTxa adimantem_musikur xelovnebasTan Serwymul gonierebas, _ mivuge me, _ mxolod mas SeuZlia

icaves da ifaravdes sulis siqveles, sulisa, sadac samudamod daisadgurebs._ ra kargad laparakob, _ Tqva man._ xolo es pativmoyvare Wabuki saxelmwifosa hgavs._ cxadia._ misi xasiaTi ki daaxloebiT ase yalibdeba: zogjer is jer kidev mozardi Svilia kargi

mamisa, romelic cudi wyobilebis mqone saxelmwifos moqalaqea da amitomac gaurbis pativs, saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebs, sasamarTloebSi wanwals da sxva amnair amaoebas, rasac mokrZalebul yofas amjobinebs, oRond ki Tavidan aicilos davidaraba.

_ mereda es rogor moqmedebs mis Svilze? _ ikiTxa adimantem._ uwinares yovlisa, ymawvils esmis dedis urva da wyevla-krulva: misi qmari ar

ekuTvnis mmarTvelTa fenas, rac mas sxva qalebis TvalSi amcirebs; coli imasac xedavs, rom qmari arafrad agdebs simdidres, medgrad ver igeriebs mtersa da Seuracxmyofels verc samsjavroSi da verc Tavyrilobebze, aramed udrtvinvelad itans yvelafers; qali yoveli fexis nabijze rwmundeba, rom kaci mxolod sakuTar Tavze fiqrobs da gulgrilia colis mimarT, rac mas ase amwarebs da amitomac gamumebiT CasCCinebs Svils, rom mamamisi kacur kacad RmerTs ar uqnia, rom is ugergiloa, ubadruki da sxva misTanani, rasac amnair SemTxvevebSi gahkivian xolme qalebi.

_ marTlac asea, _ Tqva adimantem._ rogorc mogexseneba amnairi kacis msaxurebic daaxlebiT amasve CasCiCineben mis

Svilebs, TiTqos masze SestkivaT gulio; rodesac xedaven, rom ojaxis patroni saqmes ar aRZravs sasamarTloSi Tavisi movalisa Tu Seuracxmyofelis winaaRmdeg, ase STaagoneben TavianT batoniSvils: roca gaizrdebi, mamaSens nuki emgvanebi, aramed samagiero gadauxade yvelas, rogorc SeSvenis kacur kacso. Tumca Wabuks saxls gareTac igive esmis da xedavs: vinc mxolod Tavis saqmes asrulebs, imas ugunurs eZaxian da araviTar angariSs ar uweven, xolo vinc sxvisi saqmis mogvarebas cdilobs, pativiscemas ar akleben da qebiT ixsenieben. yovelive amis Semyure da gamgone Wabuki meores mxriv, imasac ismens, rasac eubneba mSobeli mama da xedavs rasac saqmianobs, xalxis miTqma-moTqmis miuxedavad da masze zegavlenas axdens rogorc erTi, ise meore. mamis zemoqmedebiT masSi viTardeba da mtkiceba sulis gonivruli sawyisi, xalxis zegavleniT ki _ vnebisa da siSmagis suli. da raki, Tavisi bunebiT cudi adamiani ki ar aris, aramed cud

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wreSi aRmoCnda, orive es zegavlena Sualeduri gzisken ubiZgebs mas da Tavis suls is raRac saSualos saTareSod aqcevs _ pativoyvareobisa da mZvinvarebisa, ris Sedegadac qedmaRal da pativmoyvare kacad iqceva.

_ Cemis azriT mSvenivrad aRgviwere ranairad yalibdeba es xasiaTi._ ase rom, Cven gvaqvs rigiT meore saxelmwifoebrivi wyobileba da misi Sesatyvisi

adamiani._ diax._ mereda, ra vqnaT, xom ar movixmoT esqiles gamoTqma: “axla sxva kaci misdgomia

laSqriT sxva qalaqs”, an iqneb, Cvens mier dadgenili Tanmimdevrobis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifoTi dagvewyo?

_ ase ajobebs._ Semdegi saxelmwifo wyobileba, Cemis azriT, oligarqia unda iyos._ ki magram, ranairad myardeba?_es saxelmwifoebrivi wyobileba qonebriv mdgomareobazea damyarebuli. xelisuflebis

saTaveSi mdidrebi dganan, Raribebi ki ar monawileoben qveynis marTvaSi._ gasagebia._ iqneb jer is vTqvaT, rogor gadadis timokratia oligarqiaSi?_ diax._ magram brmisTvisac xom cxadia, ranairad xorcieldeba es gadasvla._ mainc?_ oqros dagroveba kerZo pirebis xelSi, ai ra Rupavs timokratias. isini yvelaze umal

iwyeben imis Zebnas, Tu raze SeiZleba daxarjon TavianTi fuli da am mizniT cvlian kanonebs, romlebsac ukve naklebad uweven angariSs ara marto mdidrebi, aramed maTi colebic.

_ etyoba, _ Tqva man._ egec ar iyos, erTimeores rom uTvalTvaleben, aba vin ra gziT aRwevs warmatebaso

da baZaven kidec erTmaneTs, me mgonia mTel xalxsac imgvaneben._ marTalia._ rac ufro xarbad mieltvian da met fass sdeben simdidres, miT ufro ufasurdeba siqvele

maT TvalSi. simdidrisa da siqvelis Tanafardoba xom iseTia, rom Tu pirvels sasworis erT pinaze dadeb, meoreze k _ meores, wonasworoba yovelTvis miuRweveli darCeba.

_ ra Tqma unda._ rac ufo met pativs miageben saxelmwifoSi simdidresa da mdidrebs, miTY ufro dabla

iwevs siqvelis da qvelTa fasi._ cxadia._ brbo ki yovelTvis imas mieltvis, rac faseuladaa miCneuli da piriqiT, zurgs aqcevs

imas, rac ufasuria._ asea._ amrigad, moqalaqeTa metoqeoba da pativmoyvareoba TandaTan sixarbesa da

momxveWelobaSi gadaizrdeba; isini aqeben da adideben mdidars da mas maRal Tanamdebobebze niSnaven, Raribs ki zizRiTa da aTvalwunebiT uyureben.

_ ra Tqma unda._ oligarqiul saxelmwifoSi kanonad iqceva qonebrivi zRvris daweseba; rac ufro metad

oligarqiulia wyobileba, miT ufro maRalia es zRvari da piriqiT, rac ufro nakleb oligarqiulia, miT ufro dabalia zRvaric. xelisuflebas aravin gaakarebs imas, visi qonebac am zRvarze naklebia. amas isini an iaraRis ZaliT akanoneben an ufro adre, moqalaqeTa daSinebis gziT. ase araa?

_ diax asea._ ai, daaxloebiT rogor myardeba es wyobileba._ diax, Tqva man, magram rogoria misi buneba, an ra naklis gamo vgmobT mas?_ uwinares yovlisa, TviT misi safuZvlis gamo. Tavad gansaje ra moxdeboda xomaldze,

mesaWeebs qonebrivi zRvris mixedviT rom niSnavdnen, Raribs ki ukeTesi mesaWec rom iyos, aravin gaakarebda saWes.

_ vai am xomaldsa da mexomaldeebs._ ki magram gana igive ar moxdeba yvelaferSi, rac marTvas moiTxovs?_ me mgonia igive._ saxelmwifos garda Tu misi CaTvliT?_ saxelmwifos marTvaze Zneli an ufro mniSvnelovani ra unda iyos?_ ai, swored esaa oligarqiis pirveli da yvelaze didi nakli._ rogorc Cans._ Tumca, gana naklebia Semdegi?

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_ mainc romeli?_ is, rom amnairi saxelmwifo aramc da aramc ar iqneba erTi, aramed _ ori: saxelmwifo

mdidrebisa da saxelmwifo Raribebisa, Tumca erTnic da meorenic erTi da imave miwa-wylis mkvidrni iqnebian, magram erTTavad erTmaneTis mtrebi da avismosurneni.

_ vficav zevss, es nakli aranakleb saSinelia._ arc isaa didi sikeTe, rom oligarqebs ar SeuZliaT omSi Caeban, radganac maSin Tavis

xalxi unda SeeiaraRebinaT da misi SiSi ufro hqonodaT, vidre mtrebisa., an uari eTqvaT xalxis aRWurvaze da TviT omSiac ki namdvil oligarqebad darCeniliyvnen. Tumca, isic unda iTqvas, rom siZunwis gamo omisTvis saerTod ar gaiReben fuls.

_ sikeTe ki ara ubedurebaa._ ki magram, aki zemoT ukve dauSveblad miviCnieT is, rom saxelmwifoSi erTi da igive

xalxi asrulebdes yvela saqmes _ miwasac amuSavebdes, vaWrobdes da mtersac ebrZodes; an iqneb Sen iwoneb amas?

_ aramc da aramc._ axla ki imasac daukvirdi, yvelaze didi siave pirvelad swored amnairi saxelmwifoSi

xom ar iCens Tavs?_ ra siaves gulisxmob?_ sakuTari avladidebis Tavisuflad gayidvasa da sxvisi simdidris SeZenis uflebas, xolo

mas Semdeg, rac yvelafers gayidi, imave saxelmwifoSi darCenis nebas ise, rom arcerT fenasa da wodebas ar ekuTvnode, _ arc vaWari iyo, arc xelosani, arc mxedari, arc hopliti, aramed mxolod Ratakad da aras mqonebad iwodebode.

_ es siave marTlac oligarqiaSi iCens Tavs._ es wyobileba arafriT ar uSlis xels imas, rom zogi saocrad mdidari iyos, zogi ki Rarib-

Rataki._ marTlac._ amasac daukvirdi: roca mdidari adamiani Tavis simdidres flangavs, odnavi

sargeblianoba mainc Tu moaqvs amas saxelmwifosTvis im azriT, ra azriTac weRan vlaparakobdiT? Tu am kacs mxolod erT-erT mmarTvelad mohqonda Tavi, sinamdvileSi ki arc mmarTveli yofila da arc mmarTveli yofila da arc msaxuri, aramed mxolod mflangveli.

_ sworia, _ Tqva man _ mxolod moCvenebiTad iyo mmarTveli, sinamdvileSi ki mfalgvelis meti araferi ar yofila.

_ Tu gnebavs imasac vityvi, rom rogorc skaSi gaCenili mamali futkari, sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara skis avadmyofoba, ise amnairi kacic saxelmwifos avadmyofobad unda migvaCndes.

_ ra Tqma unda, sokrate._ isic xom sworia adimante, rom arcerT am muqTaxoras anu mamal futkars, RmerTma

nestari ar misca. danarCenTagan ki mxolod zogs misca basri nestari, zogs ki ara. unestroni, bolos d bolos namdvil maTxovrebad iqcevian, nestrebianebidan ki gamodian isini, visac borotmoqmedebs uwodeben.

_ marTals brZaneb._ amrigad, aSkaraa, rom yvela saxelmwifoSi sadac ki Raribebs xedav, maT gverdiT

SegiZlia avazakebic, qurd-bacacebic, RvTismgmobelebic da aTasi juris borotmoqmedebic ipovo.

_ cxadia, - Tqva man._ mereda, gana oligarqiul saxelmwifoSi RaribebisTvis ar mogikravs Tvali?_ iq TiTqmis yvela Raribia mmarTvelebis garda._ SegviZlia Tu ara vifiqroT, rom iqvea basri nestriT aRWurvili mravali borotmoqmedic,

romelTa moTokvasac ZlivsZlivobiT axerxeben xelisufalni._ ra Tqma unda SegviZlia vifiqroT._ gana borotmoqmedebis saTaved gaunaTlebloba, cudi aRzrda da ukeTuri

saxelmwifoebrivi wyobileba ar unda migvaCndes?_ cxadia._ ai, rogoria oligarqiuli saxelmwifo da ramdeni borotebaa masSi, Tumca, SesaZloa

gacilebiT metic._ SesaZloa._ modi amiT davasruloT im wyobilebis ganxilva, oligarqiuls rom uwodeben, sadac

Zalaufleba qonebriv zRvarzea dafuZnebuli. Semdeg ki misi Sesabamisi adamianic ganvixiloT, ranairad yalibdeba an ra TaviseburebebiTaa Semkuli.

_ rasakvirvelia, unda ganvixiloT._ misi gadasvla timokratiuli yaididan oligarqiulze Semdegnairad xdeba._ rogor?

36

_ timokratiuli kacis Svili Tavdapirvelad mamamiss baZavs, Semdeg ki, roca darwmundeba, rom mamamiss yvelaferSi xeli moecara mas Semdeg, rac moulodnelad Seejaxa saxelmwifos, rogorc wyalqveSa Woroms da qars gaatana mTeli Tavisi avla-dideba, arc strategoba daufasda da arc sxva maRal Tanamdebobebze moRvaweoba, aramed sikofantebis ciliswamebiT sasamarTlos winaSe warsdga, sadac sikvdili an gandevna, samoqalaqo uflebebis ayra Tu qonebis CamorTmeva miesaja. . .

_ Cveulebrivi ambavia._ mTeli am tanjvis Semyure, TviTonac rom inawilebs, Cemo megobaro da sastikad

daSinebuli, vaiTu Tavi wavagoo, me mgonia sakuTar sulSi aRmarTuli taxtidan TviTonve daamxobs pativmoyvareobas da sificxis sawyiss; siRaribiT daTrgunvili da damcirebuli momxveWelobas mihyofs xels da qancgamwyveti Sromis, siZunwisa da xelmomWirneobis wyalobiT TandaTan moaquCebs simdidres. rogor ggonia, gana es kaci imave taxtze ar aiyvans sixarbes da vercxlismoyvareobas, rogorc tiariTa da yelsabamiT Semkulsa da iataganiT aRWurvil did mefes.

_ ra Tqma unda._ rac Seexeba gonierebas da simamaces, is maT pirdapir miwaze dasxams am mefis

ferxTiT, rogorc mis monebs. pirvels aiZulebs mxolod imaze ifiqros, mxolod is ikvlios da iangariSos, Tu ra gziT SeiZleba misi simdidris gazrda, xolo meores ubrZanebs ar gaaCndes aRtacebisa da Tayvaniscemis sxva sagani simdidrisa da mdidrebis garda, misi pativmoyvareoba ki mxolod momxveWelobisa da imisken iyos mimarTuli, rac simdidris moxveWaSi Seuwyobs xels.

_ ar arsebobs sxva gza, romliTac Wabukis pativmoyvareoba ase mkveTrad da swrafad gadadiodes angarebaSi.

_ gana es ar aris oligarqiuli adamiani?_ yovel SemTxvevaSi, esaa nimuSi imisa, Tu rogor icvleba im wyobilebis Sesabamisi

adamiani, saidanac dasabams iRebs oligarqia._ maS modi vnaxoT, ranairad hgavs erTi meores. _ vnaxoT._ uwinares yovlisa, aq msgavseba isaa, rom mas suli eleva fulze._ marTlac._ Tanac xelmomWirnea da gamrje, mxolod yvelaze aucilebel moTxovnilebebs

ikmayofilebs, Tavs aridebs zedmet xarjebs da mtkiced iurvebs yvela sxva survils, romlebsac fuWad miiCnevs.

_ ra Tqma unda._ mtverSi amoganglili daiareba, yvelaferSi gamorCenas eZebs da mxolod danazogebze

ocnebobs. amnairebs aqebs d adidebs brbo. gana Tavisi TvisebebiT im saxelmwifo wyobilebas ara hgavs, romelzedac Cven vlaparakobdiT?

_ me Tu mkiTxav, hgavs. yovel SemTxvevaSi amnairi saxelmwifosi ar iyos, isic aRmerTebs fuls.

_ Cemis azriT, amnair kacs naklebad unda ezruna swavla ganaTlebaze._ namdvilad, _ Tqva man, _ Torem brmas rodi wauyenebda qoros saTaveSi da arc

Tayvansa scemda mas._ keTili. erTsac daukvirdi: vaRiarebT Tu ara, rom gaunaTleblobis gamo mamali futkris

Tvisebebi uviTardeba: nawilobrv maTxovruli, nawilobriv _ damnaSaveobrivi, Tumca sifrTxilis gamo yovelnairad cdilobs gasaqani ar misces maT.

_ ra Tqma unda._ Tu ici, ras unda daukvirde, rom misi damnaSaveobrivi buneba Seicno?_ ras?_ imas, Tu ranairad meurveobs oblebs, an rogor arRvevs samarTlianobas ama Tu im

movaleobis aRsrulebisas._ marTali xar._ gana es naTlad ar gviCvenebs, rom es kaci bevr saqmeSi sadac moCvenebiTi

samarTlianobis wyalobiT xalxis pativiscemas imsaxurebs, ZaliT iurvebs sxva ukeTur midrekilebebs, Tumca darwmunebuli ki ar aris, rom ase sjobs, aramed SiSi aiZulebs ase moiqces, radganac Tavs dahkankalebs Tavis avla-didebas.

_ ra Tqma unda._ vficav zevss, Cemo megobaro, bevr maTganSi aRmoaCen mamali futkris niSan-

Tvisebebs, roca saqme exeba xelgaSlilobas sxvis xarjze._ maTSi marTlac rom Zalumad vlindeba es niSan-Tvisebebi.

37

_ maSasadame, es kaci orad gaTiSulia Sinagani winaaRmdegobebiT da misi erTianoba darRveulia: erTi gulisTqma mZlavrobs meoreze, Tumca umeteswilad ukeTesi sZlevs uaress.

_ asea._ me mgonia, is mainc sxvebze Rirseuli unda iyos, Tumca QWeSmariti siqvele _ sulieri

harmonia da aumRvrevloba sakmaod Sorsaa misgan._ diax, mec ase mgonia._momWirneoba saSualebas ar miscems monawileoba miiRos moqalaqeTa SejibrSi,

sadac isini gamarjvebisa Tu keTilSobiluri pativmoyvareobis dakmayofilebisaTvis asparezoben. arc amnairi asparezobisTvis daxarjavs fuls da arc saxelis moxveWisaTvis, imisi SiSiT, vaiTu mflangvelobas miveCvio da xelgaSliloba pativmoyvaruli miswrafebis mwed da meoxed meqceso. rogorc WeSmarit oligarqs SeSvenis, omiTac mxolod umciresi saxsrebis gaRebiT omobs da amitom umeteswilad marcxs ganicdis.

_ marTlac._ nuTu SeiZleba kvlavac eWvi Segveparos imaSi, rom es xelmomWirne da saqmiani

kaci oligarqiul saxelwifos hgavs._ aramc da aramc._ amis Semdeg, rogorc Cans, unda ganvixiloT demokratia; vnaxoT rogor ibadeba an

rogoria misi buneba, raTa SevicnoT misi Sesatyvisi adamianic da Cveni daskvna gamovitanoT masze.

_ ase mivyvebiT Cvens mier moniSnul gzas._ keTili, - vTqvi me, _ oligarqia daaxloebiT ase gadadis demokratiaSi: amis mizezia

dauokebeli ltolva egreTwodebuli sikeTisaken, romelsac, rac SeiZleba meti simdidris moxveWasTan aigiveben.

_ eg rogor unda gavigoT?_ oligarqiuli saxelmwifos mmarTvelebi, TavianTi simdidris wyalobiT rom igdeben xelSi

Zalauflebas, cxadia, ar moindomeben kanoniT aRkveTon axalgazrdobis TavaSvebuloba da aukrZalon maT TavianTi qonebis gaflangva da ganiaveba; piriqiT, TviTonve SeiZenen maT qonebas, an vaxSiT gascemen sesxs, raTa ufro mdidarni da gavlenianni gaxdnen.

_ maTTvis esaa mTavari._ gana aSkara ar aris, rom SeuZlebelia amnairi saxelmwifos moqalaqeni simdidresac

aRmerTebdnen da keTilgoniernic iyvnen? aq an erTi unda umsxverplon meores, anda meore – pirvels.

_ aSkaraa, _ Tqva man._ oligarqiul saxelmwifoebSi yuradRebas ar aqceven TavaSvebulobas; piriqiT, xelsac ki

uwyoben mas, ase rom, keTilSobil adamianebs zogjer Tavis gatanac ki uWirT._ ra Tqma unda._amnair saxelmwifoSi, me mgonia, uqmad sxedan basri nestriTY da iaraRiT aRWurvilni,

valebSi Cayrilni Tu samoqalaqo uflebaayrilni da isinic, visac erTad dastexia Tavs orive es ubedureba. am xalxs sZuls ara marto isini, vis xelSiac gadavida maTi avla-dideba, aramed sxvebic da amitom gadatrialebas amzadebs.

_ asea._ saqmosnebs ki TavianTi saqmis garda ara axsovT ra da verc amCneven am xalxs.

TavianTi mevaxSeobiT maxes ugeben windauxedav moqalaqeebs da vaxSis saxiT gacemul sesxze gacilebiT mets rom iReben, mamali futkrebis msgavs muqTaxorebsa da maTxovrebs amravleben saxelmwifoSi.

_ da mere rogor amravleben._ xolo roca saxelmwifoSi amnairi boroteba ifeTqebs, isini sulac ar fiqroben mis

Caqrobas, arc imiT, rac weRan aRvniSneT, ese igi moqalaqeebisaTvis TavinTi avla-didebis gaflangva – ganiavebis akrZalviT da arc meore kanoniT, romelsac SeeZlo aRekveTa es boroteba.

_ mainc romel kanons gulisxmob?_romelic mohyveboda zemoT aRniSnuls da aiZulebda moqalaqeebs siqvelisaTvis

ezrunaT, radganac Tu daadgendnen, rom yovelgvari nebayoflobiTi garigeba moqalaqeTa piradi pasuxismgeblobis safuZvelze unda momxdariyo, gamorCenisaken swrafva aRarc aseTi urcxvi iqneboda da saxelmwifoSic gacilebiT ufro iklebda im borotebaTa ricxvi, romlebzedac weRan vlaparakobdiT.

_ diax, maTi ricxvi gacilebiT ufro naklebi iqneboda._ dResdReobiT ki mmarTvelebs TvianTi qveSevrdomebi aseTi qceviT swored am dReSi

hyavT Cayenebuli. rac Seexeba sakuTriv mmarTvelebs da maT naSierT, es ukanasknelni,

38

saocrad ganebivrebulni arian, suliTac da xorciTac umweoni da uniaToni, arc Wiris gaZlebis Tavi aqvT da arc lxinis atanisa.

_ marTlac._ TviT mmarTvelebs ki gamorCenis garda sxva safiqrali ara aqvT da siqveleze sulac ar

zrunaven ufro metad, vidre upovarni._ asea._ ai, rogoria mmarTvelTa da qveSevrdomTa mdgomareoba, Tumca isini erTad arian

mogzaurobaSic da bevr sxva SemTxvevaSic; sadResaswaulo sanaxaobebze, laSqrobaSi, naosnobas da brZolis qarcecxlSi, erTad inawileben gansacdelsc da arsodes, arcerT am viTarebaSi zizRis Rirsni ar Canan mdidrebis TvalSi. piriqiT, roca gamxdari, gaZvaltyavebuli da mziT garujuli Raribi mterTan Sebmisas CrdilSi nebierad gazrdili da qonmoruli mdidris gverdiT ibrZvis da xedavs, ra mZimed qoSinebs misi nirwamxdari TanamebrZoli, rogor ggonia, gaivlebs Tu ara gulSi, rom mdidrebi mxolod Raribebis sulmokleobis wyalobiT arian mdidrebi, xolo Tavisnair RaribTan Sexvedrisas Cumad etyvian Tu ara erTmaneTs: am vaJbatonebs Cveni wyalobiT udgiaT suli, Torem ise mSvenivrad viciT, risi maqnisebic ariano.

_ darwmunebuli var, _ Tqva man, _ rom swored ase fiqroben da laparakoben._ rogorc uZluri sxeulisTvis sakmarisia sul mcire garegani biZgi, rom avad gaxdes,

Tumca zogjer amas gareSe mizezic ara sWirdeba, _ am dReSi myofi saxelmwifoc umniSvnelo sababis gamo avaddeba da gamudmebiT eomeba sakuTar Tavs, maSin rodesac zogierTi misi moqalaqe oligarqiul saxelwmifos mouxmobs mxsenlad, zogi ki _ demokratiuls, Tumca, zogjer SinaaSliloba garegani Carevis gareSec iCens Tavs.

_ diax._demokratiuli wyobileba, Cemis azriT maSin myardeba, roca Raribebi gamarjvebas

aRweven da TavianTi mtrebidan zogs spoben, zogsac aZeveben, danarCenebTan erTad ki Tanabrad inawileben samoqalaqo uflebebsac da saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebsac, rasac umteswilad kenWisyra wyvets.

_ diax, demokratia swored ase myardeba, sulerTia, iaraRis ZaliT imarjvebs Tu imis wyalobiT, rom misi daSinebuli mowinaaRmdegebi TandaTanobiT ukan ixeven.

_ ki magram, _ ganvagrZe me, _ ra dReSi arian misi moqalaqeebi an ras warmoadgens TviT es wyobileba? xom cxadia, rom moqalaqe, romelic mas hgavs, Cven gvevlineba demokratiuli adamianis saxiT.

_ diax, cxadia._uwinares yovlisa, demokratiuli saxelmwifos moqalaqe Tavisufali adamiania, radganac

iq Tavisufleba da gulaxdiloba sufevs, ase rom, visac ra surs, imas akeTebs._ yovel SemTxvevaSi ase amboben._ xolo sadac es nebadarTulia, yvela ise warmarTavs Tavis cxovrebas, rogorc

moeprianeba._ marTalia._ Cemis azriT, amnair saxelmwifoSi adamianebi Zalian unda gansxvavdebodnen

erTmaneTisgan._ ra Tqma unda._erTi SexedviT, es TiTqos yvelaze umjobesi saxelmwifoebrivi wyobileba unda iyos.

rogorc Wreli ferebiT moCiTuli qsovili, ise nairnairi xasiaTebiT Semkuli saxelmwifo SeiZleba yvelaze mSvenieri gegonoT. qalebisa da bavSvebisa ar iyos, WrelaWrulebs rom Sehxarian, bevrma SeiZleba ifiqros, rom mas badali ar moeZebneba.

_ diax._ aq advilia Cemo mgobaro ecado, rogorc ginda ise moawyo saxelmwifos cxovreba._ rogor?_ rogor da ise, rom Tavisuflebis wyalobiT, rac demokratiaSi sufevs, aq aRmoaCen yvela

SesaZlo wyobas. Tu vinmes CvensaviT, demokratiuli saxelmwifos daarseba surs, keTili inebos da demokratiul saxelmwifos miaSuros, sadac rogorc bazarSi, yovelgvari mmarTvelobiT vaWroben da amoarCios is, romelic moswons. arCevanis Semdeg ki Tavisi saxelmwifo daarsos.

_ iq albaT gaWirdeba nimuSebis moZebna._ demokratiul saxelmwifoSi sulac ar aris aucilebeli monawileobas iRebde

marTvelobaSi, amis unaric rom gqondes da arc imis aucileblobaa, rom sxvebs morCilebde, Tuki Sen TviTon ar gsurs; an omobde, roca sxvebi omoben, an mSvidobas icavde, roca sxvebi icaven, Tuki ar gsurs icavde mas; xolo Tu kanoni gikrZalavs mmarTvelobaSi monawileobas an xalxis gansja_gankiTxvas, erTic SegiZlia da meorec, Tuki mogeprianeba. gana, erTi SexedviT saamurad da RvTaebrivad ar geCveneba amnairi yofa?

39

_ erTi SexedviT SeiZleba marTlac mogeCvnos._ an is lmobiereba rad Rirs, rasac iq iCenen zogierTi sikvdilmisjilis mimarT? nuTu ar

SegimCnevia rom demokratiul saxelmwifoSi isini, romelTac sikvdili an gandevna miesaja, kvlavac samSobloSi rCebian da sazogadoebaSi trialeben: TiTqos aravis araferi esaqmebodes da verc veravin amCnevdes maT, ise Tavisuflad daseirnoben, rogorc namdvili gmirebi.

_ rogor ar SemimCnevia._es lmobiereba demokratiuli saxelmwifos ubadruki wvrilmani rodia; piriqiT, aq Tavs

iCens zizRi yovelive imis mimarT, rac arsebiTad migvaCnia Cveni saxelmwifos daarsebisas. Tu adamians, _ vambobT Cven, _ buneba ar Seewia, is verasdros ver gaxdeba keTilSobili, anda Tu bavSvobaSi _ TamaSisas Tu mecadineobisas _ saerTod ar Sexebia mSvenierebas. arada, demokratiuli wyobileba, qedmaRlurad rom Telavs fexiT yovelive amas, erTxelac ar dafiqrebula saidan mosul kacs andoben saxelmwifos marTvas; sakmarisia kaci brbos elaqucebodes da pativi ar moakldeba.

_ marTlac rom kTilSobiluri lmobierebaa._ai, ra TvisebebiTa da TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba demokratia. rogorc xedav marTlac

sanatreli wyobilebaa, mravalferovani da anarqiuli, erTmaneTs Taviseburad rom uTanabrebs yvelas _ TanasworTac da araTanasworTac.

_ axals arafers ambob._axla ki daukvirdi, _ ganvagrZe me, _ ras warmoadgens am saxelmwifos minamgvari

adamiani an rogorc ufro umal saxelmwifo wyobilebis Camoyalibeba ganvixileT, aqac xom ar gvenaxa, ranairad yalibdeba igi?

_ diax, unda vnaxoT._ase xom ara? me mgonia, oligarqiuli wyobilebis xelmomWirne moqalaqis vaJs ise

aRzrdian, rom zniTac da midrekilebebiTac mamas hgavdes._ rasakvirvelia._ mamamisisa ar iyos, isic ecdeba nebisyofis daZabviT daTrgunos yvela is gulisTqma

Tu survili, rac momWirneobas ki ar aviTarebs, piriqiT, mflangvelobamde mihyavs adamiani. amnair survils SeiZleba zedmeti survili ewodos.

_ gasagebia._ xom ar gnebavs bundovanebis Tavidan asacileblad jer is gavarkvioT, romel survils

SeiZleba ewodos zedmeti da romels aucilebeli anu arazedmeti?_ cxadia, mnebavs._ im survils, romelsac Tavs ver davaRwevT, marTebulad SegviZlia aucilebeli vuwodoT,

iseve, rogorc imas, romlis dakmayofilebac sasargebloa CvenTvis. rogorc erTis, ise meorisadmi morCileba aucilebelia TviT Cveni bunebis ZaliT. asea, ara?

_ diax._ maSasadame, Cven ufleba gvaqvs aucilebl survilebad vsaxavdeT maT._ ra Tqma unda._xolo rac Seexeba im survilebs, romlebsac SeiZleba Tavi davaRwioT, miT umetes, Tu

adreuli asakidanve vecdebiT amas da romlebsac sasikeTo ara moaqvT ra, zogierTi ki sulac sazianoa, - gana Sesaferis saxels ar davarqmevT, Tu zedmet survilebs _ vuwodebT maT?

_ yovlad Sesaferiss._ axla ki ganvixiloT rogorc erTis, ise meoris nimuSi, raTa zogadi warmodgena

SeviqmnaT maTze._ aucileblad unda ganvixiloT._ Wamis survili, rasac moiTxovs janmrTeloba da kargad yofna, purisa da ubralo

sakazm-saneleblebis survili, gana aucilebel survilad ar unda migvaCndes?_ me mgonia unda migvaCndes._ puris survili ormxrivaa aucilebeli: jer erTi, is sasargebloa da, meorec, misi

dakmayofilebis garSe ver icocxleb._ diax._sakazm-saneleblebi ki aucilebelia imdenad, ramdenadac janmrTelobas gvinarCunebs._ ra Tqma unda._ magram im survilze raRas ityvi, aucileblobaze mets, ese igi, nugbar kerZebs rom

mieltvis? Tu am survils bavSvobidanve daviurvebT saTanado aRzrdis meoxebiT, umravlesobam SeiZleba Tavi daixsnas misgan: is xom Tanabrad mavnea sxeulisaTvisac da sulisTvisac, radganac arc gonebas aviTarebs da arc TavdaWerilobas. amitomac marTebuli iqneboda zedmeti survili gvewodebina misTvis.

_ umarTebulesic.

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_xom ar vuwodoT am survils mflangveluri, pirvels ki, momgebiani, ramdenadac xels uwyobs Cvens qmediTobas?

_ uTuod._ amasve vityviT sasiyvarulo da mis msgavs sxva survilebzedac?_ ra Tqma unda._vinc weRan mamal futkrebs SevadareT, mTlianad am zedmeti survilebiTa Tu

vnebebiTaa savse, TavianT nebaze rom aTamaSeben mas, maSin rodesac xelmomWirne da oligarqiuli kaci aucilebel survilebs emorCileba.

_ diax._magram kvlav mivubrundeT imas, Tu rogor iqceva oligarqiuli adamiani demokratiul

adamianad. Cemis azriT es, upiratesad ase xdeba._ rogor?_roca Wabuki, rogorc zemoT vambobdiT, umecrebisa da momWirneobis garemoSi

izrdeba da uceb mamali futkris Tafls igemebs, ris Sedegadac am saSiSi da mZvinvare mwerebis gundSi amoyofs Tavs, romlebsac SeuZliaT aTasnairi siamovneba mianiWon, merwmune, swored maSin iwyeba oligarqiuli adamianis qceva demokratiul adamianad.

_ aucileblad, _ Tqva man._rogorc saxelmwifoSi xdeba cvlileba, roca misi moqalaqeebis nawili, SexedulebaTa

msgavsebis wyalobiT, daxmarebas iRebs garedan, ase icvleba Wabukic, roca misi survilebis erT nawils garedan eSvelebian maTi monaTesave da msgavsi survilebi.

_ zustad asea._ da me mgonia, roca amis sapirispirod raRaca exmareba mis oligarqiul sawyiss,

mamis an ojaxis sxva wevrebis Segoneba iqneba es Tu yvedreba, ymawvili kacis sulSi ibadeba aRSfoTeba da winaaRmdegoba rogorc axloblebis, ise Tavis mimarTac.

_ ra Tqma unda._ Cemi azriT, zogjer demokratiuli sawyisi ukan ixevs oligarqiulis winaSe, zogierTi survili

qarwyldeba an ganidevneba, ris Sedegac Wabukis sulSi uwindeburad iRviZebs sircxvilis grZnoba da kvlav wesrigi myardeba.

_ zogjer asedac xdeba._ magram Semdeg gaZevebul survilTa monaTesave survilebi, mamis, rogorc

aRmzrdelis, ugergilobisa da uniaTobis wyalobiT, kvlavindeburad Rvivdebian, mravldebian da Zlierdebian.

_ Cveulebrivi ambavia,_Tqva man._ isini kvlav Zveli amfsonebisken ezidebian ymawvil kacs da am faruli urTierTobisagan

bevri axali survili ibadeba._ ra Tqma unda._ me mgonia es survilebi, bolos da bolos, kidevac euflebian Wabukis sulis akropoliss,

rodesac dainaxaven, rom es carielia, rom masSi arc codnaa, arc keTilSobiluri Cvevebi da arc sityvebis siwrfele _ RmerTebis sayvareli adamianebis es ukeTesi darajebi da mcvelebi.

_ marTlac rom ukeTesni._ maT adgilas mis sulSi, me mgonia, mcdari warmodgenebi da kvaxe sityvebi iwyeben

TareSs._ amrigad, is kvlav ubrundeba lotofagosebs da ukve aSkarad idebs binas maT Soris. Tu

axloblebi laSqars dasZraven misi sulis momWirne sawyisis misaSveleblad, mkvexara sityvebi samefo galavnis bWes Caketaven da aramcTu maSvel laSqars, TviT elCebsac, ese igi, ufrosi da ufro Wkviani xalxis gonivrul rCeva-darigebebsac ar SeuSveben akropolisSi. samarcxvinod gandevnian sibriyved Seracxil umankoebas; keTilSobilebas simxdales uwodeben da Tavlafsdasxmuls gaaZeveben; zomierebasa da wesrigs mflangvelobad dasaxaven da mdabiur umecrebad da simdabled miCneulT, fuW gulisTqmaTa uricxv simravleze dayrdnobiT, ukan moatovebineben TavianTi samflobelos sazRvrebs.

_ uciloblad._mas Semdeg, rac Wabukis suls daacarieleben da gawmenden, Wabukisa, romelsac

Tavis nebaze aTamaSeben da TiTqos did misteriebs aziareben, isini didi zar-zeimiTa da mravalricxovani qoros TanxlebiT SeabrZaneben masSi Tavxedobas, TavaSvebulobasa da utifrobas, rolebsac momxiblavi saxelebiT amkoben: Tavxedobas isini Tavazianobas uwodeben, TavaSvebulobas _ Tavisuflebas da utifrobas _ didebulebas. gana swored ase ar gadadis aucilebeli survilebiT nasazrdoebi suli fuWi da zedmeti survilebis samyaroSi, sadac srul gasaqans aniWebs maT?

_ cxadze cxadia._ Semdeg rogorRa warimarTeba misi cxovreba? me mgonia, zedmet survilebs is

aranakleb fuls, garjas da dros Sealevs, vidre _ aucilebelT. magram Tu misda sabednierod 41

bakquri siSlege arc ise Zalumad boboqrobs masSi, rac ufro emateba wlebi da rac ufro ukan itovebs vnebaTa Relvas, nawilobriv kvlav ubrundeba Tavis gaZevebul survilebs da mTeli arsebiT rodiRa eZleva masSi ufro gvian SemoWrilT, ase rom mis cxovrebaSi survilTa erTgvari wonasworoba myardeba: is yovelvis daemorCileba im survils, romelic TiTqos wilisyriT ergo, vidre mTlianad ar daukmayofilbs mas, Semdeg ki _ meore survils da arcerTs ar Seaqcevs zurgs, aramed yvela Tanabari iqneba misTvis.

_ ra Tqma unda._ da mainc, is ukuagdebs da Tavis cixe simagreSi ar SeuSvebs gonivrul gansjas imisas,

vinc etyvis, rom zogierTi simovneba kargi da keTili survilisagan iRebs dasabams, zogierTi ki cudisagan. da rom zog survils unda vaviTarebdeT da pativs vscemdeT, zogs ki viurvebdeT da vikveTdeT. pasuxis nacvlad is mxolod uaris niSnad gaiqnevs Tavs da ityvis, rom yvela survili erTi da imave bunebisaa da Tanabrad pativiscemis Rirsi.

_ amnairi xalxi yovelTvis ase iqceva._ es kaci imiT suldgmulobs, rom cdilobs daikmayofilos gulSi aRZruli yvela survili: xan

fleitebis momnusxveli xmis TanxlebiT loTobs, xan ki wylis mets aras miirTmevs da uWmelobiT ifitavs sxeuls; xan qancgawyvetamde varjiSobs, xan ki iseTi sizarmace mieZaleba, rom arafris Tavi aRara aqvs; zogjer filosofiaSi danTqmuli gegonebaT; xSirad saxelmwifo moRvawes baZavs: anazdeulad axteba ficarnagze da rac TavSi mouva, imas gahyviris, xolo rasac gahyviris, kidec asrulebs; erT dros rom meomrebs Sehnatris da maTken mieSureba, meore dRes vaWrebisken miuwevs guli. erTi sityviT, misi cxovrebisaTvis ucxoa wesrigic da aucilebelobac, magram am cxovrebas saamurs, saRs, netars uwodebs da niadag misi erTguli rCeba.

_ mSvenivrad dagvixate im kacis cxovreba, visTvisac yvelaferi sulerTia._ Cemi azriT, es kaci Tavis TavSi aerTianebs aTasnair bunebasa Tu xasiaTs da iseTive

mravalsaxovania da Wreli, rogorc misi saxelmwifoebrivi wyobileba. vin mosTvlis, ramden qalsa da kacs SeSurdeboda amnairi cxovreba, sadac erTmaneTs erwymis mmarTvelobisa da zne-Cveulebebis uricxvi sxvadasxva nimuSi.

_ asea, _ Tqva man._ ra vqnaT, demokratiul wyobilebas xom ar SevupirispiroT es kaci? radganac sruli

ufleba gvaqvs demokratiul adamianad migvaCndes igi._ ase moviqceT._ magram yvelaze saucxoo saxelmwifoebrivi wyobileba, iseve rogorc yvelaze saucxoo

adamiani jer kidev gansaxilveli dagvrCa: esaa tirania da tirani._ marTlac._ maS, modi, vnaxoT Cemo Zvirfaso megobaro, ranairad ibadeba tirania. Tumca

demokratiisgan rom iRebs dasabams, es mgoni cxadi unda iyos._ diax, cxadia._rogorc oligarqiisagan warmoiSva demokratia, gana aseve ar ibadeba demokratiisagan

tirania?_ rogor?_ saboloo miznad dasaxuli sikeTe, ramac dasabami misca oligarqias, simdidre iyo ara?_ diax._ daRupviT ki ram daRupa, Tu ara dauokebelma swrafvam simdidrisaken da

gulgrilobam _ yvelafris mimarT, sarfisa da sargeblis garda?_ mxolod magan._hoda, rasac sikeTed saxavs demokratia da rasac daucxromlad mieltvis, swored is

daRupavs mas._ ki, magram, ras saxavs sikeTed?_Tavisuflebas. demokratiul saxelmwifoSi sul imas gaiZaxian, ra mSvenieria Tavisufleba

da amtkiceben, rom mxolod amnair saxelmwifoSi unda cxovrobdes Tavisuflad Sobili kaci._ marTlac da xSirad gaigoneb amnair sityvebs._ hoda, rogorc weRan mogaxsenebdi, amnairi daucxromeli ltolva mxolod erTisken da

yovelive danarCenis ugulvebelyofa amaxinjebs am wyobilebas da tiraniis moTxovnilebas badebs.

_ rogor?_ roca Tavisuflebas mowyurebuli amnairi demokratiuli saxelmwifos saTaveSi uxeiro

moqeifeni dganan, es saxelmwifo zomaze metad Tvreba Tavisuflebis wminda da gauzavebeli RviniT, xolo mmarTvelebs, Tu isini sakmaod Tvinierni ar arian da srul Tavisuflebas ar aniWeben yvelas, brals sdebs da mkacrad sjis kidec, rogorc ukeTur oligarqebs.

_ diax, asedac xdeba.42

_ xelisufalTa morCil moqalaqeebs iq abuCad igdeben da nebayoflobiT monebs uwodeben, samagierod qveSevrdomebs, romlebic mmarTvelebs hgvanan da mmarTvelebs, qveSevrdomebs rom mogvagoneben, qeba didebiT ixsenieben da pativs scemen rogorc kerZo, ise sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSiac. gana amnair saxelmwifoSi yvelaze Tanabrad ar vrceldeba Tavisuflebis suli?

_ ra Tqma unda._ is, Cemo megobaro, ojaxebSiac aRwevs, ase rom, anarqia, bolos da bolos, TviT

cxovrebasac moicavs._ eg rogor unda gavigoT?_ rogor da ise, rom mama, magaliTad, eCveva ise epyrobodes Svils, rogorc Tanaswors

da eSinia kidec Svilebisa, Svili ki mamas utolebs Tavs da aRarc misi pativiscema aqvs, aRarc SiSi da krZalva, radganac Tavisufleba swyuria. axalmosaxle ZirZvel moqalaqes utoldeba, es ukanaskneli ki _ axalmosaxles da igive iTqmis ucxoelebis mimarTac.

_ asea._amas zed erTvis bevri sxva wvrilmanic: amnair viTarebaSi maswavlebels

moswavleebisa eSinia da amitomac epirfereba maT, moswavleebi ki arafrad agdeben maswavleblebs da aRmzrdelebs. axalgazrdebi ufrosebs baZaven da sityviT Tu saqmiT ejibrebian maT, ufrosebi, ki, TavianTi mxriv, cdiloben miesadagon axalgazrdebs da erTTavad oxunjoben da lazRandaroben, raTa autanel despotebad ar Candnen xalxis TvalSi.

_ yvelaferi marTlac asea._magram ukiduresi Tavisufleba, rac niSneulia amnairi saxelmwifosaTvis isaa Cemo

megobrebo, rom nayidi monebi Tu mona qalebi sulac ar arian nakleb Tavisufalni, vidre maTi myidvelni. kinaRam damaviwyda meTqva, sanamdis midis Tavisufleba qalebisa kacebis mimarT da piriqiT.

_ ratom ar unda iTqvas is, rac esqiles mixedviT, “es-esaa mogvadga pirze”?_ mec swored magas vapireb. axla imas aRar ikiTxav, ramdenad ufro Tavisuflad

grZnoben aq Tavs Sinauri cxovelebi, vidre sxvagan? arc ki daijereb, vidre Seni TvaliT ar naxav. andazisa ar iyos, “raRa ZaRlebi da raRa qalbatonebio”. cxenebi da virebi ise laRad da Tavisuflad daTareSoben, rom vai imas, vinc gzas ar dauTmobs maT. erTis sityviT, Tavisufleba kalapotSi veRar eteva.

_ TiTqos sakuTar sizmars miyvebi. rogorc ki sofelSi Caval, sul am dReSi ara var?_ axla, Tu yovelive amas SevajamebT, rogorc TviTonve xvdebi, mTavari is iqneba, rom

moqalaqeTa suli metismetad mgrZnobiare xdeba TviT wvrilmanebis mimarT. yovelgvari Zaldataneba iseT aRSfoTebas iwvevs maTSi, TiTqos es sruliad dauSvebeli ram iyos. bolos da bolos xom gesmis, iqamdis miva saqme, rom araviTar angariSs aRar gauweven kanonebs, arc dawerils da arc dauwerels, raTa veRaravin mbrZaneblobdes maTze.

_ yvelaferi mSvenivrad mesmis._ hoda, me Tu mkiTxav, Cemo megobaro, swored amnairi mmarTvelobidan,

Wabukurad Tavgasuli da momxiblavi mmarTvelobidan iRebs dasabams tirania._ marTlac rom Tavgasulia. magram Semdeg ra xdeba?_ igive sneuleba, ramac Tavi iCina oligarqiul saxelmwifoSi da daaqcia is, TviTnebobis

gamo kidev ufro mZafrad viTardeba aq da mTlianad imonebs demokratias. marTlac, yovelive metismeti mZafr ukuqmedebas iwvevs nebismieri sagnisa Tu movlenis amindis, mcenareebisa Tu sxeulebis mxriv, rasac aranakleb avlenen saxelmwifo wyobilebani.

_ ra Tqma unda._ metismeti Tavisufleba rogorc adamanis, ise saxelmwifosaTvisac, rogorc Cans,

metismet monobad iqceva._ cxadia._ ase rom, tirania, romelime sxva wyobilebidan ki ara, demokratiidan iRebs dasabams;

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ukiduresi Tavisuflebidan ibadeba umZimesi da usastikesi monoba.

_ marTlac._ magram, me mgonia amas ki ar mekiTxebodi, aramed gindoda gagego, ra aris es

sneuleba, demokratiasac iseve rom vnebs, rogorc oligarqias da mTlianad imonebs mas._ marTals brZaneb, _ Tqva man._zemoxsenebul sneulebad me mimaCnia moqalaqeTa axali fenis _ moclilTa da

mflangvelTa gaCena, romelTaganac ufro mamacni win miuZRvebian danarCenebs, ufro mxdalni ki kudSi misdevn maT. isini Cven SevadareT mamal futkrebs: pirvelni basri nestrebiT arian aRWurvilni, meoreni ara.

_ sworia.

43

_ orive es fena gaCenisTanave ise amRvrevs saxelmwifos politikur wesrigs, rogorc anTeba an naRveli _ sxeuls. kargma qirurgma da saxelmwifo kanonmdebelma maT winaaRmdeg droulad unda miiRon zomebi, rogorc marjve mefutkrem, raTa ar dauSvan mamali futkrebis gaCena. xolo Tu amas ver SesZleben, skas fiWasTan erTad unda amoaridon isini.

_ vficav zevss, es aucilebelia._ axla ki, ai rogor unda moviqceT, raTa ufro naTlad gavarCioT is, rac gvsurs._ rogor?_saxelmwifo azriT gavyoT sam nawilad, romelTaganac Sesdgeba is sinamdvileSi.

pirveli nawili mamali futkrebis fena iqneba, TviTneburad rom mravldebian aq, magram ara nakleb, vidre oligarqiuli wyobilebis pirobebSi.

_ asea._ magram aq is gacilebiT ufro Sxamiania, vidre iq._ ratom?_ oligarqiul saxelwifoSi maT pativs ki ar scemen, aramed dakavebul Tanamdebobebsac

ki atovebineben, ase rom, verc xels moiTboben da verc gaZlierdebian. demokratiul saxelmwifoSi ki isini TiTqos erTpirovnulad mbrZanebloben. yvelaze Sxamiani futkrebi brtyel-brtyl sityvebs warmosTqvamen da Tamamad moqmedeben, danarCenebi ki kaTedrebTan iyrian Tavs, gaSmagebiT bzuian da pirs ukupraven yvela mowinaaRmdeges. ase rom, demokratiul saxelmwifoSi yvela saqmes, iSviaT gamonaklisTa garda, swored es xalxi ganagebs.

_ marTals brZaneb._ brbos yovelTvis gamoeyofa kidev erTi nawili._ romeli?_saqmosnebidan, umeteswilad. yvelaze metad mdidrdebian TavianTi bunebiT yvelaze

mowesrigebulni._ rogorc Cans._ mamali futkrebic swored maTgan agroveben yvelaze met Tafls._ visac cota aqvs, ras gamorCebi?_ amnair mdidrebs, Cveulebriv, mamali futkrebis yvavilebs uwodeben._ diax, esaa maTi saxeli._mesame nawils xalxi Seadgens _ vinc Tavisi xeliTa Sromobs, visTvisac ucxoa

saqmosnoba da visac TiTqos araferi ar abadia. demokratiul saxelmwifoSi isini yvelaze mravalricxovanni arian da yvelaze Zliernic.

_ asea, _ Tqva man _ magram ratomRac naklebad iCenen TavSeyris survils, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca TavianT wil Tafls veRar iReben.

_ki magram, gana yovelTvis ar iReben TavianT wils rakiRa xelisuflebas SeuZlia mdidrebs CamoarTvas maTi qonebis nawili da xalxs daurigos? Tumca met wils xelisufalni TavisTvis itoveben.

_ xalxi swored ase iRebs xolme raRacas._ xolo isini, visac qonebas arTmeven, iZulebulni arian Tavi daicvan, sityviT gamodian

xalxis Tavyrilobebze da miznis misaRwevad arc sxva saSualebebze amboben uars._ ra Tqma unda._Tumca, saxelmwifo gadatrialebasac rom ar amzadebdnen, viRaca mainc gamova da

brals dasdebT, xalxis winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebas awyoben da oligarqobas mieltviano._ diax._bolos da bolos, roca dainaxaven, rom cilismwameblebis mier gabriyvebuli xalxi

borotebis ki ara, ucodinrobis gamo mzadaa gauswordes maT, isini ukve Zalauneburad xdebian oligarqiis momxreni. es maTi brali ar aris: mamalma futkarma mowyla da gaaborota isini.

_ marTals brZaneb._ iwyeba braldeba, sasamarTloebSi Civili, ciloba da davidaraba._ ra Tqma unda._ xalxs xom ici, rac sCvevia: sagangebod irCevdes erTs, Tayvansa scemdes da

adidebdes._ marTlac rom ase sCvevia._ maSasadame cxadia, rom tiranis gamoCenisTanave, is yovelTvis swored am fesvidan

amoizrdeba, rogorc xalxis beladi._ diax, cxadia.

44

_ ki magram, riTi iwyeba am beladis qceva tiranad? Tumca aSkaraa, rom es iwyeba swored maSin, roca is imasve sCadis, rasac gadmogvcems Tqmuleba zevs likeelis taZris Sesaxeb, romelic mdebareobs arkadiaSi.

_ mainc ras gadmogvcems?_ vinc samsxverplio xorcTan erTad adamianis wvrilad dakepil Sigansac igemebs,

aucileblad mglad unda iqces. an, iqneb ar gagigia es Tqmuleba?_ gamigia._ asea xalxis beladic, romelmac icis, rom brbo misi mona morCilia, ukve aRar erideba

TvistomTa sisxlis daRvras; piriqiT, usamarTlo braldebiT sasamarTlos warudgens maT da udanaSaulo msxverplTa sisxliT ibRalavs suls, Tavisi uwminduri bageebiT da eniT Tqvlefs TvistomTa sisxls da gandevnilTa da sikvdiliT dasjilTa xarjze hpirdeba xalxs valebis Camowerasa da miwa-wylis gadanawilebas. gana yovelive amis Camdeni kaci saimisod ganwiruli ar aris, rom an mtrebma mouswrafon sicocxle, anda tiranad qceuli mglad gardaisaxos?

_ uciloblad, _ Tqva man._ ai, vin amboxebs xalxs mdidrebis winaaRmdeg._ diax._ Tu marcxi ganicada da gandevnes, magram Tavisi mtrebis savalalod, kvlav

moaxerxa dabruneba, ukve Camoyalibebul tiranad brundeba._ rogogorc Cans._ magram mtrebma kvlav ver daamxes, an xalxs ver wahkides da verc is SesZles, rom

sikvdiliT daesajaT, maSin uTuod ecdebian qurdulad mohklan igi._ Cveulebriv ase xdeba._ aqedan _ tiranTa sayovelTaod cnobili moTxovna: rogorc ki Zalauflebas igdeben xelT,

sagangebo brZanebiT iniSnaven sxeulis mcvelebs, raTa xalxis mwes da meoxs ara evnos ra.

_ asea, _ Tqva man._ da xalxic, ra Tqma unda, Tanaxmaa sxeulis mcvelebi iyolios, radganac eSinia,

faTeraks ar waekidos. Tavisi sicocxle ki ar adardebs, radganac saimedod daculi hgonia igi._ ra Tqma unda._ amis Semyure mdidari kaci, romelmac icis, rom Tavisi simdidris gamo xalxis TvalSi

isedac saeWvo Cans, dauyovnebliv iziarebs misnis krezusisTvis micemul rCevas:“mswrafl miaSure kenWmraval hermoss,

da saerTodac nu ufrTxi imas,vaiTu xalxma mxdlad Semracxoso”

_ meored veRaravin SesZlebda mis dafrTxobas._ gaqceuli xelSi rom CaegdoT, sikvdiliT dasja ar ascdeboda._ rac Seexeba xalxis belads, masze albaT veravin iTyvis_ “roca daeca, veeba taniT

misebr veeba sivrce dafara”. piriqiT, TviTon dascems da daamxobs uricxv mters da saxelmwifos saWesTan ukve ara beladad, aramed namdvil tiranad mdgari.

_ asec iyo mosalodneli._ xom ar ganvixiloT am kacisa da im saxelmwifos bedniereba, romelsac evlineba

amnairi mokvdavi?_ rasakvirvelia, unda ganvixiloT._ Tavdapirvelad is alersiT uRimis yvelas, visac ki xvdeba da TavgamodebiT amtkicebs,

Cemi tiranoba vis gaugiao? aTas rames hpirdeba kerZo pirebsac da sazogadoebasac: valebs CamogawerT da miwis nakveTebs dagirigebT Tqvenca da Cems mcvelebsaco da saerTod, cdilobs, yvelas keTilmowyaled da Tvinierad moaCvenos Tavi.

-_ uciloblad._xolo roca mterTagan zogs dauzavdeba, zogs mospobs, ase rom, mis keTildReobas

veRaravin daemuqreba, misi pirveli sazrunavi, albaT is iqneba, rom omSi CaiTrios xalxi, raTa is gamudmebiT grZnobdes beladis aucileblobas.

_ cxadia._ da raTa gadasaxadebiT gaRatakebul xalxs dRidan dRemde Zlivs gahqondes Tavi da

SeTqmulebaze fiqric ki aRar SeeZlos._ ra Tqma unda._ xolo Tu SeniSnavs, rom zogierT metismetad Tamamad da Tavisuflad moazrovnes ar

SeuZlia mis mbrZaneblobas daemorCilos, omi sakmao sababia imisTvis, raTa cili daswamos am xalxs _ mters mieyidneno da isini saiqios gzas gauyenos. yovelive amis gamo tirani iZulebulia omis mudmivi saSiSroebiT afrTxobdes da aforiaqebdes xalxs.

45

_ WeSmaritad._ magram amnairi qceviT is sul ufro da ufro metad SeaZulebs Tavs moqalaqeebs._ aucileblad._ amasobaSi zogierTebi, xeli rom Seuwyves mis aRzevebas da didi gavleniT

sargebloben saxelmwifoSi, ara marto zurgsukan dasZraxaven imis gamo, rac xdeba, aramed maT Soris yvelaze gabedulni pirispirac moaxseneben TavianT azrs.

_ albaT._ Zalauflebis SesanarCuneblad tirani iZulebuli iqneba musri gaavlos yvelas, ase rom,

bolos da bolos, megobrebs vin Civis, rigiani mteric ar SerCenia._ ukeTesi gawmenda aRar iqneba._ diax, es mkveTrad upirispirdeba imas, rasac sneulis gasawmendad iyeneben

eqimebi, yovelive cudisa Tu ukeTurisagan rom wmenden sxeuls da mxolod kargs toveben masSi. aq ki piriqiTaa saqme.

_rogorc Cans, tirani marTlac iZulebulia ase moiqces, Tuki surs Zalaufleba SeinarCunos._ ase rom is Sekrulia netari aucileblobiT: an ukeTurTa xrovaSi icxovros, romelTac

WiriviT sZulT igi, an sicocxles gamoeTxovos._ diax, Sekrulia._ isic xom cxadia, rom rac ufro saZulveli xdeba moqalaqeebisaTvis Tavisi qceviT, miT

ufro metad sWirdeba mravalricxovani da erTguli sxeulis mcvelni._ ra Tqma unda._ ki, magram, sad arian es erTgulni, saidan moiyvanos isini?_ TavisiT mofrindebian, ramdenic unda, Tuki fuls ar daiSurvebs._ vficav ZaRls, me mgonia Sen isev gadamTiel mamal futkarze Camoagde sityva._ ggonia da arca scdebi. _ ki magram, viTom tirani daiwunebs adgilobriv sxeulis mcvelebs?_ dawunebiT ki ar daiwunebs, magram sad iSovis?_ rogor Tu sad? adgeba da moqalaqeebs CamoarTmevs monebs, Tavisuflebas

mianiWebs da Tavis mcvelebad daniSnavs maT._ namdvilad; Tanac maTze erTguls veravis naxavs._ Sen Tu gerwmuneT, bednieri kaci yofila es Cveni tirani, rakiRa erTgul megobrebad

amnairi xalxi hyavs, maSin rodesac namdvili megobrebidan erTic ar datova cocxali._ meti gza ar aqvs, amnairebs unda dasjerdes._Tayvanismcemlebad Tanamzraxvelni eyoleba, megobrebad ki – axali moqalaqeni; rac

Seexeba patiosan xalxs, tirani siZulvisilisa da zizRis Rirsi iqneba maTTvis._ uciloblad._ rogorc Cans, tragedias tyuilad rodi miiCneven sibrZnis xelovnebad, xolo am mxriv

yvelaze maRla dgas evripide._ viTom ratomao?_ imitom rom swored mas ekuTvnis es Rrmaazrovani gamonaTqvami: “tiranTa

brZnobis brZenTa Zmoba aris mizezi”. xom xedav, misi azriT, tiranebi brZenkacebTan rom megobroben.

_ Tanac rogor aqebs da adidebs, tiranis Zalauflebas ki RvTaebrivad saxavs, sxva misTanaTa qeba-didebaze rom aRaraferi vTqvaT, raSiac mas didad rodi CamorCebian danarCeni poetebi.

_ hoda, raki tragikosi poetebi ase gabrZnobilni arian, dae mogvitevon Cvenca da Cvens Tanamoazreebsac, Tu Cvens saxelmwifoSi ar miviRebT maT, rogorc tiranuli Zalauflebis mexotbeebs.

_ me mgonia, mogviteveben, maT Soris yvelaze gonierni mainc._ qalaqidan qalaqSi rom dadian, mravalricxovan brboebs uyrian Tavs da mSvenieri da

Zlieri xmis mqone Semsruleblebs qiraoben _ isini demokratiisa da tiraniis damyarebisken mouwodeben xalxs.

_ da mere rogori TavgamodebiT mouwodeben. _ metic, sazRaursac iReben da maT yvelaze did pativs miageben, jer erTi tiranebi da

meorec, demokratebi, magram rac ufro maRla miiweven saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis kibeze, miT ufro knindeba maTi dideba, TiTqos sunTqva aRar hyofniT da aRmasvla uZneldebaT.

_ marTlac._ magram Cvens saTqmels gadavuxvieT, amitom, modi, kvlav tiranis didebul,

mravalricxovan, Wrelsa da gamudmebiT cvalebad laSqars mivubrundeT da vnaxoT, rogor inaxavs mas.

46

_ Tu saxelmwifoSi wminda saunjeni moeZebneba, etyoba swored mis xarjze da amiT faravs gasavals, risi meoxebiTac gadasaxadebiT ara xdis suls moqalaqeebs.

_ magram roca es wyaro daiwriteba?_ maSin is Tavis Tavsac, Tavis TanamzraxvelTac, megobrebsac da xarWebsac maTi

mamebis saxsrebiT arCens._ gasagebia: raxan xalxma Sva, manve unda arCinos tiranic da misi amalac._ meti ra gza aqvs._ ras ambob adamiano? xalxi rom aRSfoTdes da Tqvas: sad gagonila, davaJkacebul

Svils mama arCendes? piriqiT mamas unda arCendes Svili; da marTlac, imisTvis rodi aCuqa sicocxle da daafrTiana, rom misi davaJkacebis Semdeg Tavisi sakuTari monebis monad qceuliyo da SvilTan erTad monebisa da aramzadebis xrovac erCina, aramed imisaTvis, rom aRzevebuli Svilis meoxeobiT ganTavisuflebuliyo mdidrebisa da egreT wodebul RirseulTa batonobisagan; axla ki Tavis TanamzraxvelebTan erTad iseve aZeveben saxelmwifodan, rogorc mama aZevebs saxlidan Svils uRirs TanameinaxeebTan erTad.

_ vficav zevss, maSin ki mixvdeba xalxi, ra xviToc Sva da nebieradac aRzarda; maSinRa igrZnobs, ra Zalis mqoneni arian isini, vis gandevnasac Tavisi susti ZalebiT cdilobs.

_ ras ambob? gana tirani gabedavs Zalmomreoba gamoiCinos mamis mimarT da Tu man ukan ar daixia, xelic ki aRmarTos masze?

_ diax, _ Tqva man, _ mas Semdeg, rac iaraRs ahyris._ maSasadame, Sen mamismkvlelad da moxuci mSobelebis uRirs marCenlad miiCnev

tirans? etyoba esaa tiranuli xelisuflebis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli Tavisebureba. rogorc ityvian: “kvamls gaeqca da cecxlSi Cavardao” _ isea swored: Tavisufal adamianTa mbrZaneblobas garidebuli xalxi despoturi Zalauflebis monobaSi amoyofs Tavs da metismet Tavisuflebas yvelaze mZime da autanel monobaze – monebis monobaze gascvlis.

_ yovelTvis ase xdeba._ maS ase, SeiZleba Tu ara iTqvas, rom Cven savsebiT sakmarisad vilaparakeT imis

Taobaze, Tu rogor ibadeba tirania demokratiisagan da rogoria misi Taviseburebani._ diax, savsebiT sakmarisad.

wigni mecxre

_axla ki gansaxilveli dagvrCa tiraniuli adamiani: rogor ibadeba demokratiuli adamianisgan, dabadebis Semdeg ki rogoria misi cxovreba, bednieri Tu ubeduri.

_ eg marTlac gansaxilveli dagvrCa._ Tu ici kidev ra minda?_ ra?_ rac survilebs exeba: me mgonia, sakmarisad ver avxseniT, ramdeni da rani arian. Tu

es nakli ver gamovasworeT, naTel warmodgenas ver SeviqmniT imaze, rasac vikvlevT._ axla mainc ver avxsniT?_ ra Tqma unda. naxe, risi garkveva msurs: ara aucilebel gancxromaTa Soris zogierTi

ukanono Cans. isini yvela adamianisaTvis niSneulni arian, magram kanonebiT, ukeTesi survilebiTa da gonebis SemweobiT moTokilni an saerTod qarwyldebian, an simZafres kargaven da cotaRani rCebian, Tumca zogierT mokvdavSi uwindel Zalas da simravles inarCuneben.

_ mainc ra survilebs gulisxmob?_ survilebs, romlebic iRviZeben, roca sulis mTavari gonivruli da Tvinieri sawyisi Tvlems,

samagierod veluri sawyisi, simaZRriTa da simTvraliT aborgebuli, yalyze dgeba, Tavidan iSorebs Zils da Tavisi Jinis dacxromas cdilobs. rogorc mogexseneba, amnair mdgomareobaSi aRarc krZalava axsovs da aRarc sircxvili, imis winaSec ki ar ixevs ukan, rom mSobel dedas an visac gnebavs, TviT RmerTebsa da mxecebsac ki Tanaeyos; visic gnebavs, imis sisxlSi gaisvris xels da rac gnebavs, imas miirTmevs. mokled, ar arsebobs siSlege da utifroba, risganac man SeiZleba Tavi Seikavos.

_ marTals ambob._ xolo roca kacs arc sijansaRe aklia da arc TavdaWeriloba, Zilis win mSvenieri

SegonebebiTa da naTeli azrebiT afxizlebs sulis gonivrul sawyiss da Sinagan WvretaSi inTqmeba. vnebian sawyiss ki marTalia ar amSevs, magram arc misi sixarbis dacxrobas cdilobs, raTa aiZulos igi damSviddes da Tavisi sixaruliTa Tu urviT nuRar aamRvrevs ukeTess sawyis; dae, is TavisTavad, daubrkolebliv, mTeli Tavisi siwmindiT miiqces imis kvlevad, rac jer kidev ucnobia misTvis rogorc awmyoSi, ise warsulsa da momavalSi. zustad

47

aseve daiurvebs igi sulis boboqar sawyissac, raTa is aRelvebuli da aRSfoTebuli ki ara, damSvidebuli mieces Zils. am or sawyiss rom daiurvebs, da mesames _ gonivruls _ aamoqmedebs, adamiani mSvidad eZleva mosvenebas. rogorc mogexseneba, amnair mdgomareobaSi is umal WeSmaritebas exeba, ukeTuri xilvebi ki naklebad amRvreven da aSfoTeben mis suls.

_ sruli simarTlea, _ Tqva man._ magram aq Zalian gagvigrZelda sityva, Cven mxolod imis Tqma gvsurda, rom

TviToeul CvenTaganSi TviT yvelaze TavSekavebulsa da TavdaWeril xalxSiac ki, aris raRac saSineli, arabunebrivi da veluri survili, rac sizmrebSi vlindeba xolme. Tavad gansaje, marTals vambob Tu ara. ras ityvi, iziareb Cems azrs?

_ ra Tqma unda._ axla ki gaixsene, ranairad warmovaCineT demokratiuli adamiani, dabadebidan Tu

ara, siyrmidan moyolebuli rom izrdeba xelmomWirne mamis zedamxedvelobiT, romelic mxolod angarebian survilebs afasebs da arafrad miaCnia is survilebi, romelTa gareSec SeiZleba fons gaxvide da romelTa saganic sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara garToba da fufuneba. asea, ara?

_ diax._ magram roca ufro daxvewil da im survilebis saTamaSod qceul xalxs uaxlovdeba,

ymawvili kaci maTi cxovrebis wess iTvisebs da maT ferxulSi ebmeba, radganac mamis siZunwe sZuls. magram raki Tavisi bunebiT imaTze uaresia, visi gavlenac Zalian cudad moqmedebs masze, gzaabneuli TiTqos cxovrebis am or wess Soris Cerdeba da aRar icis, saiTken gadaixaros. orivesgan, misi azriT zomier tkbobas rom moiTxovs, aRviraxsnilad rodi cxovrobs da amrigad, oligarqiuli adamianidan demokratad iqceva.

_ swored aseTi warmodgena gvqonda da gvaqvs amnair adamianze._ axla warmovidginoT, rom am kacs mowifulobaSi ukve axalgazrda Svili eyoleba,

mamis mier aRzrdili da amrigad, misive znisa._ warmovidginoT._ isic warmoidgine, rom mas igive mouva, rac mouvida mamamiss. rom isic CaTreul

iqneba aRviraxsnilobis TareSSi, rasac misi macTunebelni srul Tavisuflebas uwodeben; rom Tu mama da danarCeni axloblebi ecdebian zomieri survilebis farglebs ar gascdes, sxvebi aSkarad daupirispirdebian amas. Tu es marjve jadoqrebi da tiranTa Semoqmedni sxva gziT verafers gaxdnen, Seecdebian ymawvil kacs esa Tu is mavne vneba Caunergon sulSi. vneba, romelic win uZRvis da amZafrebs uqnarobas Tu danazogis flangvis survils; es vneba swored veeba mamali futkaria; an iqneb Sen sxvagvarad fiqrob?

_ ara, _ Tqva man, _ me mgonia swored asea._ zemoxsenebuli vnebis irgvliv rialeben amnairi urTierTobisaTvis niSneuli survilebi,

romlebsac garemoicavs surnelovani sakmevlebis, nelsacxeblebis, gvirgvinebis, Rvinisa da aRviraxsnili Rreobebis janRi, uCveulod rom agrZelebs da wvers umaxavs mamali futkris nestars, riTac cdunebul sulTa es winamZRvari daundoblad wylavs Tavis msxverpls. da Tu ymawvili kacis sulSi moixelTa esa Tu is warmodgena an survili, rasac jer kidev SerCenia wesierebisa da krZalvis naSTi Tu natamali, dauyovnebliv moaSTobs da gareT moisvris, vidre keTilgonierebisagan sabolood ar gawmends suls, raTa mis nacvlad uCveulo siSlegiT aavsos igi.

_ mSvenivrad gvixatav tiraniuli adamianis dasabams._ gana swored amitom da sxva misTanaTa gamo ar iwodeba erosi tiranad?_ rogorc Cans._ da tiranuli adamiansac, Cemo megobaro, gana igive azrebi ar utrialebs TavSi, rac

RviniT gamtyvrals?_ etyoba._ xolo Slegsa da Serekils gana marto mokvdavTa, TviT ukvdavi RmerTebis

mbrZanebloba ar surs, radganac hgonia, rom am saqmes mSvenivrad gaarTmevs Tavs?_ ra Tqma unda._ ase rom, Cemo saocaro megobaro, adamiani namdvil tiranad iqceva maSin, rodesac

Tavisi bunebiT an CveulebiT, anda rogorc erTis, ise meoris wyalobiT an mTvralia, an TavdaviwyebiT Seyvarebuli, anda SeSlili.

_ sruli simarTlea._ etyoba swored ase ibadeba amnairi adamiani, magram rogorRa cxovrobs igi?_ rogorc xumrobiT amboben xolme, “amasac Sen metyvi”._ cxadia getyvi. me mgonia amas mohyveba gauTavebeli zar-zeimi, Rreobebi,

meZaveebi da sxva misTanani, radganac am kacis sulSi damkvidrebuli erosi warmarTavs mTels mis arsebas.

48

_ uciloblad._ yovel dRe da yovel Rame mis sulSi gaifurCqnebian saSineli survilebi, uricxv

moTxovnas rom wauyeneben mas._ diax, uricxvsa da uTvalavs._ ase rom, yovelgvari Semosavli, Tuki saerTod gaaCnia, sul male daewriteba._ ra Tqma unda._ amas mohyveba valebi da qonebis dagiraveba._ ueWvelad._ da roca aRaraferi aRar darCeba, gana mis sulSi Cabudebuli survilebis gundi

gaSmagebuli ar azuzundeba da TviTonac maTi nestariTa da upiratesad erosis basri isriT mowyluli (erosisa, romelsac danarCeni survilebi TiTqos sxeulis mcvelebad emsaxurebian) damduRruliviT ar mohyveba sirbils? Tanac msxverpls dauwyebs TvalTvals, visac SeiZleba mzakvrobiT an ZaladobiT wahglijos rame.

_ ra Tqma unda._ mokled, iZulebuli iqneba Zarcva glejvas mihyos xeli, Tu surs Tavi daaRwios autanel

tanjva-wamebas._ uciloblad._ am kacis axali gulisTqma yvela Zvel survils daCrdilavs da gaaqarwylebs. zustad

aseve, TviTonac daapirebs ded-mamis Zlevas, rakiRa maTze axalgazrdaa da mas Semdeg, rac Tavis wils qars gaatans, ecdeba mSoblebis kuTvnili qonebac gaaniavos.

_ uTuod._ magram Tu mSoblebma amis saSualeba ar misces, maSin an gaqurdavs maT, an, rac

abadiaT cbierebiT Caigdebs xelSi._ ueWvelad._ xolo Tu esec SeuZlebeli Seiqna, gana Zalas ar ixmars raTa sawadels ewios?_ albaT._ anda Tu mSoblebi magrad dauxvdnen da brZola gaumarTes, gana namdvili tiraniviT

daundoblad ar moeqceva maT?_ ver getyvi daindobs-meTqi._ ki magram, zevso maRalo, nuTu Tavisi axali megobrebis gulisaTvis, romelTa gareSec

sul Tavisuflad SeeZlo fons gasuliyo, adimante, moiZulebda an xels aRmarTavda yvelaze erTgul megobrebze _ bavSvobidanve sayvarel ded-mamaze da Tundac daberebulT da dauZlurebulT, aiZulebda msaxurebad dasdgomodnen am axal megobrebs, roca maT Tavis WerqveS Seiyvanda?

_ aiZulebda, vficav zevss._ didi bedniereba kia tiraniviT gulmxeci Svili mouvlino qveyanas._ WeSmaritad._ ki magram, roca ded-mamis qonebas xels mouTavebs, mis gulSi ki uricxvi survili

borgavs, gana Zirs ar gamouTxris saxls, romelic TvalSi mouva, an mosasxams ar wahglejs nagvianeb mgzavrs, anda pirwmindad ar gaZarcvavs taZars? am dros misi Zveli warmodgenebi mSvenierebasa Tu simaxinjeze, patiosnebasa Tu upatiosnebaze, bavSvobidan rom SeuTvisebia da aqamde sworad miaCnda, adgils uTmoben sul bolo xans TavaSvebul survilebs, erosis mxleblebsa da misi winamZRolobiT yovlis mZlevelT. adre, roca is kanonebs, adaT-wesebsa Tu mamis Segonebebs emorCileboda am survilebs araviTari gasaqani ar hqondaT da mxolod sizmrebSi Tu aiSvebdnen Tavs. axla ki, roca tiraniviT suls uxuTavs erosi, is sifxizleSic, saerTod iseTi xdeba, rogoric uwin iSviaTad Tu iyo sizmrebSi, ase rom, ragind saSinelic ar unda iyos, verc akrZalulis Wamisagan ikavebs Tavs, verc borotmoqmedebisa Tu kacis kvlisagan. erosi, erTpirovnulad rom mbrZaneblobs im ukanonobasa da uwesrigobaSi, riTac savsea am kacis suli, iseve miuZRvis mas aRviraxsnilobisaken, rogorc tirani _ saxelmwifos, raTa nebismieri msxverplis fasad daikmayofilos Tavisi vneba da daacxros Tavisi Jiniani amalis, ese igi im survilebis siSmage, romelTaganac zogi garedan iWvriteba masSi, zogi ki TviT SigniTve iCens Tavs, axla ukve Tavis nebaze rom miuSvia da sruli gasaqani miucia maTi mZvinvarebisTvis. gana es ar aris amnairi kacis cxovreba?

_ diax, asea._ roca amnairi xalxi cotaa saxelmwifoSi, umravlesoba ki saRad azrovnebs, maSin es

cotani ucxo qveynebSi garbian, raTa iq sxeulis mcvelebad daudgnen romelime tirans, an ama Tu im meomari saxelmwifos molaSqreebad iqcnen. magram Tu yvelgan mSvidoba sufevs, isini fexs ver icvlian TavianTi qveynidan, romelsac patar-patara borotmoqmedebebiT ikleben.

_ mainc ra borotmoqmedebs gulisxmob? 49

_ rasa da yaCaRobas, saxlebis gatexvas, gamvlelTa Zarcvas, mkrexelobas, xalxis monebad gayidvas. xolo Tu sityva uWriT, arc mabezRarobas, ciliswamebasa Tu qrTamis aRebas Takiloben.

_ mareda amas eZaxi patar-patara borotmoqmedebebs, roca amnairi xalxi Senis azriT cotaa?

_ diax, amas, radganac did borotebasTan SedarebiT yovelive es wvrilmania da saxelmwifosTvis miyenebuli zianisa Tu borotebis TvalsazrisiT axlosac ver miva tiranis mier Cadenil borotebasTan. roca saxelmwifoSi bevri amnairi adamiani da maTi mimdevrebi iyrian Tavs da isini mravalricxovnebas grZnoben, swored maT Soris ibadeba tirani, rasac xels uwyobs xalxis ugunureba. es iqneba is kaci, vis sulSiac yvelaze namdvili da srulyofili saxiT vlindeba tiranis buneba.

_ cxadia, _ Tqva man – radgan swored amnairi kaci iqneba yvelaze didi tirani._ maSin xalxi an nebayoflobiT ixris qeds mis winaSe, anda Tu winaaRmegobis gaweva

daapira, maSin Cvens mier zemoT moxmobili magaliTisa ar iyos, romlis mixedviTac Svili xels aRmarTavs ded-mamaze, aseve moeqceva tiranic Cvens qveyanas, rogorc ki Zalas moicems. dasjis mizniT Seiyvans masSi Tavis axal Tanamzraxvelebs, raTa mudmiv monobaSi amyofos odesRac Tavisi sayvarel “deda-samSoblo”, rogor kretelebi eZaxian mas. swored esaa amnairi adamianis saboloo mizani.

_ marTlac._ gana es xalxi swored amnairi ar aris kerZo cxovrebaSic, manamdec ki, sanam

xelisuflebas saTaveSi Caudgebodnen? visTanac ar unda amyarebdnen urTierTobas, upirveles yovlisa, mliqvnelobas da monur morCilebas moiTxovnen misgan, xolo Tu TviTon dasWirdaT raime, fexqveS egebian adamians da cdiloben sinaurad moaCvenon Tavi, magram rogorc ki Tavisas miaRweven, maSinve ucxoni xdebian misTvis.

_ sruli simarTlea._ ase rom, mTeli TavianTi sicocxlis manZilze, erTxelac ar yofilan visime megobrebi; an

mbrZaneblebi arian, an monebi; tiranuli bunebis adamians arasodes ugemia Tavisuflebisa Tu namdvili megobrobis madli.

_ ra Tqma unda._ gana marTalni ar viqnebiT, Tu vityviT, rom es xalxi ar imsaxurebs ndobas?_ raskvirvelia._ da ukiduresad usamarTlonic, Tuki zemoT sworad ganvsazRvreT samarTlianobis

buneba._ diaxac sworad ganvsazRvreT._ maS SevajamoT zemoT Tqmuli: yvelaze ufro ukeTesi is aris, vinc Cveni ganxilvis

Tanaxmad, cxadSiac igivea, rac sizmarSi._ ra Tqma unda._ amnair kacad ki iqceva is, vinc Tavisi tiranuli bunebis wyalobiT erTpirovnul

Zalauflebas igdebs xelSi da miT ufro metad iqceva, _rac ufro didxans flobs am tiranul Zalauflebas.

_ uciloblad, _ Tavis mxrivac CaurTo sityva glavkonma._ mere, _ vTqvi me _ gana yvelaze ukeTesi kaci imavdroulad yvelaze ubeduric ar

iqneba? da rac ufro didxans da rac ufro meti Zalaufleba moiyris Tavs mis xelSi, miT ufro metxans da ufro metad ubeduri iqneba igi, Tumca, umravlesobas sul sxvagvarad warmoudgenia es.

_ sxvanairad SeuZlebelia._ gana tiranuli adamiani iseve ar emsgavseba tiranul saxelwifos, rogorc demokratiuli

adamiani iqceva demokratiuli saxelmwifos msgavsad? da gana igive ar iTqmis danarCenTa mimarTac?

_ ra Tqma unda._da rogorc saxelmwifo miemarTeba saxelmwifos siqvelisa da keTildReobis mxriv,

gana aseve ar miemarTeba adamianic adamians?_ cxadia._ki magram rogor miemarTeba tiraniuli saelmwifo siqvelis mxriv monarqiuls, romelic

zemoT aRvwereT?_ isini mkveTrad upirispirdebian erTmaneTs, erTi yvelaze ukeTesia, meore ki piriqiT,

yvelaze uaresi._ aRara gkiTxav romelia ukeTesi da romeli uaresi, isedac cxadia. magram maTi

bednierebisa Tu ubedurebis Taobazec aseve fiqrob Tu sxvanairad? Tvals nu mogvWris tiranis garegani brwyinvaleba gind martodmartos vxedavdeT da gind amalis TanxlebiT.

50

Cven unda ganvixiloT misi saxelmwifo mTlianad, CavwvdeT mis arss, kargad gaviazroT yvelaferi da mxolod Semdeg CamovayaliboT Cveni warmodgena masze.

_ Seni moTxovna sworia, magram yvelas mSvenivrad moexseneba, rom ar arsebobs tiraniul saxelmwifoze ubeduri saxelmwifo da arc ufro bednieri, vidre monarqiuli saxelmwifoa.

_ ki magram, calkeul adamianTan mimarTebiTac igive rom momeTxova, gana swori ar viqnebodi? me mgonia, masze msjelobis ufleba aqvs mxolod imas, visac SeuZlia azriT Caswvdes adamianis zneobriv arss; vinc patara bavSviviT martooden garegnobas rodi uyurebs da arc Tavs atyuebinebs im brWyviala samkaulebs, romelTa meSveobiTac tirani cdilobs Tvali mosWras brbos, _ aramed azriT ganwonis saganTa siRrmes. me Tu mkiTxv, uwinares yovlisa yuri unda migvegdo misTvis, visac, jer erTi, SeeZlo sworad emsjela, da meorec, tiranTan erTad ecxovra erT WerqveS, dahkvirveboda mis Sinaur yofas da mis damokidebulebas ojaxis wevrebisadmi. maSin is Tavisi namdvili saxiT warmoCndeboda Cvens winaSe da ara sagangebod morTul-mokazmuli, TiTqos scenaze gamosasvlelad. kargi iqneboda gvenaxa im SemTxvevaSiac, roca saxelmwifos safrTxe daemuqreboda. visac yovelive es Tavisi TvaliT unaxavs, neta CvenTvisac euwyebina, rogor iqceva tirani bednierebasa Tu ubedurebaSi sxva adamianebTan SedarebiT.

_ es Seni moTxovnac savsebiT marTebulia._ Tu ginda vivaraudoT, rom swored imaT ricxvs vekuTvniT, visac SeuZlia ase imsjelos,

an ukve SevxvdiT amnair xalxs. maSin Cvens kiTxvebs erT-erTi Tanamosaubre mainc gascemda swor pasuxs.

_ cxadia minda._ maS modi ase Seudeqi am sakiTxis ganxilvas: gaixsene, riTi hgavs saxelmwifo kerZo

adamians, cal-calke, erTimeoris miyolebiT ganixile isini da gviCvene, ra mosdis am dros erTsac da meoresac.

_ ki magram, rogor?_ rogor da, Tu saxelmwifoTi daiwyeb, gviTxari ra ufro sworad gamoxatavs tiraniuli

wyobilebis arss _ Tavisufleba Tu monoba?_ ra Tqma unda monoba._ ki magram, iq xom batonebsac xedav da Tavisufal xalxsac?_ vxedav, _ Tqva man, _ magram maTi ricxvi Zalze cotaa. TiTqmis yvela moqalaqis da

maT Soris upatiosnesTa xvedric samarcxvino da sawyalobeli monobaa._ Tu calkeuli tiranuli moqalaqe saxelmwifos unda hgavdes, maSin mis arsebaSi

aucileblad igive unda xdebodes, rac sinamdvileSi. misi suli simdabliTa da monobiT unda iyos savse, sulis yvelaze Rirseul nawilebs qedze monobis uReli edgaT da yvelaze mcirericxovan, magram yvelaze ukeTur da mZvinvare nawilebs unda morCilebdnen.

_ uciloblad._ mere ra ufro niSneulia amnairi sulisaTvis _ monoba Tu Tavisufleba?_ ra Tqma unda, monoba._ magram tiranis mier marTulsa da damonebul saxelmwifos sulac ar aqvs imisi

keTebis saSualeba, rac TviTon surs._ rasakvirvelia._ masasadame tiranulad marTuli sulic yvelaze nakleb SesZlebs imis keTebas, rac surs

(am SemTxvevaSi me mTel suls vgulisxmob), aramed vnebis mZvinvarebiT gatanjuli da gawamebuli, yovelgvari mSfoTvarebiTa da sinanuliT iqneba savse.

_ cxadia._ ras ityvi, tiranulad marTuli saxelmwifo aucileblobis ZaliT mdidari unda iyos Tu Raribi?_ Raribi._ maSasadame, tiranulad marTuli sulic, aucileblobis ZaliT Raribi iqneba da damSeuli.– diax, _ Tqva man._ki magram, gana amnairi saxelmwifoc da amnairi adamianic, imave aucileblobis ZaliT

SiSiT ar iqnebian savseni?_ ra Tqma unda._ Senis azriT, Tu moiZebneba sxva saxelmwifo, sadac amdeni mwuxareba, gminva,

glova, tkivili da tanjva iyos?_ aramc da aramc. _ mereda, gana SeiZleba yovelive es ufro meti iyos visime sulSi, vidre vnebebisa da

erosis mZvinvarebis saTamaSod qceul tiranul sulSi?_ warmoudgenelia._ marTlac rom warmoudgenelia. magram tiranuli bunebis adamianze raRas ityvi, visi

sulic amdeni ubedurebiTaa savse?51

_ Cemis azriT, yvelaze ubeduri unda iyos._ ai, aq ki cdebi._ rogor? _ gaikvirva man._ rogor da ise, rom, me Tu mkiTxav, is yvelze ubeduri rodia._ maS vin?_ vinc kidev ufro ubeduri Cans._ aRar ityvi vis gulisxmob?_ imas, vinc Tavisi tiranuli bunebis gamo ver axerxebs mTeli cxovrebis manZilze kerZo

pirad darCes, aramed bedukuRmarTobiT ganpirobebul garemoebaTa damTxvevis ZaliT tiranad iqceva.

_ imis mixedviT, rac zemoT iTqva, me davaskveni rom marTali unda iyo._ diax, magram amnairi sakiTxis ganxilvisas zogad mosazrebebs ar unda davjerdeT,

aramed, iseve, rogorc zemoT, yvelaferi guldasmiT unda vikvlioT, radganac aq saqme exeba yvelaze mTavars _ bednieria Cveni cxovreba Tu ubeduri?

_ marTals brZaneb._ axla imasac daukvirdi, saqmianad vmsjelob Tu ara. me mgonia, sakiTxis arsis

gansaxilvelad Semdeg magaliTs unda mivmarToT._ mainc romels?_ warmoidgine, ra dReSi arian mdidari moqalaqeni, romelTac bevri mona hyavT. es

xalxi Zalian hgavs tiranebs im mxriv, rom maTac mravalni morCileben, gansxvaveba isaa, rom tirans meti xalxi emorCileba.

_ diax._ rogorc mogexseneba, es xalxi uzrunvelad cxovrobs da sulac ar eSinia Tavisi

monebisa._ viTom rad unda eSinodes?_ marTlac, _ vTqvi me, _ magram Tu gesmis ra aris amis mizezi?_ mesmis: mizezi isaa, rom yvela kerZo pirs saxelmwifo udgas mxarSi._ marTali xar: magram RmerTs rom aeyara erTi am mdidarTagani, romelsac

ormocdaaTi mona hyavs da Tavisi col-SviliTa da mTeli Tavisi avla-didebiT udabnoSi gadaesaxlebina, sadac Tavisuflad SobilTa WaWanebac ar aris, ase rom verc mxarSi amoudgeboda da verc daxmarebas gauwevda vinme, _ rogor ggonia, aReZvroda Tu ara SiSi Tavisi monebis gamo, vaiTu dedabudianad amogvwyvitono.

_ me mgonia, aReZvroda._ gana pirferobas ar mihyveboda Tavisi zogierTi monis winaSe, aTas rames

dahpirdeboda, yovelgvari aucileblobis gareSe gaaazatebda maT da mliqvnelad ar iqceoda Tavisi monebis winaSe?

_ aucileblad, Torem daiRupeboda._ xolo mis garSemo rom daesaxlebinaT bevri mezobeli, romlebic ver itanen adamianis

swrafvas mbrZaneblobisaken da sastiki ganaCeni gamoaqvT yvelasaTvis, vis sulSiac maTTvis esoden saZulvel Tvisebas aRmoaCenen?

_ maSin ki cudad wauvidoda saqme, rakiRa amnairi mtrebiT iqneboda garemoculi._ mereda, gana swored amnair alyaSi ar aris momwyvdeuli tirani, visi bunebac weRan

ganvixileT? gana misi suli aTasgvari vnebiTa da SiSiT ar aris savse? miuxedavad imisa, rom esoden xarbi suli aqvs, Tavisi qveynis moqalaqeTagan mxolod mas ar SeuZlia sadme gaemgzevros, an imis sanaxavad gaswios, rac Tavisufal adamianTa aseT cnobismoyvareobas iqcevs. ara, mTeli sicocxlis manZilze qaliviT saxlSia gamoketili da SuriT uyurebs qveSevrdomebs, ucxo qveynebSi rom miemgzavrebian an saucxoo sanaxaobaTa WvretiT tkbebian.

_ asea swored._ mTel am ubedurebas esec zed erTvis im kacisaTvis, visac Tavis daurveba ar SeuZlia

(me tiranuli bunebis kacs vgulisxmob, weRan yvelaze ubedurad rom miiCnie): Tuki mTeli sicocxlis manZilze kerZo pirad ki ar uweria darCena, aramed ama Tu im SemTxvevis ZaliT tiranad unda iqces da Tumca Tavisi Tavis marTvac ar SeuZlia, sxvebi unda marTos, es ki im SemTxvevas hgavs, sneuli da umweo kaci, romelsac Tavisi sneulebisTvisac ver mouvlia, nacvlad imisa, rom fexmoucvlelad ijdes Sin, jan-RoniT savse aTletebs ebrZodes da erkinebodes.

_ marTali xar, sokrate, saocrad zusti Sedarebaa._ mereda, gana es namdvili ubedureba ar aris, glavkon? ase rom, imisi cxovreba, vinc

tirani gaxda, im cxovrebaze bevrad ufro saSinelia, weRan yvelaze mZimed rom miiCnie._ rogorc Cans.

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_ ase rom, miuxedavad imisa, Tu vin ras fiqrobs, namdvili tirani namdvili monaa, ukiduresi simdablisa da monobisaTvis ganwiruli da, imavdroulad, iZulebulic, urcxvad mliqvnelobdes ukeTurTa winaSe. verasdros ikmayofilobdes Tavis survilebs, uTvalavi ram aklia da imis TvalSi, visac SeuZlia mzeriT Caswvdes misi sulis siRrmes, sawyalobeli glaxakiviT Ratakia. mTeli sicocxlis manZilze SiSiT kankalebs, Zrwis da itanjeba, Tuki Tavisi sulieri wyobiT im saxelmwifos wyobilebas mogvagonebs, TviTon rom marTavs. mgvanebiT ki marTlac Zalian hgavs ara?

_ ra Tqma unda._ egec ar iyos, am kacSi Cven ganvixilavT im Tvisebebsac, romlebzedac zemoT

vilaparakeT: Zalaufleba gardauvlad aviTarebs masSi Surianobas, veragobas, usamarTlobas, umegobrobas, mkrexelobas. is yovelgvari borotebisa Tu biwierebis saTavsi da sacavia, ris Sedegadac yvelaze ubeduria kacTa Soris da aseve aubedurebs axloblebsac.

_ vercerTi Wkuadamjdari kaci ver uaryofs amas._ keTili; maS, modi, rogorc uzenaesma msajulma, saboloo gadawyvetilebac miiRe:

Seni azriT, vin iqneba pirveli bednierebis TvalsazrisiT _ vin meore da ase Semdeg, im xuTi sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebis warmomadgenelTagan, romlebic Cven monarqiad, timokratiad, oligarqiad, demokratiad da tiraniad davsxeT?

_ gadawyvetilebis miReba Zneli rodia: siqvelisa da biwierebis, bednierebisa da ubedurebis TvalsazrisiT, me maT im TanmimdevrobiT davalageb, ra TanmimdevrobiTac Cvens Tvalwin Caiares, rogorc qorom scenaze.

_ maS, modi macnec daviqiravoT an me TviTon gamovacxadeb, rom aristonis Zem gadawyvita yvelaze bednierad daesaxa is, vinc yvelaze qvelia da samarTliani, amnair adamians ki namdvilad mefuri suli unda hqondes da mefuradve unda mbrZaneblobdes sakuTar Tavze; yvelaze ubedurad ki yvelaze biwieri da usamarTlo, ese igi yvelaze tiranuli bunebis kaci mimaCnia, namdvili tiraniviT rom awamebs Tavis Tavsac da saxelmwifosac.

teqsti Targmna baCana bregaZem;ibeWdeba SemoklebiT, wignidan platoni, “saxelmwifo”,

Tbilisi, gamomc. nekeri, 2003 w aristotele


didi berZeni filosofosi, aristotele moRvaweobda Zv.w.aR. 384-322ww. igi daibada q. stagiraSi, makedoniis mefis karis eqimis ojaxSi. Cvidmeti wlis asakidan moyolebuli mTeli oci wlis manZilze, aristotele iyo platonis mier daarsebuli akademiis msmeneli, Semdeg ki maswavlebelic. igi am akademiaSi moRvaweobda akademiis damaarseblis, platonis gardacvalebamde. Tumca, rogorc filosofiaSi, aseve politikur msjelobebSi aristoteles Sexedulebebi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba Tavisi maswavleblis Sexedulebebisgan. Tavis mxriv, aristotele aleqsandre makedonelis aRmzrdeli iyo. mas arasodes STaunergia Tavisi moswavlisaTvis, rom mmarTvelebi aucileblad filosofosebi unda yofiliyvnen.

ormocdaaTi wlis asakSi aristotele kvlav aTenSi dasaxlda da daarsa filosofiis skola likea (aTenis gareubnis saxelwodebis mixedviT, sadac mis mier daarsebuli skola mdebareobda). mis moswavleebs “peripatetikebs” uwodebdnen, rac moseirneebs niSnavda. likeis teritoriaze ganlagebuli iyo baRi gadaxuruli galereebiT, sadac aristotele da misi moswavleebi filosofiis sakiTxebze msjelobdnen (aRsaniSnavia, rom aristotele, romelic ar iyo warmoSobiT aTeneli, aTenSi cxovrobda rogorc meteki_adamiani, romelic ar sargeblobda moqalaqeobis uflebiT). aristoteles mier am skolis xelmZRvanelobis periodi emTxveva aleqsandre makedonelis Zlevamosilebis zrdas. aleqsandres dapyrobebi miznad isaxavda Zveli civilizaciebis dasavleT nawilSi erTiani saxelmwifos Seqmnas da erTmmarTvelobis damkvidrebas dapyrobil teritoriebze. amgvar mmarTvelobas saTave aleqsandres mamam, filipe II qeroneasTan brZolaSi gamarjvebiT Cauyara, rodesac makedonelTa jarma gaerTianebuli berZnuli polisebis jari daamarcxa. aqedan moyolebuli, rCeba ra kvlavac antikuri samyaros umTavres elementad, polisi wyvets arsebobas, rogorc eladis politikuri cxovrebis damoukidebeli, avtonomiuri warmonaqmni. safuZveli eyreba e.w. elinur samyaros.

miuxedavad amisa, aristoteles politikuri kvlevis sagnad mainc klasikuri tipis polisi da misi cxovrebisuli wyoba rCeba.

aristoteles politikuri swavlebebi gadmocemulia “nikomaqes eTikaSi,” “politikaSi”, “aTenur politeaSi”.

aristotelem, sanam Tavis “politikas’ dawerda, safuZvlianad Seiswavla im periodis sabrZneTSi arsebuli 158 qalaq-saxelmwifo, maTi politikuri da socialur-ekonomikuri wyobilebis maxasiaTeblebi da Taviseburebebi da mxolod Semdeg dawera Tavisi naSromi.

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p o l i t i k a

nawili Iwigni ITavi I

yoveli saxelmwifo erTgvar kavSirs warmoadgens. yoveli kavSiri ki raime sikeTes isaxavs miznad, radgan yvela yvelafers akeTebs imisaTvis, rac sikeTe hgonia. amrigad, cxadia, rom yvela miiswrafvis raime sikeTisaken. umTavresi sikeTisken miiswrafis yvelaze ukeTesi kavSiri, romelic moicavs yovelives da es aris e.w. saxelmwifo da saxelmwifoebrivi kavSiri.

sworni ar arian isini, romlebic fiqroben rom respublikis xelmZRvaneli, mefe, ojaxis ufrosi da batoni erTi da igivea. maTi azriT, isini erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian raodenobiT da ara TvisebiT. magaliTad visac adamianebis mcire raodenoba emorCileba, is batonia, visac adamianebis ufro meti raodenoba emorCileba is ojaxis ufrosia, visac ufro meti raodenoba emorCileba is an respublikis meTauria, an mefea. isini fiqroben, rom araviTari gansxvaveba araa did saxlsa da patara saxelmwifos Soris.

saxelmwifos meTauri mefisgan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom mefe marTavs memkvidreobis uflebiT, saxelmwifos meTauri ki _ kanonebis codniT da is xan qveSevrdomia, xan ki xelmZRvaneli. es Tvalsazrisi swori araa, rac cxadi gaxdeba maSin, Tu zemoTqmuls ganvixilavT im meTodiT, romliTac aqamde vxelmZRvanelobdiT. rogorc sxva SemTxvevebSi, aqac aucilebelia, rom rTuli movlena ararTul nawilebad davSaloT. isini rTulis umciresi nawilebi unda iyvnen. aseve, Tu ganvixilavT im nawilebs, risganac saxelmwifo Sesdgeba, maSin davinaxavT, Tu riT gansxvavdebian saxelmwifoebi erTmaneTisgan da SeiZleba Tu ara raime mecnieruli axsna movunaxoT TiToeul politikur movlenas.

vinc sagnebs ganixilavs maTi warmoSobidan, is rogorc am sferoSi, ise sxvagan did warmatebebs miaRwevs. aucilebelia Tavidanve im movlenebis dawyvileba, romelTac erTmaneTis gareSe arseboba ar SeuZliaT, magaliTad qalisa da kacisa, STamomavlobis datovebis mizniT da es xdeba ara winaswari ganzraxviT, aramed bunebrivad, rogorc sxva cxovelebsa da mcenareebSi sxva, Tavis msgavs arsebaTa datovebis mizniT. aucilebelia xelmZRvanelisa da qveSevrdomis arseboba Tavdacvis mizniT. imas, visac SeuZlia gonebiT movlenebis winaswar ganWvreta, is Tavisi bunebiT xelmZRvaneli da mbrZanebelia, xolo visac SeuZlia amis ganxorcieleba fizikuri ZalebiT, is qveSevrdomia da monuri bunebis mqone. maSasadame, monasa da batons erTi da igive interesebi hqoniaT.

qali da mona Tavisi bunebiT gansxvavdevbian, magram buneba ar hqmnis ise Zunwad, rogorc mWedlebi delfosis danas, aramed buneba erTs meoresTvis hqmnis. yoveli movlena ukeT Seasrulebs Tavis daniSnulebas, Tu is emsaxureba ara bevrs, aramed erT saqmes.

barbarosebSi mona da qali erT safexurze dganan, radgan barbarosebs bunebrivi xlmZRvaneli ara hyavT, da maTSi kavSiri iqmneba mona qalisa da mona kacis daaxloebis gziT. amitomac ambobs poeti: “barbarosebs SehferiT, rom maTze berZnebi batonobdnen. es ki imitom, rom barbarosebsa da monebs erTnairi buneba aqvT.” (1)

urTierTobis am ori formidan pirvelad ojaxi warmoiSoba da swored ambobs hesiode: “pirvelad iSva saxli, qali da xari, miwas rom xnavs”. Raribebs xom msaxuris nacvlad xari hyavT. yoveldRiuri bunebrivi urTierTobisaTvis kavSirs ojaxi anu gvari warmoadgens. amas qaronemde uwodebs erT magidaze mkvebavT, epimende kreteli ki _ erTad mcxovrebT.

ramodenime ojaxis pirvel gaerTianebas, romelic miznad isaxavs yoveldRiur moTxovniolebaTa dakmnayofilebas da romelic ar iqmneba mxolod erTi dRisaTvis, sofeli warmoadgens. rogorc Cans, sofeli bunebrivad aris ojaxebis kolonia. amitomac mis mcxovrebT zogi uwodebs erTi ZuZuTi gazrdil Zmebs, zogi ki Svilebs an SviliSvilebs.

pirvel qalaqebs da dResac zogierT tomebs saTaveSi mefeebi hyavT, romlebic qveSevrdomebi iyvnen. yovel ojaxs ojaxis ufrosi marTavs, xolo ojaxis wevrebi erTmaneTs enaTesavebian amitom ambobda homerosi; “TviToeuli adgens kanons Tavisi bavSvebisa da colebisaTvis” (2). es soflebi gabneulebi iyvnen da saerTod, Cveni winaprebi ase cxovrobdnen. RmerTebis Sesaxebac amboben, rom maT mefeebi marTaven da dResac saxelmwifoebis nawils mefeebi yavT. adamianebi, rogorc RmerTebis garegnobas Tavis garegnobas amsgavseben, aseve amsgavseben maTi cxovrebis formasac.

ramodenime dasaxlebam Seqmna dasrulebuli saxelmwifo, romelTagan TviToeuls aqvs sruli damoukidebloba, rogorc eposSic aris naTqvami. amaTgan saxelmwifoebis nawilis mizania mxolod arsebobis SenarCuneba, nawilisa ki bednieri arseboba. maSasadame,

54

yoveli qalaqi-saxelmwifo bunebrivad aris warmoSobili, rogorc adre arsebuli kavSirebi. qalaqi-saxelmwifoebi warmoadgenen winamorbedi kavSirebis dasrulebas, radgan maTi buneba vlindeba maTsave ganviTarebis dasrulebaSi. da swored es Seadgens yoveli movlenis arsebas, magaliTad, adamianisa, cxenisa da saxlisa. garda amisa, mizani da dasasruli aris saukeTeso ram, xolo mizani da yvelaze saukeTeso ram aris damoukidebloba.

zemoTqmulidan cxadia, rom saxelmwifo-qalaqi bunebrivi movlenaa da rom adamiani aris politikuri arseba. xolo vinc saxelmwifos gareT imyofeba Tavisi surviliT da ara SemTxveviT, is an cudi adamiania, an adamianze maRla mdgomi. rogorc homerosic ambobs gankicxviT, “is iyo bogano, kanongareSe da usaxlkaro...” aseTi adamiani omis moyvarec aris da ise arsebobs, rogorc ganmartovebuli paiki saTamaSo dafaze.

cxadia, rom adamiani aris politikuri arseba ufro metad, vidre futkrebi an jogurad mcxovrebi cxovelebi, rogorc ukve vTqviT. buneba tyuil-ubralod arafers ar akeTebs. cxovelTa Soris mxolod adamianebs aqvT metyvelebis unari. xma tanjvisa da siamovnebis niSania, rac sxva cxovelebsac axasiaTebT. maTi bunebis ganviTarebam miaRwia im dones, rom maT aqvT tanjvisa da siamovnebis SegrZnebis unari, rasac isini erTmaneTs mianiSneben. sityva ki naTelyofs sasargeblosa da sazianos, samarTliansa da usamarTlos. gansxvavebiT sxva cxovelebisagan, es adamianisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. mxolod mas aqvs SegrZneba sikeTisa da borotebis, samarTlianobisa da usamarTlobis da sxva SegrZnebebi, yovelive es mTlianobaSi warmoadgens ojaxisa da saxelmwifos safuZvels.

bunebrivad rogorc ojaxTan, ise sxva sagnebTan SedarebiT, pirveli aris qalaqi-saxelmwifo, radgan mTeli aucileblad win uswrebs nawils da mTelis mospoba spobs xels, fexs da sxv. Tumca maT mainc SeiZleba vuwodoT xeli an fexi, magram homonimurad. rogorc amboben, xels an fexs uwodeben qvisgan gamoTlilsac. adamianis sikvdilis Semdeg xeli mxolod sityvierad iwodeba xelad. yoveli sagani gansazRvrulia rogorc moqmedebiT, ise Tavisi unariT. amitom Tu mas es Tvisebebi aRara aqvs, maS is arc arsebula da Tu arsebobs, mxolod sityvierad.

amrigad, cxadia, rom saxelmwifo bunebrivad ufro pirveladia, vidre calkeuli adamiani da Tu adamianebs saxelmwifosagan dacilebiT ar SeuZliaT arseboba damoukideblad, maS maT iseTive damokidebuleba aqvT saxelmwifosTan, rogorc sxva nawilebs mTelTan. magram visac ar SeuZlia saxelmwifoSi yofna, an ar sWirdeba is damoukideblobis SenarCunebis mizniT, maSin is an mxecia, an RmerTi.

bunebrivad TviToeul adamians axasiaTebs miswrafeba saxelmwifoebrivi urTierTobisaken. xolo vinc pirvelad SemoiRo saxelmwifoebrivi kavSiri, man adamianebs didi sikeTe moutana. adamiani, romelmac miaRwia srulyofas, is cocxal arsebaTa Soris saukeTesoa. xolo adamiani, mocilebuli kanonsa da samarTals, yvelaze mdabali arsebaa. radgan yvelaze ufro didi saSinelebaa SeiaraRebuli usamarTloba. bunebrivad adamianis iaraRs warmoadgens goniereba da zneoba, romlis gamoyeneba SeiZleba sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiTac, amitom uzneo adamiani usindiso da mxecuri bunebisaa saTnoebis gareSe rogorc sqesobriv, ise sxva moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis sakiTxSi. samarTlianoba ki saxelmwifoebrivi movlenaa, radgan samarTali aris saxelmwifoebriv urTierTobaTa momwesrigebeli saSualeba da samarTlianobis sazomi.

wigni IITavi I

Cven gadavwyviteT vikvlioT saukeTeso saxlmwifoebrivi gaerTianeba, romelic yvela adamians aZlevs imis saSualebas, rom icxovros ise, rogorc unda. magram saWiroa agreTve vikvlioT sxva saxelmwifoebrivi formebic, romelTa gamocdilebas iyeneben zogierTi maTdami keTilganwyobili saxelmwifoebi da agreTve is mmarTvelobebic, romelTa Sesaxeb laparakoben mwerlebi da romlebic moCanan dadebiT saxelmwifoebriv formebad, raTa aviTvisoT is, rac maTSi kargia da sasargeblo da agreTve imisTvis, raTa vikvlioT amaTgan gansxvavebuli saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebani. ara imitom, rom vCandeT yovlad brZnad, aramed imitom, rom arsebuli saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebani ar arian damakmayofilebelni da aman gvikarnaxa Cveni meTodis gamoyeneba.

daviwyoT iqidan, rac yvelaze metad Sehferis aseTi xasiaTis kvlevas. aucilebelia, rom yvela moqalaqes an yvelaferi saerTo hqondeT, an araferi hqondeT saerTo, an nawili hqondeT saerTo, nawili ki ara. SeuZlebelia rom yvelaferi saerTo hqondeT. radgan saxelmwifo aris erTgvari erTianoba, da pirvel yovlisa, esaa adgilis erTianoba da moqalaqeni am erTi saxelmwifos moqalaqeni arian. Semdeg, Tu moqalaqeeebs surT, rom saukeTeso saxelmwifoebrivi wyobileba hqondeT, ukeTesia yvelaferi saerTo hqondeT, Tu

55

zogi ram hqondeT saerTo da zogi ram ara? iqneb saWiro iyos moqalaqeTa bavSvebis, colebis da qonebis gaerTianeba, rogorc amas adgili aqvs platonis ‘saxelmwifoSi”, sadac sokrate ambobs, rom saerTo unda iyos bavSvebi, colebi da qonebac. maS ra aris ukeTesi, is, rac axla gvaqvs Cven, Tu rac weria “saxelmwifos” kanonebSi?

qonebis gaerTianebis Teoris mravali siZnele axlavs Tan, magaram sokrates msjelobidan ki ar gamomdinareobs daskvna imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra mizeziT aris saWiro es gaerTianeba. is saboloo mizani, romelic saxelmwifos unda hqondes, sokrates mtkicebiT ganuxorcielebelia da Tu rogor unda ganxorcieldes es mizani, sokrate amaze arafers ambobs. Tumca sokrate iziarebs im hipoTezas, rom saukeTeso saxelmwifo rac SeiZleba metad erTiani unda iyos. magram cxadia, rom Tu saxelmwifo ganuwyvetliv viTardeba gaerTianebis mimarTulebiT, aRar iqneba saxelmwifo, radgan saxelmwifo erTgvari simravlea Tavisi arsebiT. Tu is gaerTiandeba, maSin saxelmwifos nacvlad miviRebT erT ojaxs, erTi ojaxidan erT adamians. saxli ki ufro metad aris erTi, vidre saxelmwifo, xolo adamiani ufro metad aris erTi, vidre ojaxi. is vinc SesZlebda amis ganxorcielebas, is saxelmwifos mospobda. amitom es ar unda davuSvaT. saxelmwifo Sesdgeba ara mxolod mravalricxovani adamianebisgan, aramed gansxvavebuli adamianebisganac da saxelmwifos erTgvarovani adamianebi ar hqmnian.

saxelmwifo da samxedro kavSiri erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba imiT, rom samxedro kavSirSi mniSvneloba ara aqvs raodenobas, Tundac is erTgvarovani Sedgenilobisa iyos. radgan samxedro kavSiri iqmneba daxmarebis mizniT da igi saswors mogvagonebs, sadac is mxare gadaswonis, romelic ufro mZimea. saxelmwifo ki unda gaerTiandes Tumca is Sedgenilioa saxeobrivad gansxvavebuli elementebisgan. saxelmwifo gansxvavdeba agreTve tomobrivi gaerTianebisgan, radgan misi nawilebi ar arian ise daSorebulebi, rogorc soflebi, aramed cxovroben rogorc arkadielebi. (3) maSasasdame Tanaswori urTierTkavSiris principi icavs saxelmwifos, rogorc amis Sesaxeb ukve vTqviT “eTikebSi”. es principi aucileblad unda moqmedebdes Tavisufal da Tanaswor adamianTa Soris, radgan isini yvelani yovelTvis xom ver iqnebian saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelebi, aramed TiToeulki unda xelmZRvanelobdes an erTi wliT, an sxva wesiT, an drois sxvadasxva monakveTiT. am meTodiT yvelani moxvdebian saTaveSi ise, TiTqos adgils icvlidnen mewaReebi da mSeneblebi da yovelTvis erTni ar iyvnen mewaReebi da meoreni mSeneblebi. es ukeTesia da umjobesi saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebisaTvis. Tumca, cxadia, rom ukeTesi iqneboda rom saxelmwifos mudam erTi da igiveni marTavdnen, Tu es SesaZlebeli iqneba. magram sadac amis ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia, radgan bunebiT yvelani Tanasworni arian, da ufro samarTlianic iqneboda, rom mmarTvelobaSi, kargia is Tu cudi, yvela monawileobdes. es hgavs im mdgomareobas, rodsac erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli adamianebi TiTqos Tanasworni da sul sxva adamianebi xdebiano, roca rigrigobiT erTni marTaven, meoreni ki emorCilebian. aseve Tanamdebobac unda ekavoT sxvadasxva adamianebs da ara erTsa da imaves.

zemoTqmilidan cxadia, rom araa aucilebeli saxelmwifo iyos erTi mTliani da is, rasac zogi Tvlis saxelmwifos udides sikeTed, swored aman SeiZleba mospos saxelmwifo. Tumca sinamdvileSi yovel sagans unda hqondes misTvis damaxasiaTebeli sikeTe. sxva gziTac xdeba cxadi, rom saxelmwifosTvis araa momgebiani Zalian did gaerTianeba. ojaxi ufro metad aris damoukidebeli, vidre calkeuli adamiani, saxelmwifo ufro metad, vidre ojaxi da saxelmwifo arsebobs maSin, rodesac is warmoadgens masSi gaerTianebuli adamianebis damoukidebel erTeuls. magram Tu sasurvelia ufro meti damoukideblo\ba, maSin saxelmwifo nakleb erTiani unda iyos. magram, Tu es araa kargi da ukeTesia, rom saxelmwifo erTiani iyos, amis damtkiceba logikurad SeuZlebelia. aseT saxelmwifoSi yvelani erTdroulad amboben “es Cemia” an “es Cemi ar aris”, rac sokrates saxelmwifos sruli erTianobis niSnad miaCnda. magram sityvas “yvela” ori azri aqvs: erTi sokrates rom surs, meore ki, rodesac TviToeuli ityvis “es Cemi Svilia”, “es Cemi colia”, aseve SeuZlia Tqvas qonebaze da yovelive sxvaze, rodesac saerTo mflobelobaSi hyavT Svilebica da colebic, maSin amboben, rom “es yvelas sakuTrebaa” da ara romeline erTi adamianisa. aq arc qoneba iqneba romelime erTi adamianis sakuTreba, aramed yvelasi. magram rom am gamoTqmaSi “yvelani” aris raRac Seusabamoba es cxadia. aseve gamoTqmebs “yvela”, “orive”, “wyvili”, “luwi”, ori mniSvneloba aqvT da kamaTis dros sofistur daskvnebsa hqmnian. maS, Tu yvela am sityvebs erTi mniSvnelobiT ixmars, es kargia, magram ganuxorcielebelia, radgan mas erTi mniSvneloba ara aqvs. amas garda, sokrates msjelobas aqvs sxva mavne mxare: is, rac saerTo sakuTrebaSia, masze nakleb zrunaven. adamianebi ufro metad zrunaven imaze, rac maT sakuTrebas warmoadgens. saerTo sakuTrebaze ki nakleb zrunaven an zrunaven imdenad, ramdenadac es calkeul adamians Seexeba. adamianebi uyuradReboni arian imis mimarT, razec hgoniaT rom sxvebi

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zrunaven. rogorc bevri mosamsaxure xSirad ufro cudad emsaxureba batons, vidre cota. moqalaqeebs rom aTasobiT Svilebi yolodaT da isini yofiliyvnen ara erTi mamis Svilebi, aramed nebismierisa, maSin yvelani indiferentulni iqnebodnen am Svilebis mimarT. garda amisa, TiToeuli ityoda romelime moqalaqeze “es Cemia”, iqneboda is mdidari Tu Raribi da ramdenic ar unda yofiliyvnen isini, da Tanac daeWvdeboda, radgan misTvis gaurkvevelia, Tu vin dabada es bavSvi da gadarCa Tu ara is. garda amisa, rogor ukeTesia, vixmaroT gamoTqma “Cemi”, ise rogorc amas vityodiT ori aTas Tu aTi aTas adamianze, Tu rogorc axla xmaroben saxelmwifoebSi, erTsa da imave adamians erTi uwodebs “Cemi” Tavis vaJs, meore Zmas, mesame biZaSvils an romelime sisxliT naTesavs an ara sisxliT naTesavs. magram gana ukeTesi araa, iyo naTesavi am sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, vidre amgvari gziT iyo Svili.

Zneli iqneboda gahqceodi imas, rom vinmes ar CaeTvale an Zmad, an mamad, an dedad. naTesaobis damamtkicebli sabuTi garegani msgavseba iqneboda. amas amtkiceben isini, romlebic aRweren dedamiwis sxvadasxva nawilebs. magaliTad zemo libiaSi yofila zogierTi tomi, romlebsac colebis erTianoba hqoniaT, magram bavSvebs mainc msgavsebis safuZvelze anawileben. aseve cxovelebic Soben Zalian msgavs Svilebs, magaliTad cxenebi da Zroxebi. aseTia kerZod farsaleli faSati, romelsac metsaxelad “samarTliani” ewodeba.

amas garda, es gaerTianeba iwvevs iseT siZneleebs, romelTa Tavidan acileba advili araa. magaliTad, ganzraxul Tu ganuzraxvel sisastikes, mkvlelobas, Cxubsa da Seuracxyofas. aseT moqmedebas ar Caidenen mamebis, dedebis, maxlobeli da Soreuli naTesavebis mimarT. es ufro maSin xdeba, rodesac ar ici visTan gaqvs saqme, vidre maSin, rodesac scnob maT. roca scnob, maSin SeiZleba Cadenili danaSaulis monaniebac, xolo Tu ar icnob, es SeuZlebelia.

uazrobaa agreTve is, rom Svilebis erTianobis SemoRebisas akrZalulia sqesobrivi kavSiri, xolo siyvaruli ki daSvebulia. daSvebulia iseTi kavSirebi, rac yvelaze metad Seuwynarebelia, magaliTad kavSiri mamasa da Svils Soris, agreTve Zmebs Soris. uazrobaa agreTve sqesobrivi kavSiris akrZalva mxolod im mizeziT, rom is did siamovnebas iwvevs. rogorc Cans, isini veraviTar gansxvavebas ver xedaven imaSi, rom saqme exeba kavSirs mamasa da Svils, Tu ZmaTa Soris. vfiqrobT, rom colebisa da Svilebis gaerTianeba ufro miwaTmoqmedebisaTvis aris saWiro, vidre mcvelebisaTvis. colebisa da Svilebis gaerTianebisas naklebi iqneba megobroba, rac saWiroa saxelmwifoebrivi mmarTvelobisaTvis, raTa qveSevrdomni iyvnen morCilni da siaxlis moZuleni. qalebisa da bavSvebis gaerTianeba sokrates surda kanonebi gamosworebis mizniT, magram aman sawinaaRmdego Sedegi gamoiwvia.

Cvenis azriT, qalaqebis udidesi sikeTe megobrobaSi mdgomareobs, radgan am SemTxvevaSi nakleb xdeba ajanyebebi. sokratec yvelaze metad aqebs ase gaerTianebul saxelmwifos. aseTi saxelmwifo ki iqmneba megobrobis Sedegad, rogorc aristofanec ambobs, siyvarulia Sesaxeb Tavis sityvaSi (4). aristofanes azriT, moyvarulT Zlieri siyvarulis gamo surT Serwyma da ori arsebidan erT arsebad qceva. amitom iRupeba an orive, an erTi maTgani. magram saxelmwifoSi es erTianoba aucileblad wyalwyala erTianoba iqneboda da iq naklebad iqneboda xmarebaSi “Cemi mama”, an “Cemi Svili”. rogorc mcire sitkbo gaxsnili didi raodenobis wyalSi, sitkbos SeugrZnobsa xdis, aseve am saxelmwifoSi aseTive xdebian ojaxis wevrTa urTierTobani. aq isini mxolod sityvierad arseboben. aq nakleb iqneba aucilebeli mamis zrunva Svilze, Svilisa mamaze, da Zmebisa Zmebze. adamianebis erTmaneTze zrunvasa da siyvaruls iwvevs ori ram: sakuTreba da pativiscema. magram arc erT amas adgili ar eqneba aseT saxelmwifoSi, roca miwaTmoqmedTa Svilebs gadaiyvanen mcvelTa rigebSi, an piriqiT, es did SfoTs gamoiwvevs. rogor unda moxdes es? imaT romlebic gadascemen, an scvlian bavSvebs, unda icodnen, Tu vis Svilebs vis aZleven da is, rac adre iyo naTqvami: Seubralebloba, uzneoba da mkvleloba axla ufro meti iqneba. mcvelebSi sxva klasebidan gadayvanilebi mcvelebs ar uwodeben Zmebs, mamebs, Svilebsa da dedebs. aseve piriqiT, mcvelebidan sxva klasebSi gadayvanili bavSvebi. ase rom saWiroa didi sifrTxile am moqmedebebSi naTesauri kavSirebis gamo.

ai, is Sedegebi, rac Cven miviReT am MmeTodiT bavSvebisa da colebis gaerTianebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.

Tavi II

amis Semdeg Cven unda ganvixiloT qonebis sakiTxi. imaT, romlebsac surT imoRvaweon aseT saxelmwifoSi, rogori unda iyos iq qoneba, unda iyos saerTo Tu ara? am

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sakiTxis kvleva SeiZleba vawarmooT bavSvebisa da qalebis Sesaxeb gamoyenebuli principebisagan damoukideblad. me mxedvelobaSi maqvs sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, rom qoneba unda ekuTvnodes cal-calke moqalaqeebs, rogorc amas axla aqvs adgili, Tu is saerTo mflobelobaSi unda gadavides. magaliTad, miwis nakveTi unda iyos kerZo sakuTrebaSi, xolo miwis nayofi saerTo sakuTrebaSi, rogorc amas adgili aqvs zogierT tomSi, Tu ukeTesia piriqiT, miwac saerTo iyos da miwis damuSavebac, xolo nayofi ganawilebul iqnas kerZo moxmarebisTvis. rogorc amboben, barbarosebi ase anawileben sakuTrebas. da bolos, iqneb rogorc miwis nakveTi, ise misi nayofi saerTo sakuTrebad iqces? Tu miwis dammuSaveblebi sxvebi iqnebodnen, es sul sxva gzaa. magram radgan miwaTmoqmedni TviTve Sromoben, amitom qonebis sakiTxTan mravali siZnelea dakavSirebuli. radgan Sromasa da dasvenebaSi ar iqneba daculi Tanasworoba, amitom aucilebelia saCivrebis warmoSoba imaT mimarT, romlebic siamovnebaSi atareben dros da met sakvebs iReben mcire SromiT, sxvebi ki bevrs Sromoben da cotas iReben.

saerTod ki erTad cxovreba da yovelives gaerTianeba, rac ki adamians ekuTvnis, Znelia, gansakuTrebiT aseT SemTxvevebSi. amis naTlad danaxva SeiZleba imaTSi, romlebic erTad mogzauroben. maT Soris qonebrivi sxvaoba didia, amitom isini yovel wvrilmanze Cxuboben. Cven ki gansakuTrebiT didi winaaRmdegoba gvaqvs imaTTan, romelTTagan vsargeblobT yoveldRiouri momsaxureobiT. monebis gaerTianebasTan aris dakavSirebuli rogorc es, ise sxva mravali msgavsi siZnele. magram galamazebuli CvevebiT da mowesrigebuli kargi kanonebiT, axla arsebuli wesebi aranakleb sargeblobas mogvitanda. orive gziT SeiZleba sargeblobis miReba. “oriveSi” me vgulisxmob rogorc saerTo, aseve kerZo sakuTrebas. qoneba saerTo unda iyos mxolod nawilobriv, ZiriTadad ki is kerZo unda iyos. rodesac zrunva qonebaze iqneba ganawilebuli calkeul adamianze, aRar eqneba adgili urTierT saCivrebs. PpiriqiT, TiToeuli ufro Tavis qonebaze izrunebs da meti Semosavalic eqneba. xolo saTnoebas, warmoSobils sakuTrebis moxmarebidan, amarTlebs andaza: “megobrebs yvelaferi saerTo aqvT”. (5) Ees axlac aris gatarebuli zogierT saxelmwifoSi, rac imas niSnavs, rom amaSi arferia SeuZlebeli, is gvxvdeba gansakuTrebiT kargad mowyobil saxelmwifoebSi, romelTagan zogSi es ukve arsebobs, zogSi ki axla xorcieldeba. Tu TiToeuls Tavisi sakuTreba eqneba, nawils miscemen megobrebs, nawils TviTon gamoiyenebs, rogorc sakuTrebas. ase xdeba lakedemonSi, sadac iyeneben erTmaneTis miwebs, agreTve cxenebsa da ZaRlebs da mosavals, roca gauWirdebaT. amrigad, cxadia, rom ukeTesia qoneba kerZo iyos, xolo misiT sargebloba ki saerTo. Tu rogor ganxorcieldeba es, es ukve kanonmdeblobis piradi saqmea. garda amisa, Znelia imis gadmocema, Tu raoden sasiamovnoa roca raimes Sens sakuTrebad Tvli. Tavis Tavis siyvaruli xom tyvil-ubralo grZnoba araa. is bunebrivad aris Tandayolili. Tumca zogierT SemTxvevaSi is samarTlianad aris gasakicxi, radgan Tavis Tavis gadaWarbebuli siyvaruli araa Tavis Tavis namdvili siyvaruli. ase yvelas uyvars is, rac mas ekuTvnis, magram kicxaven mxolod xarb adamianebs. Tumca, raoden sasiamovnoa exmarebode megobars, stumars, amxanagebs. es ki SesaZlebelia mxolod kerZo sakuTrebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, rasac ar eqneba adgili iq, sadac cdiloben yvelaferi gaaerTianon. isini cxadad spoben ori saTnoebis Sedegebs, rogoricaa morideba qalebTan urTierTobaSi da goniereba sxvisi colebiT gatacebaSi. amas garda, is spobs uxvobasa da xelgaSlilobas. radgan siuxve ar gamovlindeba maSin, rodesac adamiani arafers ar sCadis siuxvis magvars, siuxve iCens Tavs maSin, rodesac SegiZlia qonebis daxarjva.

es kanonebi SeiZleba mSvenivrad mogeCvenos, roca gaigeb, rom SeiZleba ganxorcieldes sakvirveli megobroba yvelasi yvelas mimarT. es gesiamovneba gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac vinme laparakobs im borotebaze, rac axla qalaqebSi arsebobs imis gamo, rom qoneba araa saerTo mflobelobaSi. me vgulisxmob procesebs erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg valebis gamo, crumowmeebs, agreTve mliqvnelobas mdidrebis saameblad. magram yovelive amas adgili aqvs ara imitom, rom qoneba araa gaerTianebuli, aramed moqalaqeTa uzneobis gamo. Cven vxedavT rom qonebis gaerTianebisas ufro met winaaRmdegobas aqvs adgili, vidre kerZo sakuTrebis arsebobisas. da rodesac vambobT rom kerZo sakuTrebisas naklebia winaaRmdegoba, es imitom, rom am winaaRmdegobebs Cven vadarebT kerZo sakuTrebis mqoneTa did raodenobas. samarTlianoba ki moiTxovs, iTqvas ara mxolod is, rom gaerTianebis dros hqreba boroteba, aramed isic, rom sikeTec hqreba da rogorc Cans, amitom sicocxle sruliad SeuZlebeli xdeba.

sokrates Secdomis mizezi iyo is, rom ar iyo swori misi amosavali debuleba. rogorRac dasaSvebia saxelmwifos, agreTve ojaxis gaerTianeba, magram ara absoluturad. radgan Tu ase gagrZelda saxelmwifos gaerTianeba, SeiZleba moxdes is, rom saxelmwifo moispos. radgan cudi saxelmwifo uaxlovdeba ararsebul saxelmwifos. es imas hgavs, rom vinmem

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simfonia daiyvanos erTnair bgerebze, ritmi ki erTaderT taqtze. rogorc adreca vTqvi, saWiroa simravle arsebobdes magram is gaerTiandes da erTad iqces aRzrdis safuZvelze. magram visac surs saxelmwifos gaumjobeseba sokrates meTodiT, is ar iqneba swori, radgan saxelmwifos gaumjobeseba SeiZleba zneobiT, filosofiiT, kanonebiT, rogorc moiqcenen lakedemonSi da kretaSi, sadac kanonmdebelma sisitiebis gaerTianeba moaxdina. ar SeiZleba imis arcodna, rom gavida didi dro da mravali weli, amitom SeuZlebelia SeumCneveli darCeniliyo rom aseTi wyobileba kargia. bevri ram iqna aRmoCenili, aqedan zogi gamodga, zogi ki ar iqna gamoyenebuli, Tumca cnobili iyo. es ufro cxadi gaxdeboda, Tu vinme am saxelmwifos sinamdviled aqcevda. magram is ver SesZlebda am saxelmwifos Seqmnas ise, Tu ar gamoyofda da ar gamoacalkavebda masSi sisitiebs (6), fratriebsa (7) da filebs. ase rom axali kanonebidan araferi ar darCeboda imis garda, rom mcvelebi miwis muSaobas ar unda eweodnen, ris gatarebasac axla cdiloben lakedemonelebi.

imis Sesaxeb Tu rogor unda moxdes saxelmwifos gaerTianeba, sokratem araferi Tqva da arc advili iyo amis Tqma. saxelmwifoSi mosaxleobis simravles hqmnian agreTve ucxoeli moqalaqeni. magram sokrates maT Sesaxeb araferi ar uTqvams. araferi ar uTqvams arc imis Sesaxeb, rom miqaTmoqmedT saerTo sakuTreba unda hqondeT Tu yvelas Tavisi? Tu yvelas yvelaferi saerTo eqneba, maSin riRaTi iqnebnian miwaTmoqmedni mcvelebisgan gansxvavebulni, anda rogor daemorCilebian isini mcvelebis xelmZRvanelobas, roca isini ufro bevrni arian; Tu isini raime iseTs ar moiazreben, rac moiazres kretelebma, romlebmac monebs yvela ufleba misces, garda gimnaziaSi siarulisa da iaraRis tarebisa. magram Tu maT iseTive wes-wyobileba eqnebaT rogoric sxva saxelmwifoebs, maSin ra Tavisebureba eqneba maT gaerTianebas? erT saxelmwifoSi warmoiSoba aucileblad winaaRmdegobaSi myofi ori saxelmwifo. am saxelmwifoSi mcvelebi iqcevian garnizonad, xolo miwaTmoqmedni da xelosnebi ki moqalaqeebad. saCivrebi, sasamarTloebi da sxva boroteba, rac arsebobs saxelmwifoebSi, im saxelmwifoSic iarsebebs. sokrates azriT, ganaTlebisTvis ar iqneba saWiro bevri kanonis SemoReba bazrisa da qalaqis mcvelebisaTvis, radgan maT saWiro codna gaaCniaT. ganaTleba sWirdebaT mxolod mcvelebs. garda amisa, sokrate adidebs mxolod miwaTmoqmedTTa qonebas, magram avalebs maT gadasaxadebis Setanas. amiT isini gaxdebian Tavxedni da amayni ufro metad, vidre sxva saxelmwifoebSi ilotebi (8), penetebi da monebi. araa garkveuli, yovelive es aucilebelia Tu ara? aseve sokrates araferi ara aqvs naTqvami imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor iqneba mowyobili es saxelmwifo, rogori iqneba masSi ganaTleba da kanonebi? magram amis garkveva advili araa. arc imis dadgenaa umniSvnelo, Tu rogor unda SeinarCunon mcvelebma kavSiri? Tu miwaTmoqmedT mcvelebi saerTo eyolebaT, xolo qoneba sakuTari, maSin saxlze vin izrunebs, roca mamakacebi miwaze samuSaod gavlen? xolo Tu miwaTmoqmedT saerTo eqnebaT qonebaca da colebic, maSin axali siZneleebi wamoiWreba.

uazrobaa agreTve cxovelebis mibaZva da qalebisaTvis mamakacebis saqmianobis davaleba, radgan cxovelebs saxlis saqmisa araferi gaegebaT ra. saxifaToa agreTve saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelobis dayenebis sokrateseuli gza. is moiTxovda, rom saxelmwifos saTaveSi yovelTvis erTi da igive adamianebi yofiliyvnen. magram es gaxdeboda mizezi winaaRmdegobisa rogorc imaT mxriv, romelTac saxelmwifos marTvis araviTari mowodeba ara aqvT, agreTve imaT mxriv, romlebic meomarni da vnebiani arian. sokrate ambobda, rom saTaveSi aucilebelia erTi da igive adamianebi iyvenen, radagan sulSi oqros narevi xan erTsa da xan meores ki ara aqvT, aramed erTsa da imave adamianebs. misi azriT, dabadebiTve RmerTi zog mcvels urevs oqros, zogs vercxls, xel;osnebsa da miwaTmoqmedT ki spilenZsa da rkinas. arTmevs ra mcvelebs bednierebas, samagierod kanonmdebelma unda mianiWos bedniereba mTel saxelmwifos. magram mTeli saxelmwifos bedniereba SeuZlebelia, Tu araa bednieri an umravlesoba, an Tu yvela nawili ara, zogierTi mainc. bedniereba xom imave kategorias ar ganekuTvneba, rasac luwi ricxvi. ricxvSi SesaZlebelia, rom mTels axasiaTebdes is, rac ar axasiaTebs nawilebs, magram saxelmwifoSi es SeuZlebelia. Tu mcvelebi ar iqnebian bednierebi, maSin sxva rogorRa iqneba bednieri, magaliTad miwaTmoqmedni an fizikuri mSromelni?

saxelmwifos, razec laparakobda sokrate, Tan axlavs rogorc es siZneleebi, ise sxva, amaze ara naklebi.

Tavi VI

lakedemonelTa da kretelTa saxelmwifos ganxilva SeiZleba vawarmooT orgvarad: pirveli, Seesabameba Tu ara maTi kanonebi saukeTeso saxelmwifos da meore,

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ewinaaRmdegeba Tu ara es kanonebi Tavissave safuZvels da meTods da am saxelmwifos wes-wyobilebas. yvela Tanaxmaa imaze, rom visac surs kargad moawyos saxelmwifo, man unda gaanTavisuflos moqalaqeni yoveldRiurad saarsebo saSualebebze zrunvisagan. magram Znelia imis dadgena, Tu rogor unda mivaRwioT amas. Tesalieli penesetebi (9) xSirad ebrZodnen Tavis batonebs, aseve sparteli ilotebi. isini TiTqos ucdidnen raime ubedurebas, rom ajanyeba moewyoT. kretelebSi ki aseTi ram ar momxdara. amis mizezi SeiZleba iyo is, rom maTi mezobeli saxelmwifoebi, romlebic erTmaneTSi omobdnen arasdros ar emxrobodnen ajanyebulebs, radgan es maTTvis ar iyo sasargeblo. maTac xom yavdaT TavianTi periekebi (10). spartelebis mezobeli saxelmwifoebi ki yvelani misi mtrebi arian: argevelebi, mesenelebi da arkadielebi. TesaliaSi Tavidanve hqonda adgili ajanyebas, radgan isini eomebodnen mezobel saxelmwifoebs: aqevelebs, perebelebs, da magnezielebs. sxva ara iyos ra, Znelia zrunva qveSevrdomebze. Znelia agreTve maTTan urTierTobis dasamyarebeli gzis gamonaxva. Tu Tavisuflebas miscem, isini Tavxeddebian da Tavs xelmZRvanelebs utoleben, Tu Zalas gamoiyeneb, SegiZuleben da Sens winaaRmdeg daiwyeben moqmedebas. cxadia, rom visac aseTi urTierToba aqvT ilotebTan, maT ver gamounaxavT kargi gza.

Semdeg, qalTa ganTavisufleba ewinaaRmdegeba saxelmwifos principebs da mis keTildReobas. rogorc ojaxi Sesdgeba ori nawilisagan, aseve saxelmwifoc orad iyofa mamakacTa da qalTa simravled. ase rom, im saxelmwifoSi, sadac cudadaa dayenebuli qalTa sakiTxi, SeiZleba iTqvas, iq saxelmwifos naxevari kanonmdeblobas ar eqvemdebareba, rac moxda kidec lakedemonSi. kanonmdebelma moindoma mTeli saxelmwifos zneobrivi gajansaReba. man amas miaRwia kidec mamakacebSi, qalebSi ki vera. qalebi iq cxovroben fufunebaSi da dausjelad, miuxedavad sruli aRviraxsnilobisa. amitom aucilebelia, rom aseT saxelmwifoSi pativs scemdnen simdidres, gansakuTrebiT iq, sadac qalebi mZlavroben. amitom mravali meomari tomi da zogi sxva tomic upiratesobas aZlevs mamakacebTan Tanacxovrebas. amitom swori iyo pirveli miTologi, roca aresi afrodites daukavSira. yvela ltolva, iqneba is mimarTuli qalebisa Tu kacebisadmi, vnebis Sedegi unda iyos. lakoniaSi qalebis hegemoniis dros bevri ram iyo maT gankargulebaSi. mainc ra gansxvavebaa imaSi, qalebi marTaven saxelmwifos Tu marTaven arqontebi? Sedegi orive SemTxvevaSi erTnairia. Tavawyvetilobas yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi araviTari sargebloba ar moaqvs, is SeiZleba sasargeblo iyos omSi. aman lakonelebs didi ziani moutana. rac cxadi gaxda Tebelebis Semosevisas. rogorc sxva qalaqebSi, aqac qalebs araviTari sargebloba ar moutaniaT, piriqiT, maT meti arev - dareva gamoiwvies, vidre mtrebma.

Tavidan lakonelebs egonaT, rom gonivruli iqneboda qalebis ganTavisufleba, radgan jari xangrZlivad ar iyo saxlSi, ebrZoda ra argevelebs, mesenelebsa da arkadielebs. mSvidobianoba rom Camovarda, xelmZRvael mamakacebs samxedro samsaxurSi kargi momzadeba hqondaT miRebuli. saerTod samxedro samsaxurs mravali dadebiTi mxare aqvs. rogorc amboben, likurgem moindoma Tavisi kanonebis qalebze gavrceleba, magram rodesac waawyda maT winaaRmdegobas, iZulebuli gaxda ukan daexia. ai esaa, rogorc amis, ise daSvebuli Secdomebis mizezi. magram Cven vikvlevT ara imas, vinaa marTali da vin mtyuani, aramed imas, Tu ra aris swori da ra araswori. qalebis Sesaxeb zemoTTqmuli kanoni, rogorc adre vTqviT, ar unda iyos kargi, radgan Seuferebelia saxelmwifosaTvis, agreTve imitom, rom is xels uwyobs momxveWelobas. . .

wigni IIITavi I

is, vinc ikvlevs calkeuli saxelmwifoebis arssa da Tvisebebs, man pirvel yovlisa, unda daadginos, Tu ra aris saxelmwifo. amJamad ki warmoebs dava imis gamo, rom zogis azriT moqmedeba Cadenilia saxelmwifos mier, zogis azriT ki ara saxelmwifos aramed oligarqis an tiranis mier. yoveli politikosis an kanonmdeblis moqmedeba Cven migvaCnia saxelmwifosaTvis gamiznulad. saxelmwifos konstitucia sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara saxelmwifoSi mcxovreb moqalaqeTaTvis Sedgenili wesi.

saxelmwifo ki, rogorc yovelive sxva, aris mravali nawilisgan Sedgenili mTeli. radgan saxelmwifo Sesdgeba moqalaqeTa simravlisagan, amitom pirvel rigSi unda vikvlioT, Tu vin aris moqalaqe da vis unda vuwodoT es saxeli.

am sakiTxze xSirad warmoebs dava, radgan moqalaqe yvelas erTnairad ar esmis. xSirad is, vinc demokratiaSi moqalaqed iTvleba, oligarqiaSi ar iTvleba moqalaqed. Cven aq ar SevexebiT sakiTxs im moqalaqeTa Sesaxeb, romlebmac moqalaqis saxeli miiRes

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raRac sxva gziT, magaliTad metekebi (11) da monebi, romlebsac aqvT moqalaqeebTan saerTo adgilsamyofeli. moqalaqeni ar arian arc isini, romlebic monawileoben sasamarTloSi da iyvnen an mosarCeleni an mopasuxeni. es ufleba eZlevaT ucxoel moqalaqeebsac, Tanaxmad SeTanxmebisa, Tu es SeTanxmebaSi iqneba aRniSnuli. magram metekebs es ufleba bevrgan sabolood ara aqvT miniWebuli. maTTvis aucilebelia prostatis (12)@ayvana. ase rom metekebis uflebebi saxelmwifoSi SezRudulia. aseve bavSvebi arasrulwlovanebis gamo ar arian Setanili moqalaqeTa siaSi da moxucebi, romlebic ganTavisuflebeli arian moqalaqis movaleobebisgan. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom oriveni moqalaqeni arian, magram ara absoluturi mniSvnelobiT, aramed erTs vumatebT “arasrulwlovani”, meores “mowifulobas gadasuli”, anda raime sxva amdagvars. amas didi mniSvneloba ara aqvs, radagan Cveni azri isedac gasagebia. magram Cven vikvlevT moqalaqis cnebas misi absoluturi mniSvnelobiT ise, rom mas ar dasWirdes araviTari Sesworeba. es ki saWiroa, radgan rogorc pativayril, ise gaZevebul moqalaqeebs uCndebaT xolme dabrkolebani, rac gadawyvetas moiTxovs.

moqalaqis cneba imaze ukeT ver ganisazRvreba, Tu ara sasamarTlosa da saxelmwifos marTvaSi monawileobis uflebiT. zogi saxelmwifos mmarTveli arCeulia droebiT. ase rom, erTsa da imave adamians ar SeuZlia xelmeored imave Tanamdebobaze darCena, an SeuZlia garkveuli vadis Semdeg. zogi Tanamdebobis vada ki ganusazRvrelia. magaliTad sasamarTols da saxalxo krebis monawilisa, magram vinmes SeiZleba eTqva, rom isini arc saxelmwifos mmarTvelni arian, da arc saxelmwifos ganmgeblobaSi monawileoben. gana sasacilo ar iqneboda, rom yvelaze Zlieri adamianebi moklebulni iyvnen saxelmwifos marTvis uflebas? magram amas mniSvneloba ara aqvs, radgan laparakia mxolod saxelwodebaze. ar arsebobs sasamarTlosa da saxalxo krebis monawilisaTvis saerTo saxeli da cnebis ganusazRvrelobis gamo ganusazRvreli rCeba maTi uflebebic. amrigad, Cven moqalaqeebad vTvliT imaT, vinc am gziT monawileoben saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi.

imaTTvis, visac ki moqalaqe ewodeba, yvelaze ufro Sesaferisi iqneba es gansazRvreba. ar unda gamogvrCes mxedvelobidan is, rom sadac substancias aqvs saxeobrivi gansxvavebebi am gansxvavebebSi erTi iqneba pirveli, meore iqneba Semdegi da sxv. amaT an saerTod ara aqvT zogadi buneba, an sustad aqvT ganviTarebuli. Cven vxedavT rom politikuri sistemebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian, zogi maTgani pirvelia, zogi momdevno. mcdari politikuri sistemebi, romlebic swori politikuri sistemebidan arian gadaxrilebi, aucileblad dabla dganan swor politikur sistemebze. Tu ras vgulisxmob sworidan gadaxraSi, amis Sesaxeb qvemoT vityvi.

cxadia, rom moqalaqeebi EerTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian saxelmwifoebrivi sistemebis gansxvavebis Sesabamisad. maSasadame moqalaqis cneba yvelaze metad udgeba demokratiul saxelmwifoSi mcxovrebT. is SeiZleba miudges sxva saxelmwifoSi mcxovrebTac, magaram es aucilebeli araa. zog saxelmwifoSi xalxs ara aqvs uflebebi, arc saxlaxo krebas iwveven, aramed iwveven senats da sasamarTlo saqmeebis warmoebac danawilebuli aqvT. magaliTad lakedemonSi saqmeebs xelSekrulebebis Sesaxeb arCeven sxvadasxva eforebi, mkvleleobebs gerontebi, aseve sxva saqmeebs sxva Tanamdebobis pirebi. magram ase araa karTagenSi, iq sasamarTlo saqmeebs garkveuli pirebi awarmoeben.

maSasadame Cveni gansazRvreba moqalaqis Sesaxeb unda Sesworebul iqnas. sxva saxelmwifoebSi araa garkveuli saxalxo krebisa da sasamarTloebis xelmZRvaneloba, aramed is dadgenilia xelisuflebis mier. amaTgan an yvelas, an zogierTs eZleva ufleba yvela an zogierTi saqmis garCevisa da gadawyvetilebis gamotanisa. moqalaqes vuwodebT imas, visac aqvs ufleba miiRos monawileoba am saxelmwifos saTaTbiro da samosamarTlo organoebSi da martivad rom vTqvaT, saxelmwifo aris adamianebis iseTi kavSiri, rac sakmarisia damoukidebeli cxovrebisaTvis. praqtikulad ki moqalaqed iTvleba is, vinc ormxriv, rogorc mamis, ise dedis mxriv aris moqalaqe da ara mxolod erTis mxriv. zogni ki ufro Sors midian da meore an mesame Taobis winaprebSi eZeben moqalaqeobas. saxelmwifoebrivi sakiTxis aseTi gadawyveta iwvevs kiTxvas, Tu rogor unda dadgindes mesame an meoTxe winamorbedi Taobis moqalaqeoba? saqme ki sul martivadaa. Tu kaci monawileobs saxelmwifos mmarTvaSi, zemomotanili gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad is am saxelmwifos moqalaqea. magram SeuZlebelia es gansazRvreba gavrceldes im moqalaqe qalze an kacze, romelnic iyvnen pirveli damaarsebelni da mosaxleni am qalaqisa.

ufro meti dabrkolebebi warmoiqmneba imaT mimarT, vinc moqalaqeoba miiRo gadatrialebebis Semdeg, rogorc moiqca tiranebis gaZevebis Semdeg klisTene. man bevri ucxoeli da mona meteki gaiyvana filebSi. aq kamaTi exeba ara imas, Tu vin aris moqalaqe da vin ara, aramed imas, samarTlianad Tu usamarTlod aqvs mas miRebuli moqalaqeoba.

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magram Tu vinme daamtkicebs, rom viRac araa samarTlianad moqalaqe, maSin es aris usamarTloba da siyalbe.

magram Cven vxedavT, rom zogierT saxelmwifo moxeles Tanamdeboba usamarTlo gziT aqvs mopovebuli da Cven ki mas mmarTvels vuwodebT, rac araa swori. moqalaqe ki damokidebulia saxelmwifo mmarTvelobisgan, radgan moqalaqed iTvleba saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi monawile, rogorc ukve vTqviT. maS moqalaqeni eseni arian. magram rac Seexeba Tanamdebobas, samarTlianad Tu usamarTlod aqvs kacs mopovebuli, es dakavSirebulia zemoTTqmul sadao sakiTxebTan.

dabrkolebas iwvevs agreTve sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, rom esa Tu is qmedeba Cadenilia saxelmwifos mier Tu ara, rodesac oligarqiidan an tiraniidan xdeba gadasvla demokratiaSi? am dros zogi uars ambos xelSekrulebis Sesrulebaze, radgan fiqrobs, rom es valdebuleba ikisra ara saxelmwifom, aramed tiranma da mravali sxva amgvari. magaliTad, miuTiTeben imazec, rom zogi saxelmwifo arsebobs ZalmomreobisaTvis da ara xalxis keTildReobisaTvis. marTalia zogierTi demokratiuli saxelmwifo ase Camoyalibda, magram am saxelmwifos moqmedebebi mainc iTvleba saxelmwifoebriv moqmedebebad iseve, rogorc oligarqiuli an tiranuli saxelmwifosi.

am siZneleebTan aris dakavSirebuli agreTve kiTxva imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifo igive darCa Tu ara, roca man saxe icvala? am sakiTxis yvelaze martivi gadawyveta iqneba mosaxleobisa da teritoriis kvleva. SeiZleba moxdes is, rom teritoria da adamianebi erTmaneTs daSordnen, erTni gadasaxldnen erT adgilas, meoreni meoregan. magram es dabrkoleba advili gadasawyvetia, radgan sityva “saxelmwifo” mravali mniSvnelobiT ixmareba.

es garemoebebi aiolebs sakiTxis kvlevas. aseve, Tu adamianebi erTsa da imave adgilze cxovroben, ra SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es igive saxelmwifoa? aq saqme kedlebze araa damokidebuli. radgan SeiZleboda peloponesis SemoRobvac erTi kedliT. igive iTqmis babilonze da sxva qalaqebzec, romlebsac aqvT ufro metad mosaxleobis da ara teritoriis aRwera. rogorc amboben, babilonis aRebis mesame dResac ki qalaqis erTma nawilma arferi icoda amis Sesaxeb. magram ukeTesi iyo am sakiTxis kvleva gadagvedo sxva droisTvis. politikur moiRvawes ar unda gamorCes mxedvelobidan sakiTxi qalaqis sididis Sesaxeb, agreTve ra ufro sasargebloa, erTi Tu mravali tomis mosaxleoba da romeli tomebisa? Tu erTsa da imave teritoriaze cxovrobs erTi da imave tomis xalxi, maSin ra unda iTqvas, rom sanam es tomi saxlobs am teritoriaze, saxelmwifo igivea Tu ara? Tumca masSi ganuwyvetliv zogi ibadeba zogi ki kvdeba. rogorc mdinareze vambobT rom igivea, Tumca masSi wylis nawili Caedineba, nawili ki gamoedineba. iqneb unda iTqvas, rom adamianebi igive darCnen, imave mizeziT, saxelmwifo ki Seicvala? Tu saxelmwifo aris erTgvari kavSiri, xolo moqalaqeTa kavSiri qmnis saxelmwifos, maSin Tu saxelmwifom icvala saxe, qalaqic aucileblad sxva iqneba da ara igive. rogorc gundi xan komikuria, xan tragikuli, ris gamo Cven vambobT rom is sxvaa, Tumca adamianebi igive darCnen. aseve kavSirebma da gaerTianebebma Tu saxe icvales, isini sxva kavSirebi da sxva gaerTianebebi iqnebian. harmoniazec vambobT, rom is xan droulia, xan frigiuli, Tumca is erTi da igive bgerebisgan Sesdgeba. Tu es asea, maSin qalaqzec unda vimsjeloT misi konstituciis mixedviT, aseve saxelmwifozec, saxelwodebac SeiZleba vixmaroT imis damoukideblad, cxovroben masSi igive adamianebi Tu sruliad sxva adamianebi.

magram sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb samarTliania Tu ara movaleobis Sesruleba an ar Sesruleba, roca saxelmwifo Seicvala an Seicvala misi konstitucia, es sul sxva sakiTxia.

Tavi II

imis Semdeg, rac vTqviT, unda vikvlioT sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, rom zneobrivi erTnairad unda ewodos rogorc karg adamians, aseve karg moqalaqes Tu ara? Tu gvinda rom es gavarkvioT, maSin pirvel yovlisa, unda davadginoT zogadad, Tu vin aris kargi moqalaqe. ra damokidebulebaSic aris mezRvauri mTel ekipaJTan, asTsave damokidebuilabaSia moqalaqe mTel sazogadoebasTan. mezRvaurebs ki gemze erTnairi uflebebi ara aqvT. erTi niCbosania, meore mesaWe, mesame mesaWis damxmare, sxvebs ki sxva saxelwodebebi aqvT. amitom cxadia, rom TviToeul maTgans Tavisi zneoba eqnebaT. zogi gansazRvreba ki yvelas erTnairad miudgebaT. yoveli mezRvauris mizans Seadgens bednieri mgzavroba, amitom TviToeuli maTgani am miznisken miiswrafvis. igive iTqmis moqalaqeebzec, Tumca isini gansxvavebulni arian, maTi kavSiris mizania keTildReoba. maTi kavSiri ki saxelmwifos warmoadgens. amitom moqalaqis zneoba saxelmwifoze aris damokidebuli.

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radgan saxelmwifo wes-wyobileba mravalgvaria, amitom cxadia, rom kargi moqalaqis zneoba erTgvarovani ar iqneba. Cven ki karg kacs vuwodebT im adamians, Tu mas aqvs romelime erTi srulyofili saTnoeba. cxadia, rom SesaZlebelia adamiani iyos kargi moqalaqe im saTnoebis gareSe, romlis gamo is karg kacad iTvleba. magram moqalaqis saTnoebis Sesaxeb mokamaTeni mividnen amave daskvnamde sxva gziTac. Tu SeuZlebelia, rom saxelmwifo mTlianad kargi moqalaqeebisgan Sesdgebodes, maSin saWiroa, rom TviToeuli moqalaqe kargad asrulebdes Tavis saqmes. es ki damokidebulia mis zneobaze. magram radgan yvela moqalaqe ar SeiZleba erTnairi iyos, amitom erTi da igive ar iqneba moqalaqis da adamianis zneoba. Tu saxelmwifoSi yvela kargi moqalaqe iqneba, maSin saxelmwifoc saukeTeso iqneba. magram SeuZlebelia, rom saxelmwifoSi yvela adamiani kargi iyos, Tu araa aucilebeli rom kargi saxelmwifos yvela moqalaqe kargi adamiani iyos.

saxelmwifo Sesdgeba gansxvavebuli nawilebisgan, rogorc yoveli cocxali arseba Sesdgeba sulisa da sxeulisagan. suli Sesdgeba azrovnebisa da nebisyofisagan, ojaxi Sesdgeba mamakacisa da qalisagan. qoneba batonisa da monisagan. saxelmwifo ki moicavs yovelive amas da kidev sxva movlenebs. amitom ar aris aucilebeli rom yvela moqalaqis saTnoeba erTnairi iyos, rogorc qoroSi qoros xelmZRvanelisa da monawilisa. aqedan cxadia, rom kargi adamianisa da kargi moqalaqis saTnoeba erTi da igive ar aris. magram iqneb iyos iseTi adamiani, romelsac eqneba rogorc kargi kacis, aseve kargi saxlmwifo moRvawis saTnoeba? Cven vambobT, rom saxelmwifos kargi xelmZRvaneli unda iyos saTno da gonieri. politikosi ki gonieri unda iyos. imasac amboben, rom saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelis aRzrda Tavidanve gansxvavebuli unda iyos. magaliTad, mefis vaJebs aswavlian cxenosnobas da saomar xelovnebas. aki evripidec ambobs: “me ar minda maxvilgoniereba, aramed is, rac saxelmwifos sWirdeba”. igulisxmeba is, rom mefeTaTvis arsebobs specifiuri saTnoeba. kargi mmarTvelisa da kargi moqalaqis saTnoeba erTi da igivea. magram radgan moqalaqe qveSevrdomia, amitom moqalaqisa da adamianis saTnoeba erTi da igive ar iqneba. es SeiZleba iTqvas mxolod erT romelime adamianze. xelmZRvaneli da moqalaqe erTi da igive araa, albaT amitom Tqva iazonma, rom SimSilobs, roca tirani araa. rac imas niSnavs, rom man ar icis, Tu rogori unda iyos Cveulebrivi moqalaqe. saqebia is adamiani, romelsac SeuZlia rogorc xelmZRvaneloba, aseve morCileba da vfiqrobT, rom moqalaqis saTnoeba unda iyos rogorc kargad xelmZRvaneloba, ise morCilebis Tviseba. Tu karg adamians unda SeeZlos xelmZRvaneloba, xolo moqalaqes unda hqondes orive es Tviseba, maSin orive erTnairad saqebi ver iqneba. Tu maTi saTnoebebi araa erTi da igive, maSin qveSevrdomma da xelmZRvanelma erTnairi ganaTleba ar unda miiRon, xolo moqalaqem unda icodes orive es saqmianoba da monawileobdes oriveSi. yovelive es ufro naTeli gaxdeba momdevno msjelobidan.

arsebobs batonis ufleba, rac exeba aucilebel samuSaoebs da romelTa Sesruleba batonisaTvis araa savaldebulo, magram am samuSaoTa gamoyeneba ki mas SeuZlia. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi is monis mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeboda. me vgulisxmob iseT samuSaoebs, rac msaxurs Seefereba. arseobs monis mravali saxeoba., radgan samuSaoebis mravali saxeoba arsebobs. amaTgan nawili xelosnebia. eseni, rogorc maTi saxelwodeba migvaniSnebs, sakuTari xeliT irCenen Tavs. maT ricxvs miekuTvneba agreTve xelosani-ostatebic. amitom zogierT saxelmwifoSi Zvelad xelosnebs ar hqodaT ufleba mieRoT monawileoba mmarTvelobaSi manam, sanam ar Seiqmna ukiduresi demokratia. amitom daqvemdebarebuli adamianis saqmianobas ar unda misdevdes arc kargi politikosi, arc kargi moqalaqe, arc kargi adamiani, Tu ara sakuTari aucilebeli moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ar iqneba gansxvaveba batonsa da monas Soris. magram arsebobs xelZRvaneloba msgavsi gvarisa da Tanac Tavisufali admianebisa. Cven amas vuwodebT politikur xelmZRvanelobas. es xelmZRvaneloba kacma ise unda Seiswavlos, rom gaiaros qveSevrdomis mdgomareoba. magaliTad cxenosnebis xelZRvanelma unda imuSaos cxenosnad, sardalma rigiT jariskacad da Seiswavlos jaris didi da patara razmis xelmZRvaneloba. amitom sworadaa naTqvami, rom ver iqnebi kargi xelmZRvaneli, Tu ar giswavlia qveSevrdomoba.

TviToeuli maTganis zneoba gansxvavebulia, magram karg moqalaqes unda SeeZlos rogorc morCileba, ise xelmZRvaneloba. moqalaqis saTnoeba swored esaa, rom SeeZlos Tavisufali adamianebis xelZRvaneloba da qveSevrdomobac. aseTivea kargi adamianis saTnoebac. Tumca xelmZRvanelis da qveSevrdomis goniereba da samarTlianoba gansxvavebulia. Tu Tavisufali adamiani qveSevrdomia, mas erTi saxis saTnoeba eqneba, kerZod samarTlianoba. magram mas eqneba saTnoebis sxvadasxva saxe, imis mixedviT, aris is xelmZRvaneli Tu qveSevrdomi. magaliTad, gansxvavdeba qalisa da mamakacis goniereba da simamace. vfiqrobT, rom Tu mamakaci iqneboda iseTive mamaci, rogorc

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mamaci qali, is mxdali iqneboda, xolo qali gamoCndeboda ybedad, Tu is iqneboda iseTi moridebuli, rogorc mamakaci. saxlis meurneobasic maT gansxvavebuli valdebulebebi aqvT. mamakacis saqmea qonebis mopoveba, qalisa-misi dacva da Senaxva. goniereba aris mxolod xelmZRvanelisTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri Tviseba. sxva saTnoebebi ki saerTo aqvT xelmZRvanelsa da qveSevrdoms. qveSevrdoms moeTxoveba ara goniereba, aramed WeSmariti Tvalsazrisi. qveSevrdomi SeiZleba SevadaroT salamuris Semqmnels. xelmZRvaneli ki masze damkvrelsa da mis gamomyenebels.

aqedan cxadi gaxda, erTi da igivea Tu gansxvavebuli kargi adamianisa da kargi moqalaqis zneoba da rogor arian isini igiveobrivi an gansxvavebuli.

Tavi IV

ganvsazRvreT ra yvelaferi, axla unda vikvlioT ramdeni saxelmwifoebrivi forma unda davuSvaT, erTi Tu mravali. Tu mravali unda arsebobdes, maSin unda gairkves, rogori unda iyvnen isini, ramdeni da riT unda gansxvavdebodnewn erTmaneTisgan. saxelmwifoSi umaRles Tanamdebobebs awesrigebs konstitucia, maT Soris, pirvel rigSi yvelaze ZiriTad Tanamdebobebs. saxelmwifoSi yvelaze umaRles Zalas warmoadgens misi xelmZRvaneloba. saxlmwifos ki xelmZRvaneloba ayalibebs. me vgulisxmob Semdegs: demokratiaSi saxelmwifos xelmZRvaneoba aris xalxis xelSi, oligarqiiaSi is umciresobis xelSia. amitom Cven maT gansxvavebul saxelmwifoebriv formebad vTvliT. igive unda iTqvas saxelmwifos sxva formebis ASesaxeb.

pirvel yovlisa unda davadginoT, ra mizniT Camoyalibda saxelmwifo da ramdeni saxis saxelmwifo xelisufleba arsebobs rogorc adamianis, ise sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mosawesrigeblad. Cveni saubris dasawyisSi ukve ganvsazRvreT saxlis meurneoba da agreTve batonis uflebebi, vTqviT agreTve, rom adamiani Tavisi bunebiT aris politikuri arseba. amitom is adamianebic ki, romlebsac ar sWirdebaT daxmareba, mainc miiswrafian Tanacxovrebisken. aqeTken maT ubiZgebs agreTve saerTo sargebloba. radgan TiToeuls wilad xvdeba xolme kargi cxovrebis sikeTe. swored es aris mizani rogorc yvelasi erTad, ise TviToeulis cal-calke. isini miiswrafian erTad cxovrebisken arsebobis SenarCunebis mizniT da monawileoben sazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi, radgan TviT sicocxleSi aris mocemuli sikeTis raRac nawili. garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca dabrkolebebi bevrad Warbobs sicocxlis sikeTes. adamianTa umravlesoba itans mraval ubedurebas, mijaWvuli sicocxleze, TiTqos masSi iyos raRac bedniereba da bunebrivi sitkboeba.

xelisuflebis formaTa gansxvaveba ar unda iyos Zneli. simarTle rom iTqvas, monaze batonoba bunebrivad sasargebloa rogorc batonisaTvis, ise monisaTvis, Tumca is ufro batonisTvisaa sasargeblo, monisTvis ki mxolod SemTxveviT. monis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi batons araviTari uflebebi aRara aqvs monaze. bavSvebisa da qalebis xelmZRvanelobas da saerTod ojaxis xelmZRvanelobas Cven vuwodeT ojaxis meurneoba (ekonomia). igi miznad isaxavs an daqvemdebarebul pirTa, an orive mxaris keTildReobas. magram is ufro metad daqvemdebarebul pirTa keTildReobas isaxavs miznad, rogorc amas adgili aqvs sxva xelovnebebSi, magaliTad medicinaSi da sportSi. SemTxveviT is SeiZleba xelmZRvanelis mizansac emsaxurebodes, radgan araferi ar uSlis xels imas, rom sportis maswavlebeli TviTonac monawileobdes sportul varjiSobebSi. iseve rogorc mesaWe aris erT-erTi mezRvaurTgani; rogorc varjiSis xelRvanelis, ise mesaWis mizans Seadgens imaTi sikeTe, visac isini xelmZRvaneloben, magram rodesac isini erTdroulad xdebian daqvemdebarebulica da xelmZRvanelic, maSin isini SemTxveviT iReben sargeblobis nawils, erTis mxriv mesaWe _ mezRvauriT da meore mxriv varjiSis xelmZRvaneli – movarjiSeTi.

rac Seexeba saxelmwifos marTvas, rodesac saxelmwifo xelmZRvanelobs moqalaqeebis Tanasworobisa da Tanabaruflebianobis principiT, maSin saxelmwifos saTaveSi bunebrivad rigrigobiT xdebian sxvadasxva moqalaqeni da TviToeuli maTgani morigeobiT eweva sazogadoebriv saqmianobas. rodesac vinme iyo ra saTaveSi, zrunavda sxvis sikeTeze, aseve moiTxovs, rom sxvam izrunos mis sikeTeze. axla ki im sargeblobis gamo, rac gaerTianebam da saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelobam gamoiwvia, yvelas surs saxelmwifos saTaveSi ganuwyveteli yofna, TiTqos SeeZloT ganuwyvetliv janmrTelni iyvnen. maSin rodesac avadmyofobisken midrekileba xelmZRvanelebsac aqvT, miuxedavad amisa, isini mainc miiswrafian xelisuflebis saTaveebisaken.

aqdan cxadia, rom is saxelmwifoebi, romlebic miznad isaxaven sazogado sargeblobas, absoluturi samarTlianobis TvalsazrisiT, swori saxelmwifoebrivi formebi arian. xolo is saxelmwifoebi, romlebic mxolod xelmZRvaneli pirebis sargeblobas emsaxurebian, araswor

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saxelmwifoebriv formebsa da swori saxelmwifoebrivi wyobidan gadaxras warmoadgenen. eseni despoturi saxelmwifoebi arian, TviT saxelmwifo ki warmoadgens Tavisufali adamianebis kavSirs.

ganvsazRvreT ra es, amis Semdeg unda gavarkvioT, Tu ramdeni saxelmwifoebrivi wyoba arsebobs, aqedan ramdenia srulyofili, anu swori mmarTvelobis forma, romlebia isini? amiT naTeli gaxdeba agreTve sworidan gadaxrili saxelmwifoebrivi mmarTvelobis formebic.

Tavi V

saxelmwifo da saxelmwifos mmarTveloba erTsa da imaves niSnavs, magram saxelmwifos mmarTveloba aris umaRlesi Zala saxelmwifoSi. Zalaufleba ki aris an erTis, an umciresobis an umravlesobis xelSi. iqneba Zalaufleba erTis, umciresobis Tiu umravlesobis xelSi, Tu is zrunavs sazogadoebis sargeblobaze, maS es saxelmwifo aucileblad yofila swori saxelmwifoebrivi mmarTvelobis forma.. xolo saxelmwifo, romelic emsaxureba erTis, umciresobis an umravlesobis sargeblobas, warmoadgens swori saxelmwifoebrivi mmarTvelobis damaxinjebas. aseT saxelmwiofoSi mcxovrebni an aRar arian moqalaqeni, anda isinic unda iRebdnen wils saerTo sargeblobidan.

im monarqiul saxelmwifos, romelic miznad isaxavs mTeli sazogadoebis sargeblobas, Cven bazileas vuwodebT. umciresobis an erTze metis mmarTvelobas Cven vuwodebT aristokratias an imitom, rom mas xelmZRvaneloben saukeTeso adamianebi, anda imitom rom isini warmarTaven saxelmwifosac da moqalaqeebsac saukeTeso miznisken. xolo rodesac umravlesoba zrunavs sazogado sargeblobaze, aseT saxelmwifos yvela uwodebs saerTo saxels _ politeas. aseTi dayofa gonivrulicaa, radgan SeiZleba zneobiT gamoirCeodes an erTi adamiani, an umciresoba magram Znelia, rom yvelas yovelgvari saTnoeba hqondes. es ufro samxedro saqmeSia SesaZlebeli, radgan samxedro saTnoeba umravlesobisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. aseT saxelwifoSi Zalaufleba aris meomrebis xelSi da mmarTvelobaSic isini monawileoben, romlebsac iaraRi aqvT. gadaxrebi saxelmwifos zemoTTqmuli formebidan Semdegia: monarqiidan warmoiSoba tirania, aristokratiidan _ oligarqia, politeadan _ demokratia. tirania igive monarqiaa, romelic emsaxureba mxolod erTi mmarTvelis sargeblobas, oligarqia emsaxureba mdidrebs, demokratia ki – Raribebis interesebs. magram saerTo sargeblobaze arcerTi am formaTagani ar zrunavs.

saWiroa cota ufro vrclad vimsjeloT imaze, Tu ras warmoadgens saxelmwifos TviToeuli es saxeoba. magram amas Tan axlavs erTgvari siZnele, radgan sakiTxis ganxilva mecnieruli da ara mxolod praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT niSnavs imas, rom ar iqnas gamotovebuli an uyuradRebod datovebuli arc erTi detali da TviToeul maTganze gamovlenil iqnas WeSmariteba.

rogorc ukve vTqviT, tirania aris monarqia, magram sazogadoebis despoturi marTva. oligarqiaSi Zalaufleba ekuTvnis mdidrebs, demokratiaSi piriqiT., marTaven ara simdidris mqoneni, aramed Raribni. pirveli dabrkoleba, rac Tan axlavs am gansazRvrebas, aris Semdegi: saxelmwifoSi Zalaufleba aris mdidrebis xelSi, magram isini Seadgenen umravlesobas, xolo demokratia ki maSin arsebobs, roca saxelmwifos marTavs umravlesoba. aseve piriqiT, Tu es SeiZleba moxdes, Raribebi arian mcirericxovanni, SedarebiT mdidrebTan, magram Zalaufleba aris Raribebis xelSi. Cven ki vTqviT, rom oligarqiaSi Zalaufleba aris umciresobis xelSi. maSin aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom saxelmwifos Sesaxeb Cveni gansazRvrebebi swori ar yofila. magram Tu vinme SeaerTebda umciresobis simdidres da umravleobis siRaribes, miiRemda oligarqiis aseT gansazRvrebas: oligarqia aris saxelmwifo, sadac Zalaufleba aris mcirericxovani mdidrebis xelSi, xolo demokratia ki aris saxelmwifo, sadac Zalaufleba ekuTvnis mravalricxovan Raribebs. magaram amas Tan axlavs sxva siZnele: ra vuwodoT axlaxans dasaxelebul saxelmwifoebs, romelTagan erTSi Zalaufleba ekuTvnis mravalricxovan mdidrebs, xolo meoreSi ki _ Rarib umciresobas? amave dros eseni arian Zlieri saxelwifoebi da maT garda ar arsebobs sxva saxlmwifoebrivi weswyobileba.

rogorc Cans unda davaskvnaT Semdegi: cxadia rom saxelmwifos marTavs umciresoba Tu umravlesoba, es demokratiis da oligarqiis SemTxveviTi niSania, radgan yvela saxelmwifoSi mdidrebi mcirericxovanni arian, Raribebi ki mravalricxovanni. maSasadame am saxelmwifoTa gansxvavebis mTavari mizezi es araa. is, riTac demokratia da oligarqia gansxvavdeba erTmenaTisgan, es aris simdidre da siRaribe. iq, sadac saxelmwifos marTaven simdidris safuZvelze, mmarTvelni iqnebian bevrni Tu cotani, sul erTia, radgan wes wyobileba mainc oligarqiuli iqneba. sadac marTaven Raribebi iq iqneba demokratia.

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magram rogorc vTqviT erTgan marTavs bevri, meoregan ki mcire raodenoba xalxisa. mdidrebi mcirericxovanni arian, magram Tavisufleba yvela moqalaqes aqvs. amitomac yvela moqalaqe ibrZvis mmarTvelobaSi moxvedrisaTvis.

pirvel yovlisa unda davadginoT demokratiisa da oligarqiis ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi da ra iTvleba samarTlianobad oligarqiasa da demokratiaSi. samarTlianoba yvelas Taviseburad esmis da midian garkveul punqtamde, magram rasac isini samarTlianobas uwodeben, araa samarTlianoba absoluturi mniSvnelobiT. magaliTad, fiqrobdnen, rom samarTlianoba unda iyos Tanasworoba. da es sworicaa. magram ara yvelasaTvis, aramed araTanasworTaTvis. magram maT mxedvelobaSi rCebaT kiTxva “visTvis”? amis mizezi ki isaa, rom isini gansjian Tavis Tavis mixedviT, xolo umravlesoba Tavis saqmeSi cudi mosamarTlea. samarTlianoba niSnavs vinmesTvis samarTlianobas da igi gansxvavdeba adamianebisa da sagnebis mixedviT. saganTa Soris Tanasworobas yvela eTanxmeba, adamianTa Soris Tanasworobaze ki davoben, ZiriTadad axlaxans dasaxelebul mizezTa gamo, rom kaci Tavis Tavze cudada msjelobs, magram imis gamoc, rom orive mxare msjelobs samarTlianobis nawilze, magram hgoniaT rom msjeloben absolutur samarTlianobaze.

zogi ki fiqrobs, rom Tu adamianebi rameSi uTanasworni arian, magaliTad qonebaSi, isini saerTodac uTanasworni arian. meoreni ki aRniSnaven ra adamianTa Tanasworobas, magaliTad, TavisuflebaSi, hgoniaT rom isini yvelaferSi Tanasaworni arian. magram yvelaze mTavar momentze ki arafers amboben. isini, romlebic qonebis mopovebis mizniT daukavSirdnen saxelmwifos da gaerTiandnen masSi, imdenadve monawileoben saxelmwifos marTvaSi, ramdenadac mogebis miRebaSi. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gveqneba oligarqiuli marTvelobis formasTan. ar iqneboda samarTliani, rom vinc 100 mnis saerTo jamSi Seitana mxolod erTi mna da vinc Seitana danarCeni Tanxa, iRebdnen Tanaswor wils, rogorc ZiriTadi Tanxidan, ise mogebidan. magram saxelmwifo iqmneba ara mxoilod arsebobisTvis, aramed ufro metad bednieri arsebobisTvis. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi monebsa da cxovelebsac eqnebodaT saxelmwifo. magram aseTi saxelmwifo ar arsebobs, radgan maT arc bedniereba surT da arc saxelmwifos sakuTari arCevaniT mowyoba. saxelmwifo ar Seiqmneba samxedro kavSiris saxiT usamarTlobisgan Tavdasacavad da arc gacvla-gamocvlisa da urTierT daxmarebisaTvis, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi tirenelebic da karTagenelebic, da yvela, romlebsac ki erTmaneTSi aqvT dadebuli xelSekruleba, iqceodnen erTi saxelmwifos moqalaqeebad. maT Soris dadebuli xelSekruleba ki exeba saqonlis Semotanas agreTve erTimeoris dacvas usamarTlobisagan da werilobiTi xelSekruleba ki aqvT dadebuli urTierT samxedro daxmarebaze. yovelive amaSi maT erTi xelmZRvaneli ar yavT, aramed TiToeul mxares Tavisi xelmZRvaneli hyavs. isini ar zrunaven imaze, Tu rogori unda iyos meore mxare, arc imaze, rom xelSekrulebis damdebma romelime mxarem ar Caidinos raime uzneoba, armed zrunaven mxolod imaze, rom erTi meores raime usamarTloba ar miayenon. politikur sikeTesa da borotebaze saxelmwifoSi zrunaven isini, romlebic zrunaven kanonierebis dacvaze. cxadia isic, rom zneobaze izrunebs is saxelmwifo, romelic WeSmaritad da ar mxolod sityvierad iwodeba saxelmwifod. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi es urTierToba SeiZleba iqces samxedro kavSirad, romelic sxva samxedro kavSirebisgan mxolod teritoriiT iqneba gansxvavebuli. kanonic xom erTgvari xelSekrulebaa, rogorc ambobda sofisti likofrone (13).is garantiaa urTierT samarTliani damokidebulebisa da ara saSualeba moqalaqeTa keTilad da samarTlianad aRzrdisa, rac cxadia, sworia. vinmes rom SeerTebina megarelebisa da korinTelebis qalaqis teritoriebi ise, rom maTi kedlebi erTmaneTs Sexeboda, erT saxelmwifos mainc ver miiRebda. es ar moxdeboda arc maSin, saxelmwifoSi epigamia (14) rom SemoeRoT, rac saxelmwifoTa urTierTobis erT-erTi formaa. erTi saxelmwifo ar warmoiSoboda arc maSin, Tu adamianebi daSorebulni iqnebodnen erTmaneTisgan. magram ara ise Zalian, rom maT Soris SeuZlebeli yofiliyo yoveli kavSiri. magram maT eqnebodaT kanoni imis Sesaxeb, rom erTmaneTis mimarT usamarTloba ar CaedinaT gacvla gamocvlis dros. magaliTad Tu erTi aris mSenebeli, meore miwaTmoq,medi, mesame mewaRe da a.S. maTi ricxvi rom aTi aTasi yofiliyo, maT urTierTSoris ar eqnebodaT sxva urTierToba garda gacvla gamocvlisa da samxedro kavSirisa. am SemTxvevaSic isini ver Seqmnidnen erT saxelmwifos. ra aris amis mizezi? yovel SemTxvevaSi amis mizezi ar aris tritoriuli siSore, radgan isini urTierTobis dros erTmaneTs uaxlovdebian, magram TviToeuli maTgani sargeblobs sakuTari saxliT, rogorc sakuTari saxelmwofoTi da amrigad, maT eqnebodaT samxedro megobroba, rac iTvaliswinebs urTierT daxmarebas mesame mxaris Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi. Tu kargad davakvirdebiT, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom arc ase Seiqmneba saxelmwifo, Tu isini erTmaneTTan iseTsave urTierTobaSi iqnebodnen, rogorc saxelwifoSi gaerTianebamde. amrigad, cxadia, rom saxelmwifo ar aris toritoriis erTianoba da arc xelSekruleba, dadebuli urTierT

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Tavdausxmelobisa Tu gacvla gamocvlis Sesaxeb. yovelive es aucileblad iarsebebs, Tu iarsebebs saxelmwifo, radgan saxelmwifo aris ojaxebisa da gvarebis kavSiri, Seqmnili bednieri, srulyofili da damoukidebeli cxovrebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT. magaram saxelmwifo ar Seiqmneba arc maSin, Tu adamianebi ar cxovroben erTsa da imave teritoriaze da urTierTqorwinebaSi ver Sedian. ai, amitom Seiqna qalaqebis danaTesaveba, msxverplSewirvebis dResaswaulebi, Zmobani. esaa megobrobis Sedegi, radgan Tanacxovrebas megobrebi irCeven. amrigad, saxelmwifos mizania bednieri cxovreba da yovelive danarCeni am mizans emsaxureba.

saxelmwifo aris gvarebisa da soflebis kavSiri, Seqmnili srulyofili da damoukidebeli cxovrebis mopovebis mizniT. aseTi cxovreba ki, Cvenis azriT, aris bednieri da mSvenieri cxovreba. saxelmwifo arsebobs mSvenieri cxovrebisaTvis da ara adamianTa TanacxovrebisaTvis. amitomac isini, romlebic didad uwyoben xels saxelmwifos gaerTianebas, ufro metad arian Rirsni iyvnen saxelmwifos saTaveSi, vidre isini, romlebic arian Tavisufalni, an keTilSobili warmoSobisa, an mdidarni, anda sxva upiratesobebis mqoneni, magram romlebic maTze dabla dganan politikuri an zneobrivi saTnoebiT.

zemoTTqmulidan cxadia, rom yvela isini, romlebic davoben saxelmwifo sakiTxebze, mxolod nawilobriv arian marTalni.

Tavi IX

zemoT moyvanili msjelobidan kargi iqneboda gadasvla monarqiaze da misi ganxilva. Cven vamtkicebT, rom monarqia aris saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis erT-erTi swori forma. gasarkvevia is, sasargebloa Tu ara im saxelmwfoebisa da qveynebisaTvis romelTac surT kargad icxovron, Tu amisaTvis ukeTesi iqneboda sxva saxelmwifoebrivi wyoba? an iqneb is zogan sasargebloa da zogan ki ara? pirvel yovlisa unda gavarkvioT, mas erTi saxe aqvs Tu mravali?

advilia mixvedra, rom samefo xelisuflebis mravali forma arsebobs. vfiqrobT, rom spartelebis saxelmwifo sxva saxelmwifoebTan SedarebiT yvelaze metadaa Seqmnili kanonierebis safuZvelze, magram igi yvela sakiTxs ar wyvets. xolo rodesac monarqi tovebs saxelmwifos farglebs, maSin is xdeba samxedro Zalebis mTavarsardali. garda amisa mas aqvs ufleba religiuri saqmeebis xelmZRvanelobisa. amrigad es samefo xelisufleba aris samxedro saqmis ganusazRvreli xelmZRvanelobis uflebis mqone. magram mas ara aqvs sikvdiliT dasjis ufleba. mxolod zogierT SemTxvevaSi, rogorc Zvel droSi saomari eqspediciebis dros Seuracxyofis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba esargebla am uflebiT. rogorc homerosi yveba, rodesac agamemonma saerTo krebaze moismina lanZRva-gineba, Tavi Seikava, magram rodesac jari saomrad midioda, maSin ki hqonda dasjis ufleba:

“Tu vinme Sors dgas brZolis velidan,vin daicavs mas ZaRlebisa da frinvelebisgan,

radgan Cems xelSia sikvdilis neba” (15)esaa samefo xelisuflebis erT-erTi saxe – samxedro samsaxuri mTeli cxovrebis

manZilze.amas garda arsebobs monarqiis sxva saxeebi. magaliTad, barbarosul tomebSi maT

iseTive uflebebi aqvT, rogorc tirans, zogi maTgani kanoniT aris daniSnuli, zogi memkvidreobis uflebiT. barbarosuli tomebi ufo monuri bunebisani arian, vidre berZnebi da azielebi ufro metad, vidre evropelebi. amitom barbarosebi iTmenen despoturi mmarTvelobas ukmayofilebis gareSe. ai, amitomac aris iq mmarTveloba tiranuli, xolo myaria imitom, rom igi memkvidreobiTia da emyareba kanons. amave mizeziT, mefes dacva yavs ara tiranuli aramed samefo xasiaTisa. mefes icaven SeiaraRebuli moqalaqeni, tirans ki gareSe Zalebi. mefeebi marTaven saxelmwifos kanoniTa da qveSevrdomTa neba-surviliT, tiranebi ki iZulebiT. amitom tirani Tavs icavs moqalaqeebisagan, mefeebs ki moqalaqeni icaven.

arsebobs monarqiis ori saxe: erT-erTi hqondaT Zvel berZnebs da mas “esimneta” ewodeboda. martivad rom vTqvaT, es iyo arCeuli tirani, romelic gansxvavdeboda barbarosulisgan ara imiT, rom kanons ar emyareboda aramed imiT, rom ar iyo mxolod memkvidreobiTi. aseTi mefeebi zogni mTeli cxovrebis manZilze rCebian saTaveSi, zogi ki garkveuli drois manZilze da garkveuli saqmeebisaTvis… . . . .

meoTxe saxe samefo xelisuflebisa gmirul droSi iyo nebayoflobiTi da memkvidreobiTi xasiaTisa, amitom isini kanoniernic iyvnen. pirvel mefeebs bevri sikeTe mohqondaT xalxisTvis an xelovnebiT, an omiT, an imiT, rom aerTianebdnen saxelmwifos da axal miwebs moipovebdnen. amitom isini gaxdnen xalxisTvis sasurveli mefeebi da miiRes

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mefobis memkvidreobiT gadacemis ufleba. maT evalebodaT omis xelmZRvaneloba, msxverplSewirvebis Catareba, rac sasuliero wodebas ar exeboda da sasamarTlo saqmeebis garCeva. sasamarTlo saqmeebs zogi arCevda ficis qveS, zogi ara. ficis dadeba ki xdeboda kverTxis aweviT. Zvel droSi mefeebi marTavdnen saxelmwifos rogorc saSinao, ise sagareo saqmeebs. SemdgomSi ki zog funqciebze TviTon mefeebma Tqves uari, zogi ki xalxma CamoarTva. zog saxelmwifoSi maT dautoves mxolod msxverplSewirvis ufleba. zogan ki, raTa eTqvaT, rom samefo xelisufleba yavT, mas misces mxolod saxelmwifos gareT omis xelmZRvanelobis ufleba.

Tavi XI

Cven axla unda vikvlioT iseTi mefe, romelic yvelafers sakuTari surviliT akeTebs. rogorc ukve vTqviT, monarqia, romelic kanonierad arsebobs, ar warmoadgens respublikuri saxelmwifos raime saxeobas. yvela saxelmwifoSi, rogorc aristokratiulSi, ise demokratiulSi, arsebobs mudmivi samxedro Tanamdeboba da bevri saxelmwiofo am Tanamdebobas aZlevs romelime erT kacs.

e.w. absolutur monarqiaSi ki mefe ganagebs yovelives sakuTari surviliT. zogi fiqrobs, rom bunebrivad erTi adamiani ar SeiZleba iyos yvela moqalaqeze ufro Zlieri maSin, rodesac saxelmwifo Sesdgeba erTnairi moqalaqeebisgan. xolo bunebrivad tanaswor adamianebs unda hqondeT Tanaswori uflebebi da pativiscema. Tu araTanabari sxeulis mqone adamianebisTvis mavnea erTnairi tanisamosi da kveba, igive unda iTqvas pativiscemis Sesaxeb. amitom, ar varga Tanasworoba araTanasworTa Soris. amitom ar iqneboda samarTliani, rom erTi yovelTvis xelmZRvanelobdes, xolo meore emorCilebodes., aramed xelmZRvanelobaca da qveSevrdomobac rigrigobiT unda iyos. ai esaa kanoniereba. xolo kanoni _ es wesrigia. umjobesia rom batonobdes kanoni da ara erTi romelime moqalaqe. amave kanonis mixdviT, Tu ukeTesi iqneba rom saxelmwifos marTavdes ramodenime moqalaqe, isini daniSnul unda iqnen kanonis mcvelebad da kanonis gamtareblebad. aucilebelia, rom iyos vinme saxelmwifos xelmZRvaneli, magram usamarTloba iqneboda, rom is yofiliyo erTi vinme, maSin, rodesac, yvelani Tanasworni arian. magram Tu vinme ambobs rom kanons ar SeuZlia gadawyvitos yvela sakiTxi, amis gadawyveta arc adamians SeuZlia. kanoni aZlevs xelmZRvanel pirebs aucilebeli movlenebis codnas, aswavlis samarTliani ganaCenis gamotanas da mis Tanmimdevrul gatarebas cxovrebaSi, Secdomebis gasworebas, Tu gamocdileba aCvenebs, rom Sesworebuli sjobs arsebuls. is, vinc amtkicebs, rom saxelmwifos unda marTavdes goneba, is mouwodebs rom marTavdes kanonebi da RmerTi, xolo vinc mouwodebs, rom saxelmwifos marTavdes adamiani, is moiTxovs mmarTvelobaSi agreTve cxovelis Semoyvanas. vneba da mrisxaneba cxoveluri Tvisebebia da is amaxinjebs mmarTvel pirebs, Tundac isini saukeTeso adamianebi iyvnen.

Sedareba xelovnebasTan ki ar varga, radgan ar varga mkurnaloba dawerili receptebiT. ukeTesi iqneboda Tu mkunalobas awarmoebdnen isini, romlebmac ician es xelovneba, radgan eqimebi arafers gaakeTeben gonebis sawinaaRmdegos megobris gulisTvis, aramed gasamrjelozec ki uars amboben, sanam avadmyofs ar moarCenen. vfiqrobT, rom saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelebi bevr rames wyveten siZulvilis an keTilganwyobilebis mixedviT. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu warmoiSoba eWvi, rom eqimi, mtrebisgan Cagonebuli, cdilobs avadmyofis daRupvas mogebis mizniT, maSin jobs dawerili receptebiT mkurnaloba. avadmyofi eqimebi sxva eqimebs iwveven, xolo sportis maswavleblebi sxva maswavleblebs, roca TviTon ar ZaluZT swori Sefaseba, radgan gansasjelebi Sinaurebi arian, TviTon ki vnebebis zemoqmedebas ganicdian. amrigad cxadia, rom rodesac kaci simarTles eZebs, is eZebs Sualeds. xolo aseTi Sualedi aris kanoni. garda amisa, is kanonebi, romelic Sedgenilia Cveulebis Sesabamisad, ufro mniSvnelovani arian, da ufro ZiiTad sakiTxebs exebian, vidre dawerili kanonebi. da adamiani, romelic marTavs saxelmwifos dawerili kanonebiT, araa ufro saimedo imasTan SedarebiT, vinc marTavs qveyanas Cveulebaze damyarebuli kanonebiT. garda amisa, erti kacisaTvis advili araa bevri saqmis gaZRola, amitom saWiro xdeba mravali xelmZRvaneli piris mowveva. maS raSia gansxvaveba, es Tavidanve ase iyo, Tu erTma adaminama SemoiRo? amas garda adrec iyo naTqvami, rom saxelmwifos unda marTavdes patiosani da yvelaze kargi adamiani da es samarTliania. magram erT karg kacs ori kargi kaci ara sjobs? . .

axlac zogan saxelmwifos xelmZRvanels gamoaqvs ganaCeni, rogorc mosamarTles, im SemTxvevaSi, roca kanonSi araa Sesabamisi gansazRvreba. magram iq, sadac kanons aqvs unari gadawyvitos saqme, aravin ar davobs, rom ukeTesia kanoniT moqmdeba. kanonSi zogi sakiTxi gadaWrilia, zogi ara. da amitom iSveba siZnele da gadasawyvetia

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kiTxva, Tu raa ukeTesi, rom marTavdes kanoni, Tu saukeTeso adamiani? kanonis momxreni ar uaryofen imas, rom adamiani unda wyvetdes aucileblad aseT sakiTxebs, magram amtkiceben, rom erTi kaci ki ar unda wyvetdes, aramed bevri. yoveli xelmZRvaneli piri ukeT gansjis kanonze dayrdnobiT. uazroba iqneboda imis mtkiceba, rom ukeTesia xedavdnen da ismendnen, gamohqondeT gadawyvetileba ori TvaliT da ori yuriT, moqmedebdnen ori fexiT da ori xeliT, vidre mravliT. maSin rodesac mefeebi TviTon iyeneben mraval Tvalsa da yurs, xelebsa da fexebs, roca xelisuflebaSi Tavis megobrebs mmarTvelobis Tanamonawiled ixdian. magram Tu isini megobrebi ar arian, maSin mefis gadawyvetilebis Sesabamisad ar imoqmedeben. magram Tu isini megobrebi arian, Tanasworebi da msgavsni, Tanac megobrebi rogorc mefisa, ise xelisuflebisa da marTaven saxelmwifos, maSin Tanasworni da msgavsni mmarTvelobas msgavsad da Tanasworad unda axorcielebdnen.

ai, daaxloebiT yovelive is, rasac mokamaTeni ambobdnen monarqiis winaaRmdeg.

Tavi XII

radgan Cven vTqviT, rom arsebobs mmarTvelobis sami swori forma, maT Soris ukeTesia is saxelmwifo, romelsac xelmZRvaneloben saukeTeso adamianebi. aseTi ki aris saxelmwifo, sadac an erTi adamiani, an mTeli erTi tomi, an xalxis masa aris gamorCeuli Tavisi zneobiT. amaTgan zogs SeuZlia xelmZRvaneloba, zogs morCileba saukeTeso cxovrebis miRwevis mizniT. winamorbedi msjelobiT ki damtkicda, rom erTi da igivea moqalaqisa da pirovnebis saTnoeba saukeTeso saxelmwifoSi. cxadia, rom imave meTodebiT, romlebiTac adamiani xdeba patiosani, SeiZleba mogvewyo saxelmwifoc, iqneboda is aristokratiuli, Tu monarqiuli. ase rom, arsebobs aRzrdisa da tradiciebis erTi da igive sistema, romelic gaxdis patiosnad rogorc pirovnebas, ise politikur moRvawesa da mefes.

davadgineT ra es, axla vimsjeloT saukeTeso saxelmwifos Sesaxeb, Tu rogor warmoiqmneba is bunebrivad da rogoraa organizebuli. axla aucilebelia amis kvleva.

wigni IVTavi II

Cven ganvasxvaveT swori saxelmwifos sami forma: monarqia, aristokratia da politea (16) da maTi damaxinjebis sami forma: tirania monarqiis damaxinjeba, oligarqia aristokratiis damaxinjeba da demokratia politeas damaxinjeba. aristokratiisa da demokratiis Sesaxeb zemoT ukve iTqva. msjeloba saukeTeso saxelmwifos Sesaxeb niSnavs misi saxelwodebis ganxilvas. saxelmwifos TviToeuli forma gulisxmobs garkveuli saTnoebis Sesabamisi pirobebis arsebobas. zemoT ukve adgenili iyo, Tu riT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan aristokratia da monarqia da rodis SeiZleba ewodos saxelmwifos monarqia. dagvrCa gansaxilveli saxelmwifo, romelic atarebs politeas zogad saxels. aseve sxva saxelmwifoebi, rogoricaa oligarqia, demokratia da tirania.

cxadia, Tu am damaxinjebuli formebidan romelia uaresi da romeli momdevno. aucilebelia, rom uaresia is saxelmwifo, romelic warmoadgens gadaxras pirveli da RvTaebrivi saxelmwifodan. aseTi ar SeiZleba iyos monarqia, Tu misi saxeli carieli sityva ar aris, agreTve mefis mravali upiratesobaTa gamo. ase rom, yvelaze uaresi unda iyos tirania, romelic didad aris gadaxrili konstituciuri saxelmwifodan. meore adgilze oligarqia unda davayenoT. aristokratia konstituciuri saxelmwifodan kidev ufro metad aris daSorebuli. politeasgan zomierad aris daSorebuli demokratia.

erT-erTma Cemma winamorbedma mweralma (17) igive Tqva, magram Cven ara vdgavarT imave principze. is ambobda, rom Tu aviRebT yvela saxelmwifos saukeTeso mdgomareobaSi, oligarqiasa da sxvebs, maTSi yvelaze uaresi iqneba demokratia, magram Tu ganvixilavT maT cud mdgomareobaSi, maSin demokratia iqneba saukeTeso. Cven ki vambobT, rom yvela es saxelmwifo aris araswori forma. arc isaa swori, rom TiTqos oligarqiis erTi forma sjobs meores, Cven vambobT, rom is sxva formebTan SedarebiT aris nakleb cudi.

Tavi IV

zemoT vTqviT, rom arsebobs saxelmwifo wyobilebis mravali saxe da ra mizeziT. axla vimsjeloT imis Sesaxeb, rom arsebobs demokratiisa da oligarqiis mravali saxe, rac cxadi iyo agreTve zemoTTqmulidan. arsebobs agreTve xalxis mravali saxeoba. magaliTad, erTi

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saxeoba aris miwaTmoqmedTTa, meore xelosnebisa, mesame vaWrebisa, romlebic yidva - gayidvas awarmoeben, Semdegi saxea mezRvaurebisa. amaTgan nawili meomrebi arian, nawili meTevzeobas misdevs, nawili tvirTzidvas eweva, xSirad TviToeuli es saxeoba aris mravalricxovani, magaliTad, meTevzeebi tarentsa da bizantiaSi, mizRvaurebi aTenSi, matrosebi eginasa da qiosSi, mtvirTavebi tenedosSi. amas garda arsebobs uRaribesi mosaxleoba da mcire qonebis mflobelni, romelTac ara aqvT Tavisufali dro. Semdeg Tavisufali moqlaqeni, rolebic ar arian orive mxriv Tavisufali mSoblebisagan warmoSobilni da sxva saxeobani ubralo xalxisa. gamorCeuli xalxi ki erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba simdidriT, keTilSobili warmoSobiT, zneobiT, ganaTlebiTa da sxva amgvari TvisebebiT.

e. w. pirvel demokratiaSi gatarebulia ZiriTadi Tanasworobis principi. am demokratiaSi kanoni qadagebs Tanasworobas. arc Raribebs da arc mdidrebs ara aqvT raime upiratesoba, arc erTi mxare araa meti uflebebis mqone, meoresTan SedarebiT, aramed orive mxare Tanasworia. radgan am demokratiaSi yvelaze metad arsebobs Tavisufleba da Tanasworoba, rogorc amtkicebs zogierTi, amitom aq yvelaze metad monawileobs mosaxleoba mmarTvelobaSi. radgan aq umravlesobas xalxi Seadgens da maT dadgenilebas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs. amitom aucilebelia, rom es saxelmwifo demokratiuli iyos. ai, esaa demokratiis erTi saxe.

demokratiis meore saxeobaSi xelmZRvaneli Tanamdebobis miReba damokidebulia qonebaze, Tumca ara did qonebaze, maSasadame mmarTvelobaSi monawileobis miReba SeuZlia qonebis mflobels, xolo aramqone am uflebas moklebulia.

Semdegi saxeoba demokratiisa isaa, sadac yvelas aqvs ufleba miiRos monawileoba mmarTvelobaSi, marTva xorcieldeba kanonebis safuZvelze. magram moqalaqis Tavisufali warmoSoba eWvs ar unda badebdes. demokratiis Semdeg saxeobaSi yvelas aqvs ufleba miiRos maRali Tanamdeboba, magram amisaTvis saWiroa, rom is moqalaqe iyos. saxelmwifos aq kanoni marTavs. demokratiis Semdeg formaSi yvelaferi isea, rogorc zemoTTqmulSi, magram Zalaufleba ekuTvnis ara kanons, aramed xalxs. es ki xdeba imitom, rom aq mTavaria saxalxo krebis gadawyvetileba da ara kanoni. amas axorcieleben demagogebi. im saxelmwifoSi sadac demokratia xorcieldeba kanoniT, demagogebs adgili ara aqvT. iq sapatio adgilebi saukeTeso moqalaqeebs ekuTvniT demagogebi Cndebian iq, sadac kanons ara aqvs Zala. xalxi xdeba suverenuli mmarTveli, Tu gaerTianda. masa Zlieria ara cal-calke, aramed yvelani erTad. gaugebaria, Tu ras gulisxmobda homerosi, roca ambobda, rom ar varga, roca saTaveSi mravalia. iqneba gulisxmobda imas, rom Tu mravali marTavs ise, TiTqos erTi yofiliyos. rodesac masas surs iyos erTmarTveli da saxelmwifo marTos rogorc monarqma, maSin is ar marTavs kanonebiT da maSin es saxelmwifo iqceva despotur saxelmwifod, sadac pativSi imyofebian mliqvnelni. aseTi demokratia tiraniis analogiuria. maT erTnairi Tvisebebi aqvT: orive despoturad eqceva saukeTeso moqalaqeebs, gadawyvetilebebs brZanebis xasiaTi aqvs, orivegan vxvdebiT demagogebs da mliqvnelebs, romlebic erTmaneTs hgvanan da igiveobrivni arian. TiToeul maTgans aqvs didi gavlena tiranze demagogebs ki aseT xalxze. amis mizezi isaa, rom didi mniSvneloba eZleva gadawyvetilebebs da ara kanons. gadawyvetileba ki xalxs gamoaqvs. amis Semdeg xalxi iqceva did Zalad, radgan saqmeebis umetesobas Tavisi SexedulebiT wyvets. demagogebi ki Tanamdebobis pirebs braldebebs uyeneben da amtkiceben, rom isini xalxma unda gaasamarTlos. xalxi am braldebebs siamovnebiT eTanxmeba da Tanamdebobis pirebi kargaven Tavis uflebebs. swori iqneboda, Tu am demokratias usayvedurebdnen, rom is ar warmoadgens saxelmwifos, radgan sadac araa kanoni, iq arc saxelmwifoa. kanoni unda wyvetdes yvelafers, xolo Tanamdebobis pirebi da saxelmwifo ki unda wyvetdnen kerZo sakiTxebs. ase rom, Tu demokratia aris saxelmwifos erT-erTi saxeoba, cxadia, rom is wyobileba, sadac yvelafers wyvets saxalxo kreba, ar iqneba namdvili demokratia. radgan saxalxo krebis gadawyvetileba ar SeiZleba hqondes universaluri mniSvneloba.

ai, Cveni mosazrebebi demokratiuli saxelmwifos Sesaxeb.

Tavi V

oligarqiis erT-erT saxeobas axasiaTebs midrebisaTvis upiratesobis miniWeba imdenad, rom Raribebi romlebic umravlesobas warmoadgenen, ar monawileoben saxelmwifos marTvaSi. saxelmwifos mmarTvelobaSi daiSvebian mxolod isini, romlebmac Seagroves qoneba.

Semdegi forma oligarqiisa aris is, sadac saTaveSi eqcevian didi qonebis patronebi da Semdeg isini irCeven im Tanamdebobis pirebs, romlebic akliaT. Tu es SerCeva warmoebs

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mdidrebis mTeli Semadgenlobidan, maSin Seiqmneba aristokratiuli saxelmwifo, magram Tu mosaxleobis gansazRvruli fenidan, maSin isev oligarqias miviRebT.

oligarqiis mesame saxeobaSi Svili ikavebs mamis Tanamdebobas. meoTxe formaSi mmarTveloba xocieldeba zemoTTqmulis mixedviT, magram sazogadoebas marTavs ara kanoni, aramed Tanamdebobis pirebi es ki imis niSania, rom oligarqiaSi xdeba tiraniis gadasvla monarqiaSi, rogorc demokratiisa demokratiaSi. aseT oligarqiul saxelmwifos uwodeben dinastiurs.

ai, ramdeni saxe arsebobs demokratiisa da oligarqiisa. ar unda gamogvrCes mxedvelobidan is saxelmwifoebi, romlebic kanonis mixedviT demokratiulni ar arian, magram tradiciebisa da socialuri sistemis mixedviT ki demokratiulni arian. aseve piriqiT, zogierTi saxelmwifo kanonis mixedviT demokratiulia, xolo tradiciebisa da cxovrebis wesis mixedviT ki oligarqiuli. es metwilad xdeba saxelmwifoebSi momxdari cvlilebebis Sedegad, rodesac swrafad ki ar xdeba gadasvla axalze, aramed patar patara cvlilebebis dagrovebis gamo. ase rom, adre arsebuli kanonebi inarCuneben Tavis Zalas, Zalaufleba ki gadadis imaT xelSi, vinc gadatrialeba moaxdina.

zemoTTqmulidan cxadi xdeba, rom demokratiisa da oligarqiis aseTi saxeebi arsebobs. aucilebelia, rom saxelmwifos marTvaSi monawileobdes mosaxleobis yvela fena, anda zogi monawileobdes da zogi ara. rodesac miwaTmoqmedni da saSualo fenebi arian saTaveSi, maSin saxelmwifos mmarTveloba xorcieldeba kanonebiT, radgan isini SromiTY cxovroben da dasveneba ar SeuZliaT, amitom isini yvelaferze maRla kanons ayeneben da saerTo saxalxo krebebs mxolod aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi awyoben. sxva moqalaqeni ki mmarTvelobaSi monawileoben im SemTxvevaSi, Tu daagroveben qonebis kanoniT daSvebul raodenobas. amgvarad, SeZlebis mqone yvela moqalaqe monawiloebs mmarTvelobaSi. Tu es ufleba yvelas ar eqneba, Seiqneba oligarqia. magram Tavisufali dro ar eqneba kacs, Tu cxovrebis saxsari ar aqvs. ai, am mizezis gamo, esaa demokratiis pirveli saxeoba.

demokratiis Semdeg saxes aqvs aseTi ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi: aq yvelas aqvs ufleba monawileobdes mmarTvelobaSi, Tu araa eWvi mis keTilSobilur warmomavlobaze. magram monawileobs is, visac aqvs saamiso Tavisufali dro. aseT demokratiaSi marTaven kanonebiT, radgan xalxs ara aqvs Tavisufali dro.

demokratiis mesame saxisTvis damaxasiaTebelia yvela Tavisufali moqalaqis monawileoba mmarTvelobaSi zemoxsenebuli mizezis gamo. ase rom, am saxelmwifoSi xelmZRvaneloben kanoniT.

meoTxe saxeoba demokratiisa warmoiSoba dasaxelebul saxelmwifoebze gvian, radgan saxelmwifoebi adrindelTan SedarebioT gaizardnen da Semosavalic moemataT. saxelmwifos mmarTvelobaSi monawileobs ubralo xalxis umravlesoba da isini ewevian politikur saqmianobas, radgan iReben ra xelfass, uxvad aqvT Tavisufali dro. xalxis masas sakuTar saqmeebze zrunva xels aRar uSlis, mdidrebs ki uSlis, ris gamoc isini xSirad ar eswrebian saxalxo krebebs da sasamarTloebs, amitom xalxis masa xelT igdebs Zalauflebas da kanonebic kargaven TavianT mniSvnelobas.

ai, ramdeni saxeoba arsebobs demokratiisa, ratom arseboben isini da ra mizeziT.oligarqiis pirvel saxeobaSi qoneba aqvs xalxs, Tumca mcire raodenobisa da ara Zalian

didi, ris gamoc mas aqvs saSualeba miiRos monawileoba saxelmwifos marTva gamgeobaSi. esaa oligarqiis pirveli saxe. radgan aq qonebis mflobelni monawileoben mmarTvelobaSi da radgan maTi ricxvi didia, amitom aucilebelia rom mTeli Zalaufleba iyos ara adamianebis, aramed kanonebis xelSi, raxan is didad aris daSorebuli monarqiisagan. aq xalxs ara aqvs imdeni qoneba, rom ar zrunavdes saarsebo saSualebebis mopovebaze, magram ara aqvs imdenad cota, rom saxelmwifos Sesanaxi gaxdes. amitom isini moiTxoven, rom saxelmwifos marTavdes kanoni da ara pirovneba. radgan mdidrebi mcirericxovanni arian, magram ufro metad mdidrebi, vidre oligarqiis pirvel formaSi, amitom warmoiSoba oligarqiis meore forma, sadac mdidrebs didi uflebebi aqvT da amitom met moTxovnebs ayeneben. isini irCeven Tanamdebobebis pirebs danarCeni mosaxleobidan. magram isini imdenad Zlierni ar arian, rom kanonebis gareSe marTon saxelmwifo, adgenen Sesabamis kanonebs.

rodesac mcirdeba didi qonebis mflobelTa ricxvi, maSin warmoiSoba oligarqiis mesame saxe, sadac mTeli Zalaufleba amaT xelSia. xolo maTi sikvdilis Semdeg, kanonebis safuZvelze maTi vaJebi ikaveben maT Tanamdebobebs. maTi qoneba didad izrdeba, momxreebisc ematebaT da Zalauflebac gadadis ara kanonebis, aramed adamianebis xelSi. aseTi dinastia uaxlovdeba monarqias. aseTia oligarqiis meoTxe saxe. esaa ukiduresi demokratiis sawinaaRmdego forma.

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demokartiisa da oligarqiis garda arsebobs kidev ori saxelmwifos wes - wyobileba, romelTagan erT-erTs rogorc yvela, ise Cvenc vTvliT oTxi formidan erT-erTad. es oTxi formaa: monarqia, oligarqia, demokartia, aristokratia da mexuTe atarebs yvela saxelmwifosTvis saerTo saxels, “politea”. radgan is xSirad ar gvxvdeba, amitom SeumCneveli rCeba imaTTvis, vinc cdilobs saxelmwifo saxeebis CamoTvlas da amitom asaxeleben saxelmwifos mxolod oTx formas. magaliTad platoni Tavis “saxelmwifoSi”. aristokratia am saxelmwifos swored ewodeba, ris Sesaxebac Cven ukve vTqviT Cven zemoTmoyvanil saubrebSi. am saxels atarebs es saxelmwifo, rogorc saxelmwifos, aseve adamianebis gamo, romlebic namdvilad arian saTno da ara raRac pirobebis gamo. am erT rameSi, zneobaSi, politikosni da moqalaqeni igiveobrivni arian. sxva saxelmwifoebSi ki moqalaqeebi aseTni arian mxolod saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSi. magram arseboben sxva saxelmwifoebic, romlebic gansxvavdebian oligarqiulisgan da aristokratia ewodebaT. isini gansxvavdebian agreTve politeasgan., sadac maRal Tanamdebobaze iniSnebian ara mxolod simdidris, aramd agreTve saTnoebis gamo. es saxelmwifo gansxvavdeba orivesgan da ewodeba aristokratiuli saxelmwifo. im saxelmwifoebSic ki, sadac saerTod ar zrunaven moqalaqeTa zneobaze, arian adamianebi, romlebsac kargi saxeli aqvT da patiosnebad Tvlian. iq, sadac yuradRebas aqceven simdidresac, saTnoebasac da mosaxleobis dabal fenebsac, magaliTad karTagenSi, iq aristokratiuli saxelmwifoa. xolo sadac mxolod or rames aqceven yuradRebas, zneobasa da adamianebs, iq saxelmwifo warmoadgens zneobisa da demokratiis narevs. zemoT dasaxelebuli formebis garda aristokratias unda daematos es ori saxe da mesame e.w. politea, romelic ufro oligarqiisken ixreba.

Tavi VI

dagvrCa gansaxilveli e.w. politea da tirania. Cven isini ase movaTavseT, Tumca arc politea da arc tirania ar arian saxelmwifos damaxinjebuli formebi. simarTle rom iTqvas, yvela isini swor saxelmwifoebriv wes-wyobilebebTan SedarebiT arian erTgvari Secdoma. isini mere miakuTvnes damaxinjebul formebs, rac warmoadgens gadaxvevas swori saxelmwifoebrivi formebidan, rogorc dasawyisSic aRvniSneT da bolos, gonivruli iqneba ganvixiloT tirania, romelic yvelaze nakleb aris respublikuri saxelmwifoebrivi wes-wyobileba, Tumca, Cveni kvleva respublikas exeba.

Tu ratom vawarmoebT am klasifikacias, amis Sesaxeb ukve vTqviT. axla ki SevudgeT politeis ganxilvas. davadgineT ra oligarqiisa da demokratiis xasiaTi, axla ufro naTeli gaxdeba politeis arsi. martivad rom vTqvaT, politea aris oligarqiisa da demokratiis narevi. xalxi politeas uwodebs im saxelmwifoebs, romlebic ixrebian demokratiisken, xolo romlebic ixrebian oligarqiisaken, aristokratias uwodeben, radgan mdidrebi ufro metad aqceven yuradRebas swavla-ganaTlebas da keTilSobilebas.

aristokratiaSi surT, rom upiratesoba saukeTeso moqalaqeebs miscen. oligarqiac, ZiriTadad, kargi da mSvenieri moqalaqeebisgan Sesdgeba. amitom, vfiqrobT, rom SeuZlebelia kargi kanonebi qondes im saxelmwifos, romelsac xelmZRvaneloben ara kargi, aramed cudi adamianebi. aseve SeuZlebelia aristokratiuli iyos is saxelmwifo, romelsac kargi kanonebi ar aqvs. kanoniereba ar iqneba arc iq, sadac kanonebi kargia, magram mas ar asruleben. maS unda miviRoT, rom kanoniereba niSnavs kanonebisadmi morCilebas. aris saxelmwifoebi, sadac emorCilebian kargad Sedgenil kanonebs. magram xdeba xolme isic, rom asruleben cudad Sedgenil kanonebs. kargi kanonebi ki orgvaria: kargi moqalaqeTaTvis da kargi absoluturi mniSvnelobiT.

vfiqrobT, rom aristokratia aris iseTi saxelmwifo, sadac pirvel rigSi pativs scemen zneobriv adamianebs da masSi sazomi zneobaa, oligarqiaSi sazomia simdidre, demokratiaSi _ Tavisufleba. yvela saxelmwifo, oligarqiac, aristokratiac da demokratiac gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas aZlevs umravlesobis azrs. e.i. gadamwyvetia is, rasac fiqrobs xelmZRvanel pirTa umravlesoba.

saxelmwifoTa umravlesobas aqvs ori nimuSi politeis saxiT, rac gulisxmobs mdidrebisa da Raribebis, simdidrisa da Tavisuflebis narevs. umravlesoba saxelmwifoebSi mdidrebs ukaviT kargi da mSvenieri adamianebis adgili.

is Tvisebebi, romlebic acxadeben saxelmwifoSi pretenzias Tanasworobaze, arian Semdegi: Tavisufleba, simdidre da zneobrioba. meoTxe, keTilSobili warmoSoba Tan sdevs or ukanasknels, radgan keTilSobileba Zveleburad simdidresa da zneobriobas niSnavs. cxadia, rom simdidrisa da siRaribis narevs politea unda vuwodoT, xolo pirveli sami Tvisebis

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narevs sxvebTan SedarebiT ufro metad aristokratia SeiZleba ewodos, garda pirveli, WeSmariti aristokratiisa.

amrigad, cxadia, arseboben monarqiis, oligarqiisa da demokratiis sxva saxelmwifoebrivi formebic. iTqva imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori arian isini, riT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan politea da aristokratia, romelnic erTmaneTisgan didad ar arian daSorebulni.

Tavi VII

imis Semdeg, rac vTqviT, axla vilaparakoT imis Sesaxeb, Tu demokratiis da oligarqiis garda rogor warmoiSoba politea da rogoria misi wes-wyobileba. amiT naTeli gaxdeba agreTve is niSnebi, rac oligarqiasa da demokratias ganasxvavebs. miviRoT es gansazRvrebebi da TiToeuli maTganis naxevrebis SeerTebiT SevadginoT erTi mTeli.

SeerTebisa da Serevis ki sami saxe arsebobs: pirveli, orive kanonmdeblobidan unda aviRoT is, rac saerToa orivesTvis, magaliTad sasamarTlo saqmeebis warmoeba. oligarqiaSi mdidrebs ajarimeben, Tu ar monawileoben sasamarTlos saqmianobaSi, Raribebs ki monawileobisaTvis xelfass aZleven. demokratiaSi Raribebs aZleven xelfass sasamarTloebSi monawileobisaTvis, mdidrebs ki ar ajarimeben. politea ki warmoadgens maT gaerTianebas da Sualeds maT Soris. aseTia am ori sistemis gaerTianebis pirveli gza.

meore gza aris Sualedi im dadgenilebebisa, romelic gamoaqvs am or saxelmwifos. magaliTad demokratia saxalxo krebaSi monawileobisaTvis ar moiTxovs Zalian did cenzs. am mxriv maT Soris araferia saerTo. amitom saWiroa maT Soris Sualedi gzis gamonaxva.

mesame gza ki gulisxmobs dadgenilebebis nawilis aRebas oligarqiis kanonebidan, nawilisa ki demokratiidan. me vgulisxmob Semdegs: demokratiaSi maRali Tanamdebobis pirebs niSnaven kenWisyriT, oligarqiaSi arCevnebiT. demokratiaSi Tanamdebobis dakavebisTvis araa saWiro qonebrivi cenzi, oligarqiaSi saWiroa. demokratia da politea iReben am wyobidan erT-erT niSans: oligarqiidan maRali Tanamdebobebis pirebis arCevnebs, demokratiidan qonebriv cenzis uaryofas. ai aseTia am saxelmwifoebis SeerTebis mesame gza.

am saxelmwiofoebis kargi SeerTebis sazomi aris am saxelmwifoebis Sefaseba erTdroluad rogorc demokratiulad, ise oligarqiulad. isini, romlebic amas amboben, grZnoben, rom narevi kargia. aseve ganicdeba Sualedic, romelSic moCans orive ukiduresoba. amas adgili aqvs lakedemonis saxelmwifoSi. bevri amtkicebs, rom lakedemoni aris demokratiuli saxelmwifo, radgan mas demokratiuli saxelmwifos bevri niSani aqvs. magaliTad bavSvebis aRzrdis sakiTxi. mdidrebis Svilebi imave pirobebSi izrdebian, rogorc Raribebisa. isini iseTsave ganaTlebas iReben, rogorsac mdidrebis Svilebi. mowifulobisa da davaJkacebis periodSic maTi pirobebi ar gansxvavdeba. aseve kveba sisitiebSi yvelas erTnairi aqvs. mdidrebi atareben iseTsave tanisamoss, rogorsac atareben Raribni. ori didi saxelmwifoebrivi Tanamdebobidan erTs irCvs xalxi, meores arCeva ki xdeba xalxis masebidan. gerontebs xalxi irCevs, eforatis arCevnebSi ki TviTon xalxi monawileobs. zogi fiqrobs, rom lakedemonelebis saxelmwifo aris oligarqiuli, radgan mas oligarqiulis bevri niSani aqvs. magaliTad yvela maRali Tanamdebobis pirs irCeven da kenWisyriT arasodes ar niSnaven. Tanamdebobis pirebs iSviaTad aqvT ufleba sikvdiliT dasjis, gaZevebisa da sxv. unda vivaraudoT, rom politeaSi orive sistema kargad aris SeerTebuli da arc erT maTgans ar eZleva upiratesoba. igi Tavs icavs sakuTari da ara gareSe ZalebiT. arc saTaTbirod arian mowveuli gareSe pirebi. es cudi saxelmwifosaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. am saxelmwifos arc erT Semadgenel nawils ar surs sxva wes-wyobileba.

amrigad Cven vimsjeleT imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda Seiqmnas e.w. politea da aristokratiuli saxelmwifo.

Tavi VIII

dagvrCa gansaxilveli tirania ara imitom, rom masze bevris Tqma SeiZleba, aramed imitom, raTa man daikavos Tavisi adgili Cvens gamokvlevaSi, radgan Cven mas vTvliT saxelmwifos erT-erT saxeobad. monarqia Cven ukve ganvixileT winamorbed saubrebSi, sadac kvlevas vawarmoebdiT e.w. monarqiaze, raTa dagvedgina, sasargebloa Tu ara es forma da rogor niSnaven mefes.

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tiraniis ori forma Cven ukve ganvixileT iq, sadac monarqias vikvlevdiT, orives aqvs iseTi Tvisebebi, rac monarqias emTxveva. orive emyareba kanonebs. zogierTi barbarosuli tomi axlac irCevs TviTmpyrobel mefes da Zvel droSic, adreul saberZneTSi aseve niSnavdnen TviTmpyrobel mefeebs. romelTac esumnetebi ewodebodaT. magaram am or monarqias Soris arsebobs gansxvavebac. isini kanonierebisa da xalxis neba-surviliT arCevis gamo arian samefoebi. magram despoturi mmarTvelobisa da sakuTari neba-surviliT moqmedebis gamo arian tiranuli.

tiraniis mesame saxe ufro metad aris TviTmpyrobeluri xasiaTisa. igi tiraniulia imitomac, rom upirispirdeba absolutur monarqias. igi aucileblad aris tiranuli imis gamoc, rom saukeTeso moqalaqeebs marTavs angariSgebis gareSe sakuTari da ara daqvemdebarebulTa interesebisaTvis. cxadia, rom is aris iZulebiTi mmarTveloba, radgan arc erTi Tavisufali moqalaqe ar daemorCleboda aseT mmarTvelobas.

zemoTTqmuli mizezebis gamo aseTia da amdeni tiranuli saxelmwifo.Tavi IX

rogoria yvelaze ukeTesi saxelmwifo da cxovrebis saukeTeso saxe saxelmwifoTa da adamianTa umravlesobisaTvis? es araa cxovreba iseTi saTnoebiT, romelic Warbobs Cveulebrivi adamianis saTnoebas, arc cxovreba ganaTlebiT, rac moiTxovs bunebriv monacemebsa da saSualebebs rasac iZleva bednieri SemTxveva. is arc saxelmwifoa, romelsac moqalaqeTa surviliT irCeven, aramed esaa iseTi cxovreba, romelic xelmisawvdomia mosaxleobis umravlesobisaTvis da iseTi saxelmwifo, romelic misaRebia saxelmwifoTa umravlesobisaTvis.

e.w. aristokratiuli miuRebelia saxelmwifoebis umravlesobisaTvis. igi uaxlovdeba e.w. politeas, amitom masze, rogorc erT saxelmwifoze, axla vilaparakebT. msjeloba yvela am sakiTxis Sesaxeb iqneba damyarebuli imave principebze. Tu «eTikebSi» sworadaa naTqvami, rom bednieri cxovreba aris zneobaze damyarebuli dabrkolebebis gareSe, xolo zneoba ki aris Sualedi, maSin saukeTeso cxovreba iqneba Sualeduri cxovreba, romlis miRweva SeuZlia yvela adamians. igive gansazRvreba eqneba aucileblad saxelmwifoebriv saTnoebasac da mankierebasac, radgan politea aris igive saxelmwifo cxovreba.

yovel saxelmwifos aqvs sami nawili: Zalian mdidrebi, Zalian Raribebi da mesame _ maT Sua myofi. radgan yvela aRiarebs rom zomiereba da Sualedi aris saukeTeso mdgomareoba, cxadia, rom qonebaSic saukeTesoa saSualo qoneba. gonivrulia daeTanxmo aseT Tvalsazriss, magram Znelia daeTanxmo Zalian kargs, Zalian Zliers, Zalian keTilSobils, da amaT mopirdapires Zalian Raribs, Zalian susts, Zalian damcirebuls. pirvelni xdebian ufro metad Tavxedebi da uzneoni, meoreni ki borotmoqmedni da wvrilmani uzneoni. erTni sCadian usamarTlobas Tavxedobis gamo, meoreni ki boroti Tvisebebis gamo. garda amisa, isini ar gaurbian saxelmwifo saqmianobas, piriqiT, etanebian mas, magram orive es niSan-Tviseba sazianoa saxelmwifosaTvis. amas garda, isini romlebic zedmetad keTildReobaSi imyofebian da Zalauflebac aqvT, maT ar surT daemorCilon xelmZRvanelobas da arc warmodgena aqvT amaze. es maT mosdgamT ojaxidan da bavSvobidan. isini, imyofebodnen ra fufunebaSi, ar arian miCveulni morCilebas saswavleblebSic ki. xolo meoreni didi gaWirvebis gamo Zalian damcirebulni arian, amitom ar ician arc xelmZRvaneloba da arc qveSevrdomoba, aramed mxolod monuri morCileba. pirvelni ar emorCilebian araviTar xelmZRvanelobas da TviTon, rogorc despotebi, ise xelmZRvaneloben. ase warmoiqmna monebisa da batonebis saxelmwifo, sadac erTni SuriT arian aRvsilni, meoreni ki zizRiT. es ki ewinaaRmdegeba megobrobas da saxelmwifoebriv urTierTobebs. xolo mtrebs erT gzaze gavlac ki ar surT.

saxelmwifos surs, rom Sedgebodes umetesad msgavsi da Tanaswori moqalaqeebisagan. es ki axasiaTebs saukeTeso politikur wes-wyobilebas, im saxelmwifos simyares, romlis Sesaxeb vambobT, rom aris bunebrivi Semadgenlobisa, yvelaze metad saSualo klasi icavs. saSualo klass arc sxvebis avla-dideba surs, rogorc Raribebs, arc sxvebs surT maTgan raime, rogorc mdidrebisgan Raribebs da radgan arc maT surT sxvebisa da arc sxvebs surT maTi, amitom mSvidad cxovroben. amasTan dakavSirebiT, kargad aqvs naTqvami fukulides: “saSualo fenas mravali upiratesoba aqvs. me minda rom saxelmwifoSi saSualo fenas vekuTvnode” (18). cxadia rom saukeTeso saxelmwifoebrivi urTierToba Seiqmneba saSualo klasis daxmarebiT da kargia im saxelmwifos mmarTveloba, sadac saSualo fena sWarbobs Tu orive mopirdapire mxares ara, erT-erTs mainc, Tu isini daukavSirdebian roelime mxares, warmoSoben wonasworobas da xels uSlian mowinaaRmdege mxareebis gaZlierebas. udidesi bednierebaa, rodesac moqalaqeebs aqvT saSualo, magram sakmarisi qoneba. iq ki, sadac erT mxares aqvs Zalian bevri, meores ki araferi, warmoiSoba an ukiduresi demokratia, an sufTa saxis oligarqia, anda tirania, sadac

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orive mxare Warbad aris mocemuli. tirania warmoiSoba ukiduresi demokratiisa da oligarqiisagan. gacilebiT nakleb Cndeba is saSualo fenebze damyarebuli da monaTesave saxelmwifoebidan. amis mizezebis Sesaxeb Cven vilaparakebT mogvianebiT, roca SevexebiT saxelmwifo gadatrialebis sakiTxs.

amrigad cxadia, rom saxelmwifos saSualo forma aris saukeTeso, radgan mxolod masSi ara aqvs adgili ajanyebebs imis gamo, rom Warbobs saSualo klasi da sadac Warbobs saSualo klasi, iq nakleb aqvs adgili ajanyebebsa da areulobebs. didi saxelmwifoebic amave mizeziT, e.i. saSualo klasis siWarbis gamo, arian Tavisufalni ajanyebebisagan. patara saxelmwifoebSi ki advilia ori mowinaaRmdege klasis gaZliereba ise, rom saSualo klasisTvis adgili aRar darCes da yvelani xdebian an Zalian mdidrebi, an Zalian Raribebi. demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi ufro myarni arian, vidre oligarqiebi da ufro dRegrZelnic maTSi saSualo klasis arsebobis gamo. isini demokratiaSi Seadgenen umravlesobas da ufro metad ikaveben did Tanamdebobebs, vidre oligarqiaSi. Tu ar arsebobs saSualo klasi, Raribebi imarjveben TavianTi simravliT da maSin adgili aqvs borotmoqmedebaTa gaZlierebas da saxelmwifoc swrafad iRupeba. magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba davasaxeloT saukeTeso politikosebi, romlebic gamovidnen saSualo fenebidan, magaliTad, soloni am klasidan iyo, rasac misi leqsic adasturebs, agreTve likurge (19), romelic ar iyo mefe, agreTve qaronde da sxvani mravalni.

aqedan cxadia, Tu ratom aris saxelmwifoTa umravlesoba an demokratiuli, an oligarqiuli. umetes SemTxvevaSi am saxelmwifoebSi saSualo klasi warmoadgens umciresobas, ris gamoc imarjvebs romelime ukiduresi mxare, xan mdidrebi, xan Raribebi. isini, scildebian ra saSualo fenebs, saxelmwifos ganageben sakuTari neba surviliT da ase warmoiqmneba an demokratia, an oligarqia, amas garda Rarib xalxsa da mdidrebs Soris warmoiSoba omi da ajanyebebi da romelma mxaremac ar unda gaimarjvos, ver qmnis erT mTlian Tanasworuflebian moqalaqeTagan Semdgar saxelmwifos. gamarjvebuli mxare iRebs saxelmwifos, rogorc saCuqars da qmnis xan demokratias, xan oligarqias. am ori saxelmwifodan (19), romelTac ekuTvnodaT hegemonia saberZneTSi, TviToeuls hqonda sakuTari wes-wyobileba, xan demokratiuli, xan oligarqiuli da zrunavdnen ara am saxelmwifoebis, aramed pirad keTildReobaze, amis gamo an sul ar Seiqmna saSualo wyobis saxelmwifo, an iSviaTad da mcirericxovan saxelmwifoebSi. winamorbedTagan mxolod erTma adamianma daarwmuna xalxi SeeqmnaT aseTi wes-wyobileba, magram TviT saxelmwifoSi ukve arsebobda aseTi Cveva, rom ar surdaT Tanasworoba, aramed cdilobdnen an saTaveSi moxvedras, an moTminebiT itandnen qveSevrdomobas.

aqedan cxadia, Tu romelia saukeTeso saxelmwifo da sxva saxelmwifoebidan zogi ratom movaTavseT pirvel adgilze, zogi meoreze, radgan Cven vTqviT, rom bevria rogorc demokratiuli, ise oligarqiuli saxelmwifo. amrigad, win moTavsebulni ukeTesni iqnebian, vidre momdevnoni da aRar iqneba Zneli imis SemCneva, Tu romelia maT Soris saukeTeso saxelmwifo. yovelTvis ukeTesi iqneba is saxelwmifo, romelic saukeTeso saxelmwifos uaxlovdeba, uaresi iqneba is saxelmwifo, romelic didad aris daSorebuli saukeTeso saxelmwifosagan. unda gamovricxoT iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac vinme msjelobs winaswar SemuSavebuli TvalsazrisiT. “winaswar SemuSavebul TvalsazrisSi” me vgulisxmob iseT SemTxvevebs, roca arsebobs saxelmwifosaTvis mmarTvelobis sasargeblo forma, magram upiratesobas aZleven imas, rac piradad maTTvis aris sasargeblo.

nawili IIwigni VTavi I

. . . imis gamo, rom yvela moqalaqe erTnairad ar monawileobs saxelmwifos mmarTvelobaSi, amitom xdeba ajanyebebi. magram yvelaze metad samarTliani iqneboda imaTi ajanyeba, romelnic gamorCeulni arian Tavisi zneobiT. Tumca eseni arca fiqroben ajanyebaze. yvelaze ufro gonivruli iqneboda, rom swored eseni CagveTvala absoluturad gansxvavebulad. agreTve warmoSobiT keTilSobili adamianebi Tavis Tavs ar Tvlian sxvebis Tanasworad swored Tavisi warmoSobis gamo. xolo keTilSobilad iTvlebian isini, romlebsac winaparTagan mosdgamT saTnoebaca da simdidrec. ase vTqvaT, ajanyebis sawyisebi da wyaroebi esenia. maSasdame saxelmwifoSi gadatrialeba orgvarad xdeba: zogjer is TviT wes-wyobilebas exeba da arsebulis nacvlad SemoqavT sul sxva wes-wyobileba. magaliTad demokratiis nacvlad qmnian oligarqias, anda oligarqiis nacvlad – demokratias, anda amaT nacvlad hqmnian politeas an aristokratias. zogjer wes-wyobilebas ar exebian, aramed xelSi

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igdeben mxolod Zalauflebas, iqneba es oligarqia Tu demokratia. SeiZleba gadatrialebis mizani iyos saxelmwifos gamyareba, an Sesusteba. magaliTad Tu arsebobs oligarqia surT ufro meti an naklebi oligarqia. anda: Tu aris demokratia, surT ufro meti an naklebi demokratia. aseve xdeba sxva saxelmwifoebSic, sadac raimes umateben an akleben. amas garda, zogjer scvlian saxelmwifos romelime nawils. magaliTad SemoaqvT an auqmeben romelime Tanamdebobas. . .

ajanyeba yvelgan xdeba uTanasworobis gamo, radgan araTanasworTa Soris ar SeiZleba Tanasworobis damyareba. magaliTad, mefoba mTeli cxovrebis manZilze aris uTanasworoba, arsebuli TanasworTa Soris. saerTod ajanyebas yvelgan iwvevs swrafva Tanasworobisken. Tanasworoba ki ixmareba ori mniSvnelobiT: Tanasworoba ricxobrivad da Rirsebis mixedviT. ricxobrivi Tanasworoba niSnavs Tanasworobas ara raodenobiT, an sididiT, Rirsebis mixedviT TanasworobaSi vgulisxmobT SedarebiT Tanasworobas. magaliTad sami sWarbobs ors da ori erTs Tanasworad, xolo Sedarebis TavlsazrisiT oTxi sWarbobs ors da ori erTs erTnairad, radgan oriani oTxis iseTive nawilia, rogorc erTiani orisa, oriveni maTi naxevrebia.

yvelani Tanaxmani arian, rom Tanasworoba Rirsebis mixedviT absoluturi mniSvnelobis mqonea. magram gansxvaveba maTi Sexedulebebisa mdgomareobs imaSi, rom isini, romlebic raimeSi arian Tanasworni, erTmaneTs yovelmxriv Tanasworad Tvlian, meoreni ki, raimeTi sxvebis araTanasworni, Tavis Tavs maTgan yovelmxriv gansxvavebulad acxadeben, rogorc adreca vTqviT. amitom arsebobs saxelmwifos ori ZiriTadi saxe: oligarqia da demokratia. keTilSobileba da zneoba axasiaTebs umciresobas, sxva Tvisebebi ki umravlesobas, radgan keTilSobili da kargi adamiani asic ki araa sadme, xolo mdidrebi ki yvelgan arian. saerTod, sadac ki es principebia gatarebuli, mdgomareoba yvelgan cudia, rac dasturdeba SemdegiT; arc erTi saxelmwifo araa myari, romelic ki am principiT xelmZRvanelobs. amis mizezi ki isaa, rom TavSi da dasawyisSi daSvebulma Secdomam ar SeiZleba bolos raime boroteba ar gamoiwvios. amitom zogan saWiroa raodenobrivi Tanasworobis gamoyeneba, zogan ki Rirsebisa.

saerTod ki demokratia oligarqiasTan SedarebiT nakleb meryevia. oligarqiaSi arsebobs gadatrialebis ori mizezi: pirveli, brZola Tanamdebobis pirTa Soris, da meore, brZola xalxis winaaRmdeg, radgan xalxi xalxis winaaRmdeg ar ajanydeba. xolo saxelmwifo, romelic ufro saSualo klass emyareba, vidre mdidrebs, ufro demokratias uaxlovdeba da is ufro myaria, vidre es orive saxelmwifo.

Tavi II

. . . Cven zogadad ukve vTqviT imis Sesaxeb, Tu raSi mdgomareobs is mizezi, romelic ganawyobs moqalaqeebs ajanyebisaTvis. isini, romlebic moiTxoven Tanasworobas, iwyeben ajanyebas imis gamo, rom maT naklebi uflebebi aqvT sxvebTan SedarebiT, Tumca maTTan Tanasworni ar arian. isini, romlebic emyarebian uTanasworobis pincips, janydebian imitom, rom maT ara aqvT upiratesoba, aramed imdenive an naklebi uflebebi imaTTan SedarebiT, romlebic maTi Tanasworni ar arian. es pretenziebi xan samarTliania, xan ara. isini, romlebsac naklebi uflebebi aqvT, ibrZvian imisaTvis, rom Tanasworobas miaRwion, xolo visac Tanaswori uflebebi aqvs, ibrZvian upiratesobis mosapoveblad. amgvarad, iTqva imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra pirobebi iwvevs ajanyebas.

xolo is mizani, risTvisac iwyeba ajanyeba, aris sixarbe da pativmoyvareoba da amaTi sawinaaRmdegoa movlenebi, radgan isini gaurbian gakicxvasa da sasjels, mimarTuls an maT winaaRmdeg, an maTi megobrebis winaaRmdeg. xolo mizezebi da safuZvlebi, rac amoZravebs da ganawyobs aseTi moqmedebisaTvis da aseTi miznebisaTvis, an Svidia, an metic ki. amaTgan ori mizezi emTxveva Cvens mier zemoT dasaxelebuls, Tumca isini imave gziT warimarTebian.

isini, romlebic ibrZvian qonebisa da pativmoyvareobisaTvis, ibrZvian ara qonebis mosapoveblad, rogorc zemoTac vTqviT, aramed imitom, rom xedaven, zedmeti qoneba da pativi zogs samarTliani gziT aqvs mopovebuli, zogs ki – usamarTlo gziT.

amas garda, ajanyebas iwvevs adamianTa Tavxedoba, SiSi, upiratesoba, zizRi, zomaze meti gaZliereba, agreTve intrigebi, siZulvili, damcireba, xasiaTebis gansxvaveba. amaTgan Tavxedobas da sixarbes ra mniSvneloba aqvs da rogor iqcevian isini ajanyebis mizezad, es daaxloebiT cxadia. rodesac xelmZRvanelobaSi Tavs iCens Tavxedoba da momxveWeloba, maSin isini iwyeben brZolas rogorc erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg, ise im saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg, romelic maT aseT uflebebs aniWebs. momxveWeloba mimarTulia an kerZo, an saxelmwifos sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg. cxadia isic, Tu ra SeuZlia pativmoyvareobas da

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rogor iqceva is ajanyebis mizezad. pativmoyvareni iwyeben ajanyebas imitom, rom xedaven, maT araviTari pativi ara aqvT, sxvebi ki pativSi imyofebian. usamarTloba aq imaSi mdgomareobs, rom zogi did pativSia, zogi ki pativayrili, miuxedavad maTi damsaxurebisa. samarTlianoba ki moiTxovs rom es damsaxurebis Sesabamisad xdebodes. ajanyebas iwvevs erTis Tu bevris iseTi gaZliereba, rac ar Seesabameba arc saxelmwifos da arc misi xelmZRvanelobis intersebs. vfiqrobT, es garemoeba warmoSobs monarqias an dinastiur mmarTvelobas. amitomac zogjer mimarTaven xolme ostrakizms (19), rogorc es moxda argossa da aTenSi. Tumca ukeTesi iyo Tavidanve yuradReba miqceoda imas, rom aseTi gamorCeuli adamianebi ar warmoSobiliyvnen, raTa Semdeg saWiro ar gamxdariyo aseTi RonisZiebebis Catareba. janydebian isinic, romlebmac Caidines usamarTloba da eSiniaT sajelisa, agreTve isinic, romlebic moelian raime usamarTlobas da cdiloben mis Tavidan aSorebas, rogorc rodosSi (20) cnobili adamianebi ajanydnen xalxis winaaRmdeg, romlic maT gasamarTlebas apirebda. zizRsa da ajanyebis mcdelobas iwvevs siZulvilic. magaliTad oligarqiebSi, sadac mosaxleobis didi raodenoba ar monawileobs saxelmwifos marTvaSi, Tumca fiqrobs, rom maT amis unari aqvs. agreTve demokratiaSi, sadac mdidrebs ezizRebaT uwesrigoba da anarqia. gadatrialebebi xdeba agreTve saxelmwifoebis araproporciuli gadanawilebis gamo.

sxeuli Sedgeba nawilebisgan, amitom isini proporciulad unda izrdebodnen, raTa daculi iqnas simetria da sxeuli ar moispos, rogorc moxdeba maSin, Tu fexi aris oTxi mtkaveli sigrZisa, xolo danarCeni sxeuli ori mtkavelisa. zogjer ki proporcia irRveva ara mxolod raodenobrivi aramed Tvisobrivi cvlilebebis momatebis Sedegad. aseve saxelmwifo Sedgeba nawilebisagan, romelTagan zogierTis zrda SeumCneveli rCeba, magaliTad Raribebis ricxvis zrda demokratiasa da respublikaSi, es SeiZleba SemTxveviTac moxdes. magaliTad, tarentSi ispugTan brZolaSi damarcxebis gamo cnobili adamianebis didi raodenoba daiRupa, xolo sparselebTan omidan cota xnis Semdeg respublikuri wyoba demokratiulSi gadaizarda. . .

saxelmwifoebi icvlebian agreTve ajanyebis gareSec urTierT Sexla-Semoxlis gamo, rogorc magaliTad heraSi arCevnebi Secvales kenWisyriT, raTa aerCiaT isini, romlebic areulobebs iwvevdnen. gadatrialebebi xdeba agreTve uyuradRebobis Sedegad, ris gamoc did Tanamdebobebze xvdebian saxelmwifos mtrebic, rogorc oranSi Camoagdes oligarqia da saTaveSi herakliodore moeqca, romelmac oligarqiis nacvlad SemoiRo respublika da demokratia. gadatrialebebi xdeba agreTve wvrilmanebis gamo. xSirad SeumCneveli wvrilmanebi kanonSi didi cvlilebebs iwvevs. rogorc ambrakiaSi Zalian mcire cenzi iyo saWiro saTaveebTan mosaxverdad, amitom sabolood saTaveSi moxvdnen sruliad uqonelnic. ajanyebebs iwvevs agreTve mosaxleobis tomobrivi gansxvaveba, manam maT Soris erTsulovneba araa miRweuli. saxelmwifo ar Seiqmneba xalxis SemTxveviTi kavSirisagan da arc nebismier dros. amitomac isini, romlebmac Tavis saxelmwifoSi, an mis mezoblad sacxovreblad sxvebi miiRes, maTi ajanyebebis msxverplni gaxdnen.

ajanyebebs oligarqiaSi umravlesobac awyobs, romelsac usamarTlod miaCnia, rom is sxvebTan Tanasworia, magram maTi Tanaswori uflebebi ki ar aqvs, rogorc adre vTqviT. demokratiaSi ki cnobili adamianebi janydebian imitom, rom gaTanasworebulni arian maTze dabla mdgom adamianebTan.

zogjer saxelmwifoSi uTanxmoeba warmoiSoba adgilmdebareobis gamo, rodesac adgilmdebareoba araa saxelmwifos Sesaferisi. magaliTad klaZemonelebi, romlebic xitrasTan cxovrobdnen ebrZodnen kunZulze mcxovrebT, xolo kolofonelebi _ notiusis mcxovrebT. arc aTenelebi arian erTsulovanni, radgan pirvelebi ufro demokratiulni arian, vidre qalaqSi mcxovrebni. rogorc omSi TviT patara xevebze gadasvlac ki falangebsa Slis, iseve rogorc Cans yovelgvari gansxvaveba ganxeTqilebas iwvevs. yvelaze met areulobas iwvevs gansxvaveba zneobasa da uzneobas, simdidresa da siRaribes Soris da sxva met-naklebi gansxvavebani, romelTagan erT-erTi aris Cvens mier zemoT dasaxelebuli.

Tavi III

ajanyebebi ar xdeba wvrilmani movlenebisaTvis, magram maT wvrilmani mizezebi iwveven da msxvilman movlenebs exebian. patara mizezebi did mniSvnelobas iZenen, roca isini gvxvdeba gavlenian pirebs Soris, rogorc amas adgili hqonda sirakuzaSi Zvel dros. saxelmwifo daiRupa or axalgazrdas Soris erotikul niadagze warmoSobili winaaRmdegobis gamo. rodesac erT-erTi maTgani qalaqidan wavida, meorem misi Seyvarebuli gadaibira. samagierod, roca is dabrunda, Seacdina amis coli. Semdeg areulobaSi CaerTo saTaveSi myofi yvela piri da daiwyo saerTo Sexla Semoxla. amitom saWiroa, rom xelmZRvanelobam

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sifrTxile gamoiCinos, raTa xeli SeuSalos gavlenian da Zlier pirTa Soris ganxeTqilebis warmoSobas. Secdoma SeiZleba dasawyisSi iyos daSvebuli, dasawyisi, ki, rogorc amboben, mTeli saqmis naxevaria. amitom dasawyisSi patara Secdoma etoleba Secdomas danarCen nawilebSic. saerTod ki cnobil pirTa Soris SuRli mTel saxelmwifoze axdens gavlenas, rogorc es moxda hestiaSi sparseTis omis Semdeg, roca ori Zma erTmaneTs waekida mamiseuli memkvidreobis gayofisas. maTgan Raribma Zmam Tqva, rom misma Zmam damala mamis mTeli qoneba da mamisgan napovni ganZi. man Raribi mosaxleoba moimxro, xolo meore Zmam, Zalian mdidarma, miimxro SeZlebuli xalxi.

…. . . gadasvla xdeba agreTve oligarqiaSi, demokratiasa da politeaSi imis gamo, rom romelime dawesebulebam an saxelmwifos nawilma moipova kargi reputacia, an meti mniSvneloba. magaliTad, areopagis sabWom sparselebTan omSi gaiTqva saxeli da qalaqSi meti daZabuloba Seitana. aseve, rodesac mezRvauri xalxi gaxda mizezi salaminTan gamarjvebisa da moipova zRvaze hegemonia, man demokratia gaaZliera. . .

saerTod, ar unda darCes SeumCneveli is garemoeba, rom ajanyebas iwyebs is, vinc gaxda mizezi saxelmwifos gaZlierebisa, iqneba is kerZo piri, Tu maRali Tanamdebobis mqone adamiani, fila, Tu saerTod, saxelmwifos romelime nawili, Tu jgufi, romlebsac SurT imaTi, vinc pativcemulni arian. TviTon, upiratesobis mqoneT, ar surT danarCen sxvebTan Tanabar mdgomareobaSi, amitom iwyeben ajanyebas. saxelmwifos gadatrialeba xdeba maSinac, roca mowinaaRmdege nawilebi erTmaneTs gauTanabrdebian, magaliTad mdidrebi da Raribebi, saSualo fena ki an saerTod ar arsebobs, an arsebobs mcire raodenobiT.

Tu romelime nawili moipovebs did upiratesobas, danarCenebi ver gabedaven gacilebiT Zlier mowinaaRmdegesTan Sebmas. amitomacaa, rom zneobrivi adamianebi ar awyoben ajanyebas, radgan isini, rogorc iTqva, mcireni arian umravlesobasTan SedarebiT.

saerTod yvela saxelmwifoSi sawyisi da mizezi ajanyebisa da gadatrialebisa aseTi xasiaTisaa.

gadatrialebebi saxelmwifoSi xdeba an ZaliT, an motyuebiT, Zalas mimarTaven an dasawyisSi, an bolos iZulebis gziT. motyuebac ornairad xdeba. isini, romlebic atyueben, Tavdapirvelad motyuebulTa TanxmobiT awyoben gadatrialebas, Semdeg ki ZaliT, maTi survilis sawinaaRmdegod xelSi igdeben Zalauflebas. rogorc magaliTad oTxasis batonobis dros moatyues xalxi, rom mefe maT fuls miscems lakedemonelebis winaaRmdeg saomrad. motyuebulebi Semdeg Seecadnen, rom Zalaufleba SeenarCunebinaT. zogjer ki Tavidan daarwmuneben xalxs, Semdeg ki isev xalxis TanxmobiT marTaven saxelmwifos.

saerTod yvela saxelmwifo gadatrialeba xdeba zemoTCamoTvlili mizezebis gamo.

Tavi IV

am principiT unda ganvixiloT yovel saxelmwifoSi momxdari cvlilebebi. demokratiul saxelmwifoSi gadatrialebebi xdeba demagogebis TavaSvebulobis gamo. demagogebi abezReben mdidar adamianebs da amiT maT aerTianeben radgan SiSi TviT yvelaze did mtrebsac ki akavSirebs. Semdeg ki xalxs aqezeben maT winaaRmdeg. es rom ase xdeba amis danaxva umetes SemTxvevaSi advilia. magaliTad, kosSi demokratia daamxes imitom, rom gamoCndnen uzneo demagogebi, xolo cnobili adamianebi gaerTiandnen. rodesac demagogebma rodosSic moipoves finansebis gamgeblobis ufleba, maT xeli SeuSales trierarqebisaTvis (21) kuTvnili xelfasis gacemas. amitom mosalodneli gasamarTlebis gamo iZulebuli iyvnen moexdinaT ajanyeba da daemxoT demokratia. herakleaSiac (22) dasaxlebis umal xalxma moaxdina gadatrialeba demagogebis xelmZRvanelobiT. maTgan Seviwroebuli gavleniani pirebi toveben herakleas, Semdeg erTiandebian da ukan dabrunebulebi amxoben demokratias. daaxloebiT aseve moispo demokratia megaraSi. demagogebma qonebis mopovebis mizniT gaaZeves mravali cnobili adamiani. rodesac gaZevebulebis ricxvi gaizarda, isini ukan dabrundnen, brZolaSi ajobes demoss da daamyares oligarqia. igive moxda kimSic, sadac Trazibulem mospo demokratia. vinc daakvirdeba gadatrialebebis sxva SemTxvevebs, dainaxavs, rom isinic amave gziT xdeboda. demagogebi, raTa asiamovnon xalxs, aviwroeben mdidrebs, riTac maT aerTianeben. awarmoeben an maTi qonebis danawilebas, an aiZuleben saxelwifo samsaxurs. xan ki brals sdeben maTi qonebis miTvisebis mizniT.

Zvel droSi, rodesac demagogebi strategebi xdebodnen, saxelmwifo iqceoda tiranad. meti wili demagogebisa tiranebi iyvnen. imis mizezi, rom es xdeboda maSin, axla ki aRar xdeba, isaa, rom maSin demagogebi samxedro wodebas ekuTvnodnen da maT mWevrmetyveleba ar icodnen. axla ki, ganviTarda ra ritorikuli xelovneba, visac laparaki

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SeuZlia, demagogi xdeba. magram saomari gamocdilebis uqonlobis gamo ar cdiloben ajanyebis dawyebas, Tu is SemTxveviT ar moxda. tiranebi winaT ufro xSirad gvxvdebodnen, vidre axla. radgan zog pirovnebas didi Zala hqonda mopovebuli. magaliTad, aTenSi pritanebs, romlebic mravalmniSvnelovan saqmes ganagebdnen. imis gamo, rom maSin qalaqebi didi ar iyo, xalxi Tavis mamulebSi cxovrobda da Tavisufali dro ar hqonda. amitom xalxis prostatebi Tu maT samxedro midrekilebebic hqondaT, tiranebad iqceodnen. yovelive es xdeboda imis Sedegad rom isini moipovebdnen xolme xalxis ndobas. xolo ndobas moipovebdnen imiT, Tu xalxs daarwmunebdnen rom mdidrebis mtrebi iyvnen. ase aTenSi tirani gaxda pizistrate, rodesac pediakbs aujanyda da Teagene megaraSi gaxda tirani, roca mdidrebs saqoneli waarTva da amouwyvita mdinaris napiras saZovrebze. dionise tirani gaxda rodesac dafneoss da mdidrebs brali dasdo da maTTan mtrobiT xalxi daarwmuna, rom maTi momxrea. xdeba xolme mama-papeuli demokratiis gadaqceva axal demokratiad iq, sadac maRal Tanamdebobebs ikaveben arCevnebiT da ara qonebrivi cenziT. iq amomrCevelia xalxi. demagogebi ki amtkiceben rom xalxi kanonze maRla unda idges. amas isini amboben iq, sadac maRali Tanamdebobis miReba surT. es rom ar moxdes iSviaTad saWiroa rom Tanamdebobis pirebs irCevdes ara mTeli xalxi, aramed filebi.

demokratiul wyobilebaSi yvela gardaqmnis mizezi esaa.

Tavi V

oligarqiebis damxoba xdeba ori gziT: pirveli, roca xalxis mimarT sCadian usamarTlobas. amisaTvis sakmarisia, rom vinme gaxdes prostati, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu is oligarqiis lideria.

zogjer demokratias axdenen TviTon mdidrebi, romlebic saxelmwifos saTaveSi arian, an saTaveSia maTi mcire raodenoba, rogorc es moxda masaliaSi, herakliaSi, istrosSi da sxva saxelmwifoebSi.

oligarqiebi ispobian rogorc Tavis Tavad, aseve kamaTis moyvare demagogebis mier. demagogebi ki orgvaria: isini TviTon SeiZleba iyvnen oligarqiaSi, rogorc aTenSi ocdaaTma demagogma qarikles xelmZRvanelobiT moipova gamarjveba. oligarqiaSi ubralo xalxSi demogagogias ewevian gavleniani pirebi, rogorc magaliTad larisaSi e.w. saxelmwifos mcvelebi, im miznis rom isini xalxs aerCiaT.

gadatrialeba xdeba maSinac, roca zogi oligarqiis xelSi eqceva mTeli Zalaufleba da amitom is visac surs Tanasworobis miRweva, iZulebulia xalxs mimarTos dasaxmareblad.

oligarqia emxoba maSinac, roca oligarqebi uzneobis gamo mTel Tavis qonebas flangaven. amitom isini cdiloben an siaxleebis SemoRebas, an tiranad gaxdomas, an vinme sxvas amzadeben amisaTvis, rogorc hiparini amzadebda dionises.

oligarqia ispoba maSinac, roca masSi sxva oligarqia warmoiSoba. es ki xdeba maSin, roca warCinebul adamianebTa ricxvi cotaa da amaTganac yvela ar monawileobs saxelmwifos mmarTvelobaSi, rogorc es erTxel moxda elidaSi. iq saTaveSi iyvnen oligarqebi, magram gerontebad cotani daiSvebodnen, radgan oTxasis mmarTveloba mTeli cxovrebis manZilze grZeldeboda. arCevnebi ki xdeboda monarqiuli wesiT, msgavsad spartaSi gerontebis arCevisa.

oligarqiis damxoba SeiZleba moxdes rogorc omis, ise mSvidobianobis dros. omis dros imitom xdeba rom xalxs ar endobian, iZulebulni arian gamoiyenon daqiravebuli jari da vinc maT iyenebs, xSirad tirani xdeba, rogorc korinToSi timofone. da Tu maTi ricxvi didia, TviTonve gardaqmnian mmarTvelobas dinastiurad. zogjer ki eSiniaT xalxisa, amitom maT mmarTvelobaSi uSveben da iZulebulni arian gamoiyenon isini. mSvidobianobis dros oligarqiis daRupvas iwvevs oligarqebis urTierT-undobloba, ris gamoc isini mcvelebad iyeneben daqiravebul jarebs da Suamavlad ki maT xelmZRvanels, romelic xSirad orive mxaris ufrosi xdeba.

ajanyebebi xdeba agreTve imis gamo, rom erTi mxare uaryofs meores saqorwino winadadebas. davoben agreTve sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebisa da qorwinebis gamo.

mravali oligarqia daemxo didi despoturobis gamo saxlmwifoSi myofi ukmayofilo elementebis saSualebiT, rogorc daemxo oligarqia knidoSSi da qiosSi.

oligarqiebi iRupebian da maTSi ajanyebebi am mizeziT xdeba. saerTod ki demokratia da oligarqia gadadian ara sawinaaRmdego sistemaSi, aramed imave saxis sistemaSi. magaliTad kanonieri demokratia da oligarqia gadadian ufro Zlieri mmarTvelobis formaSi da piriqiT.

Tavi VI79

rogorc ukve vTqviT, aristokratiul saxelmwifoebSi gadatrialeba xdeba imitom, rom iq moqalaqeebis mcire raodenobas didi Tanamdebobebi ukavia. es garemoeba iwvevs agreTve oligarqiis dacemas. amis gamo aristokratiac rogorRac warmoadgens oligarqias, orivegan arqontebis raodenoba mcirea, Tumca amis mizezi orivegan erTi da igive araa. amis gamo vfiqrob, rom aristokratiuli saxelmwifo oligarqiulia. es metwilad maSin xdeba, roca xalxis masa gaamaydeba da Tavis Tavs warmoidgens saTnoebiT didi Tanamdebobebis pirTa msgavsad, rogorc es moxda lakedemonSi, e.w. parTenelebi (23), romlebic “msgavsni” iyvnen, amxiles SeTqmulebaSi da gaaZeves q. tarentaSi (24) sacxovreblad. ajanyeba xdeba maSinac, rodesac zogierTni ar arian saTanadod dafasebulni warCinebuli adamianebisagan, Tumca, pirvelni amaT ar Camouvardebian saTnoebiT, rogorc magaliTad ar iyo saTanadod dafasebuli lisandre mefeebisagan anda, rodesac romelime mamac adamians ar ukavia araviTari Tanamdeboba.

metwilad ki respublikebi da aristokratiebi TviTon emxobian saxelmwifoSi samarTlis darRvevis gamo. respublikis damxobis dasawyisi aris is, rom masSi kargad ar aris Sereuli demokratia da oligarqia. aristokratia ki emxoba imitom, rom masSi demokratia da oligarqia kargad ar erwymis saTnoebas. gansakuTrebiT ki demokratiisa da oligarqiis Sereva surT mraval respublikaSi da e.w. aristokratiul saxelmwifoSi.

aristokratiuli saxelmwifoebi e.w. politeasgan amiT gansxvavdebian da amitomac aristokratiebi nakleb da politeebi ufro metad mdgradni arian. is saxelmwifoebi, romlebic ufro metad oligarqiisaken ixrebian, iwodebian aristokratiebad, romlebic demokratiisken – politead. es ukanasknelni ufro myarni arian, vidre aristokratiebi, radgan xalxis umravlesoba ufro Zlieria da ufro metad icavs Tansaworobas. mdidari moqalaqeebi ki, Tu maT saxelmwifo upiratesobas aZlevs, Tavxeddebian da kidev ufro metis moxveWas cdiloben. saerTod ki, saiTkenac ixreba saxelmwifo, iqiTken gadainacvlebs misi zrdadi nawili. magaliTad politea ixreba demokratiisken, aristokratia _ oligarqiisken, an piriqiT, aristokratia gadaixreba demokratiisken, radgan Raribebi, romlebic ganicdian usamarTlobas, sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT ewevian saxelmwifos. politeebi gadadian oligarqiebSi, radgan myaria is saxelmwifo, romelic icavs Tanasworobas, Rirsebas da TviToeuls aZlevs imas, rac mas ekuTvnis.

aristokratiul saxelmwifos metwilad Rupavs patar-patara SeumCneveli cvlilebebi, rac adrec vTqviT zogadad yvela saxelmwifos Sesaxeb. rodesac saxelmwifos marTvaSi raime detalia gamotovebuli, SemdegSi is advilad iwvevs ufro did cvlilebebs, sanam mTel sistemas ar Searyevs.

yoveli saxelmwifo iRupeba an TviT maTive mizeziT, an garegani mizeziT, rodesac mis maxloblad, an moSorebiT imyofeba misi mowinaaRmdege da Zlieri saxelmwifo, rac moxda aTensa da lakedemonSi. aTenelebma yvelgan mospes oligarqia, lakedemonelebma ki _ demokratia.

ai daaxloebiT yvelaferi, Tu rogor xdeba saxelmwifoSi cvlilebebi da ajanyebebi.

Tavi VIII

gvrCeba gansaxilveli monarqia, ra icavs da ra Rupavs mas bunebrivad? Cven rac vTqviT respublikebis Sesaxeb, daaxloebiT igive unda iTqvas monarqiebisa da tiraniebis Sesaxebac. monarqia Seqmnilia aristokratiis Sesabamisad, tirania ki ukiduresi oligarqiisa da demokratiisagan, ris gamoc is qveSevrdomebisTvis yvelaze ufro mavne formaa. mas, rogorc ori borotebisagan Seqmnils, axasiaTebs orive saxelmwifos damaxinjebebi da Secdomebi. monarqiuli saxelmwifos orive forma warmoiqmneba sawinaaRmdego sawyisebidan. bazilea Seqmnilia im mizniT, rom daicvas rCeuli adamianebi xalxis masisagan da bazailevss niSnavs patiosani adamianebis wridan an zneobrivi upiratesobebis, an zenobrivi moqmedebis an gvarSi gamorCeulobis gamo. tirans ki niSnaven xalxis masidan warCinebuli xalxis sawinaaRmdegod, raTa xalxi maTgan ar ganicdides usamarTlobas. amas adasturebs faqtebi. TiTqmis meti wili tiranebisa demagogebidan warmoiSvnen, radgan daarwmunes xalxis masa, rom cnobil adamianebs Camoagdebdnen. ase Camoyalibda tiraniebi mas Semdeg, rac gaizarda qalaqebi. ufro adre ki tiraniebi Cndebodnen monarqiebidan, romlebic arRvevdnen mamapapeul kanonebs da despoturi mmarTvelobisken ixrebodnen. zogi tirania ki warmoiSva im adamianebisgan, romlebsac irCevdnen did Tanamdebobebze. Zvelad xom xalxi didi xniT niSnavda didi Tanamdebobis pirebs da kultis msaxurT. zogi tirani ki oligarqiebidan gamovida, romlebic arCeuli iyvnen did Tanamdebobebze. yvela am gziT advili iyo tiranad gaxdoma, Tu

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moisurvebdnen, radgan samefo xelisuflebas axasiaTebda didi Zalaufleba. zogi ki pativiTa da didebiT aRwvda amas.

rogorc vTqviT, monarqia aristokratiis principebs emyareba. monarqia Seqmnilia an piradi Rirsebis, an STamomavlobiTi miRebuli zneobriobis, an qvelmoqmedebis, anda yovelive amis gamo, rasac Tan erTvis misi piradi unarianoba. yvela imaT, vinc Caidina an SeeZlo Caedina qvelmoqmedeba xalxisaTvis an saxelmwifosaTvis, miaRwies mefobis pativs. zogma omis dros saxelmwifo ixsna monobisagan, rogorc kodrma, zogma gaanTavisufla saxelmwifo rogorc kirosma, zogma SemoierTa miwebi, daarsa qalaqebi, xalxi daasaxla, rogorc lakedemonelma, makedonelma da molotelma mefeebma. mefes surs, rom mdidrebs icavdes yuvelgvari usamarTlobisagan, xalxs-Seuracxyofisagan; tirani ki, rogorca vTqviT arafers sazogados ar aqcevs yuradRebas, Tu es piradad misTvis araa sasargeblo. tiranis zrunvis sagania siamovneba, mefis _ mSveniereba. amitom, tiranis mizania zrunva qonebis moxveWaze, mefisa _ ufro metad Rirsebaze, amitom mefes sakuTari moqalaqebisgan hyavs dacva, tirans _ ucxoelebisagan. cxadia, rom tiranias axasiaTebs rogorc oligarqiis, ise demokratiis uaryofiTi mxareebi. oligarqiisgan axasiaTebs mas simdidiris, rogorc saboloo miznis siyvaruli, radgan amiT SeuZlia dacvis Senaxva da fufunebiT cxovreba. rogorc oligarqiebi, ise tiraniebi xalxs srulebiT ar endobian, amitom arTmeven maT iaraRs, sdevnian, aZeveben qalaqidan da sxvagan asaxleben. tiraniebs demokratiisgan aqvT gadmoRebuli warCinebuli adamianebis winaaRmdeg brZola, maTi mospoba rogorc aSkarad, ise farulad da gaZeveba, rogorc mowinaaRmdegebisa da xelisuflebis mtrebisa. aqedan warmoSoba erTis mxriv ganzraxva, rom marTavdes da meores mxriv, rom iyos monobaSi. amiTaa ganpirobebuli periandres rCeva Trazibulesadmi, rom saWiroa gamoCenili adamianebis Tavidan moSoreba.

rogorc ukve iTqva, rogorc respublikebSi, ise monarqiebSi erTi da igive mizezi aqvs gadatrialebas usamarTlobis, SiSis, siZulvilis, gansakuTrebiT ki TavxedobiT gamowveuli usamarTlobisa da qonebis warTmevis gamo. xalxi Tavs esxmis monarqiis xelmZRvanelobas. ase rom, rogorc monarqiebSi, ise tiraniebSi gadatrialebis mizezi erTi da igivea. monarqebs aqvT didi simdidre da pativi, rasac yvela etaneba. Tavdasxmebi xdeba zogjer TviT Tanamdebobis pirebze, zogjer maT Tanamdebobebze. Tavdasxmebi gamowveulia tiranebis TavxedobiT da mimarTulia maTi pirovnebis winaaRmdeg. Tavxedoba ki mravalgvaria da TiToeuli maTgani xdeba risxvis mizezi. aRgznebuli adamianebi awyoben Tavdasxmebs SurisZiebis da ara Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebis gamo. magaliTad Tavdasxma pizistratidebze moxda imitom, rom Seuracxyves harmodionis da. harmodionic Tavs Seuracxyofilad grZnobda da Surs Ziobda dis gamo. aristogitoni ki Surs Ziobda harmodionis gamo.

. . . zogjer tiranebs Tavs esxmian siZulvilis gamo. zogi fiqrobs, rom raime gziT SesZlebs xelisuflebis xelSi Cagdebas da zizRis gamo awyobs mefeze Tavdasxmas. advilad awyoben Tavdasxmebs isini, romlebsac Tavisi Zalebis imedi aqvT da safrTxes arad agdeben, rogorc magaliTad Tavs esxmian strategebi mefeebs. magaliTad kirosi Tavs dasexa astiages, romlis cxovrebis saxeca da Zalauflebac mas ezizReboda, radgan rodesac Sesustda astiages Zalaufleba, is fufunebaSi Caeflo.

zogni ki Tavdasxmas awyoben mravali mizezis gamo, rogoricaa zizRi da sixarbe. rogorc ariobarzans Tavs esxmis miTridate. metwilad Tavdasxmebs awyoben isini, romlebsac yofniT gambedaoba da mefeebTan sapatio samxedro Tanamdebobebi ukaviaT. vinc mamacicaa da gabedulic, is advilad bedavs Tavdasxmas. isini, romlebic Tavs esxmian mefeebs ara mogebis an maRali Tanamdebobebis miRebis mizniT, aramed pativmoyvareobis gamo, ar eridebian safrTxes. zogi ki Tavs esxmis mefeebs simdidrisa d Tanamdebobis gamo, pativmoyvareni ki imitom, rom cnobili da saxelovanni gaxdnen, magram romlebic am mizniT moqmedeben, maTi ricxvi mcirea. Tavdamsxmelma unda gaiTvaliswinos is, rom Tu saqme warmatebiT ar dasrulda, sicocxlis SenarCunebaze ar unda ifiqros. es adamianebi unda misdevdnen dionis Tvalsazriss, magram bevrisTvis es advili araa. dionma dionises winaaRmdeg gailaSqra mcirericxovani jariT da Tqva, rom Tu mas raime warmateba eqneba, misTvis isic sakmarisia, rom monawileobda am saqmeSi, magram gadadgams Tu ara nabijs dionisess saxelmwifoSi, mas umal sikvdili elis, Tumca aseT sikvdils is mSvenivrad CaTvlis.

dinastiebi, rogorc sxva saxelmwifoebi, erTi gziT iRupebian, saxeldobr garedan, Tu mowinaaRmdege saxelmwifo masze Zlieri aRmoCnda. radgan maT sawinaaRmdego poziciebi ukaviaT, amitom cxadia, rom Tavdasxmis msurvelebic iqnebian. xolo Tu survilis ganxorcieleba surs yvelas, visac ki amis unari aqvs urTierTdapirispirebuli saxelmwifoebi ki arian tirania da demokratia, da rogorc hesiodec ambobs, meqoTnes meqoTnisa Surs, radgan ukiduresi demokratia aris tirania. monarqia da aristokratia upirispirdeba

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respublikas, amitom lakedemonSi mospes bevri tirani, sirakuzaSi ki mospes maSin, rodesac mas kargad marTavdnen. zogi tirania ki emxoba misive mizeziT, roca xelmZRvanelebi iwyeben urTierT Soris mtrobas

tiranze Tavdasxmas ZiriTadad ori mizezi iwvevs: siZulvili da zizRi. orive es Tviseba mudam mosdgams tiranias. siZulvili zizRidan momdinareobs, rac tiraniis damxobis mizezi xdeba.

rom SevajamoT zemoTTqmuli, miviRebT, rom is mizezebi, rac ukidures da srulyofil oligarqias da ukidures demokratias Rupavs, Rupavs agreTve tiranias, radgan oligarqia da demokratiac tiraniebia, oRond danawevrebuli mraval pirovnebas Soris. monarqia garegani mizezebis gamo nakleb iRupeba, amitom ufro dRegrZelia. magram mas misi sakuTari mizezebi Rupavs. monarqia iRupeba ori mizeziT: pirveli, roca isini romlebic monawileoben mmarTvelobaSi, iwyeben brZolas urTierT Soris. meore, roca mefeebi cdilobdnen tiranebad iqcnen da aZliereben Tavis uflebebs kanonsawinaaRmdegod. axla iqmnebian ara bazileas tipis saxelmwifoebi, aramed monarqiebi, romlebic ufro tiraniebia. bazilea nebayoflobiTi mmarTvelobaa, romelic wyvets mravalmniSvnelovan sakiTxs. isini metwilad erTmaneTs hgvanan da arc erTi maTgani araa imdenad srulyofili, rom gamoirCeodes an sididiT, an mmarTvelobis RirsebiT. amitom es saxelmwifoebi rCebian ara xalxis neba-surviliT, aramed motyuebiT, an iZulebiT. vfiqrob, rom isini ukve tiraniebia. xolo memkvidreobiTi samefoebi, garda zemoTxsenebuli mizezebisa, kiERupebian agreTve imis gamo, rom maTi xelmZRvanelebi iwvevn zizRs da samefo pativis miuxedavad, mainc Tavxedoben, Tumca ara aqvT Zala. am SemTxvevaSi maTi daRupva advilia, roca ar surT maTi gamefeba, verc gamefdebian, xolo tiranad gaxdebian maSinac, roca xalxs ar surs.

amrigad monarqiebi iRupeba, rogorc am, ise mravali sxva amdagvari mizezebis gamo.

wigni VI

Tavi I

. . .unda ganvixiloT yvela is meTodi, rac demokratiulia da isic, rac amas mosdevs Sedegad. amaTi SekavSirebiT miviRebT demokratiul saxelmwifos formas, es formebi ki erTze metia, bevria maT Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebic. mizezi imisa, rom demokratiebi bevria, aris ori: pirveli is, razec zemoT ukve vTqviT da rac mdgomareobs mosaxleobis gansxvavebaSi. erTi mxriv arsebobs miwaTmoqmedTa simravle, meore mxriv xelosnebisa da daqiravebuli muSebisa, Tu pirvel ors SevaerTebT da mivumatebT mesames, miviRebT ara ukeTess an uaress, aramed savsebiT gansxvavebul demokratias. meore mizezze ki axla vilaparakebT. es is Tvisebebia, rac demokratias mosdevs Sedegad, rac misTvis specifikuria da ris kombinaciac demokratiis gansxvavebul formebs warmoSobs. amaTgan zogs eqneba es niSnebi naklebi raodenobiT, zogs meti, zogs ki yvela. sasargeblo iqneba am niSnebis codna imaTTvis, vinc moindomebs demokratiuli saxelmwifos Camoyalibebas, anda arsebulSi Sesworebebis Setanas. isini, romlebic cdiloben saxelmwifos Camoyalibebas da masSi apireben ganurCevlad yvela am niSnis Setanas, scdebian, rogorc iTqva amis Sesaxeb iq, sadac vexebodiT saxelmwifos daRupvisa da gadarCenis sakiTxs. axla ki gveqneba saubari demokratiuli saxelmwfoebis Tvisebis, principebisa da miznebis Sesaxeb.

demokratuli saxelmwifos ZiriTad princips Tavisufleba warmoadgens. yvela erTxmad aRiarebs, rom mxolod am saxelmwifoSi aqvs yvelas Tavisufleba, radgan am mizans isaxavs nebismieri demokratia. Tavisuflebis erT-erTi niSani ki aris rig-rigobiT yvelas xelmZRvanelad da qveSevrdomad yofna, Tanasworoba ki demokratiuli kanoniT xorcieldeba ara Rirsebis, aramed raodenobis mixedviT, radgan aq samarTalic aseTia. amitomac aq saTaveSia xalxi da is, rasac umravlesoba fiqrobs, saxelmwifos mizanic isaa da is iTvleba samarTlianad. amboben imasac, rom yvela moqalaqes Tanaswori uflebebi unda hqondes. ase rom, demokratiaSi Raribebi ufro Zlierni arian, vidre mdidrebi. Zlieria umravlesoba da misi Sexeduleba aris gadamwyveti. esaa Tavisuflebis erT-erTi niSani da yvela demokratiuli saxelmwifos ganmsazRvrelad Tavisuflebas Tvlis. meore niSani demokratiisa mdgomareobs imaSi, rom visac rogor unda ise cxovrobs, es ki Tavisuflebis Sedegia. monobis Sedegia imis SeuZlebloba, rom icxovro ise, rogorc ginda. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom kaci aravis ar unda emorCilebodes, an arada es unda rigrigobiT xdebodes. es principi Tavisuflebas niSnavs, rac adamianTa Tanasworobas emyareba.

es principi udevs safuZvlad yvela demokratias da esaa demokratiuli mmarTvelobis arsi, saidanac gamomdinareobs misi Semdegi niSnebi; yvela xelmZRvanel pirs irCevs yvela, yvela xelmZRvanelobs TiToeuls, TiToeuli ki yvelas, oRond rigrigobiT. yvela

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Tanamdeboba arCeviTia, anda arCeviTia is Tanamdeboba, romelic ar moiTxovs codnasa da gamocdilebas. Tanamdebobis misaRebad araa saWiro qoneba, anda saWiroa Zalian cota. ar SeiZleba erTi da imave piris mier erTi da imave Tanamdebobis orjer dakaveba, anda SeiZleba iSviaT SemTxvevaSi. gamonakliss warmoadgens samxedro Tanamdeboba. yvela Tanamdeboba aris xanmokle, sadac ki es SesaZlebelia. sasamarTloSi monawileobs yvela moqalaqe, romelic arCeulia yvela moqalaqisgan da isini ganixilaven an yvela saqmes an met wils, anda udidessa da umniSvnelovaness, magaliTad angariSgebas, saxelmwifoebriv saqmeebs, kerZod xelSekrulebebs. saxalxo kreba aris yvelaze mTavari xelmZRvaneli organo, arc erT sxva dawesebulebas ara aqvs amdeni ufleba an aqvs Zalian umniSvnelo. anda mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs wyvets sabWo. sabWo uaRresad demokratiuli organoa, radgan masSi monawileobisaTvis xelfasi yvela moqalaqes ar eZleva. amis Sedegad sabWo kargavs Tavis uflebebs da yvela sakiTxis gadawyvetis ufleba gadadis xalxis xelSi. aq ki monawileebi did anazRaurebas iReben, ris Sesaxebac zemoT ukve iyo naTqvami.

demokratiis Semdegi niSani aris is, rom anazRaurebas iRebs yvela: saerTo krebac, sasamarTloc da xelmZRvanelobac, anda xelmZRvaneli pirebi, romlebic sistiebSi erTad sadiloben. Tu oligarqias axasiaTebs keTilSobili warmoSoba, simdidre da aRzrda – ganaTleba, demokratias vfiqrobT, rom sawinaaRmdego niSnebi axasiaTebs: dabali warmoSoba, siRatake, uxeSoba. arc erTi xelmZRvaneli Tanamdeboba ar unda iyos mudmivi. Tu romelime xelmZRvaneli piri darCa Tavis Tanamdebobaze, adre momxdari gadatrialebis gamo, mas erTmeva uflebebi da misi aRdgena xdeba ara arCevnebiT, aramed wilis yriT.

ai, aseTia demokratiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli saerTo niSnebi. yvela erTxmad Tvlis amas demokratiul samarTlianobad, saidanac gamomdinareobs, rom yvela moqalaqes Tanaswori uflebebi aqvs. esaa swored demokratiis ZiriTadi forma. Tanasworoba esmiT ise, rom Raribebi ufro metad unda iyvnen xelisuflebis saTaveSi, vidre mdidrebi. da xelmZRvanelebi unda iyvnen ara calkeuli pirebi, aramed yvela. ai, ase iarsebebs saxelmwifoSi Tavisufleba da Tanasworoba.

amis Semdeg Cndeba aseTi kiTxva, Tu rogor unda ganxorcieldes saxelmwifoSi Tanasworoba? iqneb xuTasis mier gadaxdili cenzi Tanabrad unda gadanawildes aTasze da maT erTnairi uflebebi mieceT, Tu gaTanasworeba unda moxdes ise, rom erTnairi cenzi gadaixados rogorc xuTasma, ise aTasma da maT mieceT ufleba, rogorc sasamarTlos, ise xelmZRvanel pirTa arCevnebisa?

romeli saxelmwifoa ufro metad samarTliani, romelic icavs demokratiul samarTlianobas, Tu romelic misdevs xalxis neba – survils? amboben rom demokratiulia samarTali maSin, rodesac gadawyvetileba gamoaqvT umravlesobis Tvalsazrisis mixedviT. oligarqiulia samarTali, rodesac mdidrebis Tvalsazriss emyareba. maTi momxreebi amboben, rom sakiTxi unda wydebodes qonebis Sesabamisad. magram es orive Tvalsazrisi Seicavs rogorc uTanasworobas, aseve usamarTlobas.

Tu sakiTxs wyvets umciresoba, maSDin saxelmwifo tiranuli yofila da Tu erT kacs aqvs yvelaze meti qoneba, maSin es kaci unda iyos saxelmwifos saTaveSi. Tu upiratesoba eZleva umravlesobas, maSin usamarTlobaa mdidari umciresobis qonebis konfiskacia, rogorc zemoT iTqva.

amrigad, gasarkvevia, Tu ra aris is Tanasworoba, romelsac orive mxare eTanxmeba. gasarkvevia agreTve, Tu rogor unda ganisazRvros samarTlianoba. amboben, rom rasac fiqrobs umravlesoba, isaa swori. SesaZlebelia es sworicaa, magram ara savsebiT, aramed sworia is, rasac fiqroben mdidrebi da Raribebi an maTi umravlesoba, e.i. is ori nawili, risganac Sesdgeba saxelmwifo. magram Tu maT erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazrisi aqvT, maSin gadamwyvetia imaTi Tvalsazrisi, romelTac meti aqvT qoneba, an raodenobrivad metni arian. magaliTad davuSvaT, rom erTi mxare Sesdgeba aTi kacisgan, meore ocisgan. dadgenileba miRebulia mdidrebisagan 6 kacis mier, Raribebidan 15 kacis mier, magram Raribebs daemataT oTxi kaci mdidrebisgan, mdidrebs xuTi Raribebisgan. maSin am, ori mxaridan romelsac aRmoaCndeba qonebrivi upiratesoba, gadamwyveti mniSvnelobac im mxaris Tvalsazriss mieniWeba. magram Tu orive mxares qonebac erTnairi aRmoaCndeba, maSin sakiTxi iseve unda gadawydes, rogorc axla wydeba xolme sasamarTloSi an saxalxo krebaSi, an kenWis yriT, an sxvaramenairad.

Tanasworobisa da samarTlianobis Sesaxeb Znelia WeSmaritebis dadgena, magram mainc gacilebiT ufro advilia, vidre imaTi darwmuneba, visac Zalaufleba aqvs. Tanasworobas da samarTlianobas eswrafvian yovelTvis sustni, xolo Zlierni ama qveynisani amaze srulebiT ar fiqroben.

Tavi II83

demokratiuli saxelwifo oTxnairia. maT Soris saukeTesoa pirveli da amis Sesaxeb zemoT ukve vTqviT. pirvels me vuwodeb imas, romelic pirvelia mosaxleobis TvalsazrisiT. saukeTesoa xalxis is nawili, romelic miwaTmoqmedebas eweva. ase rom, demokratia unda Seiqmnas is, sadac xalxi cxovrobs miqaTmoqmedebiT da mecxoveleobiT. maT ara aqvT arc didi qoneba, arc Tavisufali dro, amitom xSirad ar ikribebian. Tumca maT yovelive aucilebeli aqvT, magaram met dros saqmianobaSi atareben da sxvisi sakuTrebis miTviseba arc surT. maT met siamovnebas hgvris Sroma, vidre politikosoba da mmarTveloba., sadac saTaveSi yofna didi sargeblobas ar iZleva. xalxis masa ki ufro mogebas etaneba, vidre didebas. amas amtkicebs is, rom Zvel droSi arsebobdnen tiraniebi axla ki oligarqiebi. Tu maT muSaobaSi xels aravin ar uSliT da arc arafers staceben maSin maTi nawili mdidrdeba, nawili ki siRatakeSi rCeba. da Tu maT aqvT pativmoyvareobis grZnoba, maTi moTxovnileba kmayofildeba arCevnebSi monawileobiTa da angariSgebis gakontrolebiT. amitom zogierT saxelmwifoSi, magaliTad mantineaSi, xalxi ar monawileobs arCevnebSi, aramed mxolod zogierTs irCevs periodulad mosaxl;eobis nawilidan. umravlesobas akmayofilebs isic, rom aqvs rCevis micemis ufleba. es iyo demokratiis erTgvari forma, rasac odesRac adgili hqonda mantineaSi.

im demokratiisaTvis, romelic zemoT davasaxeleT, sasargeblo iqneboda da iyo kidec wesi, romlis Tanaxmad maRali Tanamdebobis pirebs irCevs mTeli xalxi da angariSsac iRebs maTgan, aseve monawileobs sasamarTloebSi. Tanamdebobis pirebi ki unda arCeul iqnan imaTgan, visac aqvs didi qoneba. rac ufro didia Tanamdeboba, miT ufro didi cenzia saWiro da Tu qoneba ar miiReba mxedvelobaSi, maSin yuradReba eqceva maT unarianobas.

aseTi saxelmwifo aucileblad kargad mowyobili saxelmwifo iqneba, radgan xelmZRvanelebi xalxis surviliT iqnebian arCeulni. saukeTeso adamianebs ki ar SurT sxvisi patiosneba da isinic kmayofilni arian aseTi wyobilebisa, es ki imitom, rom saTaveSi maTze uaresi adamianebi ar iqnebian. isini marTaven samarTlianad, radgan kontroli aris sxvebis xelSi. sxvisgan damokidebulebaSi yofnis uaryofa niSnavs imas, rom moiqce ise, rogorc gsurs. magram rac Sen sasargeblo ggonia, yovelTvis araa momgebiani da imis keTeba, rac TiToeuls surs, kacs ver daicavs im borotebisgan, rac yovel adamianSia mocemuli.

amrigad, saxelmwifosTvis aucilebelia, Tu mis saTaveSi iqnebian patiosani adamianebi, romlebic saxelmwifos marTaven uSecdomod da xalxsac ar Cagraven. cxadia, rom demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi yvelaze kargi saxelmwifo esaa. es ki imitom, rom masSi mosaxleoba garkveuli Tvisebebis mqonea. imisaTvis rom mosaxleoba miwaTmoqmedi gaxdes, mraval qalaqSi arsebobs ZvelTagan dadgenili kanoni, romelic krZalavs miwis SeZenas dadgenil zomaze meti raodenobiT. es kanoni axlac gamosayenebelia. dadgenili iyo agreTve is, Tu qalaqis mimarTulebiT, an qalaqis centarmde romel adgilas SeiZleboda miwis qoneba. aseve winaT mraval qalaqSi miRebuli iyo kanoni, romelic krZalavda pirveli memkvidreobis miwebis gayidvas. rogorc amboben, arsebula oqsiles kanoni, romelic ukrZalavda nebismier moqalaqes miwis procentebiT gacemas. amjamad ki SeiZleba afiuntes kanonis gamoyeneba im sakiTxebSi, romelzec vlaparakobT. afiuntelebi bevrni arian, magram miwa mcire aqvT. yvelani misdeven miwaTmoqmedebas. nebadarTuli araa miwis didi raodenobiT qoneba. daSvebulia imdeni raodenobis qoneba, rac sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom RaribTa SeZlebamac ki gadaaWarbos qonebriv cenzs.

miwaTmoqmedTa Semdeg kargia momTabare xalxi, romlebic mwyemsebi arian da momTabareobiT cxovroben. maT bevri rama aqvT saerTo miwaTmoqmedebTan. isini saomar moqmedebisTvisac ukeT arian gavarjiSebulni, sxeulic ufro gamowrTobili aqvT da SeuZliaT Ria cis qveS cxovreba. danarCeni xalxi, romelTagan aris Sedgenili sxva demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi, amaze gacilebiT uaresni arian. isini ewevian cud cxovrebas da is saqmianoba, romelsac isini misdeven, ar Seicavs araviTar sikeTes. eseni arian xelosnebi, vaWrebi da dRiuri muSebi, romlebic daexetebian ra bazarsa da qalaqSi, advilad awyoben krebebs. miwaTmoqmedni ki, romlebic gafantulni arian mTel qveyanaSi, erTmaneTs vera xvdebian da arc aseTi Sekrebebi sWirdebaT. iq, sadac dasamuSavebeli miwebi qalaqidan daSorebulia, advilia demokratiuli saxelmwifos an respublikis mowyoba. iq xalxi iZulebulia dasaxldes mindvrebzec. amrigad, iq, sadac vaWari xalxi cxovrobs, demokratiul saxelmwifoSi krebebs ver awyoben miwaTmoqmedTa gareSe.

amrigad, iTqva imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda moewyos pirveli da saukeTeso demokratia. cxadi gaxda isic, Tu rogor unda Camoyalibdes sxva saxis saxelmwifo. amis Semdeg saWiroa gadavuxvioT Cveni saubris Temas da gamovyoT xalxis dabali nawili.

demokratiis srulyofili formis dros xelisuflebaSi yvela monawileobs, magram amis ganxorcieleba ar ZaluZs yvela saxelmwifos da arc advilia im saxelmwifoebisaTvis,

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romlebsac ar aqvT kargad Sedgenili kanonebi da SenarCunebuli Zveli Cvevebi. imis Sesaxeb ki, Tu ris gamo iRupeba demokratia, zemoT yvelaferi iTqva. aseTi demokratiis Seqmnisa da xalxis gaZlierebis mizniT saTaveSi myofni cdiloben xalxis meti raodenobiT mimxrobas da moqalaqeebad xdian ara mxolod keTilSobilT, aramed imaTac, romlebic mxolod erTi mxriv, dedis an mamis mxriv arian moqalaqeebi. yovelive es axasiaTebs demokratias. amas ki demagogebi sCadian. es dasaSvebia manam, sanam xalxis masa ar gadaaWarbebs warCinebuli adamianebisa da saSualo klasis raodenobas da es zRvari ar unda iqnes gadalaxuli, radgan Tu gadascildnen am zRvars saxelmwifoSi areuloba warmoiSoba. warCinebuli adamianebi, romlebic isedac ver itandnen demokratias, kidev ufro gaRiziandebian., rac gaxdeba mizezi ajanyebisa, rogorc kirenaSi moxda. mcire raodenobis boroteba SeumCnevelia, magram rodesac gaizrdeba, TvalSi sacemi gaxdeba. aseTi demokratiisTvis gamosadegia iseTi RonisZiebebi, romelic gamoiyena aTenSi klisTenem. mas aTenSi demokratiis gaZliereba surda, xolo kirenaSi _ demokratiis Seqmna. heteriebis, fratriebisa da fiulebis ricxvi unda vamravloT, religiuri ritualebi ki gavaerTianoT da SevamciroT. yovelive es ise unda Catardes, rom moqalaqeni erTmaneTs SeuerTdnen, xolo Zveli kavSirebi ki daiSalos. vfiqrobT, rom yvela is meTodi, rac tiraniaSi gvxvdeba, damaxasiaTebelia agreTve demokratiisaTvis. me vgulisxmob anarqias monebis sakiTxSi, rac rogorRac sasargebloc unda iyos, agreTve qalebisa da bavSvebis sakiTxSi da agreTve cxovrebas ise, rogorc kacs moesurveba. yovelive es iqneboda damxmare saSualeba aseTi saxelmwifosTvis, radgan TiToeuls siamovnebs icxovros wesrigis gareSe, vidre gonivrulad.

Tavi III

kanonmdeblebs da imaT, visac aseTi saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba surT, mTavari sazrunavi eqnebaT ara saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis gamo, aramed misi gadarCenis gamo. nebismieri saxelmwifosTvis araa Zneli iarsebos erTi, ori, an sami dRe, magram mTavaria saxelmwifos xsnisa da daRupvis saSualebebis gaTvaliswineba, razec zemoT iyo naTqvami. aqedan gamomdinare, SevecadoT SevamzadoT saxelmwifos usafrTxoebis meTodebi da veridoT yovelive damRupvels. miviRoT iseTi kanonebi, iqneba is dawerili Tu dauwereli, romlebic iTvaliswineben saxelmwifos dacvas. da saxelmwifos ar vuwodoT, rom esaa demokratiuli an oligarqiuli saxelmwio, rac saxelmwifos iZulebuls xdis izrunos imaze, rom is iyos an demokratiuli, an oligarqiuli da ara imaze, rac mas dRegrZels gaxdis.

demagogebi ki, romlebic xalxs emliqvnelebian, axdenen didi qonebis konfiskacias sasamarTloebis saSualebiT. isini, romlebic saxelmwiofoze zrunaven, amas unda win aRudgnen kanonebiT, romlis ZaliT sasamarTlos dadgenilebiT CamorTmeuli qoneba da gadasaxadebi ar unda gadavides saerTo saxalxo sakuTrebaSi, aramed unda moxmardes religiur daniSnulebas. am SemTxvevaSi borotmoqmedni gafrTxildebian, Tumca sasjels mainc ver gaeqcevian. xalxis masa ki nakleb gamoitans sabraldebo ganaCenebs, radgan amiT mas ara aqvs raime sargebloba. amas garda, saWiroa, rom sasamarTloebis ricxvi, rac ki SeiZleba Semcirdes, xolo moufiqrebeli saCivrebi didi jarimis SiSiT aikrZalos. es procesebi Cveulebriv mimarTulia ara imdenad xalxis, ramdenadac warCinebuli adamianebis winaaRmdeg, kargi iqneboda, rom yvela moqalaqe saxelmwifos erTguli yofiliyo. yovel SemTxvevaSi xelisuflebas ar unda Tvlides mtrad.

srulyofil demokratiebSi mosaxleoba mravalricxovania. maTSi Znelia saxalxo krebebis mowveva, radgan xalxs anazRaureba ar eZleva da sadac saxelmwifos ara aqvs raime Semosavali, iq saxelmwifo cnobili adamianebis mimarT mtrul damokidebulebaSia. didma gadasaxadebma, qonebis konfiskaciam da cudma sasamarTloebma daamxes mravali demokratia. iq, sadac saxelmwifos Semosavali ara aqvs, nakleb unda moewyos saxalxo krebebi. sasamarTloebi ki unda moewyos meti mosamarTleebis monawileobiT, magram iSviaTad. am SemTxvevaSi mdidrebs ar SeeSindebaT xarjebisa, xolo anazRaurebas miiReben ara mdidrebi, aramed Raribi xalxi. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebic ukeT iqneba gamotanili, radgan mdidrebi ar moindomeben ramdenime dRis dakargvas sasamrTloSi, sakuTar saqmeebs ver moswydebian. mcire droiT ki moindomeben monawileobas. magaram, sadac saxelmwifos Semosavali aqvs, iq ise ar unda vmoqmedebdeT, rofgorc demagogebi, romlebic Semosavals xalxs unawileben. xalxi iRebs amas, magram kvlav sWirdeba amndenive Tanxa. amitom es daxmareba gaxvretil kasrsa hgavs. WeSmariti demokrati ki yuradRebas aqcevs imas, rom xalxi Zalian ar gaRaribdes, radgan esaa mizezi demokratiis daRupvisa. saWiroa zomebis miReba imisaTvis, raTa moqalaqeebis qoneba xangrZlivi iyos. es sasargebloa mdidrebisTvisac. is, rac dagrovda Semosavlidan, unda daurigdes Raribebs. kargi iqneba imdenis gacema, rom TiToeulma daagrovos fuli miwis

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nakveTis SesaZenad da miwaTmoqmedebis dasawyebad, anda savaWros gasaxsnelad. Tu Tanxa yvela moqalaqes ar yofnis, maSin saWiroa Semosavlis ganawileba filebSi, an sxva raime dajgufebebSi. mdidrebma ki aucileblad unda gadaixadon gadasaxadi saxalxo krebebis mosawvevad, samagierod unda ganTavisufldnen uazro saxelmwifo samsaxurisgan.

karTagenelebma aseTi RonisZiebebiT xalxi daimegobres. isini ganuwyvetliv gzavnian xalxs gareubnebSi samuSaod da amiT amdidreben. xolo mdidrebi Tu gonierni da keTilganwyobilni iqnebodnen, miscemdnen Raribebs garkveul Tanxas da amiT xels Seuwyobdnen maT dasaqmebas. kargi iqneboda agreTve mibaZva karTagenelebisaTvis, romlebmac gaaerTianes qoneba da amiT xalxs misces saSualeba esargebla. am gziT maT miimxres xalxis masa. maTTan yvela maRali Tanamdeboba orgvaria: nawils niSnaven arCevnebiT, nawils kenWisyriT. kenWisyriT imitom xdeba daniSvna, rom xalxis masa monawileobdes arCevnebSi. xolo arCevnebi xdeba im mizniT, rom saxelmwifos ukeT marTavdnen. es SeiZleba gatardes saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelobaSic, rigiTobis principis dacviT, xan arCevnebiT, xan kenWisyriT.

Tu rogor unda moewyos demokratiuli saxelmwifo, amis Sesaxeb ukve iTqva.

Tavi IV

aqedan daaxloebiT cxadia, Tu rogor unda moewyos oligarqiuli saxelmwifo. is unda Seiqmnas demokratiuli saxelmwifosadmi dapirispirebiT da misdami dapirispirebuli niSnebiT. yvelaze zomieri da pirveli oligarqia axlos dgas politeasTan. aq qonebrivi cenzi orgvaria: dabali da maRali. dabali cenziT iReben daba Tanamdebobebs, maRali cenziT ki ufro mniSvnelovans.simdidris mqoneni daiSvebian saxelmwifo saqmianobaSi monawileobisTvis. amiT mdidar moqalaqeebs RaribebTan Sedarebi upiratesoba eqnebaT. yovelTvis saWiroa, rom sazogadoebis saukeTeso nawils mieces mmarTvelobaSi monawileobis ufleba.

oligarqiis momdevno forma unda Camoyalibdes aseve, oRond oligarqiulobis naklebi dacviT. is oligarqiebi ki, romlebic upirispirdeba srulyofil demokratias, arian ufro metad monarqiuli da tiranuli da ramdenadac cudia is, miT ufro meti dacva dasWideba mas. rogorc janmrTeli sxeulis mqone adamianebi da samgzavrod kargad mowyobili gemebi sZleven mraval ubeurebas da ar iRupebian. xolo avadmyofi sxeuli mqone adamianebi da cudad agebuli gemebi cudi ekipaJiT ver uZleben mcireoden ubedurbasac ki.

aseve saxelmwifoc, rac ufro cudia, miT ufro meti dacva sWirdeba. demokratiuli saxelmwifo mTlianad icavs mmarTvelobaSi xalxis simravles, rac ewinaaRmdegeba dafasebas Rirsebis mixedviT, oligarqiam ki xsna unda eZios amis sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebaSi _ wesrigSi.

radgan arsebobs xalxis oTxi nawili: miwaTmoqmedni, xelosnebi, vaWrebi, da daqiravebuli muSebi, amitom arsebobs meomarTa oTxi jgufi: cxenosnebi, mZimed SeiaraRebulni, msubuqad SeiaraRebulni da mezRvaurni. iq, sadac aris Sesaferisi teritoria, viTardeba cxenosnoba da iq mizanSewonilia Zlieri oligarqiis Camoyalibeba, radgan cxovrebTa xsna mxolod am gziT aris SesaZlebeli. cxenebis gamokveba ki SeuZliaT didi qonebis mflobelT, sadac aris pirobebi mZimed SeiaraRebuli qveiTebisaTvis, iq SeiZleba dainergos oligarqiis meore forma, radgan mZime SearaReba SeiZleba qondes ufro mdidar, vidre Rarib xalxs. xolo msubuqad SeiaraRebuli jari da mezRvaurni mTlianad demokratiul saxelmwifos Seefereba, sadac isini axla imyofebian didi raodenobiT. rogorc ki ajanyeba iwyeba, isini metwilad cudad ibrZvian. amisaTvis saWiroa gamocdilebas daesesxon jaris sardlebs, romlebic aerTebdnen cxenosnebsa da mZimed SeiaraRebul jars da maT msubuq kavalerias gverdiT uyeneben. es aZlierebs xalxis masis brZolas mdidrebis winaaRmdeg. msubuqad SeiaraRebuklni advilad umklavdebian cxenosnebsa da mZimed SeiaraRebulebs, rodesac oligarqia amaTgan adgens Tavis damxmare Zalas, is mis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli: saWiroa moxdes gansxvaveba wlovanebis mixedviT, gamoiyos axalgazrdebi da xnierebi. ufrosebma Tavis umcros vaJebs, jer kidev patarebs, unda aswavlon msubuqi SeiaraRebiT brZolis xelovneba da bavSvobidanve gamoyon maTgan isini, romlebic am saqmis ostatebi gaxdebian.

saxelmwifos mmarTvelobaSi daSvebul unda iqnan xalxis masidan is moqalaqeni, romelTac moipoves qoneba, rogorc adrec iTqva, an rogorc Tebelebma gamoyves is moqalaqeni, romlebic garkveuli drois manZilze aRar eweodnen xelosnobas, an rogorc masaliaSi gamoyves Rirseuli moqalaqeni, rogorc xelmZRvanelobaSi, ise mis gareT.

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mTavari xelmZRvaneli pirebi, romlebic marTaven saxelmwifos, sazogado saqmianobasac unda eweodnen, raTa ubralo xalxma Tavisi nebiT uari Tqvas saxelmwifo saqmianobaSi monawileobaze da TanaugrZnos Tanamdebobis pirebs im didi Tanxis gamo, rasac saxelmwifos uxdian. kargi iqneboda agreTve brwyinvale msxverplSewirvebis mowyoba Tanamdebobis pirebis mier, agreTve raime sazogado daniSnulebis Senobebis ageba, raTa xalxi, romelic eswreba nadimebs, xedavdes, Tu rogor lamazdeba qalaqi rogorc SemowirulobebiT, aseve nagebobebiT. amitom, is kmayofili iqneba da mxars dauWers arsebul xelisuflebas. yovelive es iqneba warCinebul adamianTa saqmianobis samaxsovro. axlandel oligarqiebSi amas ki ar akeTeben, aramed ufro Semosavals etanebian, vidre didebas. amitom swori iqneboda, Tu vityodiT, rom es oligarqiebi patara demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi arian.

amgvarad, ase ganvsazRvreT is, Tu rogor unda Camoyalibdes demokratia da oligarqia.

SeniSvnebi

1. evripide, I, 14002. homerosi, “odisea”, IX, 1143. arkadia _ mTa-goriani adgili peloponesis SuagulSi. arkadiis mosaxleoba eweoda

miwaTmoqmedebas da mecxoveleobas. ganTqmulni iyvnen stumarTmoyvareobiT da RvTismosaobiT. Mmxatvrebi xSirad xatavdnen arkadiel mwyemsebs, rogorc sufTa, patriarqaluri zneobis gamoxatulebas.

4. aristofane cnobili berZeni komikosi poeti. Nnagulisxmevia mis mier warmoTqmuli sityva siyvarulis Sesaxeb nadimze. ix. Pplatonis “nadimi”.

5. es gamonaTqvamebi miewereba piTagoras. isini gamoyenebuli aqvs agreTve platons. ix. “saxelmwifo”

6. sisitiebi-saerTo sazogadoebrivi sasadiloebi Zvel romsa da saberZneTSi7. fratriebi _ Zmoba, filia _ megobroba, sityvidan “filos” _ megobari. filia awarmoebda

daojaxebis organozacias.8. ilotebi _ spartaneli miwaTmoqmedni, romelnic ekuTvnodnen romelime spartiats.

isini mimagrebulebi iyvnen spartiatis miwis romelime nakveTze da miwiT sargeblobisTvis batons uxdidnen Semosavlis naxevars. monebisgan gansxvavebiT, maT qondaT sawarmoo saSualebebi, magram sruliad uufleboni iyvnen. amis gamo xSirad awyobdnen ajanyebebs.

9. penesetebi _ Tesalieli glexebi, romlebic emsaxurebodnen batonebs, amuSavebdnen maT miwebs da samagierod gadasaxads aZlevdnen batons.

10. periekebi _ sparteli glexebi, romlebsac araviTari uflebebi ara hqondaT, magram moqalaqeebad ki iTvlebodnen.

11. meteki _ ucxoeli, sxva saxelmwifos qvSevrdomi, maT ar hqondaT aTeneli moqalqeeebis uflebebi. maT ar SeeZloT arCevnebSi monawileobis miReba, maRali Tanamdebobebis dakaveba, msxverplSewirvebis Catareba.

12. prostati _ metekis meurve, romelic asrulebda Suamavlis rols meteksa da xelisuflebas Soris. prostati unda yofiliyo sruluflebiani moqalaqe da evaleboda metekis uflebebis dacva.

13. likoforne _ sofist gorgias mowafe14. epigamia _ xelSekruleba sxvadasxva saxelmwifos moqalaqeTa qorwinebaSi

Sesvlis nebarTvis Sesaxeb.15. “iliada” _ XII, 59;16. aristotele konstituciur monarqias, respublikas uwodebs politeas, romelic mas

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis saukeTeso formad miaCnda.17. fokulide _ cnobili aTeneli lirikosi poeti Cv. w. aR-mde VII saukune18. likurge _ spartis kanonmdebeli IX-VIII ss. CV. w. aR-mde. Mmas miaweren

spartis saxelmwifo wes-wyobilebis SemoRebas, pirvelyofilidan klasobriv wyobilebaze gadasvlas, miwebis gadanawilebas, saxalxo krebis – eklesiis, spartuli aRzrdis sistemis SemoRebas. spartaSi likurges kulti arsebobda.

19. ostrakizmi _ kanoni, romlis safuZvelzec saxelmwifos meTaurs SeeZlo saxelmwifodan gaeZevebina an sikvdiliT daesaja is moqalaqeni, romlebsac sxvebTan SedarebiT raime upiratesoba hqondaT;

20. q. rodosi _ daarsda 408-407 ww. rodosi ajanyda demokratiis winaRmdeg, ris Sedegadac rodosidan gaaZeves aTenelebi da maTi momxreebi.

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21. trierarqi _ samwyeba ialqniani gemis xelmZRvaneli, igive kapitani. warmodgeba beZnuli sityvisgan “triera” samwyeba ialqniani gemi da “arqe” xelmZRvaneli.

22. heraklea_mniSvnelovani kulturuli da politikuri centri Savi zRvis samx. nawilSi, daarsda Zv. w. aR. VI saukuneSi. 64 w. SeuerTda romis provincia pontos.

23. “msgavsni”_ase uwodebdnen spartel moqalaqeebs, gauTxovari qalebisa da qvrivebis ukanono Svilebs, romelTac ganaTleba saxelmwifos xarjze hqondaT miRebuli

24. q. tarenti_daarsda 705 wels, spartelebis mier, mas saTaveSi erTi periodi edga piTagoreli filosofosi arqita, romlis xelSi tarentma did aRmavlobas miaRwia.

teqsti Targmna da SeniSvnebi daurTo Tamar kukavam; ibeWdeba SemoklebiT,

wignidan, aristotele, “politika”, Tb., 1996 w.

stoicizmi

termini stoa warmosdgeba “stoa poikile”-dan rac berZnulad “Wrel bWes” niSnavda. ase iwodeboda aTenSi TaRi, romelic didi berZeni fermweris, polignotes mier iyo moxatuli da romlis maxlobladac Tavdapirvelad ikribebodnen am filosofiuri skolis mimdevrebi. stoelTa skola daarsa Zenon kitionelma Zv. w, aR. 340-265ww. stoicizmis istoriuli evolucia sami etapisagan Sesdgeba: 1. e.w. Zveli stoa (Zv.w.aR. .III-IIss), 2. saSualo stoa (Zv.w.aR. .II_Iss) da 3. axali stoa, (I s Zv.w.aR – IIIs ax.w.aR.), romlis umTavresi warmomadgenlebi iyvnen seneka, epiqtete da markus avreliusi.

stoelebisaTvis filosofia iyo zneobrivi srulqmnilebis miRwevisa da siqveleSi daxvewis gza. maTi filosofiuri sistema sami ZiriTadi nawilisgan Sesdgeba; 1. logika, anu Semecnebis Teoria; 2. fizika da 3. eTika. stoelTa filosofiaSi dominirebs praqtikul problemebze msjeloba. maTi mtkicebiT, filosofia disputebis wyaro ki ar unda iyos, aramed cxovrebis maswavlebeli. isini xSirad adareben filosofias baRs, sadac logika Robea, fizika _ xexili, xolo eTika ki am xexilis nayofi. amgvari filosofia damaxasiaTebeli iyo romaelebisaTvis, romlebic tradiciulad ufro praqtikuli filosofiis mimdevrebi iyvenen, vidre berZnebi.

markus avreliusi(mokle biografiuli cnobebi)

markus avreliusi daibada 121 w, espanuri warmoSobis didgvarovan romaelTa ojaxSi. misi aRmzrdelebi iyvnen imperiis yvalaze TvalsaCino filosofosebi, xelovanebi da swavlulebi. momavalma imperatorma safuZvlianad Seiswavla berZnuli da romauli mwerloba, filosofia, ritorika da iurisprudencia. am periodSi miipyro man imperator hadrianes yuradReba. taxtis memkvidris, komodusis moulodneli sikvdilis Semdeg, 138 wels hadrianem gansvenebuli taxtis memkvidris nacvlad iSvila antoninus piusi, im pirobiT, rom es ukanaskneli Tavis mxriv iSvilebda markus avreliuss da komodusis vaJs _ lucius veruss. hadrianec Zalian male, eqvs TveSi gardaicvala da imperatori gaxda avreliusis mamobili antoninus piusi. 145 wels avreliusma colad SeirTo imperatoris qaliSvili ania galeria faustina.

manam, sanam avreliusi erTpirovnulad Caudgeboda romis imperias saTaveSi, igi antoninusis faqtiuri Tanamosaydre iyo sakmao xnis manZilze. istoriaSi iSviaTia amgvari mamaSviluri da megobruli damokidebulebis magaliTebi or avgustuss Soris. markus avreliusisaTvis antoninus piusi ara mxolod megobari da mamobili, aramed maswavlebelic iyo, romelmac udidesi zemoqmedeba moaxdina misi, rogorc politikuri moRvawisa da pirovnebis Camoyalibebaze. 161 wels, antoninusis gardacvalebis Semdeg ormoci wlis avreliusi senatis kurTxeviT romis imperatori gaxda. mamobilisa da romis senatis survilis sawinaaRmdegod, romlebmac mxolod mas mianiWes umaRlesi Zalaufleba, avreliusma taxtze asvlisTanave Tanamosaydred daisva antoninusis meore Svilobili, lucius verusic. romis istoriaSi pirvelad imperatoris taxtze ori imperatori aRmoCnda. lucius verusis Zalaufleba praqtikulad nominaluri iyo, mas imperiis marTvaze metad drostareba uyvarda da amaSi didZal Tanxebsac xarjavda. igi Zalian didi pativs scemda markus avreliuss da marTalia mmarTvelobaSi mas daxmarebas ar uwevda, magram samagierod, arc seriozul dabrkolebebs ar uqmnida.

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markus avreliusma mmarTvelobis periodSi sxvadasxva administraciuli, sameurneo, tutelaruli (sameurveo) da iuridiuli reformebi gaatara. administraciul reformaSi saintereso iyo aparatis SerCevis principi. imperatori anTipatiurad iyo ganwyobili romaeli didebulebis mimarT, igi yvelaze metad ara gvarovnul, aramed pirovnul Rirsebebs afasebda. amitomac misi mmarTvelobis periodSi imperiis umaRles magistraturebSi gvarovnul aristokratias TandaTanobiT cvlida inteleqtualuri aristokratia. (zogierTi Semdgomi mecnieri imasac ki Tvlida, rom romis istoriaSi filosofosTa mmarTveloba avreliusis dros realurad ganxorcielda). Tuki romis konsulis wodeba adre mxolod didebulebs eniWebodaT, axla am wodebis matareblebi filosofosebi da ritorebic xSirad arian. avreliusis mier ganaTlebuli, inteleqtualuri adamianebis mimarT amgavri proteqcionistuli politikis ganxorcielebas Tavisi uaryofiTi momentebic hqonda: roms imperiis mTeli teritoriidan moawydnen Sarlatanebi, romlebic cdilobdnen garegnulad filosofosebs mimsgavsebodnen da maTi qcevis manerebi daeWiraT. bevrma maTganma marTlac SesZlo sakmaod karg adgilebze mowyoba. amas isini sayovelTao zizRis da dacinvis sagnad aqcia. “dascinodnen maT dauvarcxnel Tavs, gaburZgnul wversa da WuWyian frCxilebs: grZeli wveri maT 10 000 sestercias aZlevs; ki magram, raRa daaSaves Txebma? maSin xom maTac unda uxadon xelfasio?” _ xumrobdnen maTi misamarTiT.

avreliusma saxelmwifo politikad aqcia miusafrebis, moxucebis, upatrono bavSvebisa da davrdomilTaTvis xanagebis mSenebloba. misi mmarTvelobis periodSi aRkveTil iqna da kanoniT aikrZala monebis mimarT araadamianuri Zaladobis gamovlena. danaSaulad gamocxadda monis mokvla. mona pirvelad iRebs sasamarTlos winaSe mowmed wardgomis uflebas da amiT, Sesabamisad, misi pirovnebad, saxelmwifos wevrad aRiareba xdeba. mona cxaddeba sakuTari ojaxis, colisa da Svilebis patronad, ikrZaleba maTi cal-calke gayidva. zogierTi gamonaklisis garda, patrons ara aqvs monis arc gladiatorad gayidvis ufleba.

aRniSvnis Rirsia avreliusis politika provinciebisadmi. man daxmareba gauwia xanZrebiT gadabugul, naomar, TiTqmis nacartutad qceul qalaqebsa da provinciebs, gaanTavisufla mTeli provinciebi, qalaqebi da kerZo pirebi im gadasaxadebisa da davalianebebisagan, rac maT mTeli 46 wlis ganmavlobaSi unda exadaT romis imperiis saxelmwifo xazinisaTvis.

markus avreliusma Tavisi imperatorobis manZilze araerTi mniSvnelovani brZola Tu omi gadaitana. is yvela laSqrobaSi Tavadve edga jars saTaveSi da iseve ibrZoda, rogorc rigiTi jariskaci. markus avreliusi gardaicvala 180 wels, Tavis dunaispira rezidenciaSi, dRevandeli venis teritoriaze. xalxs Zalian uyvarda imperatori da gulwrfelad ganicada misi gardacvaleba. avreliusis cxedari romSi gadaasvenes da dakrZales hadrianes mavzoleumSi. markus avreliusis biografi gadmogvcems: “ise Rrma iyo mowiweba am didi mbrZaneblis mimarT, rom misi dakrZalvis dRes, sayovelTao mwuxarebis miuxedavad, aravis daurTavs TavisTvis neba daetirebina misi xvedri; imdenad darwmunebuli iyo yvela rom is daubrunda RmerTebis xomls, romlebmac mxolod droebiT dauTmes igi miwas. dakrZalvis ceremoniali arc ki damTavrebuliyo, rom senatma da romaelma xalxma “keTilmowyale RmerTad” gamoacxades igi, rac ar naxula manamde da ar ganmeorebula Semdeg. mis pativsacemad aages taZari da daarses qurumTa kolegia, romelTac antoninusTa saxelebi miiRes. ara marto mas miagebdnen RvTaebriv pativs, aramed mkrexelad sTvlidnen yvelas, visac misi gamosaxuleba ar edga saxlSi.”

miuxedavad markus avreliusis politikur asparezze esoden warmatebuli moRvaweobisa da misdami xalxis didi da gulwrfeli siyvarulisa, misi ukvdaveba upirveles yovlisa, misma “fiqrebma“ ganaproba. avreliusi Tavis naSroms yvelasgan malulad, mxolod TavisTvis werda, sxvadasxva adgilas, sxvadasxva drosa da garemoebebSi _ iqneboda es omis qar-cecxli Tu mSvidobianobis periodi, gaWirvebisa Tu lxinis Jami. mxolod avreliusis gardacvalebis Semdeg gaxda cnobili “fiqrebis” arseboba. “fiqrebi” berZnuladaa dawerili. TiTqos gasakviri unda unda iyos, rom romaeli imperatori ara romaul enaze wers. magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom swored am enaze, berZnulad aswavles momaval imperators misma moZRvrebma mTeli cxovrebiseuli sibrZne, filosofia da zneobrivi qcevis normebi, maSin albaT es faqtic aRar mogveCveneba gasakvirvad. imperatori laTinurs iyenebs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi da politikur Tematikaze SemorCenil mimoweraSi, magram rodesac sakuTar Tavs esaubreba, maSin is yovelTvis berZnulad wers.

f i q r e b i

meore wigni89

1. dilaadrian ase arqvi sakuTar Tavs: dRes Seveyrebi abezars, umadurs, mzvaobars, gulRrZos, moSurnes, mzakvars, yvela am biwiT umecrebam Semosa isini, umecrebam keTilisa da borotisa. me ki mas Semdeg rac Sevican buneba keTilisa _ is mSvenieria, buneba borotisa _ is sasircxvoa, da buneba TviT mcTomisa _ is Cemi naTesavia, magram ara sisxliT da xorciT, aramed sulsa da RmerTebTan Tanaziarebis wyalobiT, - WeSmaritad aRar ZalmiZs raime vivno romelime maTganisagan, radgan aravis xelewifebis sircxvileul-myos amieridan; aRar ZalmiZs Sevrisxo an moviZulo Cemi moyvasi, radgan Cven TanamSromlobisa da TanamoRvaweobisaTvis varT Seqmnilni, rogorc xelebi, fexebi, quTuToni, zeda da qveda ybebi. amitom urTierT winaaRmdegoba bunebis winaaRmdeg aRZvrasa niSnavs. magram vinc gmobs da gaurbis moyvass, winaaRmdgomi igia misi.

2. rac unda viyo, mainc es var mxolod da mxolod. xrwnadi sxeuli, sasicocxlo Zalis mkrTali gamovlena da Sinagani mZRoli. SeeSvi wignebs, nuRar garemiiqcevi saqmeebisagan, dro aRar iTmens. ismine es da viT mokvdavma, SeizizRe Seni sxeuli _ mtverSi azelili sisxli da Zvlebi, nervebis, ZarRvebisa da arteriebis xrwnadi qsovili. ganWvrite agreTve sasicocxlo Zalis buneba: is mSvinvaa da qrolva qaris, magram ara miwyiv erTgvarovani, aramed wamiT-wamad cvladi erToba CasunTqvisa da amosunTqvis. raRa gSTeba? mxolod mesame, mxolod Sinagani mZRoli. ifiqre misTvis! Sen ukve beberi xar. nuRar dauSveb, rom mas uwindeburad Trgunavdnen da Tojinasaebr Tavis nebaze aTamaSebdnen piraduli miswrafebani; nuRar dauSveb, rom is kvlav drtvinavdes awmyos gamo da Trdodes momavlis SiSiT SemkrTali.

3. RmerTebiseuli, RmerTebis mier yofad moqceuli bedisweriTaa savse. magram arc SemTxveviTi da SemTxveviseuli moiqceva yofad bunebis anda masTan kavSiris gareSe, rasac marTavs da warmarTavs bediswera. yvelaferi am wyarodan iRebs dasabams; masTanvea wilnayari garduvali da isic, rac sikeTed efineba mTels samyaros, romlis nawilic xar Sen. samyaros yoveli nawilisaTvis ki sikeTe iqneba is, rasac arsebobas aniWebs saerTo buneba da rac misi TviTmyofadobis mwea da mxsneli. xolo samyaro Tavs ixsnis da inaxavs rogorc stiqionTa, ise rTul sxeulTa cvalebadobis wyalobiT. ai, azrebi, romlebic unda ikmaro. da ucilobel dogmebad miiCnio amieridan. xolo rac Seexeba wignebs. Tavi anebe maT Cxrekas da daioke cnobiswadili, ukeTu gsurs drtvinviT ki ara, sixaruliT da GRmerTebis mimarT madlobis wirviT Seegebo kars momdgar sikvdils.

4. gaixsene, ra xania, rac samermisod sdeb sadReisos, ramdengzis sTxove “macaleT” RmerTebs da ramdengzis gacales maTac, magram erTxelac ar isargeble amiT. kmara! droa Seicno, bolos da bolos, romeli samyaros nawili xar Sen da samyaros romeli gamrigis emanacia; droa Seicno, rom Seni sicocxle wamia mxolod. da Tu am wamiT ar isargebleb, is gaqreba, iseve rogorc gaqrebi Sen, da aRarasodes Semoiqceva ukan.

5. daucadeblad izrune misTvis, rom is, rasac dRes akeTeb, akeTo ise rogorc Seferis romaels da mamrs _ WeSmariti sidinjiT da sidarbaisliT, kacTa mimarT siyvaruliT, sruli TavisuflebiTa da simarTliT. xolo SeZleb amas, Tu yovel saqmes aRasruleb, rogorc ukanasknels Sens sicocxleSi: yovelgvari siSlegis, azris sauflos winaSe vnebisuli Zrwolis, pirmoTneobis, TviTmoyvareobisa da bedis momduraobisagan Tavdaxsnili da Tavisufali. xom xedav, ra cota ram kmara imisaTvis, rom netarebas da RvTaebriv arsebobas eziaros kaci. radgan TviT RmerTebic, WeSmaritad sxvas aras moiTxoven misgan, vinc mtkiced icavs da imarxavs am oriode mcnebas.

6. Seuracxxad-hyav, Seuracx-hyav Seni Tavi, o, sulo Cemo! cotac da Sen veRar SeZleb pativi sce Sensave Tavs. isedac mswrafl-warmavali Seni sicocxle sikvdilad miwurvila ukve, Sen ki arad agdeb sakuTar Tavs da sxvaTa sulebSi daeZeb Sens wilxvdomil bednierebas.

7. de, nu dagfantavs, nu gagabnevs rac garesknelidan Semodis SenSi. ecade TviTve moipove mocaleoba, raTa eziaro raime keTils da Tavi anebo umiznod xetials. unda erido meore mZime cdomilebasac; radgan WeSmaritad Slegia is, vinc niadag fusfusebs, iRvwis, rudnebiT qancgawyvetili, magram mainc ar gaaCnia garkveuli mizani, romliskenac mimarTavda yvela swrafvas, yvela gulisTqmas.

8. Znelia ipovno kaci, vinc ubedurad Tvlides Tavis Tavs mxolod imitom, rom yuradRebas ar aqcevda sxvis suliskveTebas. magram uTuod ubeduri iqneba is, vinc Tvalyurs ar adevnebs sakuTari sulis moZraobas.

9. yovelTvis unda gaxsovdes, rogoria samyaros buneba da rogoria buneba Seni, rogor miemarTeba es ukanaskneli pirvels da romeli mTelis ra nawilia igi; gaxsovdes: aravis ZaluZs xeli SegiSalos imaSi, rom yovelTvis moqmedebde da msjelobde bunebis Tanaxmad, bunebisa, romlis nawilic xar Sen.

10. sxvadasxvagvari Secodebis Sefasebisas (ramdenadac saerTod SesaZlebelia aseTi Sefaseba) Teofraste (1), rogorc SeSvenis WeSmarit filosofoss, marTebulad SeniSnavs rom

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Jins ayolilis nebismieri Secodeba ufro mZimea, vidre risxviT cnobamixdilis. marTlac, gonebisgan rom gare-midkeba, es ukanaskneli, rogorc Cans, garkveul simwares ganicdis da idumal itanjeba kidec, maSin rodesac Jins ayolili, romelsac ZaluZs win aRudges gancxromis survilT, Tavis moqmedebaSi ufro met simdablesa da da diacur sisustes iCens. amitom, aseve marTebulad da WeSmariti filosofosis pirdapirobiT, Teofraste daaskvnis, rom ufro meti gmobis Rirsia gancxromis survilTan wilnayari Secodeba, vidre simwaresTan wilnayari danaSauli. mokled rom vTqvaT, erT SemTxvevaSi Semcode usamarTlobis msxverpls ufro hgavs, romelsac swored es usamarTloba aRuZravs risxvas. meoreSi ki piriqiT, Semcode, TviTon iswrafis usamarTlobisaken, sakuTari vnebebis saTamaSod qceuli, romlebic ama Tu im moqmedebisaTvis aRZraven mas.

11. yvelaferi akeTe, yvelaferze ifiqre da imsjele ise, TiTqos yovel wams moelode rom eg wamic warxdeba da aRsruldeba Seni sicocxlec. Tu RmerTebi arseboben, raRas SiSob gamoaklde cocxalTa ricxvs: rogor ggonia, gana RmerTebi borots SegamTxveven Sen? xolo Tu RmerTebi ar arseboben, anda Tu Cven ar varsebobT maTTvis, maSin miTxari, ra azri aqvs qveynad sicocxles, qveynad, sadac ar arian RmerTebi, an gangeba da bediswera? magram RmerTebi arseboben da gvmfarveloben kidevac Cven. maT hyves ise, rom mTlianad kacze hkidia dainTqmeba Tu ara is WeSmarit borotebaSi. xolo Tu boroteba sul sxva ramea, maS imisTvisac izrunes, rom TiToeul Cvengans SeeZlos Tavidan acileba misi. magram is, rac uaress ar hyofs kacs, gana SeiZleba uaress hyofdes kacis sicocxles? dedabuneba ar dauSvebda amas, arc umecrebis (raki yovlismcodnea) da arc imis gamo, TiTqos yovlismZles ar SeeZlo am simrudis Tavidan acileba, anda misi wrfelyofa mainc. mas aseve ar SeeZlo umweobisa Tu uunarobis gamo daeSva iseTi mZime Secdoma, rogoricaa sikeTisa da borotebis ganurCevlad ganawileba keTilTa da avkacTa Soris. xolo sikvdili da sicocxle, saxeli da usaxeloba, tanjva da Sveba, morWmuloba da siglaxake _ yvelaferi es Tanabrad modis keTilTa da borotTa wilad; yvelaferi es arc saSvenia da arc sasircxvo, maSasadame - arc sikeTe da arc boroteba.

12. raoden swrafad qreba yoveli: TviTon sxeulebi samyaroSi, maTi xsovna _ maradisobaSi. rogoria buneba misi, rasac grZnobebiT aRviqvamT Cven, an raa is, rac gancxromas gviqadis, rac satanjvelis SiSiT gvaSinebs, anda rasac ganadidiebs fuWi mzvaoba? raoden ubadruki, zizRis Rirsi, bilwi, xrwnadi da mswraflwarmavalia yovelive es. ai, saeTken unda mimarTo azrovnebis unari! ras warmoidgendnen isini, romelTa Sexedulebani da xmebi dasabams aZleven qveyniur didebas? raa sikvdili? Tu aviRebT mas TavisTavad da CamovaSorebT yvelafers, rac saukuneebs SeuTxzavT mis gamo, umalve darwmundebi, rom is sxva ara aris ra Tu ara bunebis erTi qmedebaTagani, xolo ugunurebaa geSinodes bunebis qmedebisa. sikvdili ki ara marto bunebis qmedebaa, aramed misTvis sasargeblo qmedebac. rogor an Tavisi arsebis romeli nawiliT eaxleba da erwymis kaci RmerTs? an ra mosdis am nawils misi gancalkavebis Semdeg?

13. ara aris ra qveynad ufro sawyalobeli, vidre kaci, romelic gardigardmo Cxreks yvelafers da poetis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, “guldasmiT ikvlevs qvesknelis ukuns”_ egebis am gziT gavimJRavnoo moyvasis sulis saidumlo, magram romlsac ver Seucvnia, rom misTvis savsebiT sakmarisia Tanaeziaros sakuTar sulSi damkvidrebul demons da pirnaTlad emsaxuros mas. eg samsaxuri ki vnebaTa mZlavrobisa, siSlegisa da RvTaebriv Tu kacur saqmeTa mimarT ukvdayofilebisagan mis dacvas gulisxmobs. marTlac, RmerTTa saqmeebs Tayvans vcemT maTi srulqmnilobis gamo, kacTa saqmeni ki gvxiblaven TananaTesaobis ZaliT. magram es ukanasknelni zogjer sibraluls iwveven CvenSi: kerZod maSin, rodesac maTSi cnaurdeba umecreba keTilisa da borotisa _ simaxinje aranaklebi, vidre xinji, romelic TeTrisa da Savis garCevis unars gvixSobs.

14. Tundac Rrmad gwamdes samiaTas wels vicocxlebo da kidev ocdaaTi aTass, sul erTia, maSinac ki unda gvaxsovdes, rom rom aravin ar hkargavs sicocxles garda imisa, romliTac cocxlobs da aravin cocxlobs sxva sicocxliT, romelsac hkargavs. amitom yvelaze ufro dRegrZeli sicocxle arafriT gansxvavdeba yvelaze ufro dRemoklisgan. marTlac, awmyo xom erTia yvelasaTvis. maSasadame erTia danakargic. wuTieria yvelaferi am sawuTroSi. aravin ar kargavs arc warsuls da arc momavals, radgan vis ZaluZs wagvarTvas is, rac ar gagvaCnia? maS yovelTvis gaxsovdes Semdegi ori WeSmariteba: dasabamiTve yvelaferi erTi da igivea, yvelaferi erTi da igive _ wriuli gziT mimoiqceva da amitom sul erTia, ramden xans uWvret am erTsa da imave speqtakls _ asi, orasi Tu usasrulod mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi. meorec, udRemoklesi, bolos da bolos imasve hkargavs, rasac yvelaze ufro dRegrZeli. awmyo – ai yvelaferi, rac SeiZleba dakargo, radgan mxolod awmyos flob Sen, xolo aravin ara hkargavs imas rasac ara flobs

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15. yvelafers Sexeduleba ganapirobebs. amas cxadyofs kinikosi monime. magram cxadia isic, rom misi sityvebiT sargeblobas SesZlebs mxolod is, vinc gonebiT Rrmamxedveli TvaliT Wvrets maTs WeSmarit arss.

16. yvelaze met sircxvils kacis suli imosavs maSin, rodesac kosmiur wesrigs gmobs da amrigad, ramdenadac xelewifeba TiTqos sisxlismwovel tkipad ekvris samyaros sxeuls. radgan sinamdvilis romelic gnebavT movlenis winaaRmdeg aRZvra yovlismpyrobeli dedabunebis winaaRdgomas niSnavs, dedabunebisa, romelic moicavs da Tavis TavSi aerTianebs yvelas da yvelafers. meorec, maSin, roca gaurbis moyvass, anda risxviT cnobamixdilTa msgavsad, cdilobs raime avnos mas. mesamec, maSin, roca ar ZaluZs daiurvos gancxromis survili anda daiTminos salmoba. meoTxec maSin, roca pirmoTneobs, mruded vals da yalbad metyvelebs. mexuTec maSin, roca umiznod moqmedebs da alalbedze akeTebs yvelafrs, Tumca marTebda miznisTvis Seewona da SeeTanxmebina TviT yvelaze umniSvnelo wvrilmanic ki. xolo yoveli gonieri arseba gonebisa da ZvelTuZvelesi qalaqis kanonisa Tu adaT wesebisadmi morCilebas miiCnevs Tavis WeSmarit miznad.

17. kacis sicocxle wamia mxolod; misi arsi – marad medini; SegrZneba – bundovani; aRnagoba sxeulia – xrwnadi; suli – cdomiliviT moxetiale; bedi – idumali; dideba – fuWi. erTis sityviT, sxeuliseul nakads waagavs, suliseuli _ sizmars, kvamls, nisls. cxovreba brZolaa da xetiali ucxo mxareSi; sikvdilSemdgomi dideba – daviwyeba. maS, raRas mivyveT, ra gviwinamZRvrebs? sibrZnis siyvaruli mxolod da mxolod. sibrZnis moyvare ki isaa, vinc xrwnilebisgan icavs da umwikvlod amyofebs sakuTar sulSi damkvidrebul demons, raTa es ukanaskneli marto sZlevdes gancxromis yvela survilsa da yvela salmobas, raTa misTvis ucxo iyos yovelgvar siSlege, sicrue da pirmoTneoba, raTa ar dagidevdes, rasa iqms an ras ara iqms misi moyvasi, raTa yvelafers, rac xdeba an wilad xvdeba mas, umzerdes rogorc imave sawyisisgan warmomdgars, romlisganac Tavad moiqca yofad da rac yvelaze mTavaria, raTa udrtvinvelad ucdides im stiqionTa, romelTaganac igeba yvela cocxali arsi. magram Tu TviT stiqionTaTvis ara aris ra saSiSi maT mudmiv urTierTgasvlaSi, raRa Sen Sescqeri SiSiT yovlis cvlasa da rRvevas? yvelaferi es savsebiT bunebrivad xdeba, xolo mas, rac bunebrivad xdeba, ar SeiZleba wili edos borotebaSi.

daiwera karnuntums (2).

mesame wigni

1. unda gulisxmayo ara marto is, rom sicocxle dRiTi dRe klebulobs da sul ufro da ufro mcire namusrevi rCeba misi, aramed isic, rom kacTagan yvelaze dRegrZeli sicocxlisaTvis dabadebulic ki ver SesZlebs imis gacxadebas, SeinarCunebs Tu ara bolos da bolos misi goneba bunebriv movlenaTa wvdomisa da RvTaebriv Tu kacur saqmeTa WvretisaTvis sakmaris Zalas da sicxoveles. radgan Tu kaci TandaTanobiT gamoTayvandeba, es jer kidev ar daetyoba mis sunTqvas, kuW-nawlavis moqmedebas, warmosaxvas, swrafvas da sxva misTanaT. magram rac Seexeba TviTmarTvisa da TviTwarmarTvis, sakuTar movaleobaTa Segnebis, sinamdvilis movlenebSi garkvevis, yofna aryofnis dilemis gamowvlilviT ganxilvisa da im kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemis unars, romlebic azris moqmedebis rTulsa da daxvewil qmediTobas moiTxoven, yvelaferi es samudamod Caqreba da daiSriteba gonebis daClungebasTan erTad. maSasadame unda viCqaroT ara marto imitom, rom yoveli wami gvaaxlovebs sikvdils, aramed imitomac, rom sicocxleSive vkargavT saganTa Secnobisa da maTze dakvirvebis unars.

2. yuradRebis Rirsia isic, rom TviT bunebis qmnilebaTa Tanamedrove movlenebic ki ar arian moklebulni garkveul madls da mimzidvelobas. ase magaliTad, kargad dabrawuli puri alag-alag skdeba xolme da Tumca eg naskdomebi erTgvarad ewinaaRmdegebian kidec xabazis xelobis mizans, isini mainc gansakuTrebuli ZaliT gviRviZeben madas da nerwyvs gvgvrian Cven. zustad aseve skdeba mwifobaSi Sesuli leRvi, xolo metismetad mwife zeTisxilSi – swored lpobis dasawyisia sruliad Tavisebur sitkboebas rom aniWebs nayofs. Tavdaxrili TavTavebi, lomis kuSti Subli, taxis eSvebze gadmonadeni duJi da a. S. – yvelaferi es, TavisTavd, arcTu ise saamod saxilveli ram gaxlavT. magram, Tu maT SevxedavT, rogorc bunebis qmnilebaTa Tanamdev fenomens, davrwmundebiT, rom isini maTi mSvenebis Semadgeneli nawilni arian da amdenad, amod saxilvelnic. ase rom, daxvewili mgrZnobelobiTa da sinamdvilis movlenebSi wvdomis unariT dajildoebuli kaci TviT bunebiseuli qmnilebebis Tanamdev fenomenTa simravleSic ki iSviaTad Tu hpovebs raime uxamss da uadgilos. xaxadafCenili cocxali mxecebis xilva mas aranakleb siamovnebas mohgvris, vidre maTive xatebis Wvreta, romelTac bunebis baZviT qmnian mxatvarni Tu

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moqandakeni. xolo gonebis Rrmadmxedveli TvaliT is SeZlebs ixilos rogorc dedabrisa Tu berikacis faruli mSveneba, ise momxiblavi sinorCe Cvilis; da kidev bevri, bevrze-bevri ram aris iseTi, rac sacnauria ara yvelasaTvis, aramed mxolod misTvis, vinc WeSmaritad gauSinaurda bunebas da miseul qmnilebebs.

3. hipokrate (3), amden sneulebaTa mkurnali, bolos TviTonac dasneulda da mokvda. qaldevelebma mravalT uwinaswarmetyveles sikvdili da bolos sikvdilis wera gaxdnen TviTonac. aleqsandre, pompeusi da gaius cezari, amden qalaqTa Semmusvrelni da brZolebSi uricxv mxedarTa Tu fexosanTa momsvrelni, bolos Tavadac gamoesalmnen sicocxles. heraklite (4), romelic amtkicebda, samyaros xanZari STanTqavso, wyalmankiT mokvda, miuxedavad imisa, rom Zroxis nexvs icxebda tanze (5). demokrite rwyilebma gamoxres (6). sokratec erTgvari rwyilebis msxverpli gaxda. magram ras niSnavs es? Sen axvedi xomaldze, gadascure zRva, miaRwie navsayudels:L droa Camoxde. Tu Sen sxva sicocxle gelis. raki RmerTebi yvelgan arian, isini iqnebian iqac. xolo Tu iq ugrZnoblobaa mxolod da mxolod, Sen aRar mogiwevs kvlav daiTmino salmoba da sixaruli, aRar mogiwevs kvlavindeburad emsaxuro ubadruk garss _ aTaswil uaress Seni arsebis im nawilze, romelic tyveda hyavs mas. radgan es ukanaskneli sulia da RvTaeba, garsi ki _ talaxi da mtveri.

4. nu Sealev sxvebze fiqrs Seni sicocxlis darCenil nawils, Tuki raime sayovelTaod sasargeblos ar exeba saqme. radgan roca imaze fiqrob, vin ras akeTebs an ratom akeTebs, vin ras ambobs, ras izraxavs anda apirebs, Sen gaviwydeba meore ram, gaviwydeba rom yovelive es sakuTar sulze zrunvisagan gare-migaqcevs. amrigad Seni cnebebis da warmodgenebis wyebidan unda gamoricxo yovelive fuWi da umizno. gansakuTrebiT ki is, rasac ginergavs cnobiswadili anda siave. unda SeeCvio mxolod keTilze fiqrs, raTa anazdad rom gkiTxon, raze fiqrobo am wuTas, SegeZlos gulaxdilad iugo myisve, raze fiqrob an ra gaqvs gulSi: radgan Seni nafiqrali uSualod cxadyofs, rom SenSi yvelaferi ubraloa, keTili da sazogadoebrivi arsebis Rirsi, arsebisa, romelsac sZags yovelgvari gancxroma da Sveba, yovelgvari ciloba, Suri, lalva da meWveloba, erTi sityviT, yovelive is, risi oden xsenebac ki Segarcxvenda, Tu aRiarebdi, rom Sens sulSia misi samyofeli. xolo eseTi kaci, romelic niadag imisTvis zrunavs, araferSi CamovrCeo ukeTesT, ukvdavTa qurumia da maTi nebismyofeli. is mTelis arsebiT Tayvans scems sakuTar sulSi damkvidrebul demons, romelic vnebaTa tyveobisagan aTavisuflebs, yoveli salmobisaTvis mouwyvlads xdis, mzvaobisgan ganarinebs, borotisagan gare-miaqcevs da mxneobas hmatebs im usworo SerkinebaSi, sadac man martom unda gauZlos yvela gulisTqmas; demons, romelic simarTliT mosavs da Seagonebs, suliT da guliT miesalmos yvelafers, rac xdeba an wilad xvdeba mas, xolo rac Seexeba sxvaTa sityvas, saqmes Tu zraxvas, mxolod maSin ifiqros maTze, roca raime diadi da sayovelTaod sasargeblo saqme moiTxovs amas. is mxolod piradi zrunvis sagans miiCnevs Tavis WeSmarit saqmed da gamudmebiT fiqrobs samyaros mTlianobis Semadgenel im erT nawilze, romelic mas xvda wilad. amasTan, cdilobs pirnaTlad aRasrulos Tavisi saqme, xolo rac Seexeba Tavis wilxvdomils, Rrmad swams misi keTiloba. radgan TiToeulis wilxvdomili misi bunebis Tanafardia da sasargebloc misTvis. mas isic axsovs, rom yoveli gonieri arseba erTmaneTs enaTesaveba, rom kacis bunebisagan ganuyrelia yvela misi msgavsisaTvis zrunva da rom Tu qebas Cvenda momarT raime fasi aqvs, _ ara yvelasa, aramed mxolod misas, vinc bunebrivi cxovrebiT cxovrobs; masze ki, vinc sxvagvar cxovrebas misdevs, gamudmebiT fiqrobs, rogoria is Sin Tu gareT, dRisiT Tu RamiT, an vis mtrobs da visTan megobrobs. amitomac arad agdebs mis qebas, vinc TviTonve ukmayofiloa Tavisi TaviT.

5. nurc Seni nebis winaaRmdeg aRiZvri moqmedebad, nurc sxvaTagan gankerZoebiT, nurc cnobasusts emsgavsebi, nurc vnebis amyols. nu Seamkob Sens saTqmels ferad-feradi samkaulebiT, nu gagitacebs mravalsityvaoba, nurc saqmemravloba. dae Sens sulSi damkvidrebuli demoni wrfelis gziT warmarTavdes Rirseul arsebas _ WeSmarit romaels da mamrs, mamulisTvis Tavdadebuls, eris mTavars, Rvawlis mZles da mudam mzad myofs, im kacis msgavsad, romelic mxolod niSans ucdis, raTa nebsiT dautevos sawuTro da yovelgvari ficisa da Tu Tavmdebobis (7) gareSe hyos neba misi, vinc mas mouxmobs. xolo ukvdavTa nebismyoflis naTelSemosili suli ar saWiroebs arc Tanadgomas, arc im simSvides, romelsac mxolod sxvaTa meoxeobiT Tu veziarebiT Cven. dRes iyav wrfeli, xval SeiZleba gviani iqnes.

6. ukeTu kacis sicocxleSi Sen poulob rasme ukeTess, vidre simarTles, gulwrfelobas, TavdaWerilobas da simamaces, mokled sulis TviTkmarobas da TviTkmayofilebas, romelsac ZaluZs wrfeli gziT warmarTos Seni qmediToba, an kidev kmayofilebas sakuTari xvedriT, romlis avkargianoba Cvens arCevanze araa damokidebuli, vimedovneb, ukeTu Sen poulob rasme ukeTess, maSin miiqec mTelis arsebiT mag ukeTess, maSin miiqec mTelis arsebiT

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mag ukeTesis gancdad. xolo Tu SenTvis ara aris ra ukeTesi, vidre sakuTar sulSi damkvidrebuli demoni, romelic Tavisi nebisamebr warmarTavs Sens miswrafebebs, awesrigebs Sens warmodgenebs, gare migaqcevs vnebiseul cdunebaTagan (rogorc ityoda sokrate) da romelic mxolod RmerTebs hmorCilebs da kacTa sasikeTod iRvwis, _ Tu mis gverdiT ubadrukad da ufasurad giCans yoveli, nuRar daeZeb nurafers iseTs rac, raki erTxel mogxiblavs da mogaRorebs, aRarasodes mogcems gasaqans, mTelis arsebiT emsaxuro erTaderT Sens kuTvnil sikeTes. radgan xom Seuwynarebelia marTlac, gonebisa Tu moqalaqeobiseul sikeTes gverdSi amouyeno raime ucxogvari, rogorc magaliTad brbos mowodebis yiJini, Zalaufleba, morWmuleba Tu soflur siameTa trfiali. gaxsovdes, yovelive es, Tu ki Sen sul mcire mniSvnelobas mainc mianiWeb mas, mswrafl dageufleba da wargitacebs simdablisaken. amitom girCev, gulwrfelad da Tavisuflad irCio ukeTesi da misdio mas _ magram ukeTesi _ es sasargebloa! _keTili da patiosani; Tu is sasargebloa SenTvis, rogorc gonieri arsebisaTvis, gaufrTxildi mas, xolo Tu is sasargebloa SenTvis, rogorc pirutyvisaTvis, gaicxade eg, magram nu iamayeb amiT, mTavaria frTxilad da windaxedulad ikvlio sakvlevi.

7. nurasodes nu miiCnev Seni TavisTvis sasargeblod mas, rac odesme dagarRvevinebs aRTqmas, dagaviwyebs sircxvils, SegaZulebs visme, an gaiZulebs ieWviano, hgmo Seni msgavsi, ipirfero da isurvo rame iseTi, rasac kedlebsa da Tu kretsabmelebs miRma malaven kacni. radgan is, vinc sakuTari suli da misi siqvelisadmi saRmrTo samsaxuri arCia yvelafers, ar malavs Tavis namdvil saxes, ar ikeTebs tragikul niRabs, ar gminavs ar saWiroebs arc kacTagan ganmartoebas, arc xalxmravlobas, da rac mTavaria, cxovrobs ise, rom arc ras mieltvis da arc iltvis risganme. misTvis sul erTia, ramden xans dahyofs misi suli sxeulis garsSi, da rodesac sicocxlesTan ganSorebis saaTi dahkravs, iseve udrtvinvelad Sexvdeba sikvdils, rogorc aRasrulebda yvela sxva saqmes, romelic ar SebRalavda mis saxelsa da Rirsebas. radgan mTeli sicocxlis manZilze is mxolod imisTvis iRvwis, rom misi suli ar daeces da damdabldes ufro metad, vidre es Sehferis goniersa da amqveynad moqalaqeobrivi cxovrebisTvis movlenil arsebas.

8. ganwmendili da naTels ziarebuli kacis sulSi Sen ver hpoveb mwikvls. verc farul xrwnilebas. misi sicocxle ar dasruldeba missave sikvdilTan erTad da mis mimarTac veravin SesZlebs imis Tqmas, rasac tragikos msaxiobze ityvian xolme: ise dauteva scena, rom ver SesZlo bolomde mieyvana, bolomde Seesrulebina rolio. ara aris ra masSi monuri, moCvenebiTi, ZalisZalad Tavsmoxveuli an mokveTili, araTavisTavadi da naTlis moSiSi.

9. Tayvani eci warmodgenis Seqmnis Sens unars. radgan mxolod eg unari gicavs imisgan, rom Sens Sinagan mZRolSi arasodes AaRiZras bunebisaTvis ucxo da gonieri arsebisTvis uRirsi azri. egeve unari giwesebs imas, rom auCqareblad gamogqondes daskvna, keTilmosurneobiT emsWvalvode kacT da hmorCilebde RmerTebs.

10. moikveTe yvelaferi da misdie mxolod am oriode wess. gaxsovdes isic, rom yvela suldgmuli mxolod awmyoTi suldgmulobs, am erTi ubadruki wamiT. danarCeni ki an warsuls ekuTvnis ukve, an momavlis burusiTaa moculi. ubadrukia TiToeulis sicocxle, ubadrukia miwis kuTxe, sadac is cxovrobs, ubadrukia TviT yvelaze xangrZlivi sikvdilSemdgomi didebac ki, radgan misi xangrZlivoba adamianTa ramdenime mswraflwarmavali Taobis sicocxliT amoiwureba mxolod. Taobisa, romelsac Tavisi Tavic ver Seucvnia, aramcTu asi an aTasi wlis win micvlili.

11. dae zemoTTqmuls daematos Semdegi: yovelTvis unda aRwerde an ganmartavde Sens mier aRqmul TiToeul sagans, raTa usaburvlod, nawilebad ganswavluli saxiT Wvretde mis WeSmarit raobas da amrigad, marTebul saxels uwodebde ara marto mas, aramed yvela im stiqionsac, romelTaganac Sedgeba da romlebadac ganwvaldeba daSlisa da darRvevis Semdeg. radgan arferi ise ar amaRlebs Cvens suls, rogorc nivTTa Tu movlenaTa Tanmimdevruli, WeSmariti wvdomis unari, rac meyseulad sacnauryofs ra sargebloba moaqvs TiToeul maTgans samyaros ama Tu im nawilisaTvis, an riTaa is faseuli rogorc mTeli samyarosTvis, ise kacisaTvis _ uzeSTaesi qalaqis am moqalaqisaTvis. qalaqisa, romlisadmi mimarTebaSi yvela sxva qalaqi erT kerZo saxlad esaxeba maRlad mxeds. sacnaur hyofs ras warmoadgens, risgan Sedgeba da ramden xans hgies amqveynad is, risi xatic rCeba Cvens xsovnas, an romeli saTnoeba unda SevuwonoT mas _ Tviniereba, simamace, siwrfele, ubraloeba, TviTmkmaroba, Tu sxva misTana. amitom yvela calkeul SemTxvevaSi ase Seagone Sensave Tavs: ai es RmerTisgan iRebs dasabams, es _ yovlis TanakavSiris, garemoebaTa TanamTxvevis, SemTxvevaTa aseTive TanaTxzvisa da bediswerisagan, es kidev _ Cemi Tanadgomis, Tvistomisa da Tanamoqalaqisagan, romelsac albaT, arc ki esmis, ras moiTxovs misgan buneba. magarm me? me xom mesmis, rasac moiTxovs da amitomac vemsWvalvi mas keTilmosurneobiT da

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simarTlisgebiT, Tanaxmad urTierTobis bunebrivi kanonisa; da Tanac vcdilob, davadgino egreT wodebul saSualo saganTa fardobiTi Rirebuleba.

12. Tu Sen mxolod gonebis xmas uwev angariSs da cdilob mTeli gulmodginebiT, ZalisxmeviTa da siyvaruliT akeTo dRes sakeTebeli, Tu Sen ise ubiwod da myudroebiT amyofeb sakuTar sulSi damkvidrebul demons, TiTqos ukve mowevnul iyos masTan ganSorebis Jami, Tu amasTan, arc ras mieltvi da arc iltvi sidanme, Tu kmasayofelad giCans moRvaweoba bunebis wesisaebr da Tu bolos, WeSmaritad gmiruli TavdadebiT, sityviT, da saqmiT emsaxurebi simarTles, SegiZlia bednierad migaCndes Tavi. da ar dadis miwaze kaci, romelsac SeeZlos xeli SegiSalos amaSi.

13. mihbaZe dastaqarT, romelTac yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis, mudam xelTa aqvT saWiro iaraRi, da maTsaviT mudam mzad iqonie principebi RvTaebriv Tu kacur saqmeTa Sesamecneblad, raTa Seni TviT yvelaze uniSvnelo mcdelobisa Tu moqmedebis drosac ki iTvaliswinebde am ori sxvadsxva gvaris urTierTkavSirsa da Tanafardobas; radgan RvTaebrivis gauTvaliswineblad verasodes aRasruleb, rogorc jer ars, raime kacurs da piruku.

14. droa dacxre da Tavi anebo umiznod wrials. arada, verc sakuTari mogonebebisa Tu Zvel berZenTa da romelTa analebis wakiTxvas eRirsebi (8), verc im qmnilebaTa nawyvetebisas, romelnic siberis dRisaTvis Semoinaxe Sen. maS, iswrafe miznisaken, moikveTe fuWi imedebi da sanam droa, TviTonve aRmisTve Senive Tavis mSvelad, Tu odnav mainc ufrTxildebi kacuri kacis saxels.

15. kacTaTvis dafaruli rCeba, ramden sxvadasxva mniSvnelobas imarxaven iseTi sityvebi, rogoricaa parva, Tesva, mosyidva, mocaleoba da gamowvlilviT ganxilva misi, risi qmnac xams, radgan maTi mravalmniSvnelovnebis gacxadeba xorciel Tvals ki ara, xedvis sul sxva organos xelewifebis mxolod.

16. sxeuli, suli, goneba. sxeuliseulia SegrZnebani, suliseuli _ vnebani, gonebiseul _ principebi. SegrZnebisa da aRqmis unari pirutyvTac SeswevT, vnebebi mxecebsa da androginonebSi, falarissa Tu neronSic boboqroben, xolo gonebis karnaxiT RvTismgmobni, samSoblos moRalateni da aTasgvar bilwebaTa farulad moqmednic moqmedeben xolme. magram, Tu es marTlac asea, Tu yvelaferi es saerToa yvela zemore CamoTvlilTaTvis, maSin keTil kacad SeiZleba iwodebodes is, da mxolod is, vinc sixaruliTa da madlobis grZnobiT iRebs Tvis kuTvnilsa da Tavis wilxvdomils, vinc myudroebiT amyofebs sakuTar sulSi damkvidrebul demons da survilTa simravliT ar amrRvevs mas, raTa es ukanaskneli mudam savsobdes simSvidisa da sixarulis wminda savsebiT, hmorCilebdes RmerTebs da sityviT Tu saqmiT hmsaxurebdes simarTles da WeSmaritebas. da Tu aravin ar irwmunebs, rom is marTlac ase ubralod mSvidad da aumRvrevlad cxovrobs, ra vuyoT mere, keTils mitomac hqvia keTili, rom arc aramrwmenisagan iwyens rames da arc arasdros gadauxvevs sicocxlis miznad mimyvanebel gzas, miznad, romelsac wmindad da udrtvinvelad unda miemTxves bedis morCili da Tavisi xvedriT kmayofili suli.

mexuTe wigni

1. Tu Sen diliT gezareba adre adgoma, maSin ase Seagone Sensave Tavs: me vdgebi, raTa aRvasrulo Cemi kacuri saqme! maS ratom vdrtvinav imis gamo, rom xels vkideb saqmes, romlis aRsasrulebladac me Semqmna da amqveynad warmogzavna gangebam? nuTu Cemi daniSnuleba Tbil sawolSi nebivrobaa mxolod? _ magram es ufro sasiamovnoa _ maS Sen mxolod siamovnebisa da gancxromisaTvis xar Seqmnili? maS Sen umoqmedobisa da ara moqmedebisaTvis moxvel amqveynad? Sexede mcenareebs, Wilyvavebs, WianWvelebs da babaWuebs, romlebic aseTi gulmodginebiT asruleben TavianT saqmes da sakuTari rudunebiT, SeZlebisdagavarad srulyofen samyaros mSvenebas. Sen ki ar gsurs moixado Seni kacuri vali da ar iswrafvi misken, rac aserigad eTanxmeba Sens buneba. _ ki magram, dasvenebasac Tavisi zRvari dauwesa, iseve rogorc Wamas da smas. miuxedavad amisa, Sen yovelTvis gadadixar zomierebis zRvars, maSin rodesac moqmedebisas SesaZlebel zRvarsac ver aRwev da es imitom, rom arafrad migaCnia Senive Tavi. ase rom ara, Sen geyvareboda Seni bunebac da isic, rasac giwesebs igi. sxvani, sakuTari xelobis siyvaruliT gulSeZrulni, mTelis arsebiT eZlevian sayvarel saqmes da xSirad iviwyeben ganbanas, smasa da Wamas. Sen ki ufro nakleb afaseb sakuTar bunebas, vidre oqromWedeli _ oqromWedlobas, mrokavi _ rokvas, abngari _ vercxls da pativmoyvare _ didebas. isini, sakuTar vnebebs ayolilni, umal Zilsa da sma-Wamaze ityvian uars, vidre imisken swrafvaze, rac aserigad xiblavs da atyvevebs maT.

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nuTu saqveyno saqmis samsaxuri Sens TvalSi ufro umniSvnelo Cans da naklebi gulmodginebis Rirsi?

2. raoden advilia moikveTo yovelgvari fuWi Tu Seni bunebisaTvis uRirsi warmodgena da amrigad eziaro sulis simSvides da netarebas.

3. gwamdes, Sen Rirsi xar imisa, rom yovlTvis msjelobde da moqmedebde bunebis Tanaxmad. nu SegakrTobs kacTa yvedreba da miTqma-moTqma. Tu fiqrob, rom keTilia esa Tu is moqmedeba gina msjeloba, nu miiCnev nurcerT maTgans SenTvis uRirsad. gaxsovdes, yvelas sakuTari mZRoli warmarTavs da yvela Tavis gulisTqmas misdevs. maS, nurafrad miiCnev amas da pirdapir iswrafe win, TviTon Seni sakuTari da saerTo bunebis gziT, radgan erTia gza orivesi.

4. me yovelTvis bunebis gzas mivsdev da am gziT vivli manam, sanam ar davecemi da Cems suls da sunTqvas ar Cavabareb mas, visiTac vsunTqav da vsuldgmulob maraddRe; sanam ar mivebarebi miwas, romelmac dasabami misca mamis Tesls, dedis sisxlsa da ZiZis rZes; miwas, romelic amdeni welia uSurvelad maWmevs da masmevs, da romelsac ase umowyalod vqelav da vyvlef.

5. Sen veravis gaakvirveb gamWriaxobiT; ra vuyoT mere? magram aris bevri ram iseTi, romelTa mimarT Sen ver ityvi: me ara varo amisaTvis dabadebuli. maS Seimose yvela is siqvele, romelTac sxvisi SewevniT ki ara, mxolod Seni mcdelobiT Tu eziarebi: gulwrfeloba, sidarbaisle, RvawlismZleoba, gancxromaTa moZuleoba, bedis morCileba, zomiereba, keTilmosurneoba, Tavisufleba, ubraloeba, sityvaZviroba, didsulovneba. nuTu vera grZnob, ramden rasme SegeZlo miswvdomodi, ramden iseT rasme, ris vermiwvdomasac verasodes gaamarTleb sakuTari bunebis sisustiT da uunarobiT. Sen ki dRemde erT adgils tkepni Senive nebiT. an, iqneb, marTlac bunebiT Tandayolili umweobaa drtvinvis, sixarbis, pirmoTneobis, Seni ubadruki sxeulis gmobis, misi siSlegis Tmenis, mzvaobisa Tu sulis sxva msgavsi borgvisaTvis Seni aRmZvreli? ara, RmerTani, ara da ara! Sen ukve didi xania SegeZlo yovelive amisgan dagexsna Tavi. xolo Tu aRiareb, rom marTlac cnobasusti xar da mZimedmxedveli, maS isic aRiare, rom am nakls mxolod xangrZlivi wvrTiT da rudunebiT Tu moikveTs kaci da ara masze xelis CaqneviT.

6. erTi sikeTes rom uzams kacs, samagieros moiTxovs misgan. meore ar moiTxovs, magram sulis siRrmeSi Tavis mudmiv movaled Tvlis mas da arasodes ar iviwyebs sakuTar qvelmoqmedebas. da bolos mesame, garkveul azriT, Caladac ar agdebs miseul siqveles; am mxriv is vazs mogvagonebs, romelic uSurvelad gvTavazobs savse mtevnebs da arafers moiTxovs nacvlad, kmayofili martooden imiT, rom bolomde mogvca Tavisi sitkbo. ase rbis cxeni, ase eZebs kvals meZebari, ase agrovebs futkari Tafls. amitom kacic, keTili saqmis moqmedi kacic, saqveynod ki ar gahyviris _ ai, ra vqmenio, aramed uxmaurod gadadis meore saqmeze, msgavsad vazisa, romelic yoveli axali rTvelisaTvis xelaxla amwifebs mtevnebs. maSasadame, Cven unda vbaZavdeT maT, vinc sikeTis qmnisas garkveulis azriT, ganusjelad moqmedeben da angariSs ar uweven mas, rac hqmnes? _ diax. _ ki magram, sikeTe xom isaa swored, rac gansjasa da angariSis gawevas moiTxovs? radgan, rogorc amboben, moqalaqeobrivi cxovrebisaTvis movlenil arsebas hmarTebs icodes, rom sazogado sikeTisaTvis moqmedebs, da – vficav zevss! _ surdes kidec, rom misma moyvasmac icodes es. _ marTals brZaneb: magram Sen ar gesmis Tqmulis faruli arsi da amitomac emsgavsebi erT-erT maTgans, vinc zemore movixsenie. radgan isinic SecdomaSi Sehyavs gansjis moCvenebiTs siswores. xolo Tu gsurs gaiazro zemore Tqmuli, nu SiSob, TiTqos es dagaviwyebs Sens movaleobas moyvasTa mimarT.

7. aTenelTa locva: “wvimad gardmoved, wvimad gardmoved, o, dido zevso, aTenelTa yanebsa da mdeloebs zeda!” an saerTod ar unda iloco, an Tu ilocav, ise ubralod, rogorc loculobdnen es Tavisufali moqalaqeebi.

8. ori winadadebis azri; “asklepiosi ama da am kacs samkurnalod cxenze jdomas, civ Sxapsa da fexSiSvela siaruls uwers” da “mTelis buneba ama am kacs bedad sneulebas, sapyrobsa da saxiCrobas uwevs” _ savsebiT emTxveva erTmaneTs. marTlac, pirvel SemTxvevaSi “uwers” niSnavs: is uniSnavs ama da am kacs amas da amas, rogorc misi janmrTelobis sawindars; meoreSi ki Semdegs: yvelafers, rac ama da am kacs xvdeba wilad, mTelis buneba mouvlens mas, rogorc missave svesTan wilnayars. Cven imasac vambobT, rom esa da es “gvergo” wilad, iseve rogorc galavnebsa Tu piramidebSi datanebul, oTkuTxedad daTlil qvebze kiriTxuroni ityvian xolme _ ra kargad “moergneno” erTmaneTs. marTlac, erTiani harmonia ganwonis yovels da rogorc samyaros, am diad sxeuls, yvela calkeuli sxeulis erToblioba agebs, ise bediswerac, es umaRlesi mizezi, yvela calkeul mizezTa erTobliobisagan iTxzvis. me mgonia Cemi sityvebi TviT yvelaze umecarTaTvisac gasagebia, radgan isini ityvian xolme; esa da es bedma mouvlinao mas. ese igi, ama da am kacs es uweria, es xvdeba wilad. maS miviRoT Cveni wilxvdomili,

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rogorc wamali, romelsac asklepiosi uwers avadmyofs. radgan Tumca yvela wamali Tanabrad rodi mogvwons, magram gankurnebis mosurneni, mainc xalisiT vRebulobT maT. izrune saerTo bunebis yvela miznis xorcSesxmisaTvis, rogorc Seni sakuTari xorcis, sakuTari sxeulis simrTelisaTvis zrunav. nebsiT miiRe yvelaferi, rac wilad gvxdeba, Tundac miuReblad migaCndes igi, radgan swored mas mivyavarT miznisaken, romelic sxva ara aris Tu ara samyaros simrTele, zevsis Zlevemosili svla da zeimi. gwamdes, saerTo buneba aras warmogigzavnida iseTs, rac Seusabamo iqneboda sayovelTao sikeTisaTvis, radgan arcerTi kerZo buneba ar imarxavs raime iseTs, rac ar Seesabameba am bunebis mtvirTvel arsebas. maS, giyvardes yvelaferi, rac wilad gxvdeba; ori ramis gamo giyvardes: jer erTi Seni wilxvdomili imTaviTve SenTvis iyo gamiznuli, SenTvis Seqmnili da Sensave svesTan TanaTxzuli dasabamier mizezTa ZaliT. meorec, swored igia erT-erTi mizezi arsTa gamrigis Zalmosilebis, srulqmnilebis da _ vficav zevss! _ TviTon misi warudineblobisa. radgan Sen bRalav mTels, Tu odnav mainc daarRvev Tanxmobas da TanakavSirs rogorc misi nawilebis, ise misi mizezebisas. Sen ki swored amas sCadixar, roca drtvinav risame gamo da amrigad, TiTqos aryofnaSi abruneb myofs.

12. rogoria buneba misi, rac sikeTed esaxeba brbos? ai, ra gagicxadebs amas: kaci, romelic sikeTeze fiqrisas mxolod WeSmariti sikeTis, vTqvaT, sibrZnis, zomierebis, samarTlianobisa Tu simamacisTvis fiqrobs, ar dauSvebs rom misi fiqrebis siwminde aamRvrion poetis sityvebiT: “amden sikeTiT savse”. radgan maTSi sul sxva sikeTe igulisxmeba. xolo Tu sikeTis warmodgenisas kacs igive udgas Tvalwin, rac sikeTed esaxeba brbos, maSin is aramarto aumRvrevlad moismens, aramed xalisiT gaiziarebs kidev komikosi poetis sityvebs, rogorc friad moswrebulad naTqvamT. kacTa umravlesoba naTlad xedavs am gansxvavebebs, uromlisodac pirvel SemTxvevaSi es sityvebi uTuod dakargavdnen uxamsobis elfers, maSin rodesac meoreSi, sadac sikeTed miCneulia morWmuloba, fufuneba Tu fuWi dideba, aserigad mogvwons isini da da maTi maxvilgonierebiT vtkbebiT. maS, gadadgi Semdegi nabiji da ase hkiTxe Sensave Tavs: nuTu marTla sikeTed unda migvaCndes is, ris mimarTac SegveZlo gveTqva: “amden sikeTiT savse saxlis patronsac uWirs, mxolod imitom, rom veRarsad mouSardia”.

16. rogoricaa Seni warmodgenebis simravle, iseTi iqneba Seni sulieri cxovrebac, radgan warmodgenebi siRrmemde ganwonian suls. maS, dae, ganiwonos Seni suli Semdegnairi warmodgenebiT: iq, sadac SeiZleba icxovro, SeiZleba kargad icxovro: sasaxlis karze SeiZleba icxovro, maSasadame, iq SeiZleba kargadac icxovro. da Semdeg: yoveli arsi miiltvis misken, risTvisac is Seqmna bunebam, xolo misi ltolvis sagani misi mizania, raRa Tqma unda; miswvde mizans, niSnavs eziaro sikeTes, gonieri arsebis sikeTe ki Tanacxovrebisa da Tanaarsebobis wesi gaxlavT. xolo is, rom Cven TanaarsebobisTvis varT Seqmnilni, damtkicebas aRar moiTxovs. gana cxadi ar aris, rom umdablesi arsebani umaRlesTaTvis arseboben, umaRlesni ki – erTmaneTisTvis. sulieri arsebani usuloebze maRla dganan, xolo sulierTa Soris umaRlesi adgili uWiravT gonierT.

17. Slegia is, vnc mieltvis SeuZlebels. SeuZlebeli ki isaa, rom avkacni avkacurad ar iqceodnen.

18. ar SeiZleba kacs SeemTxves rame iseTi, risi daTmenis Zalac ar Seswevs. msgavsi ram sxvebsac SemTxveviaT, magram isini, ar vici, imitom, rom ver xvdebodnen, ra SeemTxvaT Tu imitom, rom surdaT sakuTari didsulovnebiT moewonebinaT Tavi, uSiSrad da udrtvinvelad Sexvedrian faTeraks. vai sircxvilo! nuTu umecrebas da pativmoyvareobas ufro meti unda SeeZlos, vidre WeSmarit sibrZnes?!

19. TviTon sagnebi odnavadac ar exebian suls. suli maTTvis savsebiT miuwvdomelia da miudgomeli. maT ar ZaluZT Mmisi Secvla, arc misi aRZvra, adgan suli TviTonvea Tavisi Tavis mcvelic da mZvrelic. amitom bWobis ra saxesac miiCnevs is Tavis Rirsad, iseTni iqnebian misTvis garemomcveli sagnebic.

22. is, rac ar vnebs qalaqs, arc moqalaqes vnebs. yovelTvis, roca ggonia, rom raime gevno, aseTi wesi moixmare vnebis sazomad. “Tu es ar vnebs qalaqs, maSasadame arc me SeiZleba mvnebdes”. xolo Tu qalaqs evno rame, nuki Serisxav vnebis mizezs, aramed miuTiTe an Seagone.

23. xSirad ifiqre, raoden mswraflwarmavalia, raoden swrafad qreba yoveli: isic, rac ukve arsebobs da isic, rac axla moeqceva yofad. radgan arsi mdinares hgavs, maradis medins. qmedebani ganuwyvetliv scvlian erTmaneTs, mizezni aTasgvar saxecvlilebas ganicdian da gegoneba, ara aris ra qveynad ucvleli da waruvali. xolo Cvens gverdiT warsulisa da momavlis usasrulo ufskrulia, yovlis STanmTqmeli. gana Slegi araa is, vinc mzvaobs, wuxs, anda drtvinavs am malexrwnad saganTa gamo, TiTqos saqme exebodes uxrwnelsa da maradis myofs.

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24. gaxsovdes yovladi arsi, romlis esoden umniSvnelo nawili xar Sen. maradisoba, romlisganac mxolod erTi wami gxvda wilad, mokle da mswraflwarmavli wami; bediswera, romleSiac Senc wili giZevs, magram raoden ubadruki wili!

25. vinme scodavs Cemda momarT? SeeSvi, scodos; es misi saqmea; mas Tavisi mrwamsi aqvs da moqmedebis Tavisi wesi: me ki iseTi var, rogoric surs viyo saerTo bunebas da ise viqcevi, rogorc surs viqceode Cemsave bunebas.

29. Sen SegiZlia ise icxovro aqac, rogorc apireb cxovrebas aqedan wasvlis Semdeg. xolo Tu Sen ar gaZleven amis SeZlebas, ganved sicocxliT, magram ganved rogorc kaci, romelic ar xedavs amaSi maincdamainc did borotebas. “kvamli dgas saxlSi da me gavdivar”. ise, ki, sanam aqedan raime Zala ar merekeba, me Tavisufali var da veravin damiSlis imis qmnas, risi qmnac msurs. Cemi survili ki savsebiT eTanxmeba gonieri da amqveynad moqalaqeobrivi cxovrebisTvis movlenili arsis bunebas.

30. samyaros suli Tanaarsebobas amkvidrebs yvelgan. amitom umdablesi arsebani man umaRlesisaTvis Seqmna, es ukanasknelni ki _ erTmaneTisTvis. xedav rogori urTierToba, rogori qvewyoba da Tanwyoba daamyara man arsTa Soris: rogor miago Rirsebisaebr, TiToeuls misi misagebelio da bolos, rogor aqcia Tanamoazreebad umaRlesi arsni?

33. sul male miwad iqcevi da mtvrad. Sengan darCeba mxolod saxeli, an isic ara. hm! saxeli! raa saxeli? uRono xma da usulo eqo. yvelaferi, rac ki ramed fasobs amqveynad, fuWia, xrwnadi da warmavali. yvelaferi es avad wakidebul nagazebsa hgavs an mousvenar yrmebs, xan rom erTad imReren da icinian, xan ki tirils iwyeben uceb. sad aris rwmena da siwminde, an simarTle da samarTali? yvelam erTad miaSura “vrceli miwidan olimpos mwvervals”. maS ra gakavebs am jurRmulSi? grZnobadi sagnebi cvladni arian da umtkiconi, TviTon grZnobani _ bundovanni da advilad sacdunebelni, sasicocxlo Zala _ sisxlis orTqli da oxSivari, dideba. . . ras aqnev didebas am xrwnadobis samkvidrebelSi? maS ra vqnaT? udrtvinvelad davelodoT aRsasruls an saxecvla-gardacvalebas. magram sanam eg wami ar dagvdgomia? vaqoT da vadidoT ukvdavni, keTilni vuyoT mokvdavT, udrtvinvelad daviTminoT maTi siaxlove, magram nurc Zalze daviaxlovebT maT. nu daiviwyeb, rom is, rasac Seni arseba, Seni xorci da suli imarxavs, Sen ar gekuTvnis da maSasadame, arc geqvemdebareba.

34. Sen SegiZlia yovelTvis bednieri iyo, radgan SegiZlia WeSmariti irCio da am gziT warmarTo Seni moqmedeba da mrwamsi. ori ram aqvs saerTo RmerTis da kacis, ise rogorc yvela gonieri arsebis suls: jer erTi, araferi ucxogvari misTvis dabrkolebas ar warmoadgens da meorec, mas SeuZlia Tavis WeSmarit sikeTed azrovnebisa da moqmedebis siwrfele irCios da amiT daudos zRvari sakuTar swrafvas.

35. Tu es Cemi biwi ar aris, arc Cemi biwis Sedegi, da amasTan, arc qalaqs vnebs, raRad unda vSfoTavde mis gamo? magram ra SeiZleba vnebdes qalaqs?

36. nu ahyvebi grZnobaTa TamaSs, daexmare gaWirvebulT, ise, rogorc SegiZlia da rogorc isaini imsaxureben. daexmare, Tundac maT gaWirvebas egreT wodebul saSualo saganTa uqonloba iwvevdes mxolod. magram nu miiCnev borotebad am uqonlobas, radgan boroteba misi borotebad miCnevaa TviTon. mihbaZe berikacs, romelic wasvlisas bzrialas sTxovs Tavis gazrdils, TumcaRa icis, rom es bzrialaa mxolod da mxolod. ise aqac. magram roca Sen qadageb tribunidan... – sawyalo kaco, nuTu dagaviwyda, ras niSnavs es? – ki magram, xalxs rom daaviwyda? – mereda, Sen mxolod amitom hbaZav regvenT?

sadac ar unda movxvde, me SemiZlia bednieri viyo. xolo bednieria is, vinc keTili xvedri ganumzada sakuTar Tavs. keTili xvedri ki keTilmidrekilebaa sulisa, keTili swrafva, keTili saqme.

meeqvse wigni

1. yovladi arsi morCilia da momyoli. misi gamrige goneba ki ar imarxavs raime mizezs, romelsac SeeZlos borotis qmnad aRZras igi, radgan misTvis savsebiT ucxoa yovelgvari boroteba; amitom arc vis borots uyofs da arc vnebs visme. xolo samyaroSi yvelaferi misi neba-surviliT xdeba, misi nebiT moiqceva yofad yoveli.

2. dae, SenTvis sul erTi iyos yvelaferi, rasac iTmen an ganicdi movaleobis aRsrulebisas: sicxe Tu sicive, Zili Tu RviZili, gmoba Tu qeba, sicocxle Tu sikvdili, radgan sikvdili sicocxlis erTi mizania, da Tu gsurs mSvidad Seegebo, mas, sakmarisia keTilad moigvaro dRes mosagvarebeli saqmeni.

3. Caswvdi saganTa siRrmes. dae, Sens Tvals nu gamoepareba nurc maTi Tavisebureba, nurc maTi Rirseba.

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4. yvelaferi malexrwnadia da malecvladi; yvelaferi an aorTqldeba, Tu arsi erTia marTlac, an ganqardeba.

5. yovlisgamrige goneba kargad icnobs rogorc Tavis Tavs, ise Tavisi moqmedebis sagans da samoqmedod saxmar masalas.

6. ai, moZaladis dasjis ukeTesi wesi: nu emsgavsebi mas.7. dae, qveynisTvis sasargeblo erTi saqmidan meoreze gadasvla iyos Seni sixarulisa da

simSvidis wyaro; dae, amasTan mudam gaxsovdes RmerTi.8. Cveni warmmarTveli sawyisi is sawyisia, romelic TviTonve aRviZebs, TviTonve

aRZravs, TviTonve iqcevs Tavis Tavs imad, radac surs iqces da romelsac ZaluZs iseTad uCndes yvelaferi, rogorc surs uCndes.

9. yvelaferi, rac xdeba, saerTo bunebis Tanaxmad xdeba da ara romelime sxva, vTqvaT misi garemomcveli an mis mier garemoculi Tu misgan damoukidebeli bunebis Tanaxmad.

12. Sen rom erTdroulad dedac gyavdes da dedinacvalic, albaT pativiscemas ar moaklebdi am ukanasknels, magram mainc dedisken gagiwevda guli yovelTvis. filosofia da sasaxlis karze cxovreba _ ai, Seni deda da dedinacvali. maS, malimal miubrundi pirvels da sulis simSvide eZie masSi; radgan misi wyalobiT ufro advilad asatani geCveneba karze cxovreba da Senc ufro advilad agitanen kariskacebi.

14. saganTa umravlesoba, romelic sasurvelad uCans brbos, usulo Tu mcenareul samyaros miekuTvneba, rogorc magaliTad qvebi, xeebi, leRvi, vazi an zeTisxili. brbosgan mcired gamorCeulni suldgmul arsebaTa simravls arCeven, rogorc magaliTad, cxvris faras Tu cxenis remas, ganviTarebis ufro maRal safexurze mdgarni _ gonieri, Tumca ara yovlad sulTan wilnayari, magram mainc qmediTi, xelosnobis Tu raime sxva niWiT dajildoebuli suliT mosili arsebebis, anu mokled rom vTqvaT monebis simravles, xolo kaci, romelic aRmerTebs da Tayvansa scems yovlad goniersa da moqalaqeobriv suls, sxvas arafers isaxavs miznad, Tu ara siyvaruls da erTgulebas samoqalaqo sikeTis mimarT; da ara marto TviTon isaxavs, Tavis moyvassac exmareba amave miznis dasaxvasa da misken swrafvaSi.

16. faseulia ara haeris CasunTqva, mcenareTa msgavsad, an amosunTqva, cxovelTa msgavsad, ara STabeWdilebaTa Senaxvisa Tu vnebaTa saTamaSod qcevis unari, ara jogad cxovreba, ara saWmlis ReWva; raRa ReWva da raRa saWmlis narCenebis gamoyofa. maS ra? mowonebis gamoxatva taSiscemiT? ara, maSasadame, arc mowonebis yiJini, radgan mowonebis niSnad brbo bRavis mxolod. amrigad, Sen zurgi aqcie fuW saxelsa da didebas; raRas miiCnev faseulad? cemis azriT, kacis bunebis Sesatyvis moqmedebas Tu moqmedebis droze Sewyvetas, anu codnis da xelovnebis yvela WeSmarit mizans. radgan yoveli xelovneba imas mieltvis, rom TiToeuli misi qmnileba Seesatyvisebodes sagans, romlisTvisac is mas qmnis. aseTia meRvinisa da mevenaxis, cxenebis mxednavisa da ZaRlebis mgeSavis mizani. swored esaa faseuli. da Tu am mxriv yvelaferi Tavis rigzea, ufasurad da ubadrukad geCveneba sxva danarCeni. magram Sen ver elevi bevr sxva ramesac? masin samudamod daemSvidobe Tavisuflebas, TviTkmarobas da aumRvrevlobas. radgan TviT aucilebloba gaiZulebs SuriT, eWvis TvaliTa da undoblobiT umzerde yvelas, visac ZaluZs SenTvis egzom Zvirfasi sagnebi wargtacos da borots izraxavde mis mimarT, vinc maT flobs. mokled, TviToeuli am sagnis dakargvas ZaluZs sulis simSvide wauRos kacs da RmerTebis gmobad aRZras igi. da piriqiT, Tu Sen pativs scem da afaseb sakuTar suls, yovelTvis SeZleb kmayofili iyo Senive TaviT, keTilmosurneobiT emsWvalode kacT da Tayvans scemde RmerTebs, ese igi, aqebde da adidebde yvelafers, rasac isini warmogigzavnian an giboZeben.

17. zemodan qvemoT, qvemodan zemoT, ase wriulad brunaven stiqionebi. saTnoebis moZraoba ki, rogorc ufro RvTaebrivi, ar misdevs arc erT am mimarTulebas: is miiwevs win pirdapiri, TumcaRa Znelad savali da Znelad sacnauri gziT.

18. ras sCadian kacni? yovelnairad ewinaaRmdegebian TanamdroveTa gandidebas. TviTon ki sul imis cdaSi arian, rogor moixveWon dideba STamomavalTa TvalSi, romelnic arasodes unaxavT, da verc naxaven. es daaxloebiT igivea, rac drtvinva imis gamo, ratom jer kidev winaprebi ar gvaqebdnen da gvadidebdneno Cven.

19. Tu raime Sens Zal-Rones aRemateba, nu ityvi, rom is saerTod aRemateba kacis ZalRones. magram is, rac kacisaTvis misawvdomia, is, rac xelewifeba kacs, Senc xelgewifeba, gwamdes.

21. Tu vinme SeZlebs damimtkicos, rom me arasworad vfiqrob, anda vmoqmdeb, siamovnebiT Sevicvli azrsac da moqmedebis wessac, radgan me ar daveZeb WeSmaritebas, romlisganac aravis arasodes ara vnebia ra, piriqiT, vnebuli isaa, vinc Tavisi sikerpis gamo, cTomilebisa da umecrebaSi myaydeba.

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22. me Cems vals vixdi mxolod: yvelaferi es raRac usuloa, an ugono, an Secdomili da gzasacdenili.

36. azia, evropa – mxolod ori wertilia samyaroSi; mTeli okeane – wveTia samyaroSi; aTonis mTa – qviSis marcvalia samyaroSi; mTeli awmyo – wamia maradisobaSi. yvelaferi ubadrukia, cvladi, xrwnadi da mswraflwarmavali. yvelaferi zegardmo eziareba arsebobas, yvelaferi erTi saerTo sawyisisa Tu yovlis TanakavSirisa da Tanamimdevrobisagan iRebs dasabams. ase, rom yoveli avismoqmedi, lomis xaxa Tu gvelis Sxami, ekali Tu Waobi, uSualo damatebaa zegardmo gardmosuli sikeTis da mSvenierebis. maS, nuki fiqrob, TiTqos yovelive es ucxo iyos misTvis, rasac aRmerTeb, aramed miiqec yovlis wyaros da dasabamis mTeli savsebis Wvretad.

37. vinc ixila awmyo, man ixila yvelaferi: isic, rac iyo miliardi saukunis ukan da isic, rac iqneba ukunisamde. radgan yvelaferi erTgvarovania da erTsaxovani.

38. xSirad ifiqre yvela im sagnis urTierTkavSirisaTvis, romlebiTac savsobs samyaro, da maTi urTierTmimarTebisaTvis, radgan yvela isini TiTqos siyvaruliT eskvnian da ewvnian erTurTs; amitomac megobroben erTimeores. es aixsneba mowesrigebuli moZraobiT, erTsulovnebiTa da arsis erTobiT.

39. Seegue yvelafers, rac bedma garguna wilad. giyvardes kacni, romelTa Sorisac giwevs cxovreba, magram gulwrfeli siyvaruliT.

45. TiToeulis wilxvdomili saerTo bunebisTvisac sasargebloa. marto amis aRniSvnac kmara. magram gamowvlilviT ganmxilveli imasac naxavs, rom is rac sasargebloa erTi kacisTvis, sxvebisTvisac sasargebloa. xolo sityva “sasargeblo” aq unda vixmaroT misi uzogadesi mniSvnelobiT da egreT wodebul saSualo sagnebzec ganvavrcoT.

47. gamudmebiT ifiqre imaze, Tu ramdeni kaci miibara miwam, ramdeni sxvadasxva xelobisa da sxvadasxva tomis kaci, sanam ar miadgebi filistions, febossa da origanions. miiqec Semdeg sxva tomTa bedis Wvretad. Cvenc mogviwevs gadavsaxldeT iq, sadac gadasaxlda amdeni enamWevri ritori, amdeni didi filosofosi, heraklite, piTagora, sokrate. Zveli drois amdeni gmiri, maT Semdeg _ amdeni strategi da tirani, bolos evdoqse, hiparqe, arqimde da sxvani da sxvani, zegradmo niWiT cxebulni, didsulovanni, Sromismoyvareni, mravlismoqmedni, Tavdajerebulni da ase sinjeT, kacTa cxovrebis amaoebisa da mswaflwarmavalobis TviT iseTi mamxilebelnic rogoric iyvnen, menipe da misi msgavsni. nu daiviwyeb, rom yvela isini didi xania miwaSi wvanen. magram ra aris saSineli maTTvis amaSi? an kidev maTTvis, visac saxelic ar darCenia? faseulia mxolod erTi ram: WeSmaritebisa da samarTlianobis samsaxurs Sealio Seni sicocxle da Semwynarebeli iyo crumetyvelTa da usamarTlobis moqmedTa mier.

48. Tu gsurs sixaruli moupovo Sensav Tavs, gaixsene Seni axloblebis siqveleni: erTi saqmis siyvaruliT gamoirCeva, meore- TavmdablobiT, mesame_siuxviT, meoTxe kidev-sxva raRaciT. radgan araferi ar gvaniWebs iseT sixaruls, rogorc saTnoeba _ siqvelis saxe, romelic Cveni axloblebis sulSi brwyinavs da romlis Tavis TavSi dasrulebuli srulqmnileba yvelaze umal gvecema TvalSi. amitom xSirad ifiqre maTi siqvelisaTvis.

49. gana Sen drtvinav imis gamo, rom amden da amden litras iwoni da ara samass? maS nu drtvinav nurc imis gamo, rom amden da amden wels cocxlob mxolod da ara mets. dasjerdi SenTvis boZebuli drois monakveTs, iseve rogorc materiis SenTvis boZebul masas sjerdebi.

50. ecade daarwmuno isini. imoqmede TviT maT nebis winaaRmdegac, Tuki samarTlianobis suli moiTxovs amas. xolo Tu isini Zalas ixmaren, raTa xeli SeuSalon Sens mcdelobas, nu aimRvrevi, SeinarCune sulis simSvide da axali saTnoebis gamosamJRavneblad gamoiyene eg dabrkoleba. gaxsovdes isic, rom Seni mcdeloba imTaviTve fardobiTi iyo da rom aras mieltvodi-ra SeuZlebels. maS ras? daaxloebiT aseTsave mizans? magram Sen TiTqmis miaRwie mas, radgan cda bedis monaxevrea da warmatebis sawindari.

51. pativmoyvare Tavis sikeTes sxvaTa moqmedebaSi xedavs, gancxromis motrfiale _ Tavis SegrZnebebSi, brZeni _ sakuTar moRvaweobaSi.

53. ecade, yuradRebiT usmino sxvebs da SeZlebisdagvarad Caswvde Tanamosaubris suls.

54. is, rac ar rgebs skas, arc futkars rgebs. 55. roca mezRvaurebi agineben mesaWes, anda sneulni _ mkurnals, imitom agineben,

rom aiZulon isini, ukeT imoqmedon _ erTma Tavisi Tanamgzavrebis, meorem ki avadmyofTa gadasarCenad.

56. ramdenma kacma, romelTan erTadac moxvel amqveynad, ukve dauteva igi.

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58. aravis ZaluZs xeli SegiSalos imaSi, rom mTeli sicocxle gaataro Seni bunebis sulis Tanaxmad: ar SeiZleba Sen SegemTxves rame iseTi, rac ar eTanxmeba saerTo bunebis suls.

59. rani arian isini, visac gvsurs Tavi movawonoT da mere risi gulisTvis? ra gziT? raoden swrafad nTqavs yvelafers maradisoba da ramdeni STanTqa man ukve!

meTerTmete wigni

17. saidan iRebs dasabams TiToeuli nivTi? risgan Sesdgeba, ra nawilebad daiSleba, rad iqceva daSlisa da saxecvlis Semdeg da ratom ar daiTmens, yovelive amis miuxeavad raime borots?

18. jer erTi: ra gakavSirebs sxvebTan? ratomaa, rom Tqven erTmaneTisTvis xarT Seqmnili? Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom Sen maTi winamZRoloba gakisria, rogorc bots _ farisa, an kuros – jogis. miiqec Semdeg ufro maRal sawyisTa Wvretad da ase Seagone Sensave Tavs: Tu ar arseboben atomebi, maSin yovlimpyrobeli buneba warmarTavs da marTavs yvelafers. maSasadame nakleb srulqmnili arsebani ufro srulqmnilTaTvis arseboben, es ukanasknelni ki _ erTmaneTisTvis.

meore: rogor iqcevian isini, inaxad sxdomisa Tu sareclze nebivrobisas? ragvari aucileblobani boWaven maT azrs da miuxedavad amisa, rogor mzvaoben es sulmdabalni?!

mesame: Tu isini gonebis xmas misdeven, nu aRiZvri maT winaaRmdeg, xolo Tu isini borotebis gzas adganan, Tavisda uneburad da umecrobis gamo adganan mas. radgan yoveli suli Tavisda uneburad swydeba rogorc WeSmaritebas, ise im siqvelesac, romelic TiToeuls misi Rirsebisaebr miagebs misagebels. amitomaa, rom aRSfoTebas ver malavs veravin, roca mas usamarTlos, umadurs, Zunwsa da moyvasis mimarT avismzraxvels uwodeben.

meoTxe: Sen codvili xar da maTi msgavsi. radgan Tu dRemde Tavs ikaveb Secodebisgan, yovel SemTxvevaSi midrekileba mainc gaqvs misken da mxolod simxdale, pativmoyvareoba an sxva raime msgavsi biwi ar ganebebs maTsaviT scodo.

mexuTe: Sen isic ki ver Segicvnia, scodaven Tu ara sxvebi. radgan bevri ram SemTxveviT da uneburad xdeba. amitom guldasmiT ikvlie da kargad awon dawone yvelaferi, vidre sxvas gansjide an Seafasebde.

meeqvse: yovelTvis, roca metismetad drtvinav an mrisxaneb, gaixsene kacTa sicocxlis mswraflwarmavaloba da sikvdili, romelic dRes Tu xval mogvikakunebs karze.

meSvide: nu daiviwyeb, rom Cven gvamRvreven ara kacTa saqmeni da moqmedebani (isini maTsave moqmedebaTa sulSi rCebian), aramed Cvenive warmodgenebi. maS moikveTe isini, SeeSvi kacTa saqmeebis gansjas, rogorc SenTvis avsa da mavnes da moikveT risxvis sababsac. Sen SeZleb amas, Tu gulixmahyof, rom maT qcevaSi ara aris ra SenTvis sasircxvo, radgan Tu borotebad ara marto sasircxvos miiCnev, Tavadac ver ascdebi borotebis gzas: avkacad iqcevi da avismoqmedad.

merve: ramdenad ufro mZimea mrisxanebisa Tu wyromis Sedegi, vidre is, rac mrisxanebas Tu wyromas iwvevs.

mecxre: gulmowyaleba uZlevevlia, Tu is wrfelia da ara TvalTmaqcuri. marTlacda, ras dagaklebs Tundac yvelaze Tavgasuli moZalade, Tu Sen mudam gulmowyale da mimtevebeli iqnebi mis mimarT, Tu yovel xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi mSvidad Seagoneb avismzraxvels da Tu maSinac ki, roca is apirebs boroti giyos, aumRvrevlad mimarTav mas. “nu, Svilo Cemo! Cven sul sxva ramisTvis davibadeniT. Seni siaviT me ki ara, Sensav Tavs avneb, merwmune, Svilo!” mere naTlad da garkvviT daumtkice mas, rom es asea da rom arc futkrebi da arc TanacxovrebisaTvis dabadebuli sxva sulierni ar iqcevian amgvarad. magram ar aris saWiro dacinva da abuCad agdeba, aramed sinaziT aRvsili da wyromiT mouwylavi suli. nu mibaZav sofists, romelic cdilobs msmenelTa gancvifrebas, aramed mowmeTa Tandaswrebis SemTxvevaSic mimarTe mxolod mas.

mtkiced daimarxe es cxra wesi, TiTqos muzebisgan migeRos isini, da sanam cocxlob, kacad iqec, bolos da bolos! ekrZale rogorc mrisxanebas, ise pirmoTneobasac kacTa mimarT: arc erTi da arc meore ar SeSvenis sazogado sikeTis msaxurs, EerTic da meorec mavnea SenTvis. mrisxanebis Jams nu daiviwyeb, rom risxva ar mowmobs simamaces da rom piriqiT, simSvide da Tviniereba ufro kacurni arian da vaJkacurni, radgan mxolod isini avlenen sulis Zalmosilebas, mxneobas da simamaces da ara drtvinva an mrisxaneba. rac ufro mSvidi xar da vnebaTagan aumRvreveli, miT ufro Zlieri xar, gwamdes. mrisxaneba da

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drtvinva uZlurebas mowmoben mxolod. risxviT cnobamixdilica da mdrtvinavic brZolis velze daWrilT hgvanan tyved CavardnilT.

da bolos, Tu gnebavs miiRe meaTeE wesic: saCuqari musagetisa: siSlegea imis Txovna, rom avkacni avkacurad ar iqceodnen, radgan es SeuZlebelis moTxovnas niSnavs. magram nebas rTavde maT avkacurad eqceodnen sxvebs da amave dros moiTxovde, rom isini a scodavdnen Senda moimarT _ es iranis sibriyvea da umecreba.

21. visac ar gaaCnia sicocxlis ucvleli da ucvalebeli mizani, is ver SesZlebs ucvleli da ucvalebeli iyos mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi. magram ar kmara martooden amis aRniSvna, saWiroa isic iTqvas, Tu rogori unda iyos es mizani, radgan yvela erTnairad rodi uyurebs mas, rasac marTebulad da umarTebulad, sikeTed miiCnevs brbo. da mxolod zogierT am sikeTes aRiarebs erTsulovnad, rac saerToa TiToeuli maTganisaTvis. amitom, saerTo da sayovelTao sikeTis samsaxurs unda vsaxavdeT Cveni sicocxlis miznad. is, vinc am miznisken mimarTavs yvela Tavis swrafvas, ucvleli iqneba yvela Tavisi moqmedebisas da maSasadame, arasodes uRalatebs sakuTar Tavs.

36. ar arsebobs Zaladoba, romelsac SeeZlos arCevanis Tavisufleba wagvarTvas Cven _ ambobs epiqtete.

37. saWiroa, ambobs epiqtete, dadgenil iqnas rodis da ras ganvucxadoT Cveni Tanxmoba, rac Seexeba miswrafebebs, Tvalyuri unda vadevnoT imas, rom isini upiroboni ki ar iyvnen, aramed ganpirobebulni, sazogado sikeTis Sesatyvini da saganTa WeSmariti Rirebulebis Tanafardni. gulisTqmaTa ayolisagan ki sulac Tavis Sekaveba gvmarTebs, magram ara zizRiT garemiqceva misgan, rac Cvens nebaze araa damokidebuli.

38. saqme wvrilmanebs ki ar exeba, - ambobs epiqtete, - aramed imas, ucnobni varT Tu cnobierni.

SeniSvnebi

1. Teofraste _ 372-287 _ aristoteles mowafe da mimdevari.2. panoniis qalaqi, avreliusis sazamTro sadgomi kvadebsa da markomanebTan omis dros.3. hipokrate _ daax. 460-356 ww. ganTqmuli berZeni mkurnali da mecnieri.4. igulisxmeba heraklites moZRvreba yoveli “msoflio wlis” (heraklites mixedviT 10 800 w.)

samyaros xanZarSi danTqmis Sesaxeb, ris Semdegac iwyeba samyaros xelaxali formirebis procesi.

5. Zveli gadmocemis Tanaxmad, wyalmankiT daavadebulma heraklitem rCeva hkiTxa eqimebs, romlebmac mas urCies Zroxis nexvi waecxo tanze.

6. sxva mowmeni ar eTanxmebian markus avreliuss. diogene laersiusis mowmobiT demokrite Rrmad moxucebuli gardaicvala, xolo lukreciusis Tanaxmad man TviTmkvlelobiT daasrula sicocxle.

7. rogorc Cans markus avreliusi aq unda gulisxmobdes romauli sasamarTlo procesis erT-erT Taviseburebas: Tu pretori SeuZleblad miiCnevda pirvelive sxdomaze daemTavrebina saqmis garCeva, maSin is uSvebda mopasuxes da amasTan, pirobas arTmevda mas, aucileblad gamocxadebuliyo momaval sxdomaze. pirobis Sesruleba saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba garantirebul yofiliyo TavdebobiT an sazeimo ficiT.

teqsti Targmna da SeniSvnebi daurTo baCana bregaZem; ibeWdeba SemoklebiT,

wignidan avreliusi, fiqrebi, Tbilisi, merani, 1984 w

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inglisi XVII saukuneSimokle istoriuli mimoxilva

XVII saukunis dasawyisSi (1603) wels inglisis samefo taxtze Tiudorebis samefo dinastiis nacvlad Sotlandieli stiuartebi avidnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom Sotlandia inglisTan erTad erTi samefos nawils warmoqmnida, is mainc gansakuTrebuli politikuri da religiuri uflebebiT sargeblobda. axali mefe jeimz I Tavis samecniero naSromebSi Tu sityvebSi Semdeg Sexedulebebs aviTarebda: RmerTi gansakuTrebiT absolutur monarqias mfarvelobs; monarqi kanonebs sakuTari keTili nebidan gamomdinare asrulebs; mas SeuZlia iyos despoti da aravis aqvs misi gansjis ufleba, radgan mkrexelobaa gansajo is, rac RmerTis mieraa dadgenili; xalxi “mouwesrigebeli brboa” da amitom igi ar SeiZleba iyos xelisuflebis wyaro. jeimz I-is umTavresi dasayrdeni misi politikuri kursis gatarebisas anglikanuri eklesia da am eklesiis episkoposebi iyvnen.

jer kidev XVI saukuneSi Tiudorebis mmarTvelobis periodSi inglisSi SemoRebul iqna anglikanuri eklesia, romelic protestantuli eklesiis erT-erTi saxe iyo da Tavisi organizaciuli principebiTa da kultiT sakmaod axlos idga kaTolikur eklesiasTan. anglikanurma eklesiam inglisSi aristokratiuli xasiaTi SeinarCuna _ episkoposebis arCeva mdidari feodaluri sagvareuloebidan xdeboda, romelTa zegavlena mosaxleobis ganwyobaze umniSvnelovanesi iyo. amgvarma arasrulyofilad ganxorcielebulma saeklesio reformam Sedegad moitana is, rom male inglisSi sakmao gasaqani moipova kalvinis moZRvrebam; misma mimdevrebma, e.w. ganwmendili da gamartivebuli religiis momxreebma TavianT Tavs puritanebi (laTinurad purus wmindas, sufTas niSnavs) uwodes. puritanebSi ori ZiriTadi mimarTuleba SeimCneoda: presviterianuli (ufro zomierebi) da independenturi (radikalebi). puritanebi Tiudorebis mmarTvelobis periodSi sakmaod mcirericxovanni iyvnen. jeimz I-is dros, rodesac puritanebis devna -Seviwroeba daiwyes bevr puritan sasuliero pirs ayares Rirseba. aman parlamentis ukmayofileba gamoiwvia, radgan ukve am periodisTvis puritani deputatebis ricxvi TandaTanobiT izrdeboda.

stiuartebis mmarTveloba inglisis istoriis erT-erT rTul periodSi mouxdaT. finansurma problemebma ukidures zRvars miaRwia. yoveli axali gadasaxadis daweseba parlamentsa da mefes Soris mZafri dapirispirebis fonze midioda. deputatebs miaCndaT, rom finansuri problemebi samefo karis araswori da ugunuri politikis Sedegi iyo. amas Tan erTvoda inglisis warumatebeli sagareo politikac.

am fonze TandaTanobiT gaxSirda saprotesto gamosvlebi parlametSi. opoziciuri Zalebis meTaurobiTa da iniciativiT parlamentma 1628 wels miiRo “peticia uflebaTa Sesaxeb”,

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romlis Semdgenlebi Tavisuflebis did qartiaze (1212 weli) dayrdnobiT mTel rig progresul moTxovnebs ayenebdnen. magaliTad, saxelmwifoSi aranairi gadasaxadi ar SeiZleboda akrefiliyo parlamentis Tanxmobis gareSe, unda akrZaluliyo moqalaqeTa ukanono dapatimrebebi, qonebis CamorTmeva. moTxovnebi mimarTuli iyo rogorc absolutizmis ekonomikuri despotizmis, aseve politikuri despotizmis sawinaaRmdegod. am aqtis miRebidan Zalian male, kvlavac gamwvavebuli finansuri problemebis fonze inglisis mefe Carlz I parlamenti daiTxova da erTpirovnulad ganagebda qveyanas 11 wlis ganmavlobaSi.

1640 wlis 3 noembers inglisis istoriaSi yvelaze cnobili, e.w. xangrZlivi parlamenti Seikriba. misi wevrebi iyvenen gamoCenili oratorebi, iuristebi, mwerlebi. am parlamentis moRvaweoba imiT aris gamorCeuli, rom masSi Tavidanve gamoikveTa organizebuli partiebi. parlamentma mTavar problemad CaTvala uparlamentobis periodSi miRebuli gadawyvetilebebisa da absoluturi monarqiis Camoyalibebis xelisSemwyobi meqanizmebis gauqmeba. sawyis etapze, 1642 wlisTvis parlamentma mefesTan dapirispirebaSi warmatebas miaRwia. am periodisTvis igi gaxda umaRlesi kanonmdebeli, umaRlesi mosamarTle, finansebisa da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gamgebeli.

mefesa da parlaments Soris dapirispireba TandaTanobiT piks aRwevda. orive mxare jarebs agrovebda. imis gamo, rom Tanamedrove gagebiT partiebi am periodSi ar arsebobda, sxvadasxva politikuri mrwamsis adamianebi ama Tu im religiuri mimdinareobis garSemo erTiandebodnen. mefis momxreTa banakSi aRmoCndnen anglikanebi da kaTolikeebi, xolo puritanebi da ukiduresi seqtantebi ki parlamentis momxreTa rigebSi. erT-erTi garemoeba, romelmac parlamentis sasargeblod omis warmarTva gamoiwvia, iyo armiis saTaveSi independentebis _ puritanebis radikaluri frTis waromadgenlebis mosvla, romelTa beladi iyo general leitenanti oliver kromveli. samoqalaqo omis istoriaSi daiwyo axali periodi, am etapis umniSvnelovanesi RonisZieba, romelmac mniSvnelovnad Sescvala revoluciis msvleloba, ”axali nimuSis” armiis Seqmna iyo. misi Seqmnis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba parlamentis mier iqna miRebuli. SemoiRes samxedro tribunalic.

ramdenime brZolaSi damarcxebis Semdeg mefe Carlz I gadarCenis erTaderTi gza rCeboda _ gaqceva. igi 1646 wels tovebs oqsfords da tyved bardeba Sotlandielebs. amgvarad, pirvel samoqalaqo omSi gamarjveba parlamentma moipova.

garkveuli periodis Semdeg gamarjvebul banakSi azrTa erTianoba dairRva. yvelaze metad erTmaneTs religiis sferoSi presviterianelebi da independentebi daupirispirdnen. Tumca religiuri sakiTxi mxolod brZolis garkveuli forma iyo, misi mizezi ki religiasTan erTad socialur da ekonomikur problemebs, saSinao da sagaro politikis sakiTxebsac moicavda.

presviterianelebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic ewinaaRmdegebodnen politikuri Tavisuflebis principebs da unificirebuli eklesiis momxred gamodiodnen, independentebma sruli religiuri Tavisuflebisa da Semwynareblobis (gamonakliss warmoadgenda mxolod kaTolicizmi), principi SemoiRes. independentebi ibrZodnen sityvis, azris, beWvdis, peticiebis da krebebis TavisuflebisTvisac. amgvar gaurkvevel situacias daerTo is, rom Sotlandielebma mefe parlaments gadasces. Sotlandieli da adgilobrivi presviterianelebi, aseve anglikanuri eklesiis warmomadgenlebi mxars mefes uWerdnen. daiwyo meore samoqalaqo omi, romelic praqtikulad, independentebsa da presviterianelebs Soris mimdinareobda. armiam, romelsac gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ekava isev gaimarjva. jariskacebis moTxovnidan gamomdinare gamarjvebulma independentebma mkacri RonisZiebebis gatareba daiwyes. 1648 wels polkovnikma Tomas praidma TemTa palatidan presviterianelebi gaaZeva. faqtobrivad, es iyo saxelmwifo gadatrialeba, romelic istoriaSi praidis wmendis saxeliTaa Sesuli. gadasawyveti darCa didi politikuri mniSvnelobis problema _ mefis gasamarTleba. samSoblos Ralatsa da kerZo interesebidan gamomdinare qmedebebSi dadanaSaulebul Carlz I-s 1649 wlis 30 ianvars uaitholis sasaxlis ezoSi Tavi mohkveTes. mefis sikvdiliT dasjidan mokle periodSi parlamentma specialuri aqtiT gaauqma lordTa palata da samefo xelisufleba da respublika gamoacxada.

rwmenis Tavisuflebis SemoReba da independenturi respublikis gamocxadeba marTalia independentebis damsaxureba iyo, magram, xSirad, religiis Tavisuflebis idea mxolod qaRaldze rCeboda. independentebma ufro mkacri cenzura SemoiRes, vidre es Tiudorebis dros iyo. isini devnidnen Tavisufal azrs, sityvas, gansakuTrebiT idevnebodnen sxvdasxva religiuri seqtebi da maTi aRmsareblebi. am religiuri dapirispirebebis fonze Tavad independentebs Sorisac warmoiqmna axali religiuri mimdinareobebi _ levelerebi, digerebi, mexuTe monarqiis saxeliT cnobili seqtebi. isini sxvadasxva saxiT independentTa religiuri da politikuri reformebis winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen.

parlamentis aRniSnuli Seryeuli avtoritetisa da sxvadasxva socialur, politikur da religiur niadagze warmoqmnili dapirispirebebis fonze 1653 w. inglisSi damyarda proteqtorati _

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oliver kromvelma miiRo lord proteqtoris tituli da gardacvalebamde, 1658 wlamde igi saxelmwifos erTpirovnuli mmarTveli gaxda.

oficialur religiad gamocxadda qristianoba, magram, amasTanave, sxva religiebsac eniWebodaT Tavisufali moqmedebis ufleba. Tumca esec mxolod fiqtiur xasiaTs atarebda. realurad ki kromveli mxolod independentebs mfarvelobda. igi devnida da aviwroebda kaTolikeebs, anglikanebs, presviterianebs, sxvadasxva saxalxo religiur seqtebs, gansakuTrebiT ki kvakerebis seqtas, romelic didi popularobiT sargeblobda demokratiul wreebSi. es seqta adamianis absolutur Tavisuflebas, qonebriv Tanasworobas qadagebda da kromvels antidemokratiul da monarqistul mmarTvelobaSi sdebda brals. kromvels kvavkerebi gansakuTrebiT saSiS Zalad miaCnda da amitom maTi rbevac gansakuTrebiT sastik xasiaTs atarebda. aTasobiT kvekeri amerikaSi gaiqca.

oliver kromvelis gardacvalebis Semdeg inglisSi kvlav stiuartebis xelisufleba aRdga. 1660 wels taxtze avida Carlz I-is Svili Carlz II. man xeli moawera deklaracias, romliTac patiebas pirdeboda monarqiis mtrebs. parlamenti daeTanxma am manifests da daadgina, rom kvlavac tradiciisamebr mTavroba unda Sedgebodes mefis, lordTa da TemTa palatebisgan. Tumca reaqcia mainc ufro Zlieri aRmoCnda, vidre Serigebis mcdeloba. revoluciis periodSi xelisuflebas CamoSorebuli yvela Zala _ arisokratia, Tavadaznauroba da episkopaluri eklesiis momxreni kvlav xelisuflebaSi dabrundnen da daiwyes maTTvis saZulveli pirovnebebis sawinaaRmdego moqmedebebi. saeklesio Tanamdebobebze kvlav anglikanuri eklesiis warmomadgenelebi dainiSnen.

presviterianuli revoluciis damarcxebis Semdeg inglisSi axali epoqa daiwyo: gaZlierebuli miwaTmflobelebis aristokratia da savaWro kompaniebi erTad warmarTavdnen qveynis politikas. stiuartebma mxari ver aubes vaWarTa da aristokratTa klasis miswrafebebs da verc saSualo da dabal fenebSi hpoves dasayrdeni. gamwvavebuli urTierTobebisa da finansuri problemebis fonze, imisaTvis, rom piradi saWiroebisaTvis fuli eSova, Carlz II frangebs mihyida kromvelis mier SemoerTebuli diunkerki da lui XIV-sTan faruli xelSekruleba dado, romliTac igi Llui XIV-s kaTolikobis miRebas pirdeboda da safrangeTisTvis dampyroblur omSi daxmarebis sanacvlod mefisgan pensiac ki eniSneboda. amis paralelurad, Carlz II acxadebs rjulTSemwynreblobas, riTac cdilobs Tavis mxareze gadmoibiros kaTolikeebi da disenterebi. mefis deklaracias rjulTSemwynareblobis Sesaxeb parlamentma upasuxa kanoniT “ficis Sesaxeb”, romliTac kaTolikeebs aekrZalaT Tanamdebobebis dakaveba da parlamentSi moRvaweoba. inglisSi kaTolicizmis miReba da aRzeveba gaigivebuli iyo qveyanaSi ucxo Zalebis gabatonebasTan, misi tradiciebis SelaxvasTan. amasTanave, taxtis memkvidre unda yofiliyo Carlz II-is Zma, kaTolike jeimzi. yvela am faqtorma erTad aRebulma kidev ufro gaamwvava urTierToba parlamentsa da samefo xelisuflebas Soris.

Carlz II-is gardacvalebis Semdeg, fanatikosi jeimz II-is mefobis periodSi masobrivad daiwyes kaTolikuri religiis win wamoweva. kaTolikeebs masobrivad urigdebodaT samoqalaqo, samxedro da sasuliero Tanamdebobebi; parlamentis gverdis avliT mefem gamosca religiuri Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb deklaracia, romliTac Tavisufali moRvaweobis ufleba eZleodaT kaTolikeebsa da disenterebs. disenterebma uari Tqves am mowyalebaze, radgan es parlametis gverdis avliT iqna miRebuli. protests gansakuTrebuli Zala Semata anglikanuri eklesiis mier am deklaraciis dagmobamac.

amgvarad, 1688 wlisTvis Camoyalibda monarqiisa da kaTolikeebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli fronti, romelSic erT banakSi aRmoCndnen anglikanebi da misi mowinaaRmdegebi _ presviterianebi, independentebi, kvakerebi, anabaptistebi da sxva seqtebis warmomadgenelebi. daiwyes samefo taxtze jeimz II-is Semcvleli kandidaturis SerCeva. sabolood arCevani mefis siZeze, pirveli colisgan qaliSvil meris meuRleze, uiliam oranelze SeCerda. jeimz II faqtiurad winaaRmdegobis gawevis gareSe datova inglisi da safrangeTSi gaiqca. uiliam III oraneli Tofis gasrolis gareSe daepatrona ingliss.

1689 wels kvlav miiRes “rjulTSemwynareblobis aqti”, romelic disenterebs RvTismsaxurebis aRsrulebis nebas rTavda, Tumca ZalaSi tovebda kaTolikeebis winaaRmdeg kanonebs.

revoluciis Sedegad gauqmda cenzura da am droidan moyolebuli inglisSi cenzura aRar arsebobs, sazogadoebisTvis mavne literaturis akrZalva mxolod sasamarTlos prerogativa gaxda; kanonebi iqmneboda sajarod, sazogadoebis Tvalwin da kanonmdeblebi Tvalyurs adevnebdnen maT Sesrulebas da rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, 1688 wlis saxelovani anu usisxlo revoluciis Sedegad qveyanaSi sabolood SeizRuda samefo xelisufleba, ganmtkicda parlamentis uflebebi da damyarda konstituciuri monarqia.

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Tomas hobsi(1588-1679)

mokle biografiuli cnobebi

gamoCenili ingliseli moazrovne da filosofosi Tomas hobsi daibada 1588 wels inglisSi, soflis mRvdlis ojaxSi. skolaSi swavlis periodSi igi kargad daeufla Zvel enebs – berZnulsa da laTinurs. 15 wlis asakSi hobsi gaxda inglisis uZvelesi universitetis, oqsfordis erT-erTi kolejis studenti. oqsfordSi xuTwliani swavlis Sedegad hobsma miiRo bakalavris diplomi, rac aZlevda mas imave oqsfordis universitetSi logikis swavlebis uflebas. Tumca axalgazrda filosofosma sxva gza airCia da daTanxmda samefo karTan daaxloebuli pirovnebis, baron kavendiSis winadadebas _ aRezarda misi Svili. amgvari sauSaos Sedegad mas meti dro rCeboda filosofiuri da samecniero tipis muSaobisaTvis da imis SesaZleblobac mieca, rom aRsazrdelTan erTad xangrZlivi mogzauroba ganexorcielebina evropaSi. igi daaxloebiT sami wlis manZilze cxovrobda italiasa da safrangeTSi. inglisSi dabrunebis Semdeg hobsma gaicno erT-erTi udidesi ingliseli filosofosi frensis bekoni, romelmac SemdgomSi udidesi zegavlena moaxina hobsis filosofiuri azrovnebis ganviTarebaze.

momdevno wlebSi hobsi kvlav imyofeboda italiasa da safrangeTSi. italiaSi man piradad gaicno galileo galilei. safrangeTSi bolo stumrobis periodSi hobsi 11 wlis manZilze cxovrobda (1640-1651). am wlebma didi kvali daamCnies mis Semoqmedebas. aq igi gaecno didi frangi filosofosis rene dekartis mecnierul da filosofiur Sexedulebebs (romelsac aseve piradad icnobda).

1628 wels gamovida hobsis pirveli naSromi – antikuri xanis cnobili berZeni istorikosis, Tukidides nawarmoebTa hobsiseuli Targmani. safrangeTSi cxovrebis periodSi hobsma dawera naSromebi: “adamianuri buneba” da “politikuri sxeulis Sesaxeb”; 1642 wels ki parizSive gamovida laTinur enaze dawerili “moqalaqis Sesaxeb”.

1651 wels londonSi gamoica hobsis yvelaze didi da cnobili nawarmoebi “leviaTani anu saeklesio da samoqalaqo saxelmwifos materia, forma da xelisufleba”.

imisaTvis rom srulyofilad gavigoT hobsis politikuri da filosofiuri naazrevi, aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT is epoqa, romelSic Tomas hobsi cxovrobda da moRvaweobda. hobsis socialur-filosofiur Sexedulebebis Camoyalibebaze didi roli iTamaSa XVI saukunis bolosa da XVII saukunis dasawyisSi inglissa da evropaSi mimdinare procesebma.

1640 wels inglisSi dawyebulma revoluciam udidesi socialur-fsiqologiuri da ideologiuri zegavlena iqonia ara marto Tavad inglisis sazogadoebaze, aramed sxva dasavleTevropul sazogadoebebzec. Carlz I-is momxre roialistebsa da saparlamento partias Soris mimdinare brZolis Sedegad roialistebma sruli kraxi ganicades. am movlenebis kuliminacia iyo parlamentis mier Seqmnili umaRlesi tribunalis ganCinebis safuZvelze 1649 wels mefis sikvdiliT dasja, rasac Sedegad inglisis respublikis gamocxadeba mohyva (1649-1653). saparlamento partiasa da radikalur Zalebs _ gansakuTrebiT digerebsa da levelerebs Soris mimdinare dapirispirebis Sedegad 1653 wels inglisSi oliver kromvelis diqtatura damyarda, romelmac 1658 wlamde, kromvelis sikvdilamde iarseba. axali demokratiuli moZraobis xelaxali zrdis Sedegad 1660-1685 ww. inglisSi kvlavac monarqiuli wyobileba aRdga Carlz II meTaurobiT. swored am periods emTxveva hobsis filosofiuri moRvaweoba.

Carlz II-is restavraciis wlebi hobsisaTvis metad rTuli periodi iyo. hobsis winaaRmdeg gansakuTrebulad mZafrad ilaSqrebdnen klerikanuli wreebi, romlebic mas aTeizmSi sdebdnen brals (msgavsi braldeba metad gavrcelebuli da saSiSi iyo im periodis epoqaSi). hobsis nawarmoebebi: “moqalaqis Sesaxeb” da “leviaTani” papis kuriis mier akrZaluli wignebis siaSi iqna Setanili.

LleviaTani anu saeklesio da samoqalaqo saxelmwifos materia, forma da xelisuflebaA

nawili pirvelia d a m i a n i s S e s a x e b

Tavi XIIIkacobriobis modgmis bunebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb

adamianTa bednierebasa da ubedurebebTan mimarTebaSi

adamianebi bunebis mier Tanasworad arian Seqmnilni. fizikuri da gonebrivi monacemebiT Bbunebam yvela adamiani Tanaswori Seqmna. marTalia xandaxan Cven vamCnevT, rom zogierTi adamiani sxvaze ufro Wkviani an Zlieria, magram erTobliobaSi

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rom ganvixiloT, vnaxavT, rom maT Soris sxvaoba arc imdenad didia, rom aqedan gamodinare, romelime adamiani pretenzias acxadebdes keTildReobaze, meores ki imave keTildReobaze analogiuri pretenziis ufleba ar hqondes. MmarTlac, fizikuri sisustis SemTxvevaSi, sustsac ki aqvs imdeni Zala, rom intrigebisa da sxvadasxva maqinaciebis meSveobiT ufro Zlieri moklas.

xolo rac Seexeba gonebriv monacemebs, am sakiTxSi adamianTa Soris me kidev ufro met Tanasworobas vxedav; radgan keTilgoniereba aris mxolod gamocdileba, romelsac Tanabrad Rebulobs yvela im sferoSi, raSic igi gulmodgined iRvwis. Aam Tanasworobas warmoudgenels xdis mxolod is arafrismTqmeli TviTdajerebuloba, romelic zogierTs sakuTari sibrZnis Sesaxeb aqvs. Ees adamianTa is kategoriaa, romlebic Tvlian, rom Tavad (da kidev mcire raodenobis adamianebi, romlebic an maTi Tanamoazreebi an ki saxelganTqmuli pirovnebebi arian) bevrad ufro gonierebi arian, vidre sxva danarCeni. aseTia adamianTa buneba. MmarTalia adamians SeuZlia uproblemod aRiaros, rom sxva adamiani masze enamaxvili, ganaTlebuli an mWevrmetyvelia, magram gauWirdeba imisi dajereba, rom masaviT Wkviani kidev bevria. Aamisi mizezi isaa, rom TavianT Wkuas isini axlodan uyureben, xolo sxvisas ki _ Soridan. magram es garemoeba ufro metad miuTiTebs am kuTxiT adamianTa Soris Tanasworobaze, vidre uTanasworobaze, radgan ar arsebobs ufro kargi mtkicebuleba adamianTa Soris raimes Tanabrad gadanawilebisa, vidre is, rom yoveli adamiani kmayofilia Tavisi bediT.

Tanasworobis gamo xdeba urTierTundobloba. SesaZleblobaTa amgvari Tanasworobidan gamomdinareobs Tanasworoba dasaxuli miznis miRwevis imedSic. swored amitom, roca or adamians erTi da igive nivTi unda, romlis flobac erToblivad maT ar SeuZliaT, isini erTmaneTis mtrebi xdebian. miznis miRwevisaTvis brZolaSi (romelic, ZiriTadad, sicocxlis SenarCunebas an ubralo siamovnebis miRebas gulisxmobs) es adamianebi cdiloben daRupon an daimorCilon erTmaneTi. gamodis, rom iq, sadac adamiani mxolod sakuTar Zalebzea damokidebuli _ cxovrobs, xnavs, Tesavs da a. S. yovelTvis arsebobs imis saSiSroeba, rom movlen sxva adamianebi da gaerTianebuli ZalebiT waarTmeven mas ara marto mTel qonebas, aramed Tavisuflebasa da sicocxlesac ki. Aamgvari safrTxis qveS, Tavis mxriv, potenciuri Tavdamsxmelic imyofeba sxvaTa mxridan.

urTierTundoblobis FSedegia _ omi. amgvari urTierTundoblobis pirobebSi adamianisaTvis yvelaze gonivrulia miiRos winaswari zomebi, anu eSmakobiTa da ZaliT daaSoSminos yvela, visac ki SesZlebs. ase unda imoqmedos manam, sanam ar dainaxavs, rom gamoCnda raime misTvis ufro saSiSi Zala. amgvari meTodebi ar scildeba dasaSveb zRvars. arseboben iseTi adamianebi, romlebic mxolod imis gamo, rom datkben dapyrobiTi omebisas sakuTari ZlevamosilebiT, imaze metad agrZeleben am dapyrobiT omebs, vidre amas maTive usafrTxoebis zomebi moiTxovs. amitom, is adamianebi, romlebic Sesaferis pirobebSi siamovnebiT icxovrebdnen mSvidad, mxolod Tavdacvis gziT ver SeZlebdnen TavianTi arsebobis gaxangrZlivebas. maT Tavadac dapyrobiTi omebis gziT unda gazardon sakuTari Zlevamosileba. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom adamianebze Zalauflebis amgvari gavrceleba, radgan is aseve aucilebelia adamianis TviTgadarCenisTvis, aseve unda iyos misTvis nebadarTuli.

iq, sadac ar arsebobs xelisufleba, romelsac SeuZlia yvela morCilebaSi amyofos, adamianebi aranair siamovnebas ar ganicdian sazogadoebaSi cxovrebisgan; radgan yvela adamians unda iseve afasebdes mas Tavisi amxanagi, rogorc is sakuTar Tavs afasebs. Umisi pirovnebis ugulvebelyofisa da dacinvis SemTxvevaSi igi, Tuki mas amisi gambedaoba eyofa, Seecdeba amgvar adamianebs misadmi ufro meti pativiscema Caunergos _ zogs dasjis gziT, zogs ki magaliTiT.

amgvarad, Cven vxedavT, rom adamianur bunebaSi omis sami ZiriTadi mizezi DZevs: 1. metoqeoba; 2. undobloba; 3. didebis wyurvili.

pirveli mizezi aiZulebs adamianebs erTmaneTs daesxnen Tavs nadavlis xelSi Cagdebis mizniT; meore mizezi _ sakuTari usafrTxoebis mizniT, mesame mizezi ki, pativis mopovebis mizniT. is adamianebi, romlebsac pirveli mizezi amoZravebT, imisaTvis rom sxva admianebis, maTi col-Svilisa Tu qonebis baton-patronni gaxdnen, mimarTaven Zaladobas. adamianebi, romlebsac meore mizezi amoZravebT, Zaladobas Tavdacvis mizniT iyeneben. adamianTa mesame kategoria ki Zaladobas mimarTavs imgvar ubralo mizezTa gamo, rogoricaa sityvebi, Rimili, gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi Tu upativcemulobis gamovlinebebi. Aara aqvs mniSvneloba, konkretulad am adamianis mimarT iqneba es gamoxatuli Tu misi ojaxis, sanaTesaos, xalxis, wodebis, megobrebisa da sagvareulos mimarT.

samoqalaqo mdgomareobis ararsebobis pirobebSi yovelTvis arsebobs omi yvelasi yvelas winaaRmdeg. aqedan Cans, rom manam, sanam adamianebi cxovroben

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im pirobebSi, roca ar arsebobs saerTo xelisufleba (romelic maT SiSis qveS amyofebda), isini imyofebian omis anu omi yvelasi yvelas winaaRmdeg mdgomareobaSi. radgan omi aris ara mxolod brZola an samxedro moqmedeba, aramed drois monakveTi, romlis periodSic aSkarad mJRavndeba brZolis survili. ai ratom unda iqnes omis cnebis gaazrebaSi drois faqtoric CaTvlili. iseve rogorc nestiani amindis cneba ganisazRvreba ara mxolod erTi an ori wvimiani amindiT, aramed gadabmulad, xangrZlivi periodis manZilze amgvari amindis prognoziT. analogiurad, omis cneba gulisxmobs ara mxolod momxdar brZolebs, aramed garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi omisken aSkara ltolvas. danarCeni dro aris mSvidoba.

amgvari omis mouxerxebloba. Aai ratomaa swored, rom yvelaferi, rac damaxasiaTebelia omis periodisTvis, roca yvela yvelas mteria, damaxasiaTebelia im mdgomareobisTvisac, roca adamianebs sakuTari fizikuri SesaZleblobebisa da gamomgonebluri unaris garda usafrTxoebis aranairi sxva garantia ar gaaCniaT. imis gamo, rom adamianebs ara aqvT garantiebi,A adgili ar aqvs arc Sromismoyvareobas da, Sesabamisad, arc miwaTmoqmedebas, naosnobas, sazRvao vaWrobas, drois gamoTvlas, astronomias, codnis gaRrmavebas, xelobis daxvewas, literaturas da a S.; radgan aravin araa daculi imisgan rom vinme ar mova da yvelafers ar waarTmevs. yvelaze cudi ki isaa, rom arsebobs mudmivi SiSi da Zaladobrivi gziT sikvdilis saSiSroeba. Aam pirobebSi adamianis cxovreba aris martosuli, mwiri, uperspeqtivo, uintereso da xanmokle.

zogierTs, visac kargad ara aqvs es yvelaferi awon - dawonili, SeiZleba ucnaurad moeCvenos, rom bunebrivi mdgomareoba adamianebs im tipis moqmedebebisken ubiZgebs, rogoricaa urTierTTavdasxmebi da sxvisi qonebis waglejva. Tuki adamiani ar endoba grZnobebze dafuZnebul msgavsi daskvnebis marTebulobas, SesaZloa man moisurvos am daskvnis gamocdilebiT gamyareba.MmodiT aseTi daeWvebuli adamiani Tavad dafiqrdes imaze, rom samogzaurod igi SeiaraRebuli midis da cdilobs mravalricxovan kompaniaSi iaros; dasaZineblad roca emzadeba, kars ketavs; TviT sakuTar saxlSic ki is gasaRebiT ketavs yuTebs da es maSin, roca moqmedebs kanoni da arseboben xelisuflebis SeiaraRebuli warmomadgenlebi, romlebic mzad arin samagiero miuzRon am konkretuli pirovnebis mimarT usamarTlobis Camdens. rogori Sexedulebisaa aseTi adamiani sakuTar Tanamoqalaqeebze, ojaxis wevrebsa Tu Svilebze, roca igi dadis SeiaraRebuli, ketavs kars an yuTebs? Ggana aseTi adamiani Tavisi moqmedebebiT zustad iseve ar sdebs brals adamianebs, rogorc me Cemi sityvebiT? Tumca aravin ar vadanaSaulebT adamianTa modgmas, rogorc aseTs. survili da sxva adamianuri miswrafebebi, TavisTavad, sulac araa codva. codva araa arc am survilebidan warmomdgri moqmedebebi manam, sanam adamianebma ar ician kanonebi, romlebic krZalaven msgavs qmedebebs. amgvari kanoni ki adamians ar ecodineboda sanam is ar iqneboda gamocemuli, xolo kanoni ver gamoicemoda, sanam adamianebi ar moilaparakebdnen Tu vis unda gamoeca msgavsi kanonebi.

SesaZloa vinme Tvlis, rom iseTi dro, rogoric me davxate, arc arasodes ar arsebula. Mme arc vfiqrob, rom aseTi ram, rogorc saerTo wesi mTels msoflioSi arsebobda. Tumca bevri adgilia, sadac adamianebi dResac ki ase cxovroben. magaliTad, amerikis velur tomebs ara hyavs aranairi xelisufleba, garda patar-patara Sida sagvareulo xelisuflebebisa1. es tomebi dRemde im cxovelur mdgomareobaSi cxovroben, rac me zemoT davxate. yovel SemTxvevaSi, aseTi iqneboda adamianebis cxovreba rom ar arsebuliyo SiSis STamnergveli saero xelisufleba.

marTalia kerZo pirebi arasdros yofilan erTmaneTTan mudmivad saomar mdgomareobaSi, magram mefeebsa da umaRlesi xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs TavianTi damoukideblobidan gamomdinare, mudmivad erTmaneTis SurT. isini gvanan gladiatorebs, romlebsac erTmaneTisken aqvT mimarTuli iaraRi da maqsimaluri yuradRebiT elian mowinaaRmdegis moqmedebas. maT TavianTi samefoebis sazRvrebi gamagrebuli aqvT fortebiT, garnizonebiT, zarbaznebiT, xolo mezobel qveynebSi mudmivad hyavT jaSuSebi. es aris swored omis mdgomareoba. magram, ramdenadac am pirobebSi SenarCunebulia qveSevrdomTa Sromisunarianoba msgavs mdgomareobas Tan ar sdevs imdeni ubedureba, ramdenic kerZo pirebTa Tavisuflebas.

amgvar omSi araferi ar SeiZleba iyos usamarTlo. omi yvelasi yvelas winaaRmdeg imiTac xasiTdeba, rom masSi araferi ar SeiZleba iyos usamarTlo. Aam dros ar arsebobs samarTlianisa da usamarTlos, marTebulisa da aramarTebulis cnebebi. iq, sadac ar aris xelisufleba, ar aris arc kanoni, xolo sadac kanoni ar arsebobs, ar arsebobs arc usamarTlobis gageba. OomSi Zala da simuxTle aris ori ZiriTadi saTnoeba. samarTlianoba da usamarTloba aris sazogadoebaSi da ara ganmartoebiT mcxovrebi adamianebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi. Eamgvari mdgomareoba xasiaTdeba imiTac, rom masSi ar

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arsebobs arc sakuTreba da arc mflobeloba. yoveli adamiani Tavis sakuTrebad Tvlis mxolod imas, risi mopovebac mas SeuZlia da mxolod manam, sanam mas am sakuTrebis SenarCuneba ZaluZs. yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, naTelia is cudi mdgomareoba, romelSic imyofeba adamiani bunebriv pirobebSi. Tumca mas aqvs saSualeba gamovides am mdgomareobidan.

miswrafebebi, romlebic adamianebs mSvidobisken ubiZgeben. sikvdilis SiSi, kargi cxovrebisaTvis saWiro saganTa flobisa da am saganTa sakuTari SromismoyvareobiT mopovebis survili aris is miswrafebebi, rac admianebs mSvidobis damyarebisaTvis ganawyobs. xolo goni ki karnaxobs mSvidobisaTvis Sesaferis pirobebs, romlis meSveobiTac adamianebs SeuZliaT miaRwion Tanxmobas. es pirobebi Tavisi arsiT aris is, rasac sxvagvarad bunebrivi kanonebi Hhqvia, romelTa Sesaxebac me momdevno or TavSi visaubreb.

Tavi XIVpirveli da meore bunebrivi kanonebisa da

xelSekrulebebis Sesaxeb

ra aris bunebrivi ufleba. bunebrivi ufleba _ es aris yvela adaminis Tavisufleba piradi Sexedulebisamebr gamoiyenos sakuTari Zalebi, raTa SeinarCunos Tavisi buneba, e.i. sakuTari sicocxle. aqedan gamomdinare, es aris Tavisufleba _ akeTo yvelaferi is, rac adamianis azriT, yvelaze metad Sesaferisia am miznis misaRwevad.

ra aris Tavisufleba. TavisuflebaSi, pirdapiri gagebiT, igulisxmeba im garegani winaaRmdegobebis ararseboba, romelTac arcTu iSviaTad, SeuZliaT adamians waarTvan Zalauflebis nawili da man veRar gaakeTos is, risi gakeTebac mas moesurveboda. magram ver SeuSlis adamians gamoiyenos darCenili Zalaufleba ise, rogorc mas amas keTilgoniereba ukarnaxebs.

ra aris bunebrivi kanoni. bunebrivi kanoni aris gonebiT aRmoCenili an gansazRvruli zogadi wesi, romlis mixedviTac adamians ekrZaleba imgvari qmedebis Cadena, rac damRupvelia misi sicocxlisaTvis an arTmevs mas sicocxlis SenarCunebis saSualebebs. Aaseve, adamians ekrZaleba ugulvebelyos is, rasac igi sicocxlis SenarCunebis saukeTeso saSualebad miiCnevs.

gansxvaveba uflebasa da kanons Soris. erTmaneTisgan unda ganvasxvavoT jus da lex _ ufleba da kanoni. marTalia isini, vinc am Temaze weren xSirad am or cnebas erTaneTSi ureven, radgan ufleba gulisxmobs raimes gakeTebis an argakeTebis Tavisuflebas, xolo kanoni ki gansazRvravs Tu risi gakeTebaa SesaZlebeli. Sesabamisad, kanoni da ufleba iseve gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan, rogorc valdebulebisa da Tavisuflebis cnebebi.

bunebriv mdgomreobaSi yvelas aqvs yvelafris ufleba. imdenad, ramdenadac adamianTa mdgomareoba aris omis mdgomareoba, roca TiToeuli imarTeba mxolod sakuTari goniT da ar arsebobs araferi, ris gamoyenebasac igi SesZlebda mterTagan Tavis dasacavad, yovel adamians aqvs yvelafris ufleba, TviT sxvisi sicocxlis xelyofis uflebac ki. amitom, sanam SenarCunebulia yvelas ufleba yvelaferze, vercerTi adamiani ver iqneba darwmunebuli imaSi, rom igi SesZlebs adamianis sicocxlis bunebiT dadgenili vadis mTlianad gavlas. Sesabamisad, gonierebis zogadi wesi qadagebs: yoveli adamiani unda Seecados mSvidobis damyarebas Tuki mas aqvs amisi miRwevis imedi. xolo Tu mas ara aqvs mSvidobis miRwevis Sansi, maSin mas SeuZlia gamoiyenos nebismieri saSualeba, rac mas warmatebas moapovebinebs am omSi.

ZiriTadi bunebrivi kanoni. am wesis pirveli nawili gulisxmobs pirvel da umTavres bunebriv kanons, romlis mixedviTac unda eZio mSvidoba da misdio mas. meore nawili ki aris bunebrivi ufleba, romelic Semdegnairad SeiZleba iqnes gagebuli: adamians aqvs ufleba - nebismieri xerxiT daicvas sakuTari sicocxle.

Mmeore bunebrivi kanoni. Ppirveli kanonidan gamomdinareobs meore kanoni: mSvidobis damyarebaze Tanxmobis miRwevis SemTxvevaSi, adamianma uari unda Tqvas yvelaferze im doziT, ra doziTac es saWiroa mSvidobisa da Tavdacvis interesebidan gamomdinare. anu, unda dasjerdes sxva adaminebTan mimarTebiT piradi Tavisuflebis im dozas, ra dozasac igi sakuTari Tavis mimarT dauSvebda sxvebis mxridan; radgan manam, sanam TiToeuli adamiani akeTebs imas, rac mas surs, yvela omis mdgomareobaSi imyofeba . . .

Tavi XVsxva bunebrivi kanonebis Sesaxeb

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mesame bunebrivi kanonia samarTlianoba. im bunebrivi kanonidan gamomdinare, romlis mixedviTac Cven valdebulni varT sxvas gadavceT is uflebebi, romelTa SenarCunebac xels uSlis adamianTa Soris mSvidobis damyarebas, gamomdinareobs mesame bunebrivi kanoni, romelic Semdegnairad JRers: adamianebma unda Seasrulon maT mierve dadebuli SeTanxmebebi da dadgenilebebi, ris gareSec SeTanxmeba dakargavs azrs da darCeba cariel sityvebad. ESeTanxmebis darRveva ki niSnavs, rom yvelas rCeba ufleba yvelaferze da, aqedan gamomdinare, adamianebi ganagrZoben saerTo omis pirobebSi arsebobas.

ra aris samarTlianoba da usamarTloba. am bunebrivi kanonidan gamomdinareobs samarTlianobis cnebis gageba; radgan iq, sadac ar dadebula SeTanxmeba da ar gadacemula erT adamianze garkveuli uflebebi, yvelas yvelafris ufleba aqvs da aranairi moqmedeba ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos usamarTlobad. Mmagram, Tu xelSekruleba dadebulia, misi darRveva usamarTlobaa. UusamarTloba ki sxva araferia, Tu ara xelSekrulebis arSesruleba. xolo yvelaferi, rac ar aris usamarTlo, samarTliania.

samarTlianoba da sakuTreba saxelmwifos daarsebidan iwyeba. urTierTndobaze damyarebuli xelSekruleba araa qmediTi iq, sadac arsebobs nebismieri mxaris mier am xelSekrulebis arSesrulebis saSiSroeba. marTalia samarTlianobis gageba xelSekrulebis dadebis aqtidan gamomdinareobs, magram mocemul SemTxvevaSi ar arsebobs faqtiuri samarTlianoba manam, sanam ar iqneba mogvarebuli SiSis mizezi. es ki ver Sesruldeba, Tu adamianebi erTmaneTis mimarT bunebrivi omis pirobebSi imyofebian. ai ratomaa, rom manam, sanam gaCndeba sityvebi: samarTliani da usamarTlo, unda arsebobdes raime saxis iZulebiTi xelisufleba, romelic yvelas Tanabari doziT aiZulebda xelSekrulebis dacvas da ganamtkicebda im kerZo sakuTrebas, romelsac adamianebi erTmaneTSi dadebuli xelSekrulebebisa da yovlismomcvel uflebebze uaris Tqmis Sedegad Rebuloben. amgvari xelisufleba mxolod saxelmwifos warmoSobis Sedegad warmoiqmneba. msgavsi daskvnis safuZvels iZleva samarTlianobis cnebis sqolastikosi moazrovneebis ganmartebac, romelic Semdegnairad JRers: “samarTlianoba aris uryevi neba _ misce TiToeul adamians misi kuTvnili.”Aaqedan gamomdinare, iq, sadac araa sakuTreba, ar arsebobs arc usamarTloba. xolo Tu araa organizebuli formis iZulebiTi tipis xelisufleba anu saxelmwifo, ar arsebobs arc sakuTreba. Aamitom, sadac araa saxelmwifo, araa arc usamarTloba. amgvarad, samarTlianobis buneba mdgomareobs savaldebulo saxis xelSekrulebis SesrulebaSi. Tumca xelSekrulebis savaldebulo Zala mxolod samoqalaqo xelisuflebis damyarebiT iwyeba, romelsac sakmao Zala Seswevs aiZulos adamianebi Seasrulon maT mierve dadebuli xelSekrulebebi. aqedanve iwyeba sakuTrebac. . .

meoTxe bunebrivi kanonia madliereba. mexuTe _ Tavazianoba, meeqvse _ wyenis miteveba, sul aris 19 bunebrivi kanoni. Bbunebrivi kanonebi yovelTvis sindisis saqmea, magram isini qmediTia mxolod iq, sadac maTi dacva efeqturadaa garantirebuli.

nawili IIsaxelmwifos Sesaxeb

Tavi XVIIsaxelmwifos warmoSobisa mizezebis Sesaxeb

saxelmwifos umTavresi mizania usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa. zogadad, Aadamianis buneba iseTia, rom mas uyvars sakuTari Tavi da sxvaze batonoba.Aadamianebis mier sakuTar Tavze garkveuli borkilebis (saxelmwifoSi cxovreba ki garkveuli borkilebiT urTierTkavSirSi yofnas niSnavs) dadebis mizani, ganzraxva da mizezi - aris zrunva TviTgadarCenasa da ukeTes cxovrebaze. anu, saxelmwifos Seqmnisas adamianebi xelmZRvaneloben im miswrafebiT, rom Tavi daaRwion omis saSinel mdgomareobas. rom ar arsebobdes xiluli xelisufleba, romelic Seakavebda adamianebs da SiSis qveS amyofebda maT, maSin adamianebs Soris mudmivad iqneboda saomari mdgomareoba. omi aris Sedegi adamianebis bunebrivi miswrafebebisa.

bunebrivi kanonebi (samarTlianoba, miukerZoebloba, Tavmdabloba, mowyaleba da zogadad, sxvisadmi iseTi damokidebuleba, rogorsac sakuTari Tavisadmi visurvebdiT), TavisTavad, raime iZulebiTi Zalisadmi SiSis ararsebobis pirobebSi ewinaaRmdegeba im bunebriv miswrafebebs, romlebsac mivyavarT siamayes, SurisZiebasa Tu mikerZoebulobamde. xolo SeTanxmebebi maxvilis gareSe mxolod sityvaa, romelic ver aZlevs adamians usfrTxoebis garantias. Aamitom, rom ar arsebobdes SemzRudavi Zala, nebismieri adamiani bunebrivi kanonebis miuxedavad Seecdeboda daeCagra sxva da

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gamoeyenebina Zala Tavisi miznis misaRwevad. yvelgan, sadac adamianebi cxovrobdnen patar-patara ojaxebad isini gamudmebiT ebrZodnen da Zarcvavdnen erTmaneTs. bunebriv kanonebTan amgvari qmedebebi imdenad Tavsebadi iyo, rom rac ufro meti qonebis warTmevas SesZlebda adamiani sxvisTvis, miT ufo met Rirsebas moipovebda igi. adamianebi ar icavdnen aranair sxva kanonebs, garda Rirsebis kanonebisa. kerZod, isini Tavs ikavebdnen sisastikisgan da damarcxebuls unarCunebdnen sicocxlesa da soflis meurneobis iaraRebs. rogorc adre patara ojaxebi, ise axla qalaqebi da samefoebi sxvadasxva sababiT afarToeben TavianT samflobeloebs. amasTan erTad, isini yvelanairad cdiloben ZaliT Tu sxvadasxva saidumlo maqinaciebis gziT daimorCilon an Seasuston mezobeli qalaqebi da qveynebi; da ramdenadac ar arsebobs usafrTxoebis aranairi sxva garantia, maTi qmedebac sruliad samarTliania da saukuneebis Semdeg xotbasac imsaxureben..

usafrTxoebis garantias ver iZleva verc adamianTa sakmaod didi gaerTianebebi an didi ojaxebi, romlebSic TiToeuls sakuTari mosazrebebidan gamomdinare unda moqmedeba. usafrTxoebis mizniT, romlis maqsimalurad gaxangrZliveba adamianTa umTavresi mizania, araa sakmarisi, rom isini saerTo nebidan gamomdinare moqmedebdnen mxolod erTi omisa Tu brZolis manZilze. imitom, rom saerTo mtris ararsebobis pirobebSi, roca erTi partia mtrad Tvlis erT Zalas, xolo meore ki - sxvas, am gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis gamo isini isev daupirispirdebian erTmaneTs da isev erTmaneTTan omSi CaerTvebian.. . . .

sainteresoa, zogierTi arseba, romelsac ara aqvs arc metyvelebis unari da arc goni, rogor cxovrobs sazogadoebaSi iZulebiTi xelisuflebis gareSe? zogierTi arseba, magaliTad, futkrebi da WianWvelebi jgufurad cxovroben da TanxmobaSi arian. albaT vinmes daainteresebs _ adamianTa modgmas ratom ar SeuZlia ase cxovreba? amaze Cemi pasuxi aseTia:

1. adamianebi mudmivad erTmaneTs ejibrebian, raTa moipovon pativi da wodebebi. Eam arsebebs ki es ar ainteresebT. Sejibrebis niadagze admianebs Soris warmoiSoba Suri da qiSpoba.

2. futkrebsa da WianWvelebSi saerTo keTildReoba Tanxvdeba TiToeuli maTganis keTildReobas. misdeven ra kerZo mogebas, amiT isini saerTo sargebelsac qmnian.AadamianebSi ki yvelas pirveloba surs.

3. am arsebebs ara aqvT goni da amitom ar SeuZliaT gaakritikon saqmeTwarmoeba. AadamianebSi ki bevria iseTi, visac aqvs imisi pretenzia, rom ukeT SeuZlia saxelmwifoebrivi saqmeebis warmarTva. amitom, adamianebi mudmivad cdiloben saxelmwifo wyobilebis reformirebasa da gardaqmnas. erTni _ erTi gziT, meoreni ki sxva gziT; da amiT saxelmwifoSi ganxeTqilebasa da samoqalaqo oms iwveven.

4. am arsebebs marTalia garkveulwilad SeuZliaT isargeblon sakuTari xmiT, raTa erTmaneTs TavianTi survilebi gadascnen, magram maT ara aqvT metyvelebis is niWi, romlis meSveobiTac zogierTi adamiani sikeTes siboroted warmoaCens, xolo siborotes ki sikeTed da amiT aforiaqebs adamianTa sulebs.

5. aragonier arsebebs ar SeuZliaT erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavon aramarTebuloba da materialuri zarali. isini mSvenivrad cxovroben erTad. adamiani ki yvelaze mousvenari maSin xdeba, roca yvelaze ukeT cxovrobs. am dros igi brZenad warmoaCens Tavs da unda rom akontrolebdes imaT moqmedebebs, vinc saxelmwifos marTavs.

6. da bolos, am arsebebis Tanxmoba bunebrivia, xolo adamianebs Soris Tanxmoba ki xelovnur SeTanxmebas emyareba. ai ratom araa araferi gasakviri imaSi, rom am SeTanxmebis gaxangrZlivebisaTvis saWiroa saerTo xelisufleba, romelic adamianebs SiSis qveS amyofebs, xolo maT qmedebebs ki saerTo keTildReobisaken mimarTavs.

saxelmwifos warmoSoba. xelisufleba, romelsac eqneboda imisi unari, rom daecva adamianebi ucxoelTa Semosevebisa da erTmaneTis mimarT usamarTlobebis Cadenisagan da romlis mmarTvelobis qveSac adamianebs SeeZlebodaT damtkbariyvnen sakuTari Sromis SedegiT da icxovrebdnen mSvidobasa da urTierTTanxmobaSi, SesaZloa Seiqmnas mxolod erTaderTi gziT, kerZod ki, mTeli xelisuflebis erTi adamianis an krebis (romelic xmaTa umravlesobiT gadawyvetda sakiTxebs) xelSi gadasvliT. Aanu, saerTo xelisuflebis damyarebisaTvis saWiroa rom adamianebma TavianT warmomadgenlad daniSnon erTi adamiani an kreba. es ufro metia, vidre erTianoba da Tanxmoba. esaa xelSekrulebis gziT erT pirovnebaSi gansaxierebuli realuri erTianoba ise, TiTqos TiToeuli adamiani eubneba erTmaneTs: me uflebamosilebas vaniWeb am adamians an am krebas da gadavcem mas Cems uflebas - mmarTos im pirobiT, rom Senc swored amgvarad gadascem mas Sens uflebebs. Tu es ase moxdeba, maSin erT pirovnebaSi gaerTianebul mraval adamians ewodeba saxelmwifo, laTinurad _ civitas. ase ibadeba is uzarmazari leviaTani anu (ufro meti pativiscemiT rom vTqvaT) is mokvdavi RmerTi, romelsac Cven, ukvdavi RmerTis

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ganmgeblobaSi myofni, unda vumadlodeT mSvid cxovrebasa da mfarvelobas. saxelmwifoSi yoveli calkeuli adamianis mier misTvis gadacemuli uflebamosilebebis Sedegad, aRniSnuli pirovneba an adamianTa kreba imxela xelisuflebasa da Zalas flobs, rom SeuZlia adamianebis (romelTac amxela xelisufleba da Zala SiSiT aRavsebT) moqmedeba saSinao saqmeebSi mSvidobisaken, xolo gareSe mtris winaaRmdeg ki erTiani ZalebiT brZolisaken mimarTos. am adamiansa Tu adamianTa krebaSi mdgomareobs saxelwifos arsi, romelic Cven ase SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT: saxelmwifo aris erTianoba, romelsac pasuxismgebloba daakisra adamianTa urTierTSeTanxmebam imis Taobaze, rom konkretul pirs SeuZlia gamoiyenos ToToeuli maTganis Zala da saSualebebi ise, rogorc igi CaTvlis saWirod maTive mSvidobisa da simSvidis SesanarCuneblad.

ras niSnavs suvreni da qveSevrdomi. is, vinc am uflebebs miiRebs, aris suvereni da flobs uzenaes xelisuflebas. xolo yvela danarCeni ki aris qveSevrdomi. uzenaesi xelisuflebis mosapoveblad ori gza arsebobs: pirveli, esaa fizikuri Zala,MmagaliTad, roca vinme aiZulebs sakuTar Svilebs daemorCilon mas SiSis faqtoridan gamomdinare an omis gziT imorCileben mters im pirobiT, rom mas SeunarCuneben sicocxles. Mmeore, esaa adamianTa nebayoflobiTi SeTanxmeba - daemorCilon adamians an adamianTa krebas im imediT, rom es adamiani an kreba SesZlebs maT dacvas nebismieri sxva gareSe Zalisagan. amgvar saxelmwifos SeiZleba vuwodoT politikuri saxelmwifo an saxelmwifo, romelic dafuZnebulia dadgenilebaze. fizikur Zalaze dafuZnebuli saxelmwifo ki aris mopovebis gziT daarsebuli saxelmwifo (2). pirvel rigSi visaubreb dadgenilebiT daarsebul saxelmwifoze.

Tavi XVIII

suverenis uflebebi dadgenilebiT daarsebulsaxelmwifoSi

Cven vambobT: saxelmwifo daarsebulia maSin, roca adamianebi Tanxmdebian, rom maT Soris mSvidobis damyarebisa da sxvebisgan dacvis mizniT TiToeuli maTgani sakuTar saqcielad aRiarebs im adamianisa Tu adamianTa krebis moqmedebas, romelsac umravlesobam mianiWa imisi ufleba, rom iyos yvelas warmomadgeneli. MmniSvneloba ara aqvs konkretulad yvelam misca Tu ara mas xma. am dadgenilebidan gamomdinareobs im adamianisa Tu adamianebis yvela ufleba da SesaZlebloba, romlebzec vrceldeba umaRlesi xelisufleba.

1. qveSevrdomebs ar SeuZliaT Secvalon mmarTvelobis forma. isini, vinc daaarsa saxelmwifo da dado piroba, rom sakuTar moqmedebad da saqcielad CaTvlidnen erTi adamianis (suverenis) saqciels, ar floben imis uflebas, rom erTmaneTSi axali xelSekruleba dadon da amiT daarRvion maT mier manamde dadebuli xelSekruleba. amitom, monarqis qveSevrdomebs ar aqvT imisi ufleba, rom daamxon monarqia da daubrundnen im qaoss, romelSic manamde imyofebodnen; qveSevrdomebs arc imis ufleba aqvT, rom im adamians, romelic maT warmomadgenlad iTvleboda, CamoarTvan ufleba-movaleobebi da igi sxvas gadascen. Aamgvari moqmedebiT isini daarRveven im valdebulebebs, romelic mas TviTonve gadasces. es arakanonieri da usamarTloa. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu adamiani Seecdeba daamxos suvereni da am mcdelobis dros Tavadve iqneba dasjili an mokluli, maSin is Tavadve iqneba yoveliveSi damnaSave. yoveli adamianisTvis usamarTlobas warmoadgens imgvari ramis gakeTeba, risTvisac is, rogorc amas Tavad aRiarebs, imsaxurebs sasjels. aqedan gamomdinare, suverenis uflebebis xelyofis mcdeloba ukve aris usamarTloba. Tuki zogierTi adamiani suverenisadmi daumorCileblobis gasamarTleblad imowmebs ara adamianebTan, aramed RmerTTan dadebul axal xelSekrulebas, esec arasworia. RmerTTan xelSekrulebis dadeba SesaZlebelia im adamianis meSveobiT, romelic RmerTis nebas ganasaxierebs. aseTi SeiZleba iyos mxolod RmerTis mier dedamiwaze daniSnuli pirovneba, romelic RmerTis mfarvelobis qveS uzenaes xelisuflebas flobs dedamiwaze. Tumca, RmerTTan SeTanxmebaze es pretenzia TviT am adamianebis TvalSic ki sakuTar sindisTan mimarTebaSi imxela tyuilia, rom es aris dabali da usamarTlo saqcieli da metyvelebs misi Camdenis aravaJkacur xasiaTzec.

2. uzenaesi xelisuflebis dakargva SeuZlebelia. imis gamo, rom adamianebs Soris (da ara adamianebsa da suverens Soris) dadebuli xelSekrulebis gziT xdeba suverenis dadgineba, es xelSekruleba veranairad ver dairRveva suverenis mier. Sesabamisad, vercerTi qveSevrdomi ver ganTavisufldeba qveSevrdomobisgan im sababiT, rom suverenma daarRvia raime valdebuleba. is, vinc xdeba suvereni, winaswar ar debs SeTanxmebas Tavis qveSevrdomebTan. man es xelSekruleba unda dados an yvelasTan

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ise, rogorc xelSekrulebis erT mxaresTan an ki yovel calkeul adamianTan calkeuli xelSekruleba. P

SeuZlebelia yvela adamianTan, rogorc erT mTlianobasTan xelSekrulebis dadeba, radgan saxelmwifos Seqmnamde adamianebi ver iqnebodnen erTi piri. xolo Tu suverenma bevri sxvadasxva xelSekruleba dado, maSin es xelSekrulebebi kargavs Zalas mis mier uzenaesi xelisuflebis mopovebisTanave; radgan nebismieri moqmedeba, romelze miTiTebac SeuZlia am brbos nebismier wevrs, rogorc xelSekrulebis darRvevaze, aris suverenisa da yvela danarCenis moqmedeba, radganac igi Cadenilia TiToeuli maTganis saxeliTa da uflebiT. . .

3. yvela, vinc aprotestebs umravlesobis mier gamocxadebuli suverenis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebs, arRvevs samarTlianobas. Tuki vinme araa Tanaxma umravlesobis mier gamocxadebuli suverenis kandidaturaze, maSin es adamiani sabolood an unda daeTanxmos gamocxadebul kandidaturas da, aqedan gamomdinare, daeTanxmos mis qmedebebs an ki sruliad samarTliani iqneba rom danarCenebis mier igi ganadgurebul iqnes. imitom rom Tu is ar eTanxmeba umravlesobis raime gadawyvetilebas, maSin igi Tavadve arRvevs sakuTar xelSekrulebas da iqceva usamarTlod. zogadad, imis miuxedavad, miiRo Tu ara man monawileoba saerTo SeTanxmebaSi da kiTxes Tu ara mas Tanxmoba garkveul sakiTxebze, igi an unda daeTanxmos saerTo moqmedebebs an ki datovebul unda iqnes adrindel omis mdgomareobaSi, sadac nebismieri adamiani SeiZleba iqnes mokluli da amiT sruliad ar dairRveva samarTlianoba.

4. qveSevrdomebs ar SeuZliaT ganikiTxon suverenis moqmedebebi. saxelmwifos Seqmnisas TiToeuli adamiani ndobas ucxadebs suverens yvelaferSi, rasac igi moimoqmedebs da ganxorcielebs. amitom, is vinc wuwunebs suverenis usamarTlo moqmedebebis gamo, wuwunebs imaze, rac misive bralia. man mxolod sakuTari Tavi unda daadanaSaulos.

5. qveSevrdomebs ar SeuZliaT suverenis dasja. umaRlesi xelisuflebiT aRWurvili arcerTi adamiani ar SeiZleba samarTlianad iqnes CamoxrCobili an raime sxva saxiT dasjili romelime misi qveSevrdomis mier; radgan, rogorc vnaxeT, yoveli qveSevrdomi pasuxismgebelia sakuTari suverenis moqmedebebze. Aaqedan gamomdinare, qveSevrdomma rom suvereni dasajos, es igive iqneba, rom man sakuTari moqmedebebis gamo sxvas mosTxovos pasuxi da sxva dasajos.

6.þþsuvereni wyvets Tu ra aris aucilebeli misi qveSevrdomebis mSvidobisa da dacvisTvis. uzenaesi xelisuflebis dadginebis mizans mSvidobis damyareba da TiToeuli adamianis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa warmoadgens, xolo mizanze uflebis prerogativa ki nebismieri saSualebebis gamoyenebis uflebasac iZleva. uzenaesi xelisuflebis mqone adamianebis krebasa Tu suverenis uflebebs emateba imSvidobisa da dacvis sakiTxebSi msajulis rolic. amitom suverens aqvs yvela im zomis gamoyenebis uflebac, rasac igi aucileblad miiCnevs mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis damyarebisaTvis.

suvereni wyvets imasac, Tu ra doqtrinebi unda aswavlon qveSevrdomebs. amitom, umaRlesi xelisuflebis kompetenciaSi Sedis imis dadgenac, Tu ra azrebi da swavlebebi uSlian an uwyoben xels mSvidobis damyarebas da, Sesabamisad, ra SemTxvevaSi, ra doziT da vis unda mieces xalxis masebisadmiDmimarTvis ufleba da vin unda gamoikvlios yvela wignis doqtrina maT gamoqveynebamde (3). radgan adamianTa moqmedebebs maTive Sexedulebebi ganapirobebs, suverens aqvs am Sexedulebebisa da azrebis marTvis uflebac. marTalia swavlebis erTaderTi kriteriumi WeSmariteba unda iyos, magram es ar uSlis xels imas, rom swavlebebi mSvidobis SenarCunebasTan kavSiris kuTxiTac daregulirdes. radgan swavleba, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba mSvidobas, ar SeiZleba ufro WeSmariti iyos, vidre Tavad mSvidoba da Tanxmoba. amitom mmarTvelTa Tu maswavlebelTa daudevrobisa da mouxerxeblobis gamo droTa ganmavlobaSi farTod gavrcelebulma gansxvavebulma mcdarma swavlebebma SesaZloa didi ziani moutanos saxelmwifos. . .

7. suverens aqvs qveSevrdomebisaTvis iseTi kanonebis dadgenis ufleba, romelTa meSveobiTac TiToeul maTgans imdenad kargad ecodineba Tu ra aris misi kerZo sakuTreba, rom samarTlianobis principis darRvevis gareSe, aravis aRar SeeZleba misTvis am sakuTrebis warTmeva. Uuzenaesi xelisuflebis kompetenciaSi Sedis im wesebis miReba, romelic TiToeul adamians udgens, Tu ra sikeTeebiT sargebloba da moqmedebebis Cadena SeuZlia mas ise, rom ar iqnes misi Tanamoqalaqeebis mier SezRuduli; swored amas uwodeben adamianebi sakuTrebas. radgan, rogorc ukve vaCveneT, umaRlesi xelisuflebis Seqmnamde yvelas yvelaferze qonda ufleba da amas Sedegad moqonda omi. amitom es sakuTreba, romelic aucilebelia mSvidobis SenarCunebisaTvis da damokidebulia uzenaesi

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xelisuflebis damyarebaze, amavdroulad aris am xelisuflebis mier samoqalaqo mSvidobis damyarebisTvis ganxorcielebuli aqti. sakuTrebis (anu Cemi-Senis), boroteba - sikeTis, adamianTa moqmedebaSi marTebulisa da aramarTebulis Sesaxeb wesebi arsebiTad aris samoqalaqo kanonebi anu TiToeuli konkretuli saxelmwifos gansakuTrebuli kanonebi. Tumca termini _ samoqalaqo kanonebi Cvens droSi miesadageba Zvel romaul kanonebs, romlebic, maSindel danarCen msoflioze romaelTa batonobidan gamomdinare amave dros samoqalaqo kanonebic iyo.

8. suverens ekuTvnis aseve sasamarTlo xelisufleba da davebis gadaWris ufleba. uzenaesi xelisuflebis Semadgeneli nawilia iurisdiqciis ufleba, anu ufleba, ganixilos da gadawyvitos samoqalaqo da bunebriv kanonebTan dakavSirebiT warmoqmnili yvela dava, radgan davebis gadaWris gareSe SeuZlebelia qveSevrdomis dacva. sadavo sakiTxebis gadaWris gareSe aseve fuWia saubari Cemisa da Senis, anu sakuTrebis Sesaxeb. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi nebismier adamians aqvs sakuTari Tavis fizikuri ZalebiT dacvis ufleba, anu kvlavac rCeba omis mdgomareoba.

9. suverenis uflebaa garemoebebidan gamomdinare omis gamocxadeba da zavis dadeba. umaRlesi xelisuflebis kompetenciaSi Sedis sxva erebisa da saxelmwifoebisadmi omis gamocxadebisa da zavis dadebis ufleba. es niSnavs, rom mas aqvs ufleba _ gadawyvitos, Tu mocemul momentSi, saerTo keTildReobis interesebidan gamomdinare, ra Zalebi, Tanxebi da SeiaraRebaa saWiro dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad. realurad, yvela eris Tavdacvis garantiaa misi SeiaraRebuli Zalebi. armiis umTavresi Zala ki erTiani meTauris xelmZRvanelobis qveS misi gaerTianebaa. amgvari meTaurobis ufleba suverenis prerogativaa. amitom, vinc ar unda iyos armiis generali, umaRlesi xelisuflebis mqone adamiani yovelTvis generalsimusis titulis mflobeli iqneba.

10. suverens aqvs rogorc samoqalaqo, aseve samxedro mrCevlebisa da ministrebis arCevis ufleba. umaRlesi xelisuflebis uflebebSi Sedis yvela mrCevelis, ministris, Tanamdebobis piris arCeva. umaRlesi xelisuflebis damyarebis mizania sayovelTao mSvidobis damyareba, aqedan gamomdinare, suverens unda hqondes im saSualebebis gamoyenebis ufleba, romlebsac igi mocemuli momentisTvis CaTvlis saWirod.

11. suverens aqvs sakuTari Sexudulebisamebr dajildoebisa da dasjis ufleba. suverens aqvs ufleba ukve arsebuli kanonis safuZvelze daajildovos an fizikuri da finansuri sasjeli daakisros nebismier qveSevrdoms. im SeTxvevaSi, Tu aseTi kanoni ar arsebobs, suverens ufleba aqvs sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr gansazRvros sasjelisa da dajildoebis zomebi.

12. suvereni sargeblobs sapatio titulebisa da Cinebis dadgenis uflebiT. adamianebs bunebiT mosdgamT sxvebisagan dafasebis moTxovna, xolo Tavad ki danarCen adamianebs naklebad scemen pativs. aqedan gamomdinare, maT Soris mudmivi paeqroba, ganxeTqileba, SeTqmulebebi da omebia. Sedegad, xdeba dapirispirebuli Zalebis mier erTmaneTis ganadgureba da saerTo mtrisadmi maTi winaaRmdegobis Sesusteba. amitom aucilebelia saxelmwifoSi arsebobdes dajildoebis gansazRvruli kanonmdebloba. Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom umaRlesi xelisufleba gankargavs ara mxolod saxelmwifo samxedro Zalebs, aramed igi aris msajulic yvela saxis sadavo situaciebSi. amitom, suverens aseve ekuTvnis sapatio titulebis darigebisa da sazogadoebaSi TiToeuli adamianisaTvis gankuTvnili adgilis gansazRvrac. suvereni adgens imasac, Tu ra saxiT unda gamoxaton pativiscema sazogadoebis wevrebma erTmaneTis mimarT rogorc kerZo Sexvedrebisas, aseve sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebze.

es uflebebi ganuyofelia. swored zemoT CamoTvlili uflebebi ayalibeben umaRles xelisuflebas. mocemuli uflebebi aris is niSnebi, romlis meSveobiTac adamians SeuZlia gansazRvros im adamianisa Tu adamianTa krebis vinaoba, romelic umaRlesi xelisuflebis matarebelia. es uflebebi ganuyofeli da aramemkvidreobiTia. fulis moWris ufleba, arasrulwlovani memkvidreebis qonebisa da pirovnebis gankargvis ufleba, bazarze privilegirebul pirobebSi vaWrobis ufleba da am tipis sxva uflebebi suverens Tavisuflad SeuZlia sxvas gadaabaros. amiT suvereni aranairad ar arRvevs qveSevrdomTa dacvaze mis mier aRebul valdebulebebs. magram Tu suvereni sxvas gadascems jarebis gankargvis uflebas, maSin sasamarTlo xelisuflebis sakuTar xelSi datovebas aranairi azri aRar aqvs, radgan suverens aRar eqneba kanonis sisruleSi moyvanisaTvis saWiro Zala. aseve, Tu igi sxvas uTmobs Tavis uflebas - akrifos gadasaxadebi, maSin fuWad rCeba misi ufleba - ganagos jari; Tu suvereni uars acxadebs gaakontrolos esa Tu is doqtrina, maSin SesaZloa moqalaqeebSi ajanyebebs mieces gasaqani. ase rom erTi romelime uflebis sxvisTvis gadacemis SemTxvevaSi azrs kargavs danarCeni uflebebis SenarCuneba, radgan mcirdeba mSvidobis dacvis efeqturoba. swored amgvari dayofa igulisxmeba, roca naTqvamia “yoveli samefo, dayofili Tavissave winaaRmdeg, gapartaxdeba”. adre inglisSi mosaxleobis

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did nawils rom ar hqonoda imisi rwmena, rom aRniSnuli uflebebi danawilebulia mefes, lordTa palatasa da TemTa palatebs Soris, xalxi arasodes daiyofoda da ar iqneboda ganxeTqileba politikur da religiur sakiTxebze, ramac sabolood inglisi miiyvana samoqalaqo omamde. Aaxla inglisSi cota adamiani Tu moiZebneba, vinc ityvis, rom es uflebebi gadanawilebul unda iqnes zemoT CamoTvlil struqturebze. samoqalaqo omi kargi magaliTi iyo inglisis mosaxleobisTvis. . .

suverenis Zalaufleba da Rirseba unda niSnavdes ufro mets, vidre nebismieri calkeuli an erTad aRebuli yvela misi qveSevrdomis Zalaufleba Tu Rirseba. marTalia cal-calke qveSevrdomebidan zogi ufro maRalia rangiT, zogi ki ufro dabali, magram suverenTan SedarebiT, isini hgvanan Cveulebriv varskvlavebs mzis gverdiT.

uzenaesi xelisuflebis arseboba imdenad damRupveli araa, rogorc misi ararseboba. ubedureba maSin iwyeba, roca umravlesoba gaWirvebiT emorCileba umciresobas. Cveulebriv ise xdeba, rom monarqiul wyobilebaSi mcxovreblebi TavianT mZime cxovrebis mizezad monarqs miiCneven, xolo demokratiul saxelmwifoSi mcxovrebni ki yvelafer cuds mocemul wyobilebas miaweren. realurad ki xelisufleba, roca is sakmarisad axerxebs Tavisi qveSevrdomebis dacvas, erTnairia. gansxvavebulia mxolod gamovlinebis formebi.Y yvela adamiani bunebisagan dajildoebulia im saocari gamadidebeli SuSebiT (rogoricaa kerZo miswrafebebi da sakuTari Tavis siyvaruli), romelTa saSualebiTac yoveli patara gadasaxadi maT udides ubedurebad miaCniaT da ar gaaCniaT is Wogriti (morali da samoqalaqo Cvevebi), romelTa meSveobiTac Soridanve dainaxavdnen im ubedurebebs, rac maT moeliT da romelsac amgvari gadasaxadebis gadaxdis gareSe Tavidan ver aicilebdnen.

Tavi XIXDdadgenilebaze dafuZnebul saxelmwifoTa sxvadasxva tipebisa da

umaRlesi xelisuflebis memkvidreobiTobis Sesaxeb

saxelmwifos forma SeiZleba iyos mxolod sami saxis. saxelmwifoebs Soris gansxvaveba emyareba suverens an warmomadgenel pirs Soris arsebul sxvaobas. gamomdinare iqidan, rom uzenaesi xelisufleba SeiZleba ekuTvnodes suverens an adamianTa did krebas, sadac an yvelas aqvs monawileobis ufleba an ki mxolod sxvebisgan gamorCeul garkveul pirovnebebs, arsebobs saxelmwifoTa mxolod sami saxe: Tu warmomadgeneli aris mxolod mefe, maSin saxelmwifo aris monarqia; Tu krebaSi monawileobs yvela, maSin es aris demokratia an saxalxo mmarTveloba; xolo Tu umaRlesi xelisuflebiT sargeblobs mxolod mosaxleobis nawili, maSin es aris aristokratia. sxva forma saxelmwifo wyobilebisa ar arsebobs; radgan marTavs an erTi, an yvela, an bevri.

tirania da oligarqia monarqiisa da aristokratiis mxolod sxvadasxva formebia. politikis Sesaxeb wignebSi Cven sxva dasaxelebebsac vxvdebiT: tirania da oligarqia. realurad ki es aris ara gansxvavebuli formebi, aramed zemoT CamoTvlili saxelmwifoebrivi formebis mxolod uaryofiTi saxiT moxsenieba. magaliTad, is, visac ar moswons monarqiuli mmarTveloba, mas uwodebs tiranias; is vinc ukmayofiloa ama Tu im saxis aristokratiuli mmarTvelobiT, mas oligarqias uwodebs; demokratiiT ukmayofiloebi ki mas anarqias (xelisuflebis ararsebobas) uwodeben. ar SeiZleba Cven mmarTvelobas vuwodoT erTi saxeli, Tu Cven is mogvwons da sxva saxeli, Tu Cven is ar mogvwons (4) . . .

Amonarqiisa da uzenaesi asambleis Sedareba. am sam saxelmwifo wyobilebas Soris gansxvaveba efuZneba ara xelisuflebebs Soris gansxvavebas, aramed, gansxvavebas TiToeuli maTganis unarSi _ ganaxorcielon is miznebi, risTvisac isini arian Seqmnilni: anu daamyaron mSvidoba da uzrunvelyon xalxis usafrTxoeba. vadarebT ra monarqias danarCen or wyobilebas, Cven SegviZlia SevniSnoT Semdegi:

1. yvela, vinc moqmedebs xalxis saxeliT, iqneba es erTi piri Tu krebis wevri, amave dros, aris sakuTari bunebrivi saxis matarebelic. Aamitom, rogori gulmodginebiTac ar unda iRvwodes aseTi adamiani saerTo keTildReobis mosapoveblad, igi amave dros iRvwis Tavisi sakuTari Tavis, ojaxis, naTesavebisa Tu megobrebis keTildReobis mosapovebladac. im SemTxvevaSi, roca sazogado da misi kerZo interesebi urTierT winaaRmdegobaSi modis, rogorc wesi, igi upiratesobas aniWebs Tavis kerZo interesebs, radganac adaminTa vnebebi ufro Zlieria, vidre maTi goniereba. aqedan gamomdinare, sazogado interesebi yvelaze metad maSin aris mogebaSi, roca isini Tanxvdeba kerZo interesebs. swored amgvar Tanxvedras vxvdebiT monarqiaSi. Mmonarqis simdidre, Zala da dideba ganpirobebulia misi qveSevrdomebis simdidriT, ZaliTa da didebiT. rameTu, vercerTi mefe ver iqneba verc mdidari, verc saxelganTqmuli da verc Tavs igrZnobs usafrTxod, Tuki misi qveSevrdomebi urTierTdapirispirebisa Tu qiSpobisagan imdenad Raribebi da daucvelebi arian, rom ver

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SesZlon gareSe mtrisagan Tavis dacva. demokratiisa da aristokratiis dros ki pativmoyvare da moRalate pirovnebebis piradi keTildReoba ar ganisazRvreba sazogadoebrivi keTildReobiT. maTi keTildReoba aris muxTlobis, moRalateobisa da samoqalaqo omis Sedegi.

2. monarqs nebismier dros SeuZlia nebismieri sakiTxze, nebismieri pirisagan miiRos rCeva. Aamitom, mas SeuZlia konkretuli sakiTxis mcodne pirisgan, ganurCevlad misi rangisa Tu Cinisa, miiRos kvalificiuri rCevebi (Tu saWiro iqneba sruliad gasaidumloebuladac). roca rCeva sWirdeba umaRles sabWos iq daiSvebian mxolod is pirebi, romlebsac Tavidanve aqvT amisi ufleba. rogorc wesi, es is xalxia, vinc codnis miRebaze metad simdidris dagrovebis sferoSia kompetenturi. MamasTanave, isini rCevebs iZlevian grZeli tipis moxsenebebiT, rac adamianebs sawyis etapze ki ubiZgebs garkveuli saxis moqmedebisken, magram Semdeg veRar akontrolebs maT moqmedebebs. vnebaTaRelva arasodes waadgeba gonierebas. amasTanave, arsad da arasdros krebis dros miRebuli rCeva, damswre pirTa mravalricxovnebis gamo, ar darCenila saidumlod.

3. monarqis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi mxolod imdenad aris cvalebadi, ramdenadac es adamianuri bunebisTvisaa maxasiaTebeli. krebis gadawyvetilebebi ki krebis wevrTa mravalricxovnobidan gamomdinarec SeiZleba Seicvalos. sakmarisia ramodenime wevri, romlebsac ganxvavebuli azri aqvs garkveul sakiTxebze, ar gamocxaddes krebis dRes an piriqiT, gansxvavebuli azris mqone wevrebi droulad gamocxadddnen krebaze sakiTxis ganxilvis momentSi, rom wina dRes miRebuli gadawyvetileba anulirebuli iqneba.

4. monarqi Suris an pativmoyvareobis gamo sakuTar Tavs ver daupirispirdeba. krebis wevrebi ki, am mizezTa gamo SeiZleba ise mkveTradac daupirispirdnen erTmaneTs, rom samoqalaqo omamde miiyvanon saqme.

5. monarqias Semdegi uxerxuloba axlavs: SesaZlebelia, rom qveSevrdoms erTi adamianis gadawyvetilebiT, xelisuflebis romelime favoritis an mliqvnelis gamdidrebis mizniT, CamoerTvas mTeli qoneba. me vaRiareb, rom es didi da gardauvali naklia monarqiisa. Tumca igive SeiZleba moxdes iq, sadac xelisuflebas kreba flobs, radganac amgvari krebis Zalaufleba iseTivea, rogoric monarqisa. krebis wevrebi SesaZloa SecdomaSi iyvnen Seyvanilni romelime oratoris an cudi mrCevlebis mier, iseve rogorc monarqi mliqvnelebisa da xarbi adamianebis mier. amasTanave, monarqs SesaZloa yavdes mxolod ramodenime favoriti da arc ise mravalricxovani naTesaoba; krebis wevrebi ki mravalricxovanni arian da, Sesabamisad, maTi naTesaobisa da favoritebis raodenobac bevrad metia.

6. monarqiis erT-erTi uxerxulobaa is, rom uzenaesi xelisufleba SeiZleba memkvidreobiTobiT gadaeces arasrulwlovans an iseT pirovnebas, romelic erTmaneTisgan ver ganarCevs sikeTesa da borotebas. Uuxerxuloba ki imaSi mdgomareobs, rom xelisufleba unda gadavides sxva adamianis an krebis xelSi, romlebmac kuratorebisa Tu regentebis rolSi, qveyana unda marTon monarqis saxeliTa da uflebebiT. Tumca, imis Tqma rom umaRlesi xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis uflebis gadacema aseT adamiansa Tu krebaze aris uxerxuloba, niSnavs imas, rom nebismieri xelisufleba aris ufro meti uxerxuloba, vidre qaosi da samoqalaqo omi. amitom, erTaderTi uxerxuloba, romelic mocemul SemTxvevaSi arsebobs, aris im moqiSpeebs Soris brZola, romlebic am Tanamdebobaze acxadeben pretenzias. wesiT, aseT SemTxvevaSi, winamorbedma monarqma unda dauniSnos Tavis mcirewlovan Svils meurveoba. amitom, es aris ara monarqiis nakli, aramed qveSevrdomTa pativmoyvareobisa da usamarTlobis Sedegi. Tu davuSvebT imas, rom monarqs gamokveTilad ar dauniSnavs meurve, maSin yvelaze naTel miTiTebebs amis Sesaxeb iZleva bunebrivi kanoni, romlis mixedviTac meurveoba unda gadaeces im pirovnebas, romelic yvelaze metadaa dainteresebuli, rom xelisufleba SeunarCundes arasrulwlovan monarqs; anu im adamians, romelsac ar SeuZlia raime mogeba naxos monarqis sikvdilisa Tu misi xelisuflebis SezRudvisagan.MmarTlac, Cven vnaxeT, rom yoveli adamiani adamianuri bunebidan gamomdinare, eZiebs sakuTar mogebasa da dawinaurebas. Aamitom, arasrulwlovan monarqze meurveobis imgvar pirebze gadacema, romlebsac awyobT misi sikvdili Tu uflebaTa Sekveca, aris ara meurveoba, aramed gamyidveloba. meore mxriv, Nnebismieri didi saxelmwifo, romelsac marTavs ara monarqi, aramed gafarToebuli kreba, omisa da mSvidobis sakiTxebisa da kanonebis miRebisas daaxloebiT iseTive mdgomareobaSia, rogorSic saxelmwifo, sadac umaRlesi xelisufleba mcirewlovani mmarTvelis xelSia. iseve rogorcMmcirewlovani bavSvi iZulebulia miiRos meurveebis rCevebi, aseve krebasac (ara aqvs mniSvneloba, aris es kreba kargi Tu cudi) ar SeuZlia ar gaiziaros umravlesobis mier SeTavazebuli rCevebi; iseve rogorc mcirewlovans sWirdeba meurve da mrCeveli, aseve didi saxelmwifoebis

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umaRles krebasac, ajanyebebisa da didi saSiSroebebis periodSi, sWirdeba diqtatori an pirovneba, romelic SeZlebs xelisuflebis SenarCunebas. es ukanasknelni, principSi, igive droebiTi monarqebi arian, radganac umaRlesi kreba maT droebiT gadascemT mTel Tavis uflebamosilebebs (5). amgvari diqtatorebis mier xelisuflebis uzurpacia bevrad ufro xSiria, vidre regentebisa Tu meurveebis mier mcirewlovani monarqebisTvis xelisuflebis warTmeva.

Mmonarqiisa da sxva formaTa gansazRvra. MmarTalia Cven ukve vaCveneT, rom arsebobs saxelmwifoTa mxolod sami forma, magram warsulisa da awmyos gaanalizebis safuZvelze SesaZloa bevrma mkvlevarma CaTvalos, rom arsebobs am sami formis nazavi saxelmwifo wyobilebebic, magaliTad arCeviT samefoebi, sadac uzenaesi xelisufleba mefeebs gadaecemaT mxolod garkveuli vadiT an samefoebi, sadac mefeebs mxolod SezRuduli uflebebi gaaCniaT. AsaxelmwifoTa amgvar formebs avtorebi mainc monarqiebs uwodeben. amgvaradve, Tu romelime aristokratiuli an demokratiuli saxelmwifo daipyrobs sxva qveynis teritorias da ganagebs mas prezidentis, gamgeblisa Tu sxva Tanamdebobis piris meSveobiT, erTi SexedviT SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom es qveyana imarTeba demokratiulad an aristokratiulad, magram es ase araa, radgan arCeviTi mefeebi arian ara suverenebi, aramed suverenis ministrebi. asevea SezRuduli xelisuflebis mqone mefeebis SemTxvevaSic. xolo provinciebi, romlebic demokratiuli da aristokratiuli saxelmwifoebis daqvemdebarebis qveS imyofebian arian ara demokratiuli an aristokratiuli, aramed monarqiuli. . .

Tavi XXmamobrivi da despoturi xelisuflebis

Sesaxeb

mopovebaze damyarebuli saxelmwifo iseTi saxelmwifoa, sadac umaRlesi xelisufleba Zaladobrivi gziTaa mopovebuli. xelisuflebis mopoveba Zaladobrivi gziT maSin xdeba, roca adamianebi sikvdilis SiSiTa Tu sxva mizezebiT sakuTari pasuxismgeblobis qveS iReben im adamianisa Tu krebis yvela moqmedebas, romlebzec damokidebulia maTi sicocxle da Tavisufleba.Bbatonobis es tipi dadgenilebaze dafuZnebuli xelisuflebisagan mxolod imiT gamoirCeva, rom adamianebi, romlebic irCeven TavianT suverens, amas erTmaneTis SiSiT akeTeben da ara im piris SiSiT, visac isini umaRles xelisuflebas aniWeben. mocemul SemTxvevaSi ki isini eqvemdebarebian imas, visic eSinodaT. orive SemTxvevaSi biZgis mimcemi aris SiSi.Eamaze yurdReba unda gaamaxvilon maT, vinc sikvdilis SiSisa Tu sxva Zaladobrivi moqmedebebis SiSis safuZvelze dadebul xelSekrulebebs ar scnobs WeSmaritad. es Sexeduleba rom swori yofiliyo, maSin arasdros arcerT saxelmwifoSi aravin ar iqneboda valdebuli damorCileboda xelisuflebas. erTxel dafuZnebul Tu mopovebul saxelmwifoebSi SiSisa da Zaladobis zegavleniT micemul dapirebebs ar aqvT xelSekrulebis Zala da ar atareben aranair savaldebulo xasiaTs maSin, roca danapirebi ewinaaRmdegeba kanonebs. magram aseTi danapirebi ar atarebs savaldebulo xasiaTs ara imitom, rom isini miRebulia SiSis faqtoridan gamomdinare, aramed imitom, rom dampirebels ara aqvs ufleba imaze, rasac is pirdeba. sxva SemTxvevebSi, roca pirobis damdebi kanonis safuZvelze pirdeba raimes, am danapirebis arSesrulebis SemTxvevaSi usamarTlobas Cadis. magram Tuki suvereni, romelic aris warmomadgeneli, anTavisuflebs dampirebels misive valdebulebisagan, maSin am ukanasknels, rogorc ndobiT aRWurvil pirs, SeuZlia Tavi Tavisuflad CaTvalos. . . batonobis mopoveba ori gziTaa SesaZlebeli: dabadebisa da dapyrobis gziT. batonobis ufleba dabadebis principze dafuZnebiT, arisMmSoblis ufleba sakuTar Svilebze. Aamgvar Zalauflebas ewodeba memkvidreobiTi. magram es ufleba momdinareobs ara iqidan, rom mama aris mSobeli, aramed Tavad Svilebis nebidan gamomndinare, romlebic ama Tu im formiT gamoxataven TavianT Tanxmobas. RmerTis nebiT, bavSvis Seqmnisas marto mamakaci araa sakmarisi. MmSobeli yovelTvis aris ori. batonoba rom dabadebis aqtiT ganisazRvrebodes, maSin is Tanabari doziT miekuTvneboda orives - dedasac da mamasac. AaseT SemTxvevaSi, bavSvebi unda damorCilebodnen orives, rac warmoudgeneli da SeuZlebelia. rameTu, aravis SeuZlia daemorCilos or batons. Zaluflebas bavSvebze xelSekrulebis gziT adgenen mSoblebi. amgvari xelSekrulebis ar arsebobis pirobebSi, Zalauflebas bavSvze flobs deda. . . .

Tavi XXIqveSevrdomTa Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb

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ra aris Tavisufleba. Tavisufleba niSnavs winaaRmdegobis ar arsebobas (winaaRmdegobaSi vgulisxmob moZraobis garegan Semaferxebels). Tavisuflebis amgvari gageba SeiZleba gamoviyenoT rogorc sulier, aseve usulo sagnebze. Tuki raime isea SeboWili an SemosazRvruli, rom garegani winaaRmdegobis gamo mas moZraoba mxolod garkveuli sivrcis farglebSi SeuZlia, Cven vambobT, rom es raRac ar flobs win wasvlis Tavisuflebas. magram, Tu moZraobis winaaRmdegoba Tavad sagnis SigniT mdgomareobs, magaliTad, roca adamiani ver moZraobs imis gamo rom mijaWvulia logins, maSin Cven vambobT, rom es adamiani moklebulia ara Tavisuflebas, aramed moZraobis unars.Aaqedan gamomdinare, Tavisufali adamiania is, visac araferi ar uSlis xels sakuTari fizikuri da gonebrivi monacemebidan gamomdinare gaakeTos misTvis sasurveli ram. magram, roca am sityvas iyeneben ara sxeulebTan, aramed sagnebTan mimarTebiT, maSin esaa sityvis borotad gamoyeneba, radgan, roca amboben, rom gzaa Tavisufali, aq igulisxmeba is, rom adamianebs SeuZliaT Tavisuflad gadaadgileba. roca vambobT ”Tavisuflad saubari’ - vgulisxmobT ara Tavisuflad saubris unars, aramed kanonis mxridan SezRudvis ar arsebobas.

SiSi da Tavisufleba urTierTSeTavsebadia. Ees ori cneba urTierTSeTavsebadia. MmagaliTad, Tu imis SiSiT, rom gemi daiZireba adamiani Tavis nivTebs yris zRvaSi, igi mainc flobs Tavisufal nebas, radgan TavisiT akeTebs amas. Aaseve, roca adamiani ixdis valebs cixeSi moxvedris SiSiT, esec Tavisufali adamianis moqmedebaa, radganac araferi ar uSlis am adamians xels, rom ar gadaixados valebi. rogorc wesi, saxelmwifoebSi adamianTa mier kanonis winaSe SiSiT Cadenili yvela moqmedeba aris Tavisufali moqmedeba, radgan mis Camdens aqvs mocemuli qmedebebis Cadenisagan Tavis Sekavebis Tavisufleba.

Tavisufleba da aucilebloba Tavsebadia. Tavisufleba da aucilebloba Tavsebadia. mdinaris wyali ara marto Tavisufalia Tavis dinebaSi, aramed man aucileblad zustad Tavis kalapotSi unda idinos. aseTive Tanxvedra gvxvdeba im adamianTa moqmedebebSi, romlebic sakuTari nebidan gamomdinare moqmedeben. marTlac, imdenad, ramdenadac nebayoflobiTi moqmedebebi adamianis nebidan gamomdinareoben, isini Tavisuflebidanac gamomdinareoben. amasTan, adamianuri nebis yovel aqts, yovel survilsa da miswrafebas raRac mizezi udevs safuZvlad. es mizezi ki Tavis mxriv, aucileblobidan gamomdinareobs. amgvarad yvelasTvis, vinc moisurvebda daenaxa am mizezebs Soris kavSiri, cxadi gaxdeboda adamianis yvela Tavisufali moqmedebis aucileblobac. . .

xelovnuri borkilebi anu SeTanxmebebi. adamianebma mSvidobis miRwevisa da TviTgadarCenis mizniT Seqmnes xelovnuri adamiani, romelsac Cven saxelmwifos vuwodebT. amis msgavsadve, Seqmnes xelovnuri borkilebi _ e.w. samoqalaqo kanonebi da saerTo xelSekrulebebis safuZvelze es borkilebi erTi boloTi miamagres im adamianisa Tu krebis metyvelebis organos, romelsac maT umaRlesi xelisufleba gadaabares, xolo meore boloTi ki sakuTar yurebs. Ees sakmaod susti jaWvebi SenarCundebian ara imitom, rom Znelia maTi gawyveta, aramed imitom, rom maTi gawyveta saSiSia. Mmxolod am jaWvebTan mimarTebiT visaubreb me qveSevrdomTa Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb. realurad, arcerT saxelmwifoSi kanonebi ar aregulireben yvela saxis moqmedebas. amitom nebismieri saxis saqmianobaSi, rasac kanoni ar krZalavs, adamiani iRebs moqmedebis Tavisuflebas. Tavisuflebis qveS Tuki Cven gavigebT fizikur Tavisuflebas, anu Tavisuflebas borkilebisa da cixisgan, maSin uazroba iqneboda rom adamianebs is Tavisufleba moeTxovaT, romliTac isini isedac sargebloben. meore mxriv, Tuki Tavisuflebis cnebaSi Cven vigulisxmebT kanonebisgan Tavisuflebas, es ara naklebi uazroba iqneboda. am SemTxvevaSi gamovidoda, rom adamianebi sakuTari TavisTvis moiTxovdnen imgvar Tavisuflebas, romlis pirobebSic nebismiers SeeZleboda erTmaneTis sicocxlis xelyofa. Tumca raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos, adamianebi swored amas moiTxoven. maT ar ician, rom kanoni uZluria daicvas adamiani, Tuki am kanons Tan ar axlavs erTi an ramodenime adamianis xelSi aRmarTuli maxvili. amitom, qveSevrdomTa Tavisufleba mdgomareobs mxolod imaSi, rasac maTi moqmedebis regulirebis sakiTxSi suverenma gverdi auara siCumiT, magaliTad yidva – gayidvis Tavisufleba, cxovrebis stilisa, sacxovrebeli adgilisa da pirobebis arCeva, bavSvebis sakuTari Sexedulebebisamebr aRzrda da a.S.

qveSevrdomis Tavisufleba Tavsebadia suverenis SeuzRudav ZalauflebasTan. miuxedavad zemoT Tqmulisa, ar unda CavTvaloT rom suveners aqvs raime SezRudva. mas yvelafris ufleba aqvs. suvereni izRudeba mxolod imiT, rom TviTon aris RmerTis QqveSevrdomi Dda amitom valdebulia daicvas bunebrivi kanonebi.

is Tavisufleba, rasac ase xSirad umRerian mwerlebi, aris ara kerZo pirTa, aramed suverenebis Tavisufleba. is Tavisufleba, romelzec ase xSirad da pativiscemiT saubroben Zveli berZnebi da romaelebi TavianT istoriul – filosofiur naSromebSi, aseve is

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pirovnebebi, romlebmac swored maTgan gadaiRes mTeli TavianTi politikuri codna, aris ara kerZo pirebis Tavisufleba, aramed saxelmwifoTa Tavisufleba. adamianebi, romlebic ar cnoben aranair xelisuflebas, erTmaneTTan mudmivad omis mdgomareobaSi imyofebian. maTTvis ar arsebobs memkvidreoba, romelic SeiZleba gadasce Svils an romelsac SeiZleba daelodo mamisgan, ar arsebobs aranairi sakuTreba uZrav-moZrav qonebaze da usafrTxoebis aranairi garantia. arsebobs yoveli kerZo piris sruli da absoluturi Tavisufleba. adamianebis msgavsad yvela damoukidebel saxelmwifos aqvs sakuTari survilisamebr moqmedebis absoluturi Tavisufleba. ufleba, imoqmedos ise, rogorc mas surs. amitomac, isini mudmivad cxovroben omis SiSiT da gamagrebuli aqvT sazRvrebi, mzadyofnaSi yavT jari da ase Semdeg. AaTenelebi da romaelebi Tavisuflebi iyvnen, ufro swored, iyvnen Tavisufali sazogadoebis wevrebi. es ar niSnavs, rom konstantinopolSi adamiani nakleb Tavisufalia. Tavisufleba erTnairia rogorc monarqiul, aseve demokratiul saxelmwifoSi;Dmagram adamianebi xSirad Seyavs SecdomaSi Tavisuflebis macdunebel cnebas da garCevis unars moklebulni, adamianebi TavianT bunebriv uflebad miiCneven im uflebas, rac realurad, saxelmwifos uflebaa. rodesac am Secdomas amyarebs im adamianTa reputacia, romelTa mier aRniSnul Temaze dawerili naSromebi didi avtoritetiT sargeblobs, aRaraa gasakviri, rom amas Sedegad ajanyebebsa da saxelmwifo gadatrialebamde mivyavarT. dasavlur qveynebSi xSiria aristoteles, ciceronis da sxva berZen-romaeli avtorebis mier saxelmwifos Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli ideebis gadmoReba. es avtorebi, cxovrobdnen demokratiul saxelwifoebSi da TavianT wignebSi aRwerdnen sakuTari demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis praqtikas6. isini werdnen aTenisa da romis respublikaze da xalxs monarqiisadmi siZulvils unergavdnen. berZeni da romaeli avtorebis naSromTa kiTxvis gamo, bavSvobidan moyolebuli, adamianebi mieCvien imas, rom urcxvad akontrolon suverenebis moqmedebebi da keTilganwyobilni iyvnen buntisa da ajanyebebis mimarT. Ayovelive amis Sedegad imdeni sisxli iqna daRvrili, rom me uflebas vaZlev sakuTar Tavs vamtkico, rom arasodes araferi dasjdomia kacobriobas ise Zviri, rogorc dasavluri qveynebis mier romauli da laTinuri enebis Seswavla. . .

rogor SeiZleba ganisazRvros qveSevrdomTa Tavisufleba. axla ganvixiloT, Tu ra SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia qveSevrdoms ar daemorCilos suveners da amiT ar daarRvios kanoni. amisaTvis saWiroa vnaxoT, Tu ra uflebebze vambobT Cven uars saxelmwifos Seqmnisas, an vnaxoT, ra Tavisuflebebs gadavscemT sxvas, rodesac erT adamians an adamianTa krebas aRvWuravT suverenis uflebebiT.

qveSevrdomebs aqvT ufleba _ daicvan sakuTari sicocxle TviT imaTganac ki, romlebsac amisi kanonieri ufleba aqvT. pirvel rigSi Cven vxedavT, rom dadgenilebaze damyarebuli umaRlesi xelisufleba dadgenilia TiToeuli adamianis erTmaneTTan SeTanxmebis safuZvelze; xolo mopovebaze damyarebuli umaRlesi xelisufleba ki _ damarcxebulsa da gamarjvebuls, anu bavSvsa da mSobels Soris SeTanxmebis safuZvelze. aqedan naTelia rom nebismier qveSevrdoms aqvs Tavisufleba yvelaferSi, rac SeTanxmebis safuZvelze ar SeiZleba iqnes CamorTmeuli. rogorc me-XIV TavSi me ukve vaCvene, is SeTanxmebebi, romlebic avaldebulebs adamians ar daicvas sakuTari sicocxle, araqmediTia.

adamianebi ar arian valdebulni sakuTar Tavs raime ziani moutanon. amitom, Tu suvereni ubrZanebs qveSevrdoms (Tundac is msjavrdebuli iyos) daimaxinjos, daiWras an moiklas Tavi, ar gauwios winaaRmdegoba imas, vinc misi sicocxlis xelyofas cdilobs, an Tavi Seikavos sakvebisa da wamlis miRebis Tu haeris sunTqvisgan (rac misi sicocxlisaTvis aucilebelia), qveSevrdomi araa valdebuli Seasrulos suverenis amgvari brZanebebi.

Tu suvereni awarmoebs qveSevrdomis dakiTxvas mis mier Cadenili raime danaSaulis gamo da ar pirdeba mas aRiarebis SemTxvevaSi danaSaulis Semsubuqebs an patiebas, qveSevrdomi araa valdebuli miayenos sakuTar Tavs ziani da aRiaros danaSauli. radgan, rogorc ukve vTqviT, veranairi xelSekruleba ver aiZulebs adamians sakuTar Tavze aiRos danaSauli. erTi saqmea Tqva: “momkali me an Cemi amxanagi” da sul sxvaa Tqva: “me ganzraxuli maqvs movikla Tavi an movkla Cemi amxanagi”. . .

jariskacs, romelsac nabrZanebi aqvs ibrZolos mtris winaaRmdeg, zogierT SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia uari Tqvas am dakisrebul movaleobaze da amiT ar Caidinos ukanonoba. Tumca, suverens aqvs ufleba, rom igi am moqmdebis gamo sikvdiliT dasajos. amgvari moqmedeba SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu jariskaci Tavis nacvlad sxva jariskacs daayenebs. igive ram SeiZleba nebadarTul iqnes bunebiT moridebuli adamianebisTvisac, ara marto qalebisTvis, romelTagan isedac aravin elis amgvari mZime movaleobebis Sesrulebas, aramed bunebiT mxdali mamakacebisTvisac. rodesac ibrZvis ori sxvadasxva armia, SeiZleba ise moxdes, rom erTi an orive dapirispirebuli armia brZolis velidan gaiqces. Tuki es xdeba ara moRalateobis, aramed SiSis gamo, maSin es aris ara ukanonoba, aramed sircxvili. aqedan gamomdinare, brZolaSi monawileobis miRebaze

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Tavis arideba ar aris ukanonoba. es aris ubralod simxdale. magram rodesac saxelmwifos interesebi moiTxovs iaraRis tarebis unaris mqone mamakacis omSi monawileobas, yvela valdebulia daexmaros saxlmwifos.

QqveSevrdomTa yvelaze meti Tavisuflebis mizezi kanonis dumilia. rac Seexeba danarCen Tavisuflebebs, isini kanonis dumilidan gamomdinareoben. iq, sadac suvereni ar gansazRvravs aranair wesebs, qveSevrdoms SeuZlia imoqmedos an ar imoqmedos sakuTari Sexedulebebidan gamomdinare.

ra SemTxvevaSi Tavisufldebian qveSevrdomebi suverenisadmi morCilebisgan. suverenis mimarT qveSevrdomebs valdebulebebi manam aqvT, sanam suverens Seswevs qveSevrdomTa dacvis Zala. radganac, admianebisTvis bunebiT miniWebuli ufleba - daicvas sakuTari Tavi, roca sxvas ar SeuZlia misi dacva, veranairi xelSekrulebiT ver iqneba darRveuli. suverenuli xelisufleba aris saxelmwifos suli da Tu es suli tovebs sxeuls, Semadgeneli nawilebi kargaven sicocxlisunarianobas. morCilebis mizania dacva. adamiani bunebiT midrekilia daemorCilos imas, visSic igi Tavis mfarvels xedavs. umaRlesi xelisufleba dadgenilebis Tanaxmad ukvdavi unda iyos; Tumca igi ara marto gareSe mtris moqmedebaTa Sedegad SeiZleba daiRupos, aramed adamianTa uvicobis gamo, SeqmnisTanave masSi Cadebulia bunebrivi sikvdilisa da Sida ganxeTqilebebis Sedegad daSlis albaTobac.

tyved Cavardnis SemTxveva. omSi qveSevrdomis tyved Cavardnis SemTxvevaSi, Tu misi arseboba mtris xelSia da mas sicocxles unarCuneben da fizikur gadarCenas sTavazoben im pirobiT, rom igi gaxdeba gamarjvebulis qveSevrdomi, maSin qveSevrdoms SeuZlia daTanxmdes am pirobas. Sedegad igi xdeba im adamianis qveSevrdomi, romelmac is tyved Caigdo. sxva alternativa sakuTari sicocxlis gadarCenisa mas ar gaaCnia. zustad aseTive mdgomareobaa roca vinmes apatimreben ucxo qveyanaSi da mas igive pirobebiT sTavazoben Tavisuflebas. magram Tuki adamians borkilebi adevs da igi fizikurad araa Tavisufali, ar SeiZleba CavTvaloT rom igi SezRudulia raime saxis xelSekrulebiT qveSevrdomobis Sesaxeb. amitom, mas aqvs ufleba yvela xelmisawvdomi saSualeba gamoiyenos Tavis dasaRwevad.

suverenis mier xelisuflebaze uaris Tqmis SemTxveva. Tuki monarqi uars ambobs taxtze (sakuTari Tavisa da Tavisi mekvidreebis nacvladac) da igi gadadgeba, maSin misi qveSevrdomebi ubrundebian absoluturi Tavisuflebis mdgomareobas. marTalia advili dasadgenia monarqis Svilebisa da naTesavebis vinaoba, magram monarqis nebazea damokidebuli is, Tu vin gaxdeba misi memkvidre. amitom, Tuki monarqs ar surs hyavdes memkvidre, maSin ar arsebobs arc umaRlesi xelisufleba da arc qveSevrdomoba. aseTive mdgomareobaa maSin, rodesac monarqi ise gardaicvleba, rom igi ver moaswrebs memkvidris dasaxelebas da aseve SeuZlebelia misi naTesavebis dadgenac. aseT SemTxvevaSi aravin aRaraa valdebuli iyos qveSevrdomi.

gandevnis SemTxveva. Tuki monarqi Tavis qveSevrdoms gandevnis, maSin es ukanaskneli am devnis periodSi aRar aris monarqis qveSevrdomi. Tumca is vinc raime gansakuTrebuli davalebiT an mogzaurobis mizniT sxva qveyanaSi imyofeba, kvlavac rCeba qveSevrdomad, magram ara qveSevrdomobaze Tavisi xelSekrulebis, aramed Tavad suverenebs Soris xelSekrulebis safuZvelze.

SemTxveva, rodesac suvereni Tavad xdeba sxvisi qveSvrdomi. Tuki omSi gamarjvebuli monarqi xdeba gamarjvebulis qveSevrdomi, maSin qveSevrdomebi Tavisufldebian maTi pirvandeli valdebulebebisagan da xdebian gamarjvebulis qveSevrdomebi. magram Tu damarcxebuli monarqi aris tyveobaSi da fizikurad araa Tavisufali, ar SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom man uari Tqva umaRles xelisuflebaze. Sesabamisad, misi qveSevrdomebi valdebulni arian daemorCilon yvela manamde dadgenil xelisufalT, romlebic marTaven ara TavianTi saxeliT, aramed tyveobaSi myofi monarqis saxeliT.

Tavi XXIIpolitikuri da kerZo daqvemdebarebul pirTa

Sesaxeb

yvela politikur sxeulSi warmomadgenelTa xelisufleba SezRudulia. Ppolitikur sxeulSi warmomadgenelTa xelisufleba yovelTvis SezRudulia da am sazRvrebs adgens uzenaesi xelisufleba, radgan SeuzRudavi xelisufleba aris absoluturi suvereniteti. yvela saxelmwifoSi suvereni aris qveSevrdomTa absoluturi warmomadgeneli. amitom nebismieri sxva

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SeiZleba iyos am qveSevrdomTa nawilis warmomadgeneli mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac amis nebas iZleva suvereni.

magram, neba darTo qveSevrdomTa politikur sxeuls qondes absoluturad yvela interesis warmomadgenlobiToba, gulisxmobs moxdes xelisuflebis raRac nawilis daTmoba da absoluturi xelisuflebis SezRudva. es ki xels SeuSlis qveSevrdomTa Soris mSvidobis damyarebasa da maT dacvas.

. . .Ppolitikuri sxeulebis gadawyvetilebebisadmi protesti zogjer sruliad samarTliania, magram arasdros ar iqneba kanonieri protesti uzenaesi xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg.

. . . politikuri sxeulebi asruleben provinciebis, koloniebisa da qalaqebis marTvis funqciebs.

Tavi XXIVsaxlmwifos gamokvebisa da STamomavlobis Sesaxeb

sadac ar aris saxelmwifo, rogorc ukve vaCveneT, yvela adamiani erTmaneTis mimarT saomar mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. amitom TiToeuls ekuTvnis mxolod is, rac man sxvas waglija ZaliT. es aris ara sakuTreba an qonebis saerTooba, aramed gaurkvevloba. . . amgvarad, sakuTreba saxelmwifos moqmedebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba.

qveSevrdomis sakuTreba ar aZlevs sxva qveSevrdoms am sakuTrebis gamoyenebis uflebas, Tumca es ar exeba suverens, sul erTia, iqneba es monarqi Tu kreba. imdenad, ramdenadac Cven vTvliT, rom yvelaferi, rasac akeTebs suvereni anu saxelmwifo (piri, romelic mas warmoadgens), keTdeba saerTo mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis miznebidan gamodinare, Cven unda gaviazroT, rom mis mier miwebis gadanawilebac imave miznebs emsaxureba. Sesabamisad, suverenis mier miwebis yvela is gadanawileba, romelic miznad ar isaxavs mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis damyarebas da ewinaaRmdegeba TiToeuli im qveSevrdomis nebas, rolebmac mas miandes sakuTari simSvidisa da usafrTxoebis dacva, aris araqmediTi.

saxelmwifo ar unda mokvdes. SeiZleboda gvefiqra, rom miwis ganawilebisas saxelmwifos SeeZlo TavisTvis daetovebina garkveuli nawili, yofiliyo misi mflobeli, daemuSavebina is Tavisi warmomadgenlebis meSveobiT da aqedan Semosuli TanxebiT gaestumrebina is xarjebi, rasac simSvidisa da usafrTxoebis zomebis gatareba moiTxovs. es marTebuli iqneboda, SesaZlebli rom iyos iseTi warmomadgenlis wardgena, romelic sruliad Tavisufali iqneboda yovelgvari adamianuri naklovanebebisa da miswrafebebisgan. Aamitom, saxelmwifo miwebis gamoyofa uazro saqmea; roca umaRlesi xelisufleba Cavardeba iseTi monarqis an krebis xelSi, romlebic metismetad daudevrad moepyrobian saxelmwifos finansebs da aramiznobrivad daxarjaven mas, saxelmwifoebrivi xelisufleba danawildeba da adamianebi bunebriv mdgomareobasa da omis pirobebSi dabrundeba. sxvisi xelis Semyure saxelmwifo veRar iarsebebs. imdenad, ramdenadac Cven vxedavT, rom saxelmwifos xarjebi damokidebulia ara mis kerZo moTxovnilebebze, aramed gare pirobebsa da mezobeli saxelmwifoebis moTxovnilebebze, naTelia, rom saxelmwifos simdidris farglebi gauTvaliswineblad warmoqmnili garemoebebiT ganisazRvreba.

. . . saxelmwifos Svilebi koloniebia. saxelmwifos STamomavloba, Svilebi, aris is, rasac Cven vuwodebT koloniebs. Ee.i. adamianTa jgufi, romelsac saxelmwifo agzavnis gubernatoris an sxva piris meTaurobiT. maT evalebaT daasaxlon aqamde dausaxlebeli adgilebi.

Tavi XXVIsamoqalaqo kanonebis Sesaxeb

ra aris samoqalaqo kanoni. samoqalaqo kanonebSi me vgulisxmob ara im kanonebs, romelTa dacvac savaldebuloa adamianebisaTvis, ara rogorc ama Tu im konkretuli saxelmwifos wevrebisaTvis, aramed, rogorc zogadad saxelmwifos wevrebisaTvis. kerZo kanonebi unda icodes yvela im pirma, vinc Seiswavlis sxvadasxva saxelmwifoTa kanonebs, xolo samoqalaqo kanonebi ki unda icodes yvelam. Zveli romis samarTali iwodeboda samoqalaqo samarTlad da warmosdgeboda sityvisagan - civitas, rac niSnavda saxelmwifos. is qveynebi, romlebic romis imperiaSi Sediodnen, kvlavac inarCuneben am samarTlidan maTTvis Sesaferis nawils da TavianTi samoqalaqo kanonebisgan gansxvavebiT am nawils uwodeben samoqalaqo uflebebs. . .

upirveles yovlisa, naTelia, rom kanoni aris ara rCeva, aramed brZaneba, oRond brZaneba ara nebismieri adamianisa nebismier adamianisadmi, aramed, mxolod im pirisa im piris mimarT, romelmac manamde aiRo misadmi morCilebis valdebuleba.

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aqedan gamomdinare, samoqalaqo uflebebs me Semdegnairad ganvsazRvrav: yoveli qveSevrdomisaTvis samoqalaqo samarTals warmoadgens is wesebi, romlebic saxelmwifom ganusazRvra mas zepirad, werilobiT an raime sxva saxiT, nebis sakmarisad naTeli gamovlinebiT, raTa man SesZlos ganasxvaos swori da araswori, anu ganasxvaos, Tu ra aris TanxmobaSi wesebTan da ra ara.

am gansazRvrebaSi araferi araa iseTi, rac pirvelive SexedviT ar iqneboda naTeli. yvela xedavs, rom zogierTi kanoni yvela qveSevrdomisTvisaa gankuTvnili, zogierTi _ garkveuli provinciebisTvis, zogi ki garkveuli adamianebisTvis da amitom isini kanonebia mxolod adamianTa im konkretuli jgufisTvis, romlisadmic es kanonebia mimarTuli. zustad aseve naTelia, rom kanonebi gansazRvraven Tu ra aris samarTliani da ra _ usamarTlo. ukanonod iTvleba mxolod is, rac ewinaaRmdegeba romelime kanons. aseve cxadia, rom aravis ar SeuZlia kanonebis gamocema saxelmwifos garda, radgan Cven mxolod da mxolod saxelmwifos qveSevrdomebi varT. saxelmwifo brZanebebi sakmarisad naTeli unda iyos, rom Cven SevZloT zustad ganvsazRvroT, Tu risi gakeTeba SegviZlia da risi ara. Aaqedan gamomdinare, me vakeTeb Semdeg daskvnebs:

1. suvereni aris kanonmdebeli. Yyvela saxelmwifos kanonmdebeli aris suvereni, iqneba es erTi adamiani, rogorc es monarqiaSia, Tu adamianTa kreba, rogorc es aristokratiasa da demokratiaSi gvxvdeba. kanonmdebeli aris is, vinc Rebulobs kanonebs. mxolod saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs yvela im wesis dacvas, rasac Cven kanonebs vuwodebT. saxelmwifo pirovnebas warmoadgens da raimes ganxorcieleba SeuZlia mxolod Tavisi warmomadgenelis, e.i. suverenis meSveobiT. Mamitom, erTaderTi kanonmdebeli aris suvereni. amis safuZvelze suverenis garda aravis ar SeuZlia gaauqmos mis mier gamocemuli kanoni.

2. Tavad suvereni ar eqvemdebareba samoqalaqo kanonebs. suvereni, flobs ra kanonebis gamocemis uflebas, sargeblobs imis uflebiTac, rom sakuTari Tavi gaanTavisuflos imgvari kanonebis dacvisagan, rac mas ar moswons; an sulac, gamosces axali, misTvis Sesaferisi kanonebi. Aamitom, suvereni Tavidanve Tavisufalia. radgan Tavisufalia is, visac sakuTari survilidan gamomdinare, SeuZlia gaxdes Tavisufali.

3. ara drois xangrZlivobis, aramed suverenis Tanxmobis Sedegad iZens praqtika kanonis Zalas. . . Cveni iuristebi kanonebad miiCneven mxolod gonivrul adaT-wesebs, xolo cud Cveulebebs ki uaryofen. Mmagram msjeloba imaze, Tu risi SenarCuneba da risi uaryofa aris kargi, kanonis Semdgenlebis, e.i. monarqis an umaRlesi krebis saqmea.

4.B bunebrivi da samoqalaqo kanonebi SinaarsiT erTmaneTs Tanxvdebian. bunebrivi kanonebi, romlebic gulisxmoben miukerZoeblobas, samarTlianobasa da sxva moralur Tvisebebs, TavisTavad, aris ara kanonebi, aramed Tvisebebi, romlebic adamians mSvidobisa da morCilebisken ganawyobs. mxolod suverenis brZaneba aZlevs maT kanonis saxes, es ukve saxelmwifos brZanebebia da, aqedan gamomdinare, samoqalaqo kanonebic; radganac, uzenaesi xelisufleba avaldebulebs xalxs mis Sesrulebas. Yyvela saxelmwifoSi bunebrivi kanonebi aris samoqalaqo kanonebis nawili. samoqalaqo da bunebrivi kanonebi aris kanonis ara gansxvavebuli tipebi, aramed sxvadasxva nawilebi, romelTagan erTi (werilobiTi tipis) aris samoqalaqo kanonebi, xolo meore (arawerilobiTi tipis) - bunebrivi. bunebrivi samarTali SeiZleba SeizRudos samoqalaqo kanonebiT, radgan kanoni mxolod imisTvis Seiqmna samyaroSi, rom SeezRuda calkeuli adamianebis Tavisuflebebi, raTaA maT araTu evnoT raime erTmaneTisTvis, aramed daxmarebodnen erTmaneTs da gaerTianebuliyvnen saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg.

5. provinciebis kanonebs qmnis suvereni da ara wes-Cveulebebi. Tu erTi saxelmwifos suverenma daipyro xalxi, romlebic manamde werilobiTi tipis kanonebiT cxovrobda da dapyrobis Semdegac igi imave kanonebiT ganagrZobs am xalxis ganmgeblobas, maSin es kanonebi aris ara dapyrobili saxelmwifos, aramed dampyroblis samoqalaqo kanonebi. radgan, kanonmdebelia ara is, vinc pirvelma gamosca kanoni, aramed is, visi neba-surviliTac es kanonebi ganagrZoben arsebobas. magram, Tuki romelime dauwereli kanoni Tanabrad gamoiyeneba saxelmwifos yvela provinciaSi da am praqtikas aranairi usamarTloba ar moaqvs Sedegad, maSin aseTi kanoni sxva araferia, Tu ara bunebrivi kanoni, romelic savaldebuloa adamianTa mTeli modgmisTvis.

6. kanonmdeblebis zogierTi uazro Sexedulebebi kanonebis gamocemasTan dakavSirebiT. iqedan gamomdinare, rom yvela saxis kanoni - werilobiTi Tu zepiri, ZalaSia mxolod da mxolod suverenis nebidan gamomdinare, gasakviria imgvari Sexedulebebis warmoqmna, rogorebsac Cven vxvdebiT sxvadasxva qveynebis wamyvani kanonmdeblebis naSromebSi. MmagaliTad, mosazreba imaze, rom Cveulebriv samarTalze kontrolis ufleba aqvs mxolod parlaments. Aamgvari debuleba marTebulia mxolod iq, sadac parlaments aqvs uzenaesi xelisufleba da mxolod sakuTari gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze

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SeuZlia Sekreba an daSla. radgan, Tu romelime sxva pirs an organos aqvs parlamentis daTxovnis ufleba, maSin is ver gaakontolebs mas da, aqedan gamomdinare, ver SesZlebs verc misi kontrolis gakontrolebas.

7. Cveni kanonmdeblebi Tanxmdebian imaSi, rom kanoni arasdros ar SeiZleba winaaRmdegobaSi modiodes gonierebasTan da rom kanoni aris ara aso-niSani (anu kanonis nebismieri konstruqcia), aramed mxolod is, rac Seesabameba kanonmdeblis ganzraxvas. problema mxolod isaa, Tu vis gons unda Seesabamebodes kanoni. cxadia, es goni ver iqneba nebismieri adamianis goni, rameTu am SemTxvevaSi kanonebi iseve xSirad movidodnen urTierTwinaaRmdegobaSi, rogorc sxvadasxva sqolastikuri swavlebebi. aseve ar SeiZleba aseT gonad CaiTvalos xangrZlivi Seswavlebis, gamocdilebisa da dakvirvebebis Sedegad miRweuli gonis xelovnuri srulyofileba. kanoni dgindeba ara juris prudentia an sxvaze daqvemdebarebuli mosamarTleebis sibrZneze damyarebiT, aramed, Cveni xelovnuri adamianis _ saxelmwifos goniTa da gankargulebiT.

9.Kkanoni kanonia mxolod imaTTvis, visac misi gagebis unari aqvs. gonebaSezRudulebis, bavSvebisa da fsiqiurad SeSlilebisaTvis kanoni ar arsebobs. iseve rogorc cxovelebisTvis, romlebmac ar ician samarTlianobisa da usamarTlobis cnebebi., radgan maT arasodes qoniaT xelSekrulebebis dadebis unariDda amitom, arasodes SeuzRudavT TavianTi moqmedebebi suverenis gamo. MSesabamisad, arc arasodes daudgeniaT sakuTari TavisaTvis saxelmwifos sazRvrebSi cxovreba...

araferi ar iTvleba kanonad, roca ucnobia kanonSemoqmedi. araa sakmarisi is, rom kanonebi dabeWdil da gamoqveynebul iyos. aucilebelia arsebobdes dadastureba imisa, rom es kanonebi suverenisgan modis. radgan kerZo pirebma, romlebsac saimiso Zala aqvT (an hgoniaT rom aqvT), rom ganaxorcielon TavianTi kerZo arasamarTliani ganzraxvebi da pativmoyvaruli gegmebi, SesaZloa sakanondeblo organos daukiTxavad, kanonis saxiT gamoaqveynon maTTvis xelsayreli nebismieri ram.

. . . kanonis sxvadasxva tipebi. arsebobs kanonis aseTi dayofa: ZiriTadi da araZiriTadi kanonebi. Tumca vercerT avtorTan ver mivageni, Tu ras gulisxmoben ZiriTad kanonSi. miuxedavad amisa, amgvar dayofas mainc SeiZleba hqondes azri.

ra aris ZiriTadi kanoni. Yyvela saxelmwifoSi ZiriTad kanonad iTvleba is kanoni, romlis gauqmebis SemTxvevaSic saxelmwifo daemsgavseboda im Senobas, romelsac gamoacales fundamenti da romelic adre Tu gvian aucileblad daiSleba. Aamitom, ZiriTad kanonad (fundamental law) iTvleba is kanoni, romlis safuZvelzec qveSevrdomebi valdebulni arian xeli Seuwyon nebismier xelisuflebas, romelic miniWebuli aqvs suverens _ monarqsa Tu saxalxo krebas da romlis gareSec saxelmwifo ver iarsebebda. aseTi ZiriTadi kanonebia, magaliTad, omis gamocxadebisa da zavis dadebis uflebebi, sasamarTlo xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis ufleba, Tanamdebobrivi pirebis daniSvnis ufleba da suverenis ufleba, akeTos is, rac mas marTebulad miaCnia saxelmwifos interesebidan gamomdinare. araZiriTadi kanonia iseTi kanoni, romlis gauqmebac ar iwvevs saxelmwifos daSlas. MmagaliTad, Kkanonebi qveSevrdomebs Soris sadavo sakiTxTa Sesaxeb.

gansxvaveba kanonsa da uflebas Soris. Zalian bevri sapatio mecnieri erTi da imave cnebis aRsaniSnavad xSirad iyenebs terminebs – lex civilis da jus civile, e. i. kanoni da samoqalaqo samarTali. Cemi azriT, amgvari dayofa araa marTebuli. ufleba niSnavs Tavisuflebas, swored im Tavisuflebas, romelsac Cven bunebrivi samarTali gvaniWebs. samoqalaqo samarTali ki aris valdebuleba, romelic gvarTmevs Cven bunebrivi kanonis mier moniWebul Tavisuflebas. lex da jus Soris gansxvaveba daaxloebiT iseTivea, rogorc sxvaoba valdebulebasa da Tavisuflebas Soris.

Tavi XXIXra asustebs da ras mihyavs saxelmwifo daSlamde

saxelmwifoTa daSla maTi arasrulyofili dadginebis mizeziT. marTalia mokvdavis mier Seqmnili veraferi ver iqneba ukvdavi, magram adamianebi gonivrulad rom moqmedebdnen, maSin maT mier Seqmnili saxelmwifoebi imisgan mainc iqnebodnen daculni, rom ar ganadgurebuliyvnen Sinagani avadmyofobebis gamo. roca saxelmwifoebi ecemian ara gareSe Zalis daxmarebiT, aramed Sida AaSlilobebis gamo, es aris adamianTa brali ara imitom, rom isini arian saxelmwifos Semadgeneli masala, aramed imitom, rom adamianebi Tavadve arian saxelmwifos Semqmnelni da ganmgebelni. dgeba dro, roca

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gauTavebeli Setakebebisa da urTierTxocvis Sedegad daRlili adamianebi bolos gadawyveten erTad cxovrebasa da adamianuri resursebis gamoyenebiT, erToblivi ZalebiT myari da maradiuli Senobis agebas. adamianebs naklebad aqvT unari Seqmnan iseTi samarTliani kanonebi, romlebsac unda moergos adamianTa moqmedebebi, maT aseve naklebad aqvT moTminebis unari, raTa Seeguon TavianTi uwindeli usazRvro Tavisuflebis uxeSi da erTad cxovrebisTvis xelisSemSleli momentebis gauqmebas. aseT pirobebSi, gamocdili da niWieri arqiteqtoris daxmarebis gareSe am adamianebisgan mxolod aramyari Senobis ageba Tu moxerxdeba, romelmac SesaZloa Tavis Semqmnelebze metxans ki gasZlos, magram aucileblad Tavze daemxoba maT STamomavlobas.

amitom, saxelmwifoTa sisusteebs Soris Cemi azriT umTavresia is, rom es saxelmwifoebi iqmnebian arasrulyofili dadgenilebis gziT da emsgavsebian avadmyof organizms, romelic dabadebidanve arasrulfasovania.

Aabsoluturi xelisuflebis nakleboba. am sisusteebidan erT-erTia is, rom adamiani, romelic samefos saTaveSi mova, zogjer imaze naklebi ZalauflebiT kmayofildeba, vidre amas moiTxovs saxelmwifoSi mSvidobis SenarCunebisa da Tavdacvis interesebi. ai, rogori Sedegi mosdevs amgvar qmedebas: roca gamouval mdgomareobaSi suvereni iZulebulia usafrTxoebis interesebidan gamomdinare is uflebebic gamoiyenos, romelzec man adre uari Tqva, qveSevrdomTa mier amgvari qmedeba ukve aRiqmeba, rogorc Zaladoba da ukanonoba. Sedegad, adamianebi awyoben ajanyebebs. xSirad, suvereni amgvar qmedebaze ucodinrobis gamo ki ar ambobs uars, aramed imitom, rom mas saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi am uflebebis dabrunebis imedi aqvs. es didi Secdomaa. AaseT SemTxvevaSi misi mowinaaRmdegeebi gamonaxaven daxmarebas sxva saxelmwifoebSi, romlebic arasodes gauSveben xelidan mowinaaRmdege samefos dasustebis Sanss. aseTi ram ara marto monarqiebSi xdeba.

. . . ase iyo Zvel romSi, romlis devizic gaxldaT: xalxi da senati. AarcerTi maTgani ar flobda srul Zalauflebas. ramac Sedegad moitana tiberius grakxusis, gaius grakxusis (7), lucius saturninisa da sxvaTa ajanyebebi. Semdeg, mariusisa da sulas dros moitana omebi senatsa da xalxs Soris, mogvianebiT ki omi cezarsa da pompeusis periodSi, rasac saboloo Sedegad mohyva demokratiis damxoba da monarqiis damyareba.

aTenelebma mxolod erTi SezRudva dauSves: aTenSi sikvdiliT isjdeboda is, vinc gaswevda agitacias salaminis kunZulze omis ganaxlebis Taobaze. amitom, solonma (8) Tavi moigiJiana da giJis tansacmelSi Cacmuli leqsebis meSveobiT eweoda mosaxleobaSi am omis agitacias. solons rom es ar moefiqrebina, aTenelebs cxvirwin eyolebodaT dauZinebeli mteri. Aase rom amgvari safrTxis winaSe dgas yvela saxelmwifo, romelic Tavis xelisuflebas raime saxiT izRudavs.

MkerZo mosazrebebi sikeTesa da siboroteze. meore adgilze me vayeneb saxelmwifos im avadmyofobas, romelic gamowveulia meamboxuri tipis swavlebebiT. erT-erTi amgvari swavlebaa is, rom yoveli adamiani TviTon adgens, Tu romeli moqmedeba aris kargi da romeli cudi. msgavsi Sexeduleba marTebulia bunebrivi mdgomareobis pirobebSi, Mmagram samoqalaqo kanonebis arsebobis pirobebSi es miuRebelia. swored samoqalaqo kodeqsia sikeTisa da siborotis sazomi, xolo kanonmdebeli ki msajuli, romelic yovelTvis saxelmwifos ganasaxierebs. am mcdari swavlebis gamo adamianebi iwyeben erTmaneTSi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis moqedebebis ganxilvas da msjeloben daemorCilon Tu ara am gadawyvetilebebs. yovelive es iwvevs SfoTs da asustebs saxelmwifos.

sindisi SeiZleba cdebodes. meore swavleba, romelic ewinaaRmdgeba samoqalaqo sazogadoebas aris is, rom yvelaferi, rasac adamiani akeTebs Tavisi sindisis sawinaaRmdegod, aris codva. Ees debuleba gamomdinareobs wina debulebisgan, romlis mixedviTac yoveli adamiani Tavad gansazRvravs, Tu ra aris sikeTe da siborote. adamianis msjeloba da sindisi erTi da igivea da rogorc msjeloba, aseve sindisic SeiZleba iyos mcdari. amitom adamiani, romelic ar eqvemdebareba aranair samoqalaqo kanons, codvas sCadis yvela im SemTxvevaSi, roca moqmedebs sakuTari sindisis sawinaaRmdegod; Tumca sxvagvari mdgomareobaa saxelmwifoSi mcxovrebi adamianis SemTxvevaSi, radgan kanoni aris saxelmwifos sindisi da am kanonis dacvis valdebuleba adamianma Tavadve aiRo.

Sexeduleba imis Taobaze, rom suvereni eqvemdebareba samoqalaqo kanonebs. aseve Secdomaa is mosazreba, rom is, vinc flobs uzenaes xelisuflebas, eqvemdebareba samoqalaqo kanonebs. yvela suvereni emorCileba bunebriv kanonebs, radgan isini RmerTis mieraa Seqmnili da maTi Secvla arc adamians da arc saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia. magram suvereni ar eqvemdebareba im kanonebs, romlis Semoqmedic Tavad, anu saxelmwifoa. MmarTlac, daemorCilo samoqalaqo kanonebs, niSnavs daemorCilo saxelmwifos anu, mis umaRles warmomadgenels. Ees suverenisTvis niSnavs _ daemorCilos

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sakuTar Tavs, anu ara kanonmorCileba, aramed maTgan Tavisufleba. suverenze maRla kanonebis dayenebis mcdari Sexeduleba gulisxmobs imas, rom suverenze maRla dgeba mosamarTlec da umaRlesi xelisuflebac, romelTac SeuZlia misi dasja. magram es niSnavs imas, rom airCev axal suverens da dasji Zvels, mogvianebiT, kidev axal suverens da ase Semdeg usasrulod. Yyovelive Mamas Sedegad moaqvs saxelmwifos daSla da gaxrwna.

qveSevrdomebisaTvis sakuTrebis absoluturi uflebis miwera. kidev erTi mcdari swavleba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom yovel adamians aqvs absoluturi ufleba kerZo sakuTrebaze, riTac gamoiricxeba suverenis ufleba. realurad ki, TiToeul adamians aqvs sakuTrebaze ufleba, riTac gamoiricxeba sxva qveSevrdomebis ufleba amave sakuTrebaze. igi am uflebas flobs mxolod umaRlesi xelisuflebis mxardaWeriT, romlis gareSec nebismieri sxva adamianic igive uflebebiT isargeblebda imave sakuTrebaze. suverenis uflebac rom gamoricxuli yofiliyo, maSin suvereni veRar SesZlebda masze dakisrebuli valdebulebebis Sesrulebas, konkretulad ki, qveSevrdomTa dacvas sagareo mtrisa da Sida ganxeTqilebebisagan.. . ..

swavleba umaRlesi xelisuflebis dayofis Sesaxeb. arsebobs swavleba, romelic pirdapir mimarTulia saxelmwifos arsis sawinaaRmdegod. igi ase JRers: SesaZlebelia umaRlesi xelisuflebis dayofa. xelisuflebis danawileba niSnavs saxelmwifos danawilebasac, radganac dayofili xelisuflebebi erTmaneTs anadgureben. amgvari swavlebebi zogierTi profesionali iuristis damsaxurebaa, romlebsac surT, rom adamianebi daqvemdebarebulni iyvnen ara sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebaze, aramed maTsave swavlebebze.

mcdari swavlebebis msgavsad, mezobel xalxebSi mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva formebis magaliTi xSirad ubiZgebs adamianebs sakuTari mmarTvelobis formis Secvlisken.

romaelebisa da berZnebisadmi mibaZva. rac Seexeba monarqiis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTul ajanyebebs, rogorc wesi, amisi umTavresi mizezi aris Zveli berZnebisa da romaelebis istoriuli da politikuri wignebis kiTxva. ecnobian ra am qvynebis kulturasa da sxva miRwevebs, aseve, imyofebian ra didi mxedarTmTavrebis mier ganxorcielebuli sagmiro saqmeebis zegavlenis qveS, Cveulebrivi adamianebi, romlebic ar gamoirCevian Rrma azrovnebiT, fiqroben, rom am yovelives aRniSnulma xalxebma miaRwies ara sxvadasxva pirovnebebis urTierT metoqeobis Sedegad, aramed mmarTvelobis demokratiuli formis wyalobiT. Ees xalxi ar aqcevs yuradRebas imas, Tu ramden ajanyebasa da samoqalaqo oms daudo saTave aRniSnuli qveynebis arasrulyofilma saxelmwifo wyobilebam. Aamgvari wignebis kiTxvis Sedegad, adamianebi sakuTar monarqTa mokvlazec ki midian, radgan berZeni da romaeli avtorebi politikis Sesaxeb daweril TavianT naSromebSi msgavs moqmedebebs kanonierad miiCneven Tuki amgvari qmedebis Cadenamde adamianebi TavianT mmarTvels tiranad monaTlaven. isini ar amboben: regicide - “mefis mkveleloba” gamarTlebulia, aramed amboben: tirannicide - “tiranis mkvleloba” gamarTlebulia. am wignebis kiTxvis Sedegad, monarqiul wyobilebaSi mcxovrebT hgoniaT, rom demokratiuli saxelmwifos moqalaqeebi TavisuflebiT tkbebian (Tumca Tavad demokratiuli saxelmwifos mkvidrni ase ar fiqroben). Aamitom me vTvli, rom araferia saxelmwifosTvis imaze damRupveli, vidre amgvari tipis wignebis Riad, Sesabamisi sakiTxis eqspertTa ganmartebebis gareSe kiTxva, romelTac SuZliaT TavianTi SeniSvnebiT gaaneitralon mocemuli wignebis Sxami. Aam wignebis kiTxvas me Sevadarebdi cofiani ZaRlis nakbens, romelic Sedegad iwvevs im avadmyofobas, romelsac eqimebi wylis SiSs uwodeben. radgan, iseve rogorc aseTi ZaRlis dakbenili ixrCoba wyurviliT, magram mainc panikurad eSinia wylis, aseve monarqiac, erTxel dakbenili im tipis demokratiuli mwerlebis naazreviT, romlebic gamudmebiT demokratias mistirian, yvelze metad Zlier monarqs saWiroebs magram, amavdroulad, tiranofobiis gamo, eSinia misi.

fuladi saxsrebis deficiti. Asaxelmwifos am umTavresi avadmyofobebis garda arsebobs ufro naklebad mniSvnelovani avadmyofobebic, romelTa ar dasaxeleba aseve SeuZlebelia. pirveli amgvari avadmyofobebidan aris saxelmwifosTvis saWiro fulis amoReba, gansakuTrebiT moaxloebuli omis pirobebSi. Aam sirTulis mizezi isaa, rom qveSevrdomebs hgoniaT maT sakuTrebaze suverens aranairi ufleba ara aqvs. Tu xalxisagan amoRebuli Tanxebi araa sakmarisi, xelisufleba cdilobs Seamciros sakuTari xarjebi; roca saomar pirobebSi arc es aRaraa sakmarisi, igi iwyebs kanonis ZaliT xalxTan brZolas da roca aRarc esaa sakmarisi, xelisuflebam an SeiaraRebuli Zala unda gamoiyenos an ki saerTod saxelmwifo unda ganadgurdes. amgvar mdgomareobas me Sevadarebdi adamianis sxeulis iseT avadmyofobas, rogoricaa cieb-cxeleba. Aam avadmyofobis dros venebi daxSulia da guls Sesabamisi raodenobiT ver miewodeba sisxli.

amas garda, arsebobs saxelmwifos iseTi avadmyofoba, romelsac me Sevadarebdi plevrits. Ees maSin xdeba, roca saxelmwifo finansebi zedmetad didi raodenobiT

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koncentrirdeba erTi an ramodenime saxelmwifo moxelis xelSi _ iseve rogorc plevritis dros sisxli koncentrirdeba gulis parkuWSi da warmoqmnis anTebas, rasac Tan axlavs cieb-cxeleba da tkivili.

aseve damRupvelia calkeuli gavleniani qveSevrdomebis popularoba, roca saxelmwifo araa darwmunebuli am pirovnebis erTgulebaSi. am dros xalxi Tayvans scems amgvar pirovnebas da ara monarqs; Tumca adamianebma arc ki ician am pirovnebis zneobrivi Tvisebebi da realuri miznebi. Mmsgavsi SemTxvevebi ufro demokratiisTvis aris damaxasiTebeli. AaseTi magaliTia iulius cezari, romelmac moipova armiis siyvaruli da daupirispirda senats. sabolood gaimarjva da gabatonda rogorc senatze, aseve xalxzec. popularuli da pativmoyvare adamianebis amgvari moqmedebebi aris aSkara janyi da SeiZleba SevadaroT jadoqrobas.

saxelmwifosTvis kidev erTi naklia iseTi metismetad didi qalaqis arseboba, romelsac sakuTari cocxali Zalebisa da finansebis saSualebiT SeeZleba Seqmnas mravalricxovani armia.

aseve avadmyofobaa bevri korporaciis arseboba, romlebic TiTqos erTi didi saxelmwifos farglebSi mraval patar-patara saxelmwifos warmoqmnian.

CamoTvlili tipis avadmyofobebs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT absoluturi xelisuflebis sawinaaRmdego gamosvlebis Tavisuflebac. Aamgvari TavisuflebiT, ZiriTadad mosaxleobis dabali fenebidan gamosuli adamianebi sargebloben. mcdari swavlebebiT STagonebulni, TavinTi gamoxdomebiT mudmiv areulobebs warmoSoben saxelmwifoSi da emsgavsebian im patara matlebs, romlebsac eqimebi askaridebs uwodeben.

saxelmwifos avadmyofobebs Cven SegviZlia davumatoT Semdegi: teritoriebis gafarToebisken dauokebeli swrafva; dapyrobili teritoriebis simsivnuri warmonaqmni, romlis Senaxvac xSirad tvirTad awevs saxelmwifos; aseve zedmeti wveulebebi, rac sakmao xarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli.

da bolos, saxelmwifo daSlilad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, roca omis Sedegad mowinaaRmdegem moipova saboloo gamarjveba da qveSevrdomTa usafrTxoebas aravin aRar icavs (roca jarma datova brZolis veli). AaseT dros adamianebs SeuZliaT nebismieri xerxiT daicvan sakuTari Tavi. radgan suvereni aris saxelmwifos suli da roca suli kvdeba, sxeuli veRar iarsebebs. xolo maT, vinc saWiroebs dacvas, SeuZliaT igi EeZion sxvagan da roca amgvar damcvels ipovnian, valdebulni arian daicvan TavianTi damcveli ukanasknel wuTamde. xolo Tuki damxobilia krebis Zalaufleba, maSin misi uflebebi erTxel da samudamod uqmdeba. Tavad krebam Sewyvita arseboba da Sesabamisad, mas aRar SeuZlia Tavidan itvirTos umaRlesi xelisuflebis valdebulebebi.

Tavi XXXsuverenis valdebulebebis Sesaxeb

xalxis keTildReobis uzrunvelyofa. suverenis (ara aqvs mniSvneloba monarqi iqneba es Tu kreba) uflebebi ganisazRvreba im mizniT, risTvisac mas mieniWa umaRlesi xelisufleba - konkretulad ki, xalxis usafrTxoebis dacvis mizniT. Aamaze igi pasuxs agebs mxolod da mxolod RmerTis _ am kanonis Semoqmedis winaSe. UusafrTxobis uzrunvelyofaSi ar igulisxmeba mxolod arseboba, aramed aseve, TiToeuli adamianis uzrunvelyofa cxovrebisaTvis aucilebeli keTildReobis pirobebiT, romelic mopovebuli iqneba patiosani SromiT da ar warmoadgens saSiSroebas saxelmwifosTvis. am amocanis Sesruleba ar gulisxmobs mxolod calkeul individebze zrunvas, aramed erTiani zomebis gatarebas. es xalxSi ganaTlebis gavrcelebasa da kargi kanonebis miRebas gulisxmobs.

raime arsebiT uflebaze uaris Tqma ewinaaRmdegeba suverenis movaleobas. usamarTlobaa ar auxsna adamianebs, Tu ra aris am uflebebis safuZveli. imdenad ramdenadac suverenis mier Tavis uflebebze uaris Tqma gamoiwvevda admianebis dabrunebas qaossa da omis pirobebSi, suverenis movaleobaa mTlianad SeinarCunos es uflebebi. is, vinc uars acxadebs im saSualebebze, rasac miznamde mivyavarT, TavisTavad uars ambobs mizanzec. saSualebebze uaris Tqma xdeba maSin, roca suvereni Tavs samoqalaqo kanonebisadmi daqvemdebarebulad cnobs an uars ambobs umaRles iurisdiqciaze, omis gamocxadebisa da zavis dadebis uflebaze, gadasaxadebis akrefaze da a.S. amave dros, suvereni movaleobis sapirispirod iqceva, roca qveSevrdomebs ar uxsnis am Tavisi movaleobebis arss. aseT SemTxvevaSi qveSevrdomebma ucodinrobidan gamomdinare, SesaZloa winaaRmdegoba gauwion suverenis mier Tavisi uflebebis ganxorcielebas. amboben, rom ubralo adamianebs ar SeswevT imisi unari, rom maT am sakiTxebze esaubro. Mme Zalian moxaruli viqnebodi, mdidari da gavleniani adamianebis

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gonebrivi monacemebi Cveulebrivi adamianebis gonebriv monacemebze naklebi rom ar iyos. Mmagram yvelam icis rom am tipis swavlebebis aRiarebas xels uSlis ara maTi Sinaarsi, aramed im adamianTa interesebi, visTvisac es ideebia gankuTvnili. Zlier adamianebs uWirT iseT rameebTan Segueba, rac maT vnebebs moTokavda, xolo swavlul adamianebs ki imasTan Segueba, rom maT Secdomebs gamoaaSkaravebs da amiT maTi avtoriteti Seilaxeba. Cveulebrivi adamianebis tvinebi ki, Tu isini ar arian damokidebulni ZlierTa ama soflisaze da maTi goneba araa dabinduli mecnierTa SexedulebebiT, aris sufTa furceliviT, romelzec SeiZleba aRibeWdos yvelaferi, rasac saxelmwifo xelisufleba moindomebs. Tuki SesaZlebeli iyo mTeli erebisaTvis im didi qristianuli saidumloebebis WeSmaritebaSi darwmuneba, rac adamianis gonebisaTvis miuwvdomelia, xolo milionobiT adamianisaTvis ki imis dajereba,, rom erTi da imave dros erTi sxeuli SesaZloa sxvadasxva adgilze imyofebodes, rac TavisTavad ewinaaRmdegeba gonierebas, gana SeuZlebelia saxelmwifosaTvis prioritetuli swavlebis (romlebic absoluturad ar ewinaaRmdegeba gonierebas) adamianebSi gavrceleba? Aamitom me vTvli, rom suverenis movaleobaa adamianebs aswavlos uzenaesi xelisuflebis uflebebi, rac amvdroulad, aris bunebrivi da ZiriTadi kanonebi.

adamianebs unda eswavlebodeT, rom isini ar unda ixiblebodnen mezobeli qveynebis saxelmwifo wyobilebis sxvadasxva formebiT ufro metad, vidre sakuTariT. SecdomaSi ar unda iqnen Seyvanilni arc sxva tipis mmarTvelobis qveS myofTa keTildReobiT; radgan aristokratiuli Tu demokratiuli mmarTvelobis qveS myofTa keTildReoba ganpirobebulia ara mmarTvelobis formiT, aramed qveSevrdomTa TanxmobiTa da morCilebiT; monarqiaSi ki xalxi kargad cxovrobs ara imitom, rom erTi kaci marTavs, aramed imitom, rom xalxi emorCileba am adamians. aqedan gamomdinare, xalxma unda icodes, Tu ramxela danaSaulia umaRlesi xelisuflebis warmomadgenlis cudad moxsenieba da misi mmarTvelobis gakritikeba.

yvela suvereni unda cdilobdes xalxisaTvis samarTlianobis swavlebasac, romlis arsi isaa, rom aravin ar SeiZleba sxvas waarTvas is, rac am adamians ekuTvnis. sakuTrebis obieqtebidan adamianisaTvis yvelaze Zvirfasi misi sxeuli da am sxeulis sxvadasxva nawilebia; momdevno adgilze dgas is, rac col-qmrul kavSirTanaa dakavSirebuli; Semdeg modis simdidre da saarsebo saSualebebi.

da bolos, adamianebs unda CaenergoT ara marto is, rom ukanono qmedebebis Cadenaa ukanonoba, aramed amgvari qmedebebis Cadenis mxolod ganzraxvac ki scildeba kanonis farglebs . . .

rogor unda CavunergoT qveSevrdomebs amgvari swavlebebi? Mme vTvli, rom adamianebSi ganaTlebis Setana mTlianad damokidebulia universitetebSi axalgazrdobis swavlebis sworad warmarTvaze.

Tuki garkveuli garemoebebis gamo adamianebs aRar SeswevT Zala _ sakuTari SromiT Seinaxon Tavi, maSin maTTvis saarsebo pirobebis Seqmna saxelmwifom sxvis qvelmoqmedebas ki ar unda miandos, aramed Tavad unda aiRos Tavis Tavze. rac Seexeba fizikurad Zlier adamianebs, maT saxelmwifom Zala unda daatanos da amuSaos. AamisaTvis saxelmwifom xeli unda Seuwyos sxvadasxva samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas. xolo Tu Raribi, magram fizikurad Zlieri adamianebis masa izrdeba, suverenma isini unda gadaasaxlos qveynis jer kidev kargad dausaxlebel teritoriebze. iq gadasaxlebulebma ki ar unda amowyviton adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi, aramed mxolod unda Seaviwrovon. xolo roca mTeli dedamiwa metismetad mWidrod dasaxlebuli gaxdeba, maSin ukanasknel saSualebad rCeba omi, romelic Azrunavs TiToeul adamianze, aniWebs ra maT gamarjvebas an sikvdils.

ra aris kargi kanoni. Kkargi kanonia is kanoni, romelic aucilebeli adamianTa keTildReobisaTvis da amavdroulad, yvelasaTvis gasagebia. suvreni unda zrunavdes kargi kanonebis gamocemaze. kargi kanonis qveS me vgulisxmob samarTlian kanons, radgan aranairi kanoni ar SeiZleba iyos usamarTlo. da bolos, kargi kanonia is kanoni, romelic aucilebelia xalxis keTildReobisTvis da amavdroulad yvelasTvis gasagebia.

SeniSvnebi

1. hobsi cdilobs ipovos empiriuli dadastureba Tavisi Tezisisa “omi yvelasi yvelas winaaRmdeg”, Tumca misi Sexeduleba Crdiloamerikuli tomebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb ar Seesabameba simarTles. im dros, roca evropelebi gaecnen amerikel aborigenebs, isini imyofebodnen neTesaobriv-tomobriv wyobilebaSi da hqondaT sakmaod ganviTarebuli tomobrivi da tomTaSorisi urTierTobebi.

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2. hobsis mixedviT xelSekruleba aris umravlesobis nebis gamoxatuleba. Tumca hobsi ar cnobs arc xalxsa da suverens Soris xelSekrulebas da arc suverenis pasuxismgeblobas xalxis winaSe.

3. hobsi gamodis saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mxridan umkacresi cenzuris damyarebis momxred. misi es moTxovna upirveles yovlisa mimarTulia im sxvadasxva religiuri doqtrinebisa da sauniversiteto sqolastikuri Teoriebis sawinaaRmdegod, romelTa mizani arsebuli saxlmwifo wyobilebisaTvis Ziris gamoTxraa.

4. mmarTvelobis formebis mocemuli klasifikacia dasabams iRebs aristoteledan. igi Tavis “politikaSi” saxelmwifos formebs imisda mixedviT ganasxvavebs, Tu ra raodenobis adamianebi marTaven da visi interesebidan gamomdinare xorcieldeba konkretuli mmarTveloba.

5. aq hobsi aSkarad oliver kromvels gulisxmobs, romelmac lord-proteqtoris tituli, praqtikulad ki saxelmwifos meTauris Tanamdeboba miiRo.

6. hobsi Tavis bunebriv-samarTlebriv swavlebas saxelwifos Sesaxeb upirispirebs saxelmwifoebriv-samarTlebriv swavlebebs, romlebic misi azriT efuZnebodnen Cveulebrivi samarTlis normebs da TavianT argumentebs arsebuli saxelmwifoebis praqtikidan gamomdinare magaliTebze afuZnebdnen. swored amgvar Teoriebad miaCnda hobss aristotelesa da ciceronis Teoriebi.

7. grakxusebi _ tiberius sempronius grakxusi (162_133 Zv. w.aR.), romaeli saxelmwifo moRvawe, saxalxo tribuni. cdilobda ganexorcielebina progresuli agraruli reforma; senatorebma is Tavis samas momxresTan erTad ise mokles, rom garSemo Sekrebil plebss xelic ki ar gaunZrevia Tavisi lideris dasacavad.

gaius sempronius grakxusi (154 _ 121 Zv. w. aR) _ saxalxo tribuni, Tavisi Zmis, tiberiusis saqmis gamgrZelebeli. isic romis senatTan uTanasworo brZolaSi daiRupa.

8. soloni (640 – 560 Zv.w.aR) _ cnobili aTeneli politikuri moRvawe da socialuri reformatori. epizodi, romelzec hobsi saubrobs, moxda VII s. Zv.w.aR., roca solonis samxedro meTaurobis qveS aTenelebi ebrZodnen megarebs salaminis kunZulebisaTvis.

teqsti Targmna da SeniSvnebi daurTo

salome dunduam (ibeWdeba SemoklebiT)

jon loki(1632-1704)

mokle biografiuli monacemebi

gamoCenili ingliseli moazrovnis jon lokis (1632 – 1704 ww.) saxeli mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli ganmanaTleblobasTan. xSirad mas liberalizmis politikuri ideologiis fuZemdebladac miiCneven. misma ideebma mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes amerikaSi, kolonistebis ganmanTavisuflebel moZraobaze da, zogadad, aSS – politikuri sistemis Camoyalibebazec.

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jon lokis umTavresi naSromia: “ori traqtati mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb”, romelic anonimurad gamoqveynda inglisSi 1690 wels. Tavisi avtorobis Sesaxeb lokma mxolod mogvianebiT ganacxada. naSromis pirveli traqtati Seqmnilia ser robert filmerisa da misi mimdevrebis principebisa da Sexedulebebis gasabaTileblad da mas mxolod istoriuli mniSvnelobaRa SemorCa. meore traqtati ki samoqalaqo mmarTvelobis “WeSmarit warmoSobas, moculobasa da miznebs exeba”.

pirdapiri monacemebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu sad da rogor werda loki Tavis naSroms ar arsebobs. savaraudod, man naSromis mTeli Tu ara, ZiriTadi nawili mainc holandiaSi dawera, saidanac igi samSobloSi 1689 wels dabrunda. naSromi ki maleve, 1690 wels gamoaqveyna.

imdenad, ramdenadac “ori traqtati mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb” uSualod robert filmeris mosazrebaTa gasabaTilebladaa mimarTuli, upriani iqneboda Tavad robert filmerzec ramodenime sityvis Tqma.

robert filmeri (gardaicvala 1653 wels) iyo inglisis mefe Carlz I-is momxre da SeuzRudavi samefo xelisuflebis damcveli. inglisis revoluciis dros man gamoaqveyna ramodenime nawarmoebi, romlebSic igi parlamentis sawinaaRmdegod da mefis mxardamWerad gamodioda. mefis mxardamWeri partiis momxreebSi filmerma didi popularoba moipova. filmers darCa ori gamouqveynebeli naSromi, romlebic mamis gardacvalebis Semdeg misma Svilma gamoaqveyna. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba moipova broSuram “patriarqi anu mefeebis bunebrivi Zalaufleba”, romelic 1680 wels, inglisis 1688 wlis revoluciamde arc ise didi xniT adre gamoqveynda. filmeris aRniSnul naSroms didi mowonebiT Sexvdnen absoluturi monarqiis momxre Zalebi.

jon loki Carlz II-is politikur mowinaaRmdegeTa da 1688 wlis revoluciis aqtiur momxreTa rigebs miekuTvneboda. Sesabamisad, igi im politikuri wyobilebis _ konstituciuri monarqiis damcvelad gamodioda, romelic swored 1688 wlis revoluciis Semdeg damkvidrda inglisSi.

lokis mier Seqmnili traqtatebi Teoriuli xasiaTis naSromebia. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavis naSroms loki ganixilavda rogorc saxelovani (usisxlo) revoluciis mxardasaWerad Seqmnils, masSi erTi sityvac ki araa naTqvami 1688 wlis politikuri movlenebis Taobaze.

werili tolerantobis Sesaxeb

XVII saukunis inglisis politikur cxovrebaSi didi adgili ekava religiur brZolasa da saeklesio politikis sakiTxebs. Sesabamisad, jon lokic mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovan adgils uTmobda religiis, saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobebis sakiTxebs. loki gamodioda farTo religiuri Semwynareblobis momxred da damcvelad.

1680 wels wm. pavles taZris meTaurma da, Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo anglikanuri eklesiis warmomadgenelma stilingflitma gamoaqveyna ori naSromi, romlebic gaJRenTili iyo nonkomformistebis (es iyo XVII saukunis inglisSi gavrcelebuli religiuri mimdinareoba, romlis mimdevrebic ar aRiarebdnen anglikanuri eklesiis swavlebasa da ritualebs – independentebi, presviterianebi) mimarT religiuri SeuwynareblobiT. lokma amis sapasuxod maSinve dawera naSromi “nonkonformizmis dacva”.

1685 wels lokis mier laTinur enaze dawerili “werili tolerantobis Sesaxeb ideurad imave mizans emsaxureboda, rasac zemoT aRniSnuli naSromi. aRniSnuli werili mimarTulia holandieli mRvdelmsaxur – remonstrantis, filip van limborxus mimarT, romelic amavdroulad lokis axlo megobaric iyo.

werili pirvelad 1689 wels, laTinur enaze, anonimurad gamovida. loki didxans inaxavda saidumlod am naSromis avtorobas da mxolod anderZSi aRiara, rom “werili tolerantobis Sesaxeb” misi dawerili iyo.

werili imave 1689 wels inglisur enazec gamovida. mas bevri mowinaaRmdege gamouCnda. lokma kritikosebis sapasuxod da Tavisi Sexedulebebis dasacavad, dawera “meore werili tolerantobis Sesaxeb” (1690w.) da “mesame werili tolerantobis Sesaxeb” (1692w.). werilebi daibeWda philantropus-is fsevdonimiT. lokis gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1706 wels gamoqveynebul iqna kidev erTi “werili tolerantobis Sesaxeb”, romlis dasrulebac avtorma ver moaswro.

ori traqtati mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb(meore traqtati)

wigni meore129

samoqalaqo mmarTvelobis SesaxebTavi I

nawili 2. vfiqrob, saWiroa imis ganmarteba, Tu ras vuwodeb me politikur xelisuflebas, rameTu erTmaneTisgan unda ganvasxvavoT erTi mxriv - Tanamdebobaze myofi adamianis xelisufleba Tavis qveSevrdomze da meore mxriv, Svilebze _ mamis, mosamsaxureebze _ patronis, colze _ qmris da monaze batonis xelisufleba. marTalia xelisuflebis yvela es tipi SeiZleba erTi adamianis xelSi iyos gaerTianebuli, magram Tuki amas aRniSnuli urTierTobebis WrilSi ganvixilavT, es dagvexmareba erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvavoT xelisuflebis mocemuli sxvadasxva tipebi da SevZlebT davinaxoT gansxvaveba saxelmwifos mmarTvels, ojaxis mamasa da xomaldis kapitans Soris.

nawili 3. amrigad, politikur xelisuflebad me mimaCnia is xelisufleba, romelsac aqvs imgvari kanonebis miRebis ufleba, romelic iTvaliswinebs sikvdiliT dasjas da, Sesabamisad, sakuTrebis dacvis mizniT, ufro msubuqi sasjelis ganxorcielebasac. aseve, am kanonebisa da gareSe Zalebisagan saxelmwifos dacvis mizniT, politikur xelisuflebas ufleba aqvs gamoiyenos Tanamegobrobis Zalisxmeva. am yovelives mizani mxolod da mxolod sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis dacvaa.

Tavi IIbunebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb

nawili 4. imisaTvis, rom swored gavigoT politikuri xelisufleba d misi warmoSobis mizezebi, saWiroa ganvixiloT, Tu rogor bunebriv mdgomareobaSi imyofeba yvela adamiani. bunebrivi mdgomareoba _ esaa sruli Tavisuflebis mdgomareoba, roca adamianebi aravisTan ar aTanxmeben TavianT moqmedebebs da sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr ganageben pirad qonebasa da pirovnebas. esaa aseve Tanasworobis mdgomareoba, roca aravis ara aqvs sxvaze meti uflebebi an Zalaufleba. araferia imaze ufro aSkara da cxadi, vidre is, rom erTi da igive jiSisa da tipis arsebebi Tanabari bunebrivi upiratesobebiT ibadebian da rom am Tanabari upiratesobebis gamoyenebis uflebac yvelasTvis Tanabari unda iyos.

nawili. 6 marTalia, es aris Tavisuflebis mdgomareoba, magram es araa TviTnebobis mdgomareoba. adamiani am mdgomareobaSi ki flobs sakuTari pirovnebisa da sakuTrebis gankargvis srul Tavisuflebas, magram mas ara aqvs Tavisufleba _ gaanadguros misi xelisuflebis qveS myofi romelime arsebis an Tundac sakuTari sicocxle (gamonaklisia is SemTxveva, roca es aucilebelia imaze ufro keTilSobiluri miznebisaTvis, vidre es konkretuli adamianis sicocxlis SenarCuneba SeiZleba iyos). bunebriv mdgomareobaSi moqmedebs bunebis kanoni, romelic mas marTavs da romelic aucilebelia yvelasaTvis. es kanonia – goniereba. igi yvelas aswavlis, rom radganac adamianebi Tanasworebi da damoukidebelni arian, maT arc sxva adamianis sicocxles, janmrTelobas, Tavisuflebasa da sakuTrebas ar unda miayenon ziani. yvela adamiani erTi Semoqmedis mier aris Seqmnili da erTi uzenaesi RmerTis msaxuria. isini am Semoqmedis sakuTrebani arian da, amitom, maTi sicocxlec manam unda gagrZeldes, sanam es uzenaes RmerTs surs da ara Tavad adamianebs.

yvela adamiani unda iqnes SezRuduli sxvaTa uflebebisa da sicocxlis xelyofisagan.adamianebi bunebriv mdgomareobaSi imyofebian manam, sanam sakuTari surviliT

isini ar xdebian romelime politikuri sazogadoebis wevrebi.

Tavi IIIomis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb

nawili 16. omis mdgomareoba - esaa mtrobisa da ngrevis mdgomareoba. sruliad samarTliania, rom me vflobde imis ganadgurebis uflebas, rac me Tavad memuqreba ganadgurebiT. bunebis ZiriTadi kanonis mixedviT, unda Seecado adamianis dacvas ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia; magram, roca SeuZlebelia yvelas dacva, maSin pirvel rigSi udanaSauloni unda daicva. adamians zustad iseve SeuZlia moklas is, vinc mas ebrZvis da safrTxes uqmnis mis sicocxles, rogorc mgeli an lomi. es adamianebi ar arian erTmaneTTan saerTo gonierebis jaWvebiT dakavSirebulni, maT marTavT mxolod Zala da Zaladoba. aqedan gamomdinare, isini SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc saSiSi da mavne mtacebeli cxovelebi, romlebic ueWvelia rom adamians gaanadgureben, Tuki is maT xelSi Cavardeba.

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nawili 17. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom is, vinc meore adamianis mTlianad damorCilebas Seecdeba, am adamianTan saomar mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba. es gagebul unda iqnes, rogorc sicocxlis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli qmedeba, radganac me maqvs imis eWvis safuZveli, rom Tuki vinme mimorCilebs Cemi Tanxmobis gareSe, SesaZloa, rom man SemdgomSi Cemi sicocxlis xelyofac moisurvos. goniereba mkarnaxobs, rom aseT adamians unda vuyuro, rogorc mters, romelic Cems Tavisuflebas Seuracxyofs. is adamiani, romelic Tavisuflebis warTmevas mogisurvebs, savaraudoa, rom sxva yvelafersac wagarTmevs, rameTu yvela danarCenis safuZveli aris Tavisufleba.

nawili 18. am midgomiT, qurdis mokvla, romelic cdilobs wagarTvas raime sakuTreba, kanonieria. qurdi qurdobis aqtiT saomar mdgomareobaSi Semodis Cems mimarT da, amitom, Tavadve igdebs Tavs sikvdilis safrTxis qveS.

nawili 19. ai, swored aqaa aSkara gansxvaveba saomar mdgomareobasa da bunebriv mdgomareobas Soris. es ori mdgomareoba, miuxedavad imisa, Tu ras amtkiceben zogierTebi (1), iseve gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, rogorc mSvidobis, keTili nebis, urTierTdaxmarebisa da usafrTxoebis mdgomareoba mtrobis, boRmis, Surianobis, Zaladobisa da ngrevis mdgomareobisagan. roca adamianebi gonierebis safuZvelze erTad cxovroben da ar arsebobs aravin, visac eqneboda maTi gansjis ufleba, isini imyofebian bunebriv mdgomareobaSi. Zala an sxva piris winaaRmdeg Zalis gamoyenebaze ganacxadi, aris omis mdgomareoba. radganac adamians ara aqvs imis saSualeba, rom daxmarebisaTvis mimarTos vinme zemdgoms, igi flobs imis uflebas, rom Tavadve awarmoos omi agresoris winaaRmdeg. Zalauflebis mqone saerTo msajulis ararseboba yvela adamians ayenebs bunebriv mdgomareobaSi.

nawili 20. rodesac wydeba Zalis gamoyeneba, avtomaturad, wydeba dapirispirebul mxareebs Soris saomari mdgomareobac da orive mxare mimarTavs kanonis samarTlianobas. magram bunebriv mdgomareobaSi, roca amgvari mimarTvis saSualeba ar arsebobs da arc samarTlis normebi moqmedebs, erTxel dawyebuli mtroba xangrZlivad grZeldeba da bevri udanaSaulo adamianis sicocxlesac imsxverplebs.

nawili 21. swored omis am mdgomareobisaTvis Tavis arideba aris mTavari mizezi imisa, rom adamianebi qmnian sazogadoebas da uars acxadeben bunebriv mdgomareobaze. im SemTxvevaSi, roca arsebobs xelisufleba, romelsac SeiZleba mimarTo daxmarebisTvis, davas swored es xelisufleba wyvets. Sedegad, gamoiricxeba saomari mdgomareoba.

Tavi IVmonobis Sesaxeb

nawili 22. adamianis bunebrivi Tavisufleba gulisxmobs, rom igi Tavisufalia yovelgvari umaRlesi miwieri xelisuflebisgan, ar imyofeba adamianTa fizikuri an iuridiuli xelisuflebis qveS da rom igi unda xelmZRvanelobdes mxolod bunebrivi kanonebidan gamomdinare. sazogadoebaSi adamianis Tavisufleba gulisxmobs imas, rom igi ar emorCileba aranair sxva sakanonmdebli xelisuflebas, garda im xelisuflebisa, romelic SeTanxmebis safuZvelze arsebobs saxelmwifoSi. adamiani ar emorCileba vinmes nebas da araa SezRuduli raime saxis kanoniT, garda im kanonebisa, romelsac xalxisagan gamoxatuli ndobis safuZvelze adgens aRniSnuli sakanonmdeblo organo. aqedan gamomdinare, Tavisufleba ar SeiZleba ganisazRvros ise, rogorc amas gansazRvravda ser robert filmeri: “Tavisufleba niSnavs adamianma icxovros da imoqmedos ise, rogorc mas surs da ar iyos SezRuduli aranairi kanoniT.” xelisuflebis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi adamianebis Tavisufleba gulisxmobs mTeli sazogadoebisaTvis saerTo, cxovrebisaTvis aucilebeli mudmivi wesebis arsebobas, romelic saxelmwifoSi arsebuli sakanonmdeblo organos mier iqneba dadgenili. am TavisuflebaSi nagulisxmevia, rom adamians SeuZlia imoqmedos sakuTari neba-survilis mixedviT yvela im SemTxvevaSi, roca amas ar ukrZalavs kanoni da ar iyos damokidebuli sxva adamianis cvalebad da gaurkvevel nebaze. bunebriv mdgomareobaSi ki adamiani bunebrivi kanonebis garda arafriT araa SezRuduli.

nawili 23. absoluturi, despoturi xelisuflebisgan amgvari saxis Tavisufleba aucilebelia adamianis sicocxlis SenarCunebisaTvis da imdenad mWidrodaa masTan dakavSirebuli, rom ar SeiZleba adamianma uari Tqvas Tavisuflebaze da amiT safrTxis qveS ar daayenos sakuTari usafrTxoeba da sicocxle. adamians, Tuki igi ar ganagebs sakuTar sicocxles, ar SeuZlia xelSekrulebis an raime Tanxmobis safuZvelze sakuTari Tavi vinmes daumonos; aseve, ar SeuZlia daeqvemdebaros vinmes absolutur, despotur xelisuflebas. adamians arc imis ufleba aqvs, gamoasalmos sakuTari Tavi sicocxles, roca mas es moesurveba.

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Tavi VsakuTrebis Sesaxeb

nawili 27. marTalia dedamiwa adamianisa da masze dabla mdgomi yvela arsebisaTvis saerToa, magram yvela adamiani mainc flobs raRac sakuTrebas _ sakuTar Tavs, romelzec ufleba mis garda aravis ara aqvs. Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom adamianis Sromis nayofi, TavisTavad, masve ekuTvnis. rodesac adamiani bunebis mier Seqmnili saerTo qonebidan raRacas sakuTari SromiTac umatebs, igi amiT gamoricxavs am saganze sxvaTa mflobelobas.

nawili 28. roca adamiani ikvebeba xis Ziridan akrefili rkoTi, an tyeSi mokrefili vaSliT, udavoa, rom es rko da vaSli mis sakuTrebaSi gadadis. veravin uaryofs, rom es sakvebi am adamians ekuTvnis. magram me vkiTxulob: rodis gaxda es rko da vaSli am adamianis? rodesac daagemovna? Tu, rodesac moxarSa? an, iqneb, rodesac saxlSi miitana? absoluturi WeSamaritebaa is, rom Tu es nayofi am adamianis kuTvnileba ar gaxda mokrefisTanave, maSin verc verasdros veRar gaxdeba. misma Sromam warmoSva gansxvaveba am sagansa da saerTo sagnebs Soris. man raRac kidev daumata imas, rac bunebam Seqmna da amiT moipova masze kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba. gana vinmes SeuZlia Tqvas, rom am adamians ar hqonda vaSlebsa da rkoze aranairi ufleba, manam sanam mTeli kacobriobisgan ar miiRebda nebarTvas? da rom, aqedan gamomdinare, es iyo qurdoba _ moekrifa is, rac mTel kacobriobas ekuTvnoda? amgvari Tanxmoba rom marTlac saWiro yofiliyo, miuxedavad RmerTis mier Seqmnili bunebrivi simdidrisa, adamiani SimSilisgan mokvdeboda. ase rom, balaxi, romelic Cemma cxenma moZova, torfi, romelic Cemma mosamsaxurem moWra, da madani, romelic me movipove miwis nakveTze, romliTac sargeblobis ufleba sxvebTan erTad mec mqonda, xdeba Cemi kerZo sakuTreba sxvisi Tanxmobis gareSe. Cemma Sromam, rac me gavswie ama Tu im saqmis keTebisas da romliTac me es sagnebi gamoviyvane saerTo mflobelobis mdgomareobidan, ganamtkica am sagnebze Cemi sakuTrebis ufleba. marTalia, wyali, romelic gadmodis wyarodan yvelas ekuTvnis, magram vis Seepareba eWvi imaSi, rom kokaSi aRebuli wyali misi amRebis kuTvnilebaa?

nawili 31. SeiZleba vinme SemekamaTos, rom Tu rkosa da sxva nayofis Segroveba maTi mflobelobis uflebas gvaZlevs, maSin nebismiers SeeZleba Seagrovos imdeni, ramdensac moisurvebs. ara, es ase araa. bunebis kanoni, romelic Cven sakuTrebas gvaZlevs, zustad aseve gansazRvravs am sakuTrebis farglebsac. adamians sakuTari SromiT saerTo mflobelobidan sakuTrebad SeuZlia mxolod imdenis aReba, ramdenic misi sasicocxlo moTxovnebisaTvisaa saWiro. anu, ar unda mokrifo imdeni vaSli, rasac ver SeWam da gagifuWdeba. RmerTis mier araferi ar Seqmnila imisTvis, rom adamianma is gaafuWos an gaanadguros.

nawili 32. magram amJamad sakuTrebis ZiriTad wyaros ara miwis nayofi an miwaze mobinadre sxvadasxva cxoveli, aramed Tavad miwa warmoadgens. vfiqrob sakuTrebis es formac iseve iqna SeZenili, rogorc sxva danarCeni. miwis im zomis nakveTi, romlis daxvna, daTesva, momka da misgan miRebuli mosavlis gamoyeneba erT adamians SeuZlia, am adamianis sakuTrebad iqceva. is Tavisi SromiT isakuTrebs miwas. misi ufleba damuSavebul miwaze ar ikargeba maSinac ki, Tu vityviT, rom yvela adamians iseTive ufleba aqvs am miwaze, rogorc mas da, aqedan gamomdinare, Yyvela Tavisi TanamoZmis, mTeli kacobriobis Tanxmobis gareSe mas ar SeuZlia am miwis miTviseba da SemoRobva. rodesac RmerTma adamianebs dedamiwa saerTo sargeblobaSi uboZa, pirobad Sroma daudo. amasve moiTxovda adamianisgan is ubadruki mdgomareoba, romelSic igi imyofeboda. RmerTi da keTilgoniereba ubrZanebda adamians miwis damuSavebas.

nawili 34. RmerTma adamianebs dedamiwa uboZa saerTo mflobelobaSi. magram, ramdenadac man igi adamianebs maTive keTildReobisTvis uboZa, ar unda vifiqroT, rom RmerTs TiTqos surdes - es dedamiwa marad ganuyofeli iyos da saerTo mflobelobaSi darCes.

nawili 46. im saganTa didi nawili, romelic namdvilad sasargebloa adamianis arsebobisaTvis da rasac jer kidev pirvelyofili adamiani eZebda, fuWebadia. anu, Tu maT male ar gamoiyeneb, TavisTavad gafuWdeba da gamouyenebeli darCeba. oqro, vercxli da brilianti _ es is sagnebia, romlebsac Ffasi viRacis Wirveulobisa Tu SeTanxmebis safuZvelze da ara maTi realuri aucileblobisa Tu sargeblianobis gamo daedo. amgvari sagnebis dagroveba adamians SeuZlia, radgan isini ar miekuTvnebian fuWebadi sagnebis rigs. ase rom, bunebis mier yvelasTvis boZebuli nivTebis aReba adamians im raodenobiT SeeZlo, ra raodenobis gamoyenebac ar aRemateboda mis Zalebs. Seagrovebda ra adamiani as

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rkosa Tu vaSls, am Segrovebis aqtiT rkoca da vaSlic ukve misi sakuTreba xdeboda. mas mxolod imazeRa unda ezruna, rom Segrovebuli vaSli da rko gafuWebamde gamoeyenebina. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, gamovidoda, rom man Tavis wilze meti aiRo da amiT gaqurda danarCeni adamianebi. da marTlac, uazroba da upatiosnoba iqneboda adamians imaze meti Seegrovebina es fuWebadi nivTebi, risi gamoyenebac mas SeeZlo. Tuki adamiani qliavs, romelic man zomaze meti Seagrova da romelic erT kviraSi fuWdeba gadascvlis kakalSi, romelic mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi inaxeba, amiT igi aravis ar miayenebs zians. Semdeg, Tuki man Tavisi kaklebi gadascvala metalis natexSi, romlis feric mas moewona, an Tu Tavisi cxvrebi gadascvala niJarebSi, an matyli _ mbrWyvinav qvebze, an briliantze, romelTac is mTeli cxovreba Seinaxavs, amiT mas aravisTvis miuyenebia ziani. adamians SeuZlia Seinaxos es arafuWebadi sagnebi ramdenic unda. sakuTrebas zRvari edeba ara imis gamo, rom adamians didi qoneba aqvs, aramed imis gamo, rom am qonebis nawili ise fuWdeba, rom aranairi sargebeli ar moaqvs misTvis.

nawili 50. magram, radganac oqro da vercxli, romlebic sakvebTan, tanisamossa da gadaadgilebis saSualebebTan SedarebiT bevrad ufro nakleb aucilebelia adamianis arsebobisaTvis, fasi edebaT mxolod adamianTa SeTanxmebis niadagze, Sroma ki ZiriTad sazomad rCeba, adamianebi SeTanxmdnen miwis araproporciul da araTanabar mflobelobaze. nebayoflobiTi da usityvo SeTanxmebis safuZvelze maT miagnes gzas, romlis meSveobiTac, adamians SeuZlia iqonios bevrad ufro didi miwis nakveTi, vidre mas am nakveTidan aRebuli mosavlis gamoyeneba SeuZlia. es SeTanxmeba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom adamians SeuZlia mosavlis zedmeti nawiliT SeiZinos oqro da vercxli, romlis dagrovebiTac igi aravis ar miayenebs zians _ es liTonebi ar fuWdeba. amgvari dayofa sagnebisa mxolod arasaxelmwifoebrivi mdgomareobisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis dros ki, sakuTrebis uflebas da miwis mflobelobas aregulirebs pozitiuri konstituciebi.

Tavi VIIpolitikuri anu samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Sesaxeb

nawili 77. RmerTma adamiani imgvar arsebad Seqmna, rom misi RvTiuri nebiT, mas marto yofna uWirs da amitom, sazogadoebaSi cxovrebas cdilobs. pirveli sazogadoeba Sesdgeboda coli da qmrisgan, ramac saTave daudo mSoblebisa da Svilebisgan Semdgar sazogadoebas, amas mogvianebiT batonisa da mosamsaxurisgan Semdgari sazogadoeba daemata da ase Semdeg.

nawili 87. yvela adamians dabadebidanve aqvs sruli Tavisufleba da bunebrivi kanonis yvela privilegiebis gamoyenebis Tanabari uflebiT sargeblobs. adamiani bunebrivad flobs ara mxolod Tavisi sakuTrebis, anu sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da qonebis sxvaTa xelyofisagan dacvis uflebas, aramed mas aqvs am kanonis damrRvevis dasjisa da gasamarTlebis uflebac. veranairi politikuri sazogadoeba ver iarsebebs, Tu mis wevrebs ara aqvT sakuTari qonebis dacvisa da sxvebis mier am uflebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi maTi dasjis uflebac. politikuri sazogadoeba arsebobs mxolod iq, sadac misma wevrebma nebayoflobiT ganacxades uari bunebriv Zalauflebaze da yvela sadao SemTxvevaSi mzad arian mimarTon am sazogadoebis mier miRebul kanonebs. sazogadoeba gamodis marTlmsajulebis rolSi. Sedegad, advili gasarCevia, Tu vin imyofeba politikur sazogadoebaSi da vin ara. isini, vinc erT mTlianobaSi arian gaerTianebulni da gaaCniaT saerTo, dadgenili kanonebi da sasamarTlo sistema, romelsac SeiZleba mimarTo sadavo sakiTxebis gadaWrisas da romelic flobs damnaSavis dasjis uflebas - imyofebian samoqalaqo sazogadoebis pirobebSi. xolo isini, romlebsac aseTi saerTo msajuli ar gaaCniaT (vgulisxmob aq, dedamiwaze), jer kidev bunebrivi mdgomareobis pirobebSi imyofebian. anu, TiToeuli adamiani Tavadve aris msajulica da jalaTic.

nawili 89. zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, politikuri an samoqalaqo sazogadoeba arsebobs mxolod maSin, roca adamianTa garkveuli raodenoba gaerTianebulia sazogadoebaSi da TiToeuli maTgani uars ambobs sakuTar, bunebisgan miniWebul aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaze da am uflebas gadascems sazogadoebas. . . amiT adamianebi bunebrivi mdgomareobidan gadadian saxelmwifoSi, radgan dedamiwaze Cndeba msajuli, romelsac eqneba Zalaufleba gadaWras yvela saxis dava da aanazRauros saxelmwifos nebismieri wevrisaTvis miyenebuli zarali. amgvari mosamarTlis funqcias sakanondeblo organo an mis mier daniSnuli piri asrulebs.

nawili 90. cxadia, rom absoluturi monarqia, romelsac zogierTebi mmarTvelobis erTaderT formad Tvlian, realurad, SeuTavsebadia samoqalaqo sazogadoebasTan da,

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aqedan gamomdinare, saerTod ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mmarTvelobis forma. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mizani ki imaSi mdgomareobs, rom gamoasworos bunebrivi mdgomareobis is uxerxulobebi, romlebic iqidan gamomdinareoben, rom yoveli adamiani sakuTar saqmeSi Tavadvea msajuli _ aucileblad warmoiqmneba. es miiRweva xelisuflebis imgvari organos SeqmniT, sadac yvelas SeuZlia sarCelis Setana da aseve yvela valdebulia daemorCilos am organos mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebs. Tu arseboben iseTi adamianebi, romlebsac msgavsi organo ar gaaCniaT, es niSnavs, rom es adamianebi jer kidev bunebrivi mdgomareobis pirobebSi imyofebian. es exeba yvela absolutur monarqs im adamianebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic mas eqvemdebarebian.

nawili 91. miCneulia, rom mxolod da mxolod absoluturi monarqi flobs rogorc aRmasrulebel, aseve sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas. ar arsebobs iseTi msajuli, romlisTvisac SesaZlebeli iqneboda migemarTa da romelic miukerZoeblad da avtoritetulad gansjida konkretuli pirovnebis mimarT Tavad am monarqis mier an misi brZanebiT Cadenil usamarTlobebs. amgvarad, es mefe Tu batoni (ara aqvs mniSvneloba Tu ra saxeliT movixseniebT mas), zustad im doziTve imyofeba bunebriv mdgomareobaSi yvela misadmi daqvemdebarebuli adamianis mimarT, rogorc mTeli danarCeni kacobriobis mimarT. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Tuki arsebobs nebismieri ori adamiani, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT arc mudmivi kanonebi da arc saerTo msajuli, romelsac isini mimarTavdnen sadavo situaciebisas, isini jer kidev imyofebian bunebriv mdgomareobaSi da ganicdian am mdgomareobis yvela uxerxulobas. gansxvaveba mxolod isaa, rom bunebriv mdgomareobaSi myof adamins SeuZlia TviTonve imsjelos sakuTar uflebebze da ibrZolos am uflebebis SesanarCuneblad, ise, rogorc mas amisi Zala Seswevs. xolo, roca misi sakuTreba monarqis xelSia, igi ara marto veravis veRar mimarTavs Tavisi uflebebis dasacavad, aramed mas imisi uflebac aRar aqvs, rom Tavad daicvas sakuTari uflebebi da saerTod aRar hgavs gonier arsebas. amgvarad, igi daaxloebiT imave mdgomareobaSia, rogorSic bunebrivi mdgomareobis dros imyofeboda.

nawili 92. amasTanave is, vinc fiqrobs, rom absoluturi monarqia wmends sisxls da gamoasworebs adamianis simdableebs. sakmarisia gaecnos ama Tu im epoqis istorias da darwmundeba, rom yvelaferi piriqiTaa. is, vinc amerikis tyeebSi Tavxedi da mavnebeli iyo, nakleb savaraudoa, rom taxtze asvlis Semdeg ukeTesi gaxdariyo. Tu sadamde mivyavarT absoluturi monarqiis dacvas da Tu ra saxis usafrTxoeba da bedniereba moaqvs mas samoqalaqo sazogadoebisaTvis, kargad Cans ceilonis arc Tu ise didi xnis winandeli mdgomareobidan.

nawili 93. marTlac, absolutur monarqiebSi, iseve rogorc msoflioSi arsebuli sxva tipis mmarTvelobis pirobebSi, qveSevrdomebs aqvT ufleba mimarTon kanons, xolo mosamarTleebs aqvT ufleba - moiTxovon am kanonebis dacva nebismier fasad. amgvari mdgomareoba yvelas aucileblad miaCnia da Tvlian, rom mxolod sazogadoebis namdvili mteri Tu Seecdeba mis mospobas. magram, gana es yvelaferi adamianebisa da sazogadoebisadmi WeSmariti siyvarulis gamo xdeba? es daaxloebiT iseTi situaciaa, roca adamians, romelsac uyvars da ufrTxildeba sakuTar Zlierebas, ar unda rom is arsebebi, romlebic mis simdidresa da siZlieres qmnian, erTmaneTs xocavdnen da anadgurebdnen da amiT asustebdnen Tavad mis Zlierebas. amitom maTze zrunaven ara siyvarulis gamo (romelsac TiTqosda batoni maT mimarT ganicdis), aramed Tavad batonis sakuTari Tavisadmi siyvarulidan da im mogebidan gamomdinare, romelic am arsebebs misTvis moaqvT. TviT amgvari kiTxvis dasmac ki: ra gzebi arsebobs monarqis TviTnebobisagan adamianebis dasacavad? _ ukve miuRebelia. qveSevrdomebs Soris unda arsebobdes garkveuli urTierTobis wesebi, kanonebi da mosamarTleebi. absoluturi monarqiis momxreebi amaSi dagveTanxmebian, magram mmarTveli Tavis uflebebSi absoluturia da igi yvela msgavs situaciaze maRla dgas. Tuki Tqven gagiCndebaT kiTxva, Tu rogor unda daicvaT Tavi mmarTvelis mier miyenebuli zaralisgan, es umal amboxad da Ralatad CageTvlebaT. TiTqos adamianebi, gamovidnen ra bunebrivi mdgomareobidan da Seqmnes sazogadoeba, SeTanxmdnen, rom yvelas, garda erTisa unda marTavdes kanonebi, xolo es erTi ki unda inarCunebdes uwindel, bunebrivi pirobebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel srul Tavisuflebas. es igivea ifiqro, rom adamianebi imdenad sulelebi arian, rom isini cdiloben Tavidan aicilon ziani meliasa Tu Txunelasgan, magram kmayofilebi arian da Tavsac ufro daculad grZnoben, roca maT lomebi Wamen.

Tavi VIIIpolitikuri sazogadoebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb

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nawili 95. radgan yvela adamiani bunebiT Tanaswori, Tavisufali da damoukidebelia, aravis ara aqvs am mdgomareobidan maTi gamoyvanisa da politikuri xelisuflebisadmi daqvemdebarebis ufleba maTive Tanxmobis gareSe. erTaderTi gza, romlis saSualebiTac vinme uars ambobs sakuTar bunebriv uflebebze da Tavis Tavze idebs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis borkilebs, aris sxva adamianebTan SeTanxmeba imis Taobaze, rom maT moxerxebulad, udrtvinvelad da mSvidobianad icxovron erTad, isargeblon TavianTi sakuTrebiT da iyvnen usafrTxod. amisi gakeTeba adamianTa nebismier raodenobas ZaluZs. amiT isini zians ar ayeneben im adamianTa Tavisuflebas, romlebic kvlav bunebrivi mdgomareobis pirobebSi cxovroben. rodesac adamianTa garkveuli raodenoba Tanxmdeba da qmnis Tems an saxelmwifos, amiT isini ukve qmnian erTian politikur organizms, sadac umravlesoba gadawyvetilebebis miRebisa da moqmedebis uflebiT sargeblobs.

nawili 97. amgvarad, TiToeuli adamiani, Tanxmdeba ra danarCen adamianebTan erTad politikuri organizmis Seqmnaze, Tavis Tavze iRebs umravlesobis gadawyvetilebebisadmi morCilebisa da am gadawyvetilebebis SeukamaTeblad miCnevis valdebulebas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi es pirvandeli xelSekruleba, romlis meSveobiTac sxva admianebTan erTad igi sazogadoebis wevri gaxda dakargavs Tavis azrs da saerTodac, aRar iqneba xelSekruleba, Tuki es adamiani darCeba Tavisufali da ar iqneba aranairi borkilebiT SeboWili, garda im borkilebisa, romelic mas isedac hqonda bunebriv mdgomareobaSi. ra saxe eqneba maSin nebismier xelSekrulebas?

nawili 98. Tuki umravleobis Tanxmoba ar aRiqmeba, rogorc erTi mTlianobis moqmedeba da ar iqneba yvelasTvis savaldebulo, maSin mxolod calkeuli individebis Tanxmobas SeuZlia am moqmedebisTvis savaldebulo xasiaTis miniWeba; magram, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT avadmyofobebsa da sxvadsxva garemoebebs, ris gamoc adamianebi xSirad ver axerxeben krebebze daswrebas, amgvari Tanxmobis miRweva naklebad savaraudod mogveCveneba. Tu amas kidev davumatebT azrTa sxvadasxvaobebsa da urTierTsapirispiro intersebs (romelic yvela Tavyrilobis damaxasiaTebeli niSania), sazogadoebis Seqmna msgavs pirobebSi Zalian waagavs katonis TeatrSi misvlas, romelic mxolod imitom mivida iq, rom maSinve ukan gabrunebuliyo. amgvari konstitucia Zlevamosil leviaTans yvelaze sust arsebebTan SedarebiTac ki ufro nakleb sicocxlisunarianad aqcevs _ igi dabadebisTanave daiRupeba. sazogadoebaSi yvela unda daemorCilos umravlesobis gadawyvetilebebs, Torem, raRa azri eqneba sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebas? Tu umravlesobas ara aqvs yvelas nacvlad gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis ufleba, maSin aseTi sazogadoeba ver gamova rogorc erTiani mTlianoba da aqedan gamomdinare, is aucileblad daiSleba.

Tavi IXpolitikuri sazogadoebis miznebis Sesaxeb

nawili 123. Tuki adamiani bunebriv mdgomareobaSi ase Tavisufalia, Tuki is Tavisi pirovnebisa da sakuTrebis absoluturi baton-patronia, maSin ratomRa ambobs igi uars uflebaTa am samflobeloze, romlis baton-patroni Tavadvea da sakuTari nebiT eqvmdebareba sxvas? am kiTxvaze pasuxi Zalian martivia: marTalia bunebriv mdgomareobaSi adamiani flobs am uflebas, magram igi mainc ver grZnobs Tavs daculad, radganac nebismier dros SeiZleba misi es ufleba sxvaTa mier iqnes xelyofili. es ubiZgebs adamians uari Tqvas bunebriv mdgomareobaze da SeuerTdes im adamianebs, romlebic apireben an ukve gaerTiandnen sazogadoebaSi, raTa daicvan TavianTi sicocxle,, Tavisufleba da qoneba _ anu is, rasac me zogadad, “sakuTreba”-s vuwodeb

nawili 124. sazogadoebaSi adamianTa gaerTianebis yvelaze mTavari mizani maTi sakuTrebis dacvaa. bunebriv mdgomareobaSi adamians am amocanis gadasawyvatad bevri ram aklia:

pirvel rigSi, ar arsebobs dadgenili, garkveuli, cnobili kanoni, romelic miRebul da mowonebul iqneboda, rogorc sikeTisa da borotebis saerTo sazomi da romlis daxmarebiTac gadaiWreboda yvela sadavo sakiTxi.

nawili 125. meore, bunebriv mdgomareobaSi ar arsebobs mcodne da miukerZoebeli msajuli, romelic uflebamosili iqneboda dadgenili kanonebis safuZvelze ganesaja yvela sadavo sakiTxi. yvela adamiani am mdgomareobaSi erTdroulad msajulic aris da bunebrivi kanonis aRmasrulebelic. adamianebi, roca saqme Tavad maT exebaT, mikerZoebulni xdebian. sxva adamianebis saqmeebi ki naklebad ainteresebT.

135

nawili 126. mesame, rac aseve Zalian mniSvnelovania, aris is, rom bunebriv pirobebSi xSirad ar arsebobs Zala, romelic uzrunvelyofda samarTliani ganaCenis Sesrulebasa da dacvas. isini, vinc raime saxis usamarTlobis Sedegad dazaraldnen, Tuki SesaZlebloba miecemaT, savaraudod Zalismieri meTodebiT Seecdebian usamarTlobis gamosworebas. Sedegi sakmaod xSirad maTTvisvea saxifaTo.

nawili 131. amgvarad, miuxedavad bunebrivi mdgomareobis mTeli rigi upiratesobebisa, adamianebi cud pirobebSi imyofebian da eswrafian Seqmnan sazogadoeba. isini uars amboben Tanasworobaze, Tavisuflebasa da aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaze, rasac bunebriv mdgomareobaSi flobdnen, raTa SemdgomSi am uflebebiT sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba im doziT aRiWurvos, ra doziTac es sazogadoebis keTildReobisaTvisaa saWiro. uflebamosilebis gadacemis es aqti ZiriTadad ganpirobebulia imiT, rom adamianebs sakuTari sicocxlisa da sakuTrebis SenarCunebis survili amoZravebT (arcerTi gonieri arseba ar daTmobs Tavisi nebiT im mdgomareobas, romelSic igi imyofeba da ar daTanxmdeba ufro uaress). sazogadoebisa Tu adamianTa mier Seqmnili sakanonmdeblo organos xelisufleba ar SeiZleba vrceldebodes imaze Sors, vidre amas saerTo keTildRoba moiTxovs. es xelisufleba valdebulia daicvas TiToeuli adamianis sakuTreba da ar dauSvas zemoT xsenebuli sami uaryofiTi movlena, romelic bunebriv mdgomareobas saxifaTosa da rTuls xdis. nebismier saxelmwifoSi, vinc ar unda flobdes sakanonmdeblo Tu sasamarTlo xelisuflebas, igi yvela SemTxvevaSi unda marTavdes xalxis mier dadgenili da xalxisTvis cnobili saerTo kanonebis Sesabamisad da ara TviTneburi gadawyvetilebebis gziT; es mmarTveloba unda xorcieldebodes miukerZoebeli da samarTliani mosamarTleebis mier, romlebmac davebi am kanonebis mixedviT unda gadawyviton. yovelive es unda xorcieldebodes mxolod mSvidobis, usafrTxoebisa da xalxis saerTo keTildReobis dacvis interesebidan gamomdinare.

Tavi XI

sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis moculobis Sesaxeb

nawili 134. sazogadoebaSi adamianTa gaerTianebis umTavresi mizani mSvid da usafrTxo garemoSi sakuTrebiT sargeblobaa. amis ganxorcielebis umTavresi iaraRi da saSualeba ki mocemul sazogadoebaSi arsebuli kanonebia. yvela saxelmwifos pirveli da ZiriTadi pozitiuri kanoni sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis damyarebas gulisxmobs. pirveli da ZiriTadi bunebrivi kanoni, romelsac Tavad sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba unda daemorCilos - aris sazogadoebisa da misi yoveli wevris dacva. es sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba warmoadgens ara mxolod saxelmwifos umaRles xelisuflebas, aramed igi wmidaTawminda da Seucvlelia. aranairi brZaneba an gankarguleba, sul erTia, vis mierac ar unda iyos igi Sedgenili, ar flobs kanonis savaldebuloobisa da sayovelTaobis Zalas, Tu igi araa sanqcirebuli sakanonmdeblo organos mier da aqedan gamomdinare, ar flobs imas, rac aucilebelia kanonad qcevisaTvis _ sazogadoebis Tanxmobas (2). sazogadoebisTvis savaldebulo kanonebis gamocemis ufleba am sazogadoebis Tanxmobis gareSe ara aqvs aravis. . .

nawili 135. sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba, miuxedavad imisa, Sesdgeba erTi Tu meti organosgan, xorcieldeba igi uwyvetad Tu raRac periodulobis dacviT, aris umaRlesi xelisufleba nebismier saxelmwifoSi; miuxedavad amisa, mainc:

pirveli, igi araa da arc SeiZleba iyos absoluturad Tavisufali adamianTa sicocxlesa da qonebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebSi. igi xom mxolod sazogadoebis yvela wevris gaerTianebuli xelisuflebaa, romelic gadacemulia sakanonmdeblo organosadmi. sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba ar SeiZleba iyos im Zalauflebaze meti, romelsac adamianebi flobdnen bunebriv mdgomareobaSi. gana SeuZlia vinmes sxvas gadasces imaze meti Zalaufleba, vidre es Tavad aqvs? arcerTi adamiani ar sargeblobs absoluturi ZalauflebiT arc sakuTar Tavze da arc sxva adamianebze. mas ar SeuZlia ziani miayenos Tavis an sxva adamianebis sicocxles an qonebas. adamians, rogorc ukve vTqviT, ar SeuZlia sakuTari Tavi sxvis ganukiTxaobas daumorCilos. bunebriv mdgomareobaSi mas ar hqonda sxvisi sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da sakuTrebis gankargvis ufleba. adamians bunebis kanonebiT mxolod imdeni uflebamosileba gaaCnda, rac misi da sxva adamianebis sicocxlis SesanarCuneblad iyo saWiro. es aris is, rac adamians gaaCnia da risi gadacemac mas SeuZlia saxelmwifosa Tu sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebisadmi. ase rom, sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas ar SeuZlia imaze meti uflebebi hqondes, vidre mas adamianma gadasca. misi uflebamosilebis zRvari sazogadoebis keTildReobaze zrunviT ganisazRvreba.Dam xelisuflebis erTaderTi mizania sazogadoebis SenarCuneba da, aqedan gamomdinare, mas

136

arasdros ar eqneba imisi ufleba, rom gaanadguros, daimonos an ganzrax gaakotros qveSevrdomebi (3).

nawili 136. meore (4), sakanonmdeblo an umaRles xelisuflebas ar aqvs ufleba marTos TviTneburi brZanebebiT. man marTlmsajuleba unda ganaxorcielos da qveSevrdomis uflebebi unda gansazRvros mxolod ukve arsebuli, mudmivi, xalxisTvis nacnobi kanonebisa da amaze uflebamosili mosamarTleebis meSveobiT. bunebis kanonebi dauwerlia da isini mxolod adamianis gonebaSi arseboben. amitom, is adamianebi, romlebic midrekilni arian, rom TavianTi vnebebisa da piradi interesebidan gamomdinare mcdari axsna an araswori gamoyeneba mounaxon bunebis kanonebs, Znelad darwmundebian TavianT ScdomaSi, Tu ar iarsebebs mosamarTle, romlis movaleobaSic iqneba amis gakeTeba. . .

nawili 137. absoluturi, despoturi xelisufleba an dadgenili, mudmivi kanonebis gareSe marTva aranairad ar SeiZleba Seesabamebodes sazogadoebisa da xelisuflebis interesebs. adamianebma bunebriv mdgomareobaze xom imitom Tqves uari da daides garkveuli borkilebi, rom SeenarCunebinaT TavianTi sicocxle, Tavisufleba da sakuTreba da uflebebisa da sakuTrebis Sesaxeb dadgenili kanonebis meSveobiT moepovebinaT simSvide! naklebad savaraudoa, rom adamiani daTanxmdes mis sicocxlesa da sakuTrebaze sruli ganmeblobis uflebis sxvisTvis gadacemas. aseTi qmedeba imis tolfasia, rom adamianma sakuTari Tavi imaze uares mdgomareobaSi Caiyenos, vidre is pirvelyofil mdgomareobaSi iyo _ roca mas hqonda sakuTari Tavis dacvis ufleba. adamiani, romelmac mTeli Tavisi bedi erT despot mmarTvels Caabara, romelic, Tavis mxriv 100 000 adamians ganagebs, bevrad uares mdgomareobaSi imyofeba, vidre is adamiani, vinc 100 000 sxvadasxva adamianis despotur mmarTvelobas emorCileba. veravin igrZnobs Tavs dazRveulad, rom aseTi despoti mmarTvelis ganzraxvebi ukeTesi iqneba, vidre sxvebis, romelTa Zala 100 000-jer aRemateba mis Zalas. Sesabamisad, ra formis saxelmwifoc ar unda iyos, xelisufleba unda marTavdes dadgenili da gacxadebuli kanonebis da ara TviTneburi brZanebebisa da bundovani gadawyvetilebebis Sesabamisad.

nawili 138. mesame, uzenaes xelisuflebas ar aqvs adamianisTvis sakuTrebis an misi nawilis CamorTmevis ufleba misive Tanxmobis gareSe. rameTu sakuTrebis dacva xelisuflebis mizania da adamianebic sazogadoebaSi swored amis gamo Sedian. amgvarad, igulisxmeba da aucilebelia, rom adamianebi flobdnen sakuTrebas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, gamodis, rom adamianebi Sedian ra sazogadoebaSi, kargaven swored imas, ris gamoc isini am sazogadoebas SeuerTdnen. es imdenad absurdulia, rom amas Znelad Tu vinme daTanxmdeba. xelisuflebas ara aqvs xalxis qonebaze xalxis Tanxmobis gareSe gadasaxadis momatebis ufleba. es exeba mxolod im saxelmwifoebs, sadac sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba moqmedebs uwyvetad. umaRles xelisuflebas ara aqvs ufleba adamians CamoarTvas misi sakuTreba misive nebarTvis gareSe, radgan swored sakuTrebis SenarCunebis mizniT qmnian adamianebi sazogadoebas. Tu ar arsebobs imis garantia, rom adamians veravin waarTmevs sakuTrebas misive Tanxmobis gareSe, maSin gamodis, rom mas es sakuTreba arc hqonia. marTlac, me aranairi sakuTreba ar gamaCnia, Tu nebismiers, roca ki moesurveba, SeeZleba CemTvis am sakuTrebis warTmeva.

nawili 139. mbrZanebeblsa Tu senats, ra Zalauflebasac ar unda flobdnen isini sakanonmdeblo saqmianobaSi, imis ufleba mainc ara aqvT, rom qveSevrdomis Tanxmobis gareSe aiRon misi sakuTrebis Tundac mcire nawilic ki.

imisaTvis rom davrwmundeT, rom absoluturi xelisufleba, romelic zogjer saWiroa, iqac ki araa despoturi, sadac igi absolutur xasiaTs atarebs, ganvixiloT Cveulebrivi samxedro disciplina. armiisa da, aqedan gamomdinare, saxelmwifos SenarCuneba moiTxovs jarSi oficris brZanebisadmi jariskacis usityvo morCilebas. sruliad samarTliania, rom Tundac yvelaze uazro da suleluri brZanebis arSesrulebis SemTxvevaSi jariskaci sikvdiliT isjeba. da mainc, Cven vxedavT, rom serJanti, romelsac SeuZlia jariskacs ubrZanos zarbaznis lulaze gadafareba an sxva saxis sicocxlisTvis saSiSi moqmedebis Cadena, am jariskacs ver ubrZanebs sakuTari jibidan erTi penis micemasac ki. zustad aseve, TviT generalsac ki, romelsac SeuZlia jariskaci sikvdiliT dasajos postis daukiTxavad datovebis an raime sxva sakmaod umniSvnelo mizezis gamo, verafers ver aiRebs am jariskacis qonebidan. amgvari tipis simkacre jarSi aucilebelia, raTa miRweul iqnes is mizani, ris gamoc generali flobs Tavis Zlauflebas, magram am yovelivesTan araferi saerTo ara aqvs jariskacebis qonebaze marTva-ganmgeblobis uflebas.

nawili 141. meoTxe, sakanonmdeblo organos ara aqvs imis ufleba, rom sxvas gadasces kanonSemoqmedis pasuxismgebloba. es pasuxismgebloba am organos xalxma daakisra da mas, vinc am uflebamosilebas flobs, ar SeuZlia igi sxvas gadaabaros. mxolod xalxi adgens saxelmwifos wyobilebis formas da es swored sakanonmdeblo organos SeqmniT xorcieldeba. rodesac xalxi acxadebs: Cven davemorCilebiT im kanonebs,

137

romlebic konkretulma adamianebma, konkretuli formiT daadgines CvenTvis _ veravin ver ityvis, rom sxva adamianebsac SeuZliaT Seqmnan kanonebi xalxisTvis. zustad aseve, arc xalxs SeuZlia daemorCilos sxva kanonebs, garda im kanonebisa, romlebic xalxis mier arCeulma da uflebamosilma adamianebma Seqmnes . . .

Tavi XIIsaxelmwifoSi sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da

federaciuli xelisuflebebis Sesaxeb

nawili 143. sakanonmdeblo organo _ es is organoa, romelic uflebamosilia gasnsazRvros, Tu saxelmwifosa da misi wevrebis dacvis mizniT rogor unda iqnes gamoyenebuli saxelmwifo xelisufleba. imis gamo, rom kanonebi, romelTa dacvac savaldebuloa, xolo moqmedeba ki - uwyveti, SesaZlebelia mokle vadaSi Seiqmnas, ar arsebobs imis aucilebloba, rom sakanonmdeblo organoc uwyvetad (maSinac ki roca amis saWiroeba ar arsebobs) muSaobdes. amas garda, adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebeli sisustidan gamomdinare, romelic Zalauflebas eswrafvis, metismetad didia cduneba imisa, rom igive adamianebi, romlebic floben sakanonmdeblo uflebas, moisurveben aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis xelSi Cagdebasac. Sesabamisad, isini Seecdebian kanoni piradi miznebisaTvis gamoiyenon, rac zegavlenas moaxdens rogorc kanonis Seqmnis procesze, aseve mis ganxorcielebaze. ai ratomaa, rom kargad mowyobil saxelmwifoebSi, iq sadac yuradReba eqceva saerTo keTildReobas, sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba gadaecema sxvadasxva pirovnebebs, romlebic miiReben ra kanonebs kvlavac ganiyofian da Tavadve eqcevian miRebuli kanonebis moqmedebis qveS.

nawili 144. imdenad, ramdenadac kanonebi, romlebic erT jerze da drois mokle periodSi iqmneba, mudmivmoqmedi da mdgradia, xolo maT Sesrulebaze ki mudmivad Tvalis devnebaa saWiro, aucilebelia arsebobdes xelisufleba, romelic mudmivad gaakontrolebda am kanonebis cxovrebaSi ganxorcielebas. amrigad, sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebebi xSirad erTmaneTisgan gayofilia.

nawili 145. yvela saxelmwifoSi arsebobs xelisuflebis kidev erTi saxe, romelsac SesaZlebelia vuwodoT bunebrivi xelisufleba, radganac igi im xelisuflebis Sesabamisia, romelsac sazogadoebaSi Sesvlamde bunebrivad flobda yvela adamiani. miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifoSi misi wevrebi erTmaneTTan urTierTobaSi calkeul individebad rCebian, danarCeni kacobriobisTvis isini erTi mTlianobas warmoadgenen. es mTlianoba ki iseve, rogorc adre misi calkeuli wevrebi erTmaneTis mimarT, danarCen kacobriobasTan miamrTebaSi kvlavac bunebrivi mdgomareobis pirobebSi imyofeba. amrigad, mTeli Tanamegobroba es aris erTiani mTeli, romelic bunebriv mdgomareobaSi imyofeba yvela sxva saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSi.

nawili 146. aqedan gamomdinare, es erTianoba flobs omisa da mSvidobis, koaliciebsa da sxvadasxva kavSirebSi monawileobis uflebas; aseve, uflebamosilia awarmoos saqmeebi mocemuli saxelmwifos farglebs gareT mdebare sxva Tanamegobrobebsa da kerZo pirebTan. am xelisuflebas SegviZlia federaciuli xelisufleba vuwodoT.

nawili 147. es ori xelisufleba: aRmasrulebeli da federaciuli, erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba, radgan pirveli maTgani gulisxmobs municipaluri kanonebis Sesrulebas sazogadoebis SigniT, xolo meore ki moicavs sazogadoebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofasa da misi interesebis dacvas gareSe Zalebisagan. miuxedavad gansxvavebisa, aRniSnuli ori xelisufleba TiTqmis yovelTvis gaerTianebulia. federaciul xelisuflebas, sul erTia, kargad xorcieledeba igi Tu cudad, udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs; Tumca, mas aRmasrulebel xelisuflebasTan SedarebiT, naklebad SeuZlia ixelmZRvanelos adrindeli kanonebiT.. ..

nawili 148. marTalia, rogorc ukve aRvniSne, aRmasrulebeli da federaciuli xelisuflebebi yvela sazogadoebaSi realurad erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebulia, mainc ar Rirs am xelisuflebebis erTmaneTisgan gamijvna da maTi sxvadasxva pirebis xelSi gadacema _ orive am xelisuflebis ganxorcielebisTvis xom mTeli sazogadoebis Zalisxmevaa saWiro. TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, rom mTeli saxelmwifo Zalaufleba sxvadasxva, erTmaneTisadmi dauqvemdebarebeli adamianebis xelSi iyos, aseve aramarTebulia Seiqmnas iseTi mdgomareoba, roca federaciuli da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebebi gadaecemaT pirovnebebs, romlebic uflebamosilni iqnebian imoqmedon damoukidebelad. Sedegad sazogadoeba sxvadasxva mmarTvelis ganmgeblobis qveS aRmoCndeba, rac adre Tu gvian, areulobebs gamoiwvevs saxelmwifoSi da daRupavs kidec mas.

Tavi XIII138

saxelmwifoSi xelisuflebaTaurTierTdaqvemdebarebulobis Sesaxeb

nawili 149. konstituciaze dafuZnebul saxelmwifoSi, romlis mizanic Temis SenarCunebaa, SeiZleba arsebobdes mxolod erTi uzenaesi xelisufleba, konkretulad ki sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba, romelsac emorCileba yvela danarCeni xelisufleba. miuxedavad amisa, sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba mainc aris ndobis safuZvelze gadacemuli xelisufleba, romelic raRac garkveuli mizniT gadaecema mocemul organos da am miznebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi, xalxs aqvs imis ufleba, rom saknonmdeblo organos CamoarTvas ndobis mandati da gadasces is sxvas. amgvarad, adamianTa Temi mudmivad inarCunebs umaRles xelisuflebas, raTa Tavi daizRvios Tavisuflebasa da sakuTrebaze nebismieri tipis Tavdasxmisagan.

nawili 150. yovelTvis, roca arsebobs mTavroba, sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba aris umaRlesi, radgan is, vinc gamoscems kanonebs sxvebisTvis, aucileblad unda idges maTze maRla. sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba sazogadoebaSi mxolod imis gamoa sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba, rom mas aqvs ufleba gamosces kanonebi rogorc mTeli sazogadoebis, aseve misi yvela wevrisTvis, dauwesos maT qcevis wesebi da gansazRvruli sasjeli. amitom, sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba umaRlesia, xolo yvela danarCeni xlisufleba misgan gamnomdinare da, Sesabamisad, masze daqvemdebarebuli.

nawili 152. aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba, Tuki is araa im adamianis xelSi, romelic aseve monawileobs sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebaSi, aSkarad daqvemdebarebuli da angariSvaldebulia sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebisadmi. SesaZlebelia aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis Secvla an damxoba. es niSnavs, rom aRmasrulebeli xelisuflba garkveul subordinacias eqvemdebareba...

nawili 153. sakanonmdeblo organosTvis sulac araa aucilebeli permanentuli, uwyveti muSaoba. amis sapirispirod, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisTvis amgvari tipis muSaoba aucilebelia. sakanonmdeblo organom, marTalia ki gadasca sxvas aRmasrulebuli xelisufleba, magram saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi mas mainc rCeba mis mier gadacemuli uflebamosilebebis ukan CamorTmevis ufleba. igive exeba federaciul xelisuflebasac, radgan aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis msgavsad, isic sakanonmdeblo organosadmi daqvemdebarebuli xelisuflebis Stoa.

nawili 154. aq SeiZleba gaCndes kiTxva: ra moxdeba, Tuki aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba, romelic saxelmwifos ZaliT sargeblobs, gamoiyenebs am Tavis Zalas, raTa xeli SeuSalos konstituciuri da sazogadoebrivi saWiroebebidan gamomdinare sakanonmdeblo organos mowvevasa d muSaobas? me vTvli, rom xalxis winaaRmdeg Zalis gamoyeneba aRmasrulebel an nebismier sxva xelisuflebas sakuTar mosaxleobasTan mimarTebaSi saomar mdgomareobaSi ayenebs. msgavs SemTxvevaSi igi iqceva agresorad.

nawili 156. sakanonmdeblo organos mowvevisa da daSlis uflebas flobs aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba; Tumca, es am ukanasknels ar aZlevs upiratesobas sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebaze. es aris mxolod xalxis usafrTxoebis interesebidan gamomdinare, garkveuli ndobis safuZvelze gadacemuli ufleba.

nawili 157. am samyaroSi sagnebi ise swrafad icvlebian, rom araferi ar rCeba xangrZlivad erTi da imave mdgomareobaSi. xalxi, simdidre, vaWroba, Zalaufleba icvlis TavianT adgilsamyofels, Zlevamosili, ayvavebuli qalaqebi nangrevebad iqceva da droTa ganmavlobaSi yvelas aviwydeba maTi arseboba da es maSin, roca sxva, ufro moSorebuli adgilebi mWidrod dasaxlebul da umdidres regionebad iqcevian. magram sagnebi yovelTvis Tanabrad ar icvlebian. xSirad im saxelmwifoebSi, sadac sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis nawili xalxis arCeuli adamianebisgan Sesdgeba, droTa ganmavlobaSi es warmomadgenloba veRar asrulebs im funqciebs, risTvisac is Tavis droze Seiqmna. iq, sadac aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebebi sxvadasxva xelSia moqceuli, sazogadoebis keTildReoba moiTxovs, rom zogierTi sakiTxis mogvareba gadacemul iqnes aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisTvis. arsebobs mravali SemTxveva, roca kanons ar SeuZlia gaiTvaliswinos yvela wvrilmani, swored aseT dros unda gadaeces msgavsi tipis sakiTxebis mogvareba aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas.

Tavi XVIdapyrobaTa Sesaxeb

nawili 176. axali saxelmwifo wyobileba, xSirad, wina wyobilebis ganadgurebis gziT iqmneba. Tumca xalxis Tanxmobis gareSe ar SeiZleba axali wyobilebis Seqmna. agresori,

139

romelsac usamarTlo omis meSveobiT surs moipovos Zalaufleba ZirZvel mosaxleobaze, verasodes SesZlebs amgvari uflebis mopovebas. Cems saxlSi rom yaCaRi Semovardes, iaraRi damados da Cemi sakuTrebis gadacema momTxovos, gana igi am sakuTrebis kanonieri mflobeli gaxdeba? usamarTloba da danaSauli erTi da igivea da ara aqvs mniSvneloba, vin sCadis amas _ gvirgvinosani Tu ubralo yaCaRi. gansxvaveba mxolod imaSia, rom msxvili banditebi wvril banditebs imorCileben, xolo am msxvil banditebs ki imis gamo, rom maTTan gamklaveba ar ZaluZs, xalxi dafnis gvirgvinebiT amkobs.

Tavi XVIIuzurpirebis Sesaxeb

nawili 197. radganac dapyroba aris ucxoelTa mxridan uzurpacia, xolo Tavad uzurpacia ki aris garkveuli tipis Sida dapyroba _ uzurpatori arasdros araa marTali. igi iTvisebs im uflebebs, rasac kanoniT sxva flobda. garkveuli wyobilebis mqone yvela saxelmwifos aqvs kanonebic, romlis meSveobiTac gansazRvravs, Tu vis SeuZlia Semdeg monawileoba miiRos saxelisuflebo organoebSi. adamiani, vinc Tanamegobrobis mier dadgenili kanonebis gverdis avliT moipovebs Tundac mcireoden Zalauflebas, ar flobs imis uflebas, rom vinme daimorCilos (Tundac saxelmwifo wyobileba ucvleli darCes). igi kanonieri gziT araa xelisuflebaSi mosuli da, Sesabamisad, mas ara aqvs xalxis ndobac. arcerT aseT uzurpators da arc mis STamomavlebs ara aqvT xelisuflebaSi yofnis ufleba manam, sanam xalxs ar eqneba sakuTari nebis Tavisuflad gamoxatvis saSualeba.

Tavi XVIItirania

nawili 199. uzurpacia aris sxvisi Zalauflebis miTviseba, tirania ki _ Zalauflebis gadaWarbebaa, risi uflebac aravis ara aqvs. es iseTi SemTxvevaa, roca mmarTveli marTavs ara qveSevrdomTa keTildReobis, aramed piradi interesebidan gamodinare; roca mis qmedebebs safuZvlad udevs ara kanoni, aramed misi kerZo neba da es qmedebebi mimarTulia ara xalxis sakuTrebis SenarCunebisken, aramed misi piradi pativmoyvareobis, Rirsebis, sixarbisa Tu raime sxva vnebebis dasakmayofileblad.

nawili 202. roca mTavrdeba kanoni, iwyeba tirania. Tuki xelisuflebaSi myofi piri arRvevs misTvis kanoniT miniWebul uflebebs da qveSevrdomebTan mimarTebaSiYborotad iyenebs mis gankargulebaSi arsebul Zalauflebas, igi aRar aris Tanamdebobis adamiani; da radganac igi moqmedebs Sesabamisi uflebamosilebis gareSe, SesaZlebelia mas iseve gauwio winaaRmdegoba, rogorc nebismier Cveulebriv adamians, romelic ukanonod moqmedebs. rogorc wesi, amas aRiareben dabali rangis Tanamdebobrivi pirebis mimarT. magram me Zalian mainteresebs, ratom ar unda exebodes igive maRali Tanamdebobis pirebs? gana imis gamo, rom ufrosma vaJma mamis qonebis didi nawili miiRo, mas aqvs ufleba umcros Zmebs maTi wili mcire qonebac ki waarTvas? an es igivea, rom mdidars, romelic mTel raions flobs, hqondes imis ufleba rom mezobel Rarib adamians waarTvas saxli an qonebis nawili. kanonis darRveva ar unda epatiebodes arc mefes da arc ubralo konstebls. pirvelisTvis es kidev ufro mZimea, radgan igi xalxis ndobis safuZvelzea xelisuflebaSi mosuli.

nawili 203. SesaZloa vinme SemewinaaRmdegos: “gana SeiZleba win aRudge mefis nebas? gana SeiZleba winaaRmdegoba gauwio monarqs, roca ki Sen Tavs daCagrulad igrZnob? es daarRvevs mTels politikur wyobas da saxelmwifoebriobisa da wesrigis nacvlad xelSi SegvrCeba anarqia da SfoTi.”

nawili 204. amaze me vupasuxebdi, rom Zala gamoyenebuli unda iqnes mxolod usamarTlo da ukanono Zalis sawinaaRmdegod. is, vinc sxva SemTxvevaSi iyenebs Zalas, imsaxurebs Serisxvas RvTisa da xalxisagan.

Tavi XIXmTavrobis daTxovnis Sesaxeb

nawili 211. Tuki vimes surs garkveviT isaubros xelisuflebis damxobaze, upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavos sazogadoebis damxoba da xelisuflebis damxoba. sazogadoeba iqmneba adamianebis nebayoflobiTi gaerTianebis Sedegad. am kavSiris daSlis Cveulebrivi da TiTqmis erTaderTi mizezi aris gareSe Zalis mier misi dapyroba. aseT SemTxvevaSi adamianebi aRar Seadgenen erT mTlianobas, isini ukve

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sakuTar Tavze da sicocxlis gadarCenaze iwyeben zrunvas. roca romelime sazogadoeba iSleba, bunebrivia, rom iSleba misi xelisuflebac. amgvarad, dampyrobelTa iaraRiT iZirkveba mTavrobebi da iSleba sazogadoebebi. sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom sazogadoebis daSlas xelisuflebis gauqmebac mosdevs, radgan SeuZlebelia SeinarCuno saxlis mTlianoba, roca qariSxalma es saxli nawilebad daSala an miwisZvram nangrevebis grovad aqcia.

nawili @212. gareSe Zalebis garda, xelisuflebis damxoba Signidanac SesaZlebelia. upirveles yovlisa es SeiZleba moxdes maSin, roca icvleba sakanonmdeblo organos Semadgenloba. sakanonmdeblo organos Seqmna aris sazogadoebis pirveli da umTavresi aqti, romlis meSveobiTac xdeba garkveuli pirebis xelmZRvanelobis qveS adamianTa kaSiris uzrunvelyofa. es pirebi xalxis Tanxmobis safuZvelze xdebian uflebamosilni, raTa marTon xalxis saxeliT. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTi an ramdenime adamiani TviTneburad, xalxis Tanxmobis gareSe gadawyvets marTos xalxi, maSin am pirebis mier miRebul kanonebs ara aqvT Zala da xalxi araa valdebuli maT demorCilos. aseT SemTxvevaSi adamianebi aRar arian vinmes daqvemdebarebaSi da maT SeuZliaT Seqmnan axali sakanonmdeblo organo da SeewinaaRmdegon Zalis gamoyenebas im adamianebis mxridan, visac iZulebis gamoyenebaze aranairi ufleba ar gaaCniaT. amgvari situacia, rogorc wesi, maSin warmoiSoba, roca is, vinc saxelmwifoSi Zalauflebas flobs, borotad iyenebs mas.

nawili @219. xelisuflebis Secvla Signidan SesaZlebelia moxdes im SemTxvevaSic, roca mefe an sakanonmdeblo organo ar amarTlebs maTdami gamoTqmul ndobas. mizezi, risTvisac adamianebi sazogadoebaSi Sedian, aris maTi sakuTrebis SenarCuneba. aqedan gamomdinare, roca sakanonmdeblo organo arRvevs am umTavres kanons da cdilobs, rom adamianebis sicocxles, sakuTrebasa da Tavisuflebaze absoluturi Zalaufleba an Tavad Caigdos xelSi an ki sxvas gadasces, maSin xalxs aqvs imis ufleba, rom nebismieri saSualebiT daibrunos Tavdapirveli Tavisufleba. es exeba ara marto sakanonmdeblo organos, aramed aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTaursac, romelic, aris ra amave dros sakanonmdeblo organos wevric, ormagi ndobiT sargeblobs xalxis mxridan.

nawili 220. zemoT aRweril da sxva msgavs SemTxvevebSi, roca iSleba xelisufleba, xalxs aqvs ufleba Tavadve miiRos gadawyvetilebebi axali sakanonmdeblo organos Camoyalibebaze, mis Semadgenlobasa da formaze. imisTvis rom sazogadoebam samudamod SeinarCunos bunebiT miniWebuli es Zireuli ufleba, man unda daicvas sakuTari Tavi, rac mxolod myari sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebisa da mis mier miRebuli kanonebis samarTliani da miukerZoebuli Sesrulebis pirobebSia SesaZlebeli. adamianebis yofa arc ise uxeiroa, rom maT kargad ar esmodeT amgvari moqmedebis mniSvneloba. amgvarad, uTxra xalxs, rom mas SeuZlia axali sakanonmdeblo organos Seqmna, radgan Cagvris, UUukanonobisa Tu gareSe Zalebis Carevis Sedegad daSlilia Zveli sakanonmdeblo organo _ igivea, adamianebs uTxra, rom SeuZliaT hqondeT daxmarebis imedi maSin, roca ukve Zalian gviania da situaciis gamosworeba SeuZlebelia. praqtikulad, es igivea dauSva, rom adamianebi jer monebad iqcnen da mxolod amis Semdeg ibrZolon TavisuflebisTvis. uazrobaa xalxs uTxra, rom Tavisufali adamianebiviT unda imoqmedon maSin, roca maT borkilebi adevT. es dacinva ufroa, vidre Svela. adamianebi verasdros ver daicaven Tavs tiraniisagan, Tu maT ar gaaCniaT am tiraniis Tavidan acilebis saSualeba manam, sanam mTlianad am mmarTvelobis qveS ar aRmoCndebian. DA

nawili 222. mizezi, ris gamoc adamianebi sazogadoebis wevrebi xdebian, sakuTrebis ukeT dacvaa. isini TavianTi uflebebis delegirebas imis gamo axdenen, rom am ukanasknelma sazogadoebis wevrebisa da maTi qonebis dacvis uzrunvelyofisa da mmarTvelebze zedamxedvelobis dawesebis mizniT SeimuSaos kanonebi. SeuZlebelia vivaraudoT sazogadoebas surdes, rom sakanonmdeblo organo flobdes imis ganadgurebis uflebas, risi dacvis mizniTac TiToeuli maTgani am sazogadoebis wevri gaxda. rodesac kanonmdeblebi cdiloben gaanadguron an miisakuTron sxvisi sakuTreba an monebad aqcion adamianebi, amiT isini oms ucxadeben sazogadoebas. aseT dros adamianebi aRar arian valdebulni daemorCilon kanonmdeblebs da isini xsnas RmerTSi eZeben. aqedan gamomdinare, rodesac sakanonmdeblo organo ugulebelyofs sazogadoebis am Zireul kanons da pativmoyvareobis, SiSis, ugunurebis Tu garyvnilebis Sedegad Seecdeba xelSi Caigdos an sxvas gadasces Zalaufleba, romliTac is ganagebs adamianTa sicocxles, Tavisuflebasa da sakuTrebas, igi kargavs am sazogadoebis ndobas, romelmac is am uflebamosilebebiT sul sxva miznebisTvis aRWurva. is rac aq zogadad sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis Sesaxeb vTqvi, aseve marTebulia aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTauris mimarTac. igi ormagi ndobiT aris aRWurvili, radgan erTdroulad monawileobs kanonSemoqmedebiT saqmianobaSic da kanonebis aRsrulebaSic.

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nawili 224. albaT bevri SemewinaaRmdegeba da ityvis, rom aseTi saxis hipoteza Sedegad mudmiv ajanyebebs mogvcems. amaze me vityodi,, rom adamianebi, romlebsac gamudmebiT amcireben da romelTa uflebebsac xSirad xelyofen, pirvelive xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi Seecdebian gaTavisufldnen am tvirTisgan. is, vinc msgavs magaliTebs ar icnobs, etyoba bevri araferi unaxavs cxovrebaSi, xolo visac msoflio istoriidan msgavsi tipis magaliTebis moyvana ar SeuZlia, etyoba cota wigni Tu aqvs wakiTxuli.

nawili 225. amasTanave, me vupasuxebdi, rom sazogadoebaSi msgavsi tipis revoluciebi ar xdeba nebismieri mcire mizezis gamo. xelisuflebis mier daSvebul uxeS Secdomebs, mravalricxovan, mouxerxebel, bundovan kanonebs da yvela saxis adamianuri sisusteebis gamovlinebebs xalxi mSvidad, SfoTisa da buntis gareSe gadaitans. magram, Tu Zalauflebis xSiri borotad gamoyeneba, kanondarRvevebi da eSmakobebi mimarTulia erTi da imave miznisken da xalxisTvis cxadi xdeba, rom yovelive amgvar qmedebas raRac garkveuli safuZveli aqvs, araa gasakviri, rom xalxi janydeba da cdilobs xelisufleba im pirebs gadasces, visac SeeZleba im miznebis ganxorcieleba, risTvisac Tavdapirvelad Seiqmna saxelmwifo. ajanyeba _ esaa winmaaRmdegoba ara calkeuli pirovnebebisadmi, aramed xelisuflebisadmi, romelic mxolod mTavrobis mier dadgenil kanonebsa da konstituciebs emyareba. isini ki, romlebic am wesebs uxeSad arRveven da Zalismieri meTodebiTve amarTleben TavianT qmedebebs, Tavadve arian namdvili ajanyebulebebi.

nawili 229. xelisuflebis daniSnulebaa izrunos sazogadoebis keTildReobaze. ra aris ukeTesi sazogadoebisTvis? is rom xalxs ar qondes tiranisTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevis ufleba Tu is, rom SesaZlebeli iyos xelisuflebisTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva, roca es xelisufleba SenarCunebis nacvlad, cdilobes gaanadguros Tavisive qveSevrdomTa sakuTreba?

nawili 230. me vaRiareb, rom calkeuli individebis siamaye, pativmoyvareoba da sificxe xandaxan marTlac iwvevda areulobebsa da ajanyebebs, rac damRupveli yofila saxelmwifoTaTvis, magram, ra ufro xSiri mizezi iyo saxelmwifoTa ubedurebebisa _ xalxis aragonivruloba da mmarTvelTa Camogdebis survili Tu mmarTvelTa Tavxedoba da maTi mcdeloba _ daemyarebinaT despoturi mmarTveloba sakuTar mosaxleobaze?

nawili 240. aq, albaT ibadeba Cveulebrivi kiTxva: “vin iqneba msajuli da vin gadawyvets, amarTlebs Tu ara monarqi an sakanonmdeblo organo maTdami dakisrebul ndobas?” SesZlebelia rom ukmayofilo da boroti ganzraxvis mqone adamianebi gaavrceleben msgavs Worebs maSin, roca monarqi SesaZloa mxolod misdami miniWebuli prerogativebiT sargeblobdes. amaze Cemi pasuxi aseTia: xalxi iqneba saukeTeso msajuli. an ki vin unda gadawyvitos swored moqmedebs Tu ara ndobiT aRWurvili piri, Tu ara iman, vinc es pirovneba Tavadve aRWurva am ZalauflebiT? Sesabamisad ndobis ar gamarTlebis SemTxvevaSi swored igi flobs misi ukan gamowvevis uflebas.

nawili 243. da bolos, is xelisufleba, romelic TiToeulma calkeulma adamianma gadasca sazogadoebas, roca is am sazogadoebis wevri gaxda, ver daubrundeba calkeul adamianebs manam, sanam arsebobs sazogadoeba. es xelisufleba mudmivad darCeba sazogadoebis xelSi, radgan mis gareSe ver iarsebebs verc sazogadoeba da verc saxelmwifo. xalxma, misca ra sakanonmdeblo organos uwyvetad arsebobis ufleba, am organos gadasca Tavisi politikuri Zalauflebac da aRar SeuZlia misi ukan dabruneba. magram, Tuki xalxma sakuTari sakanonmdeblo organos arsebobis xangrZlivoba SezRuda da es xelisufleba ama Tu im pirs Tu krebas mxolod garkveuli vadiT gadasca, maSin am vadis gasvlis Semdeg aRniSnuli xelisufleba kvlav ubrundeba xalxs da mas aqvs ufleba, imoqmedos rogorc uzenaesma xelisufalma da Tavadve Sesrulos sakanonmdeblo organos funqciebi. xalxs aseve aqvs axali formis sakanonmdeblo organos Seqmnis an Zvelis SenarCunebis ufleba; aseve, igi flobs sakuTri Sexedulebisamebr am Zalauflebis sxvebisaTvis gadacemis uflebac.

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SeniSvnebi

1. loki gulisxmobs inglisel filosofoss Tomas hobss (1588–1616), romelic amtkicebda, rom bunebriv mdgomareobaSi yvela adamiani omis mdgomareobaSi imyofeba sxva adamianebTan.

2. “kanonebis SemuSavebisa da miRebis uflebamosilebis miniWebis mizani adamianTa sazogadoebis kanonieri marTvis uzrunvelyofaaa. Tuki romelime mmarTveli an monarqi am dedamiwaze Tavis Tavze aiRebs am uflebebis ganxorcielebas, da ganacxadebs, rom mas piradad RmerTis an Tavad sazogadoebis mier aqvs miniWebuli kanonebis dadgenisa da maTi Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis ufleba, es tiraniis tolfasi iqneba. aqedan gamomdinare, kanoni, romelic ar aris sazogadoebasTan SeTanxmebuli da mis mier mowonebuli, ver CaiTvleba kanonad”. (hukeri, saklesio politika, wigni I, nawili 10). “amasTan dakavSirebiT, unda aRvniSnoT, rom am adamianebs ara aqvT Cvenive Tanxmobis gareSe politikuri sazogadoebis marTvis ufleba. amitom, Cven ver viqnebiT romelime adamianisadmi daqvemdemdebarebul mdgomareobaSi. imisaTvis, rom Cven gvmarTon, saWiroa Cveni Tanxmoba. Tuki sazogadoeba, romlis wevric Cven varT, aseT Tanxmobas gamoxatavs, igi manam rCeba ucvleli, sanam aseTive saerTo dadasturebis safuZvelze ar moxdeba wina SeTanxmebis anulireba. maSasadame, nebismieri saxis adamianuri kanonebi mxolod sazogadoebis Tanxmobis safuZvelze miiReba”.

3. “adaminTa sazogadoebas ori sayrdeni aqvs; pirveli, esaa adamianebis midrekileba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa da Tanamonawileobisaken. meore, esaa wesrigi, romelic Ria Tu faruli SeTanxmebis safuZvelze gansazRvravs urTierT Tanacxovrebis principebs. es ukanaskneli aris is, rasac Cven saxelmwifos kanonebs vuwodebT da rac politikuri organizmis arss warmoadgens. am kanonebis safuZvelze xdeba gansxvavebuli moqmedebebis saerTo keTildReobis miznisken warmarTva. politikuri kanonebi, romelTa daniSnuleba adamianebs Soris garegnuli wesrigis damyareba da urTierTobebis mogvrebaa, arasdros araa imgvarad formulirebuli, rogorc unda iyos. adamiani Tavisi Sinagani bunebiT ewinaaRmdegeba da ujanydeba bunebis wminda kanonebis morCilebas. magram, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom adamiani ufro maRla dgas, vidre gareuli cxoveli, igi dainteresebulia gansazRvros is CarCoebi, romliTac igi ixelmZRvanelebs da misi qmedebebi ar iqneba saziano im sazogadoebisaTvis, romlis Camoyalibebis mizanic swored misive intresebis dacvaa. adamianebis ganviTareba Seferxdeba, Tu isini ar moaxdenen am kanonebis gansazRvras”. (hukeri, saeklesio politika, wigni I, nawili 10.)

4. “adamianis mier Seqmnili kanonebi warmoadgenen im adamianebis qcevis normebs, romelTa moqmedebebsac isini unda warmarTavdnen. Tumca, arsebobs ufro maRla mdgomi kanonebic, romelTa gaTvaliswinebac aucilebelia. aseTi ori saxis kanoni arsebobs: saRvTo sjuli da bunebis kanoni. amgvarad, adamianuri kanonebi unda iqmnebodes ise, rom SesabamisobaSi iyvnen bunebis kanonebTan da arc wminda werilTan ar modiodnen winaaRmdegobaSi. sxva SemTxvevaSi es kanonebi nakluli iqneba. (hukeri, saeklesio politika, wigni III, nawili 9). “adamianebis Sekaveba im donemde, rom es maT uxerxulobebs uqmnides, vfiqrob, gonivruli ar unda iyos”. (iqve, wigni I, nawili 10)

teqsti Targmna da SeniSvnebi daurTo salome dunduam

(ibeWdeba SemoklebiT)

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werili tolerantobis SesaxebmkiTxvelisadmi

qvemoT moyvanili werili tolerantobis Sesaxeb, romelic pirvelad am wels gamoqveynda holandiaSi, laTinur enaze, ukve iTargmna holandiur da frangul enebze. amgvarma sayovelTao da swrafma aRiarebam SesaZloa inglisSi misi dadebiTad miRebac ganapirobos. Cemi azriT, arcerT sxva qveyanaSi ar Tqmula da dawerila mocmul Temaze imdeni, ramdenic Cvens qveyanaSi da mainc, faqtia, arcerT sxva xalxs ise ar sWirdeba religiur Semwynareblobaze msjeloba da am kuTxiT saqmis gakeTeba, rogorc Cvensas.

ara marto Cveni xelisuflebaa mikerZoebuli religiis sakiTxebSi, aramed isinic ki, romlebsac am mikerZoebulobam ziani miayena. aseTi adamianebi TavianTi naSromebis meSveobiT cdiloben sakuTari uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvas; magram isinic, rogorc wesi, amas mxolod sakuTari seqtebis viwro interesebidan gamomdinare akeTeben.

udavoa, rom azrovnebis es siviwrove, romelsac yvela mxare avlens aris Cveni ubedurebebisa da uwesrigobis mizezi. magram rac ar unda iyos mizezi, axla dadga imis dro, rom movZebnoT yovelive amisgan gaTavisuflebis safuZvliani gamosavali. uwesrigobebis Tavidan asacileblad Cven gvesaWiroeba ufro qmediTi zomebis gatareba, vidre aqamde vatarebdiT. verc Semwynareblobis aRiareba da verc CarTvis Sesaxeb aqtebi (1), risi praqtikac Cven aqamde gvqonda, ver wyvets problemas.

absoluturi Tavisufleba, samarTliani da WeSmariti Tavisufleba, Tanaswori da miukerZoebeli Tavisufleba _ ai, ra gvWirdeba Cven. miuxedavad imisa, rom am Temaze saubari sakmaod xSiria da yvelas kargad esmis misi mniSvneloba, Tavisuflebis politikas arc xelisufleba atarebda xalxTan mimarTebaSi da arc xalxSi arsebuli partiebi erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi.

amitom vimedovneb, rom es traqtati, romelic aRniSnul Temas exeba, marTalia mokled, magram ufro mkacrad, vidre religiuri Semwynareblobis samarTlianobisa da gamosadegobis Tematikisadmi miZRvnili aqamde arsebuli sxva traqtatebi, yvela im adamianis mier vinc xalxis interesebs ufro maRla ayenebs, vidre viwro partiuls, sruliad droulad iqneba miCneuli.

werili tolerantobis Sesaxeb

Rrmadpativcemulo ser!radganac Tqven dainteresdiT sxvadasxva aRmsareblobis pirobebSi qristianebis

urTierTSemwynareblobis Sesaxeb Cemi mosazrebiT, me pirdapir getyviT, rom religiuri Semwynarebloba mimaCnia WeSmariti eklesiis ganmasxvavebel niSnad; ramdenic ar unda iwonon zogierTebma Tavi TavianTi RvTismsaxurebis siZveliTa Tu simdidriT, sxvebma _ TavianTi wesebis SecvliT (2), xolo yvelam erTad ki TavianTi rwmenis orTodoqsulobiT (radgan yvela sakuTari TavisTvis orTodoqsia) - esec da msgavsi tipis yvela sxva gancxadeba bevrad ufro metad adamianebis erTmaneTze batonobisaken miswrafebaze miuTiTebs, vidre imaze, rom es aris qristes WeSmariti eklesia. WeSmariti religia absoluturad sxva ramaa. igi ara garegnuli simdidriT tkbobis, saeklesio Zalauflebis mopovebis an Zaladobis gamoyenebis mizniT Seiqmna, aramed imisTvis, rom adamiani ufro qvelmoqmedi da RvTismoSiSi gaexada. yvela, visac surs rom erqvas qristiani, pirvel rigSi sakuTar codvebs unda ebrZodes. mas, vinc ar zrunavs sakuTari sulis gadarCenaze, gauWirdeba Cemi darwmuneba imaSi, rom Cemi sulis gadarCeniTaa dainteresebuli; radganac SeuZlebelia, rom isini, vinc Tavad araa gamsWvaluli qristianuli religiiT, suliT da guliT, mTeli gulwrfelobiT cdilobdes qristianobaze sxvebis moqcevas. Tu davujerebT saxarebasa da mociqulebs, veravin iqneba qristiani gulmowyalebisa da im rwmenis gareSe, romelic eyrdnoba ara Zalas, aramed siyvaruls. me mivmarTav maT, vinc religiis saxeliT devnis, awamebs, anadgurebs da klavs sxva adamianebs: nuTu isini amas am adamianebisadmi megobrobiTa da maTdami keTilmosurneobis principebidan gamomdinare sCadian? me amas mxolod maSin davijereb, Tu davinaxav, rom es fanatikosebi Cadenili codvebis gamo aseTive xerxebiTa da meTodebiT cdiloben sakuTari

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megobrebisa da nacnobebis gamosworebas. davijereb maSin, roca davinaxav, rom isini cecxliTa da maxviliT devnian sakuTari Temis wevrebs, romlebsac saSineli codvebi aqvT Cadenili da maTi sulebi samudamo daRupvis safrTxis winaSe dganan; davinaxav, Tu rogori mondomebiT cdiloben isini sakuTari sulebis gadarCenas da amisTvis sakuTar Tavebsac saSinlad iwameben. . .

vaRiareb, CemTvis, iseve rogorc nebismieri sxva adamianisTvis Zalian ucnaurad Cans, rom adamiani, romelsac mxurvaled unda meore adamianis gadarCena, samarTlianad miiCnevs misTvis wamebiT sikvdilis misjas ise, rom manamde arc ki cdilobs mis WeSmarit aRmsareblobaze moqcevas. veravin daijerebs imas, rom amgvar qmedebas safuZvlad edos moTmineba, siyvaruli an keTili neba. Tuki vinme amtkicebs rom adamianebi romelime religiur swavlebasa Tu ama Tu im RvTismsaxurebis wesze iaraRisa da cecxlis ZaliT unda moaqcion; Tuki vinme cdilobs moaqcios isini, vinc cdeba rwmenis sakiTxebSi da aiZulebs maT iwamon is, rac maT ar swamT, ueWvelia, rom aseTi adamiani mxolod da mxolod imas eswrafis, rom Tavisi aRmsareblobis garSemo rac SeiZleba meti raodenobis adamiani gaaerTianos. amitom araa gasakviri, rom isini, visac realurad ar surs WeSmariti religiisa da qristianuli rwmenis ayvaveba, iyeneben im iaraRs, rasac absoluturad ar iTvaliswinebs qristianoba. maT rom Cveni mesiis msgavsad WeSmaritad adamianTa sulebis gadarCena surdeT, maSin macxovris magaliTs mibaZavdnen, romelmac xalxTa dasapyrobad da eklesiaSi gasaerTianeblad Tavisi jariskacebi ara xmliT an Zaladobis raime sxva iaraRiT aRWurvilni gaagzavna, aramed mSvidobiani meTodebiT - saxarebiTa da wminda sityviT SeiaraRebulni. aseTi iyo misi meTodi, Tumca urwmunoebis moqceva rom Zaladobrivi gziT, xolo jiutebisa da sulierad dabrmavebulebis maTive Secdomebisagan dacva SeiaraRebuli jariskacebis meSveobiT yofiliyo saWiro, maSin misTvis zeciuri legionebis daxmarebiT amisi gakeTeba bevrad ufro advili iqneboda, vidre eklesiis nebismieri, Tundac Zalian Zlieri wevrisaTvis, mTeli misi miwieri siZlieris gamoyenebiT.

religiuri Semwynarebloba maT mimarT, romlebic sxvebisagan gansxvavebul religias misdeven, imdenad Tanxmdeba ieso qristes saxarebasa da WeSmarit adamianur gonierebasTan, rom gasaocaria, roca adamianebi imdenad brmebi arian, rom ar esmiT amgvari midgomis erTi SexedviT aseTi cxadi da aSkara upiratesoba. me aq ar daviwyeb adamianebis siamayisa da pativmoyvareobis, vnebebisa da mouTokavi fantaziis Sefasebas. es is naklovanebebia, romelTaganac adamianebi bolomde verasdros ver gaTavisufldebian. miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierT adamians ar SeuZlia dafaros misTvis damaxasiaTebeli sisastike da sazogadoebrivi keTildReobisa da kanonis dacvis araqristianuli meTodebiT ganxorcielebis pretenziebi, xolo zogi ki verc sakuTar Tavs da verc sxvas ver atyuebs mefis an RvTisadmi erTgul msaxurebaSi, mimaCnia, rom upirveles yovlisa mainc aucilebelia samoqalaqo mmarTvelobisa da religiuri saqmianobis sruli urTierTgamijvna da maT Soris samarTliani sazRvrebis dadgena. Tuki es ar moxdeba, arasodes dasruldeba kamaTi imaT Soris, vinc erTi mxriv pretenzias acxadebs adamianebis sulebisaTvis zrunvaze, meore mxriv ki saxelmwifoze zrunvaze.

saxelmwifod me miviCnev adamianTa im sazogadoebas, romelic mxolod da mxolod maTi sakuTari moqalaqeobrivi interesebis uzrunvelyofis, miRwevisa da SenarCunebisaTvisaa Seqmnili.

samoqalaqo interesebs me vuwodeb sicocxles, Tavisuflebas, janmrTelobas, fizikuri tkivilis ararsebobas da iseTi saxis garegnuli keTildReobis arsebobas, rogoricaa fuli, miwa, saxli, saojaxo nivTebi da a. S.

samoqalaqo xelisuflebis movaleobaa samarTliani kanonebis meSveobiT uzrunvelyos yvela adamianisa da TiToeuli qveSevrdomis mier am sagnebis samarTliani gziT floba da SenarCuneba. amitom, Tanamdebobis pirTa iurisdiqcia mxolod am samoqalaqo uflebebis ganxorcielebaze vrceldeba. es iurisdiqcia ar SeiZleba gavrceldes adamianis sulebis gadarCenasa da imqveyniuri sferos sxva sakiTxebze. Tuki vinme gabedavs am saganTa SenarCunebis mizniT dadgenili sazogadoebrivi samarTlianobisa da Tanasworobis kanonebis darRvevas, mis ganzraxvas moTokavs sasjelis SiSi, romlis Sedegadac kanondamrRvevi srulad an nawilobriv dakargavs im samoqalaqo interesebsa da sikeTeebs, romlebiTac mas sxva SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia sargebloba. imis gamo, rom aravin sakuTari nebiT ar moisurvebda ara Tu Tavisuflebis an sicocxlis daTmobas, aramed Tundac nawili uflebebis CamorTmevas, arsebobs yvela qveSevrdomis ZaliT aRWurvili xelisufleba, romelic flobs moqalaqeebis uflebebis damrRvevi nebismieri pirovnebis dasjis uflebas. . .

axla ganvixiloT, Tu ra aris eklesia. eklesiad me miviCnev im adamianebis nebayoflobiT gaerTianebas, romlebic saerTo Tanxmobis safuZvelze RvTismsaxurebis sazogadoebrivi ZalebiT Catarebis mizniT erTiandebian.

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me vambob, rom es aris Tavisufali da nebayoflobiTi sazogadoeba. aravin ar ibadeba romelime eklesiis wevrad. ase rom ar iyos, maSin mSoblebis religia maT Svilebs iseve gadecemodaT memkvidreobiT, rogorc saero qoneba da TiToeuli maTgani iseve SeinarCunebda religias, rogorc Tavis miwebs. amaze ufro meti uazrobis warmodgena SeuZlebelia. arcerTi adamiani dabadebidanve ar miekuTvneba romelime religiasa Tu seqtas. igi nebayoflobiT uerTdeba im sazogadoebas, romelSic misi azriT, ipova RmerTisTvis Sesaferisi WeSmariti msaxureba da ritualebi. imis gamo, rom mocemul sazogadoebaSi misi Sesvlis erTaderTi mizezi sulis gadarCenis imedi iyo, igive mizezis gamo igi am sazogadoebaSi rCeba. Tuki SemdegSi adamiani aRmoaCens, rom am swavlebaSi raime arasworia an RvTismsaxurebaSia raime Seuferebeli, ratom ar SeuZlia mas iseve Tavisuflad datovos mocemuli sazogadoeba, rogor Tavisufladac Sevida masSi? religiuri sazogadoebis arcerTi wevri ar SeiZleba iyos SeboWili raime sxva borkilebiT, garda im borkilebisa, romlebic maradiuli cxovrebis molodinidan gamomdinareoben. Sesabamisad, eklesia aris konkretuli miznis ganxorcielebisaTvis gaerTianebuli wevrebis erTianoba.

axla vnaxoT, rogoria eklesiis xelisufleba da ra kanonebs eqvemdebareba igi.veranairi sazogadoeba, rogori Tavisufalic ar unda iyos igi da rogori umniSvneloc ar

unda iyos misi Sekrebis mizezi (iqneba es filosofosTa sazogadoeba, romelTa mizania codnis Semecneba, vaWrebi _ komerciul sakiTxebis mosagvareblad Tu Tundac usaqmuri xalxi ubralod sasaubrod), veranairi eklesia an kreba ver iarsebebda da ver Seikribeboda erTad, rom ar xdebodes konkretuli kanonebiT maTi regulireba. xolo misi wevrebi ki ar Tanxmdebodnen garkveuli wesrigis dacvaSi. SeTanxmebuli unda iyos Sexvedris dro da adgili. gansazRvruli unda iyos wevrebis miRebisa da garicxvis wesebi. imdenad, ramdenadac mocemul eklesiaSi adamianTa gaerTianeba absoluturad Tavisufalia, misi kanonebis miRebac aravis prerogativa araa garda TviT mocemuli sazogadoebisa.

vinme SeiZleba SemekamaTos, rom veranair msgavsi tipis sazogadoebas ver vuwodebT WeSmarit eklesias, Tuki masSi araa episkoposi an presviteri, romelTac Tavad mociqulebisgan, jer kidev mravali saukunis win eqnebodaT marTvis ufleba miRebuli.

amaze me vupasuxebdi: dae maT miCvenon is brZaneba, romliTac ieso qristem amgvari kanoni daudgina Tavis eklesias. qristes danabarebi, sadac igi ambobs “sadac ori an sami kaci Seikribeba Cemi saxeliT, me maT Soris var”, Cemi azriT, sruliad sapirispiros damadasturebelia. ganixileT geTayva, ra aklia amgvar sazogadoebas imisTvis, rom igi WeSmarit eklesiad miviCnioT.

naxeT azrTa ramxela sxvadaxvaoba iyo yovelTvis im adamianebs Soris, romlebic amdens saubrobdnen WeSmariti eklesiis dadginebaze da misi meTaurobis wesze. TviT am uTanxmoebas arCevanis gakeTebis aucileblobamde mivyavarT, rac TavisTavad gulisxmobs, rom Cven Tavisufalni varT sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr avirCioT CvenTvis Sesaferi eklesia.

me ar var imis winaaRmdegi, rom am adamianebs hyavdeT eklesiis winamZRoli, oRond im pirobiT, rom me Tavisufali viqnebi CemTvis sasurveli sazogadoebis arCevanSi. am gziT saeklesio Tavisufleba yvelasTvis SenarCunebul iqneba da iarsebeben ara iZulebiT Tavs moxveuli kanonmdeblebi, aramed mxolod maT mierve arCeulni. . .

radganac aq ar gvaqvs imis saSualeba, rom WeSmariti eklesiis niSnebi vikvlioT, im adamianebs, romlebic jiutad misdeven TavianTi eklesiis kanonebs me mxolod Sevaxsenebdi Semdegs: marTalia saxarebaSi xSiradaa saubari, rom qristes WeSmariti mowafeebi unda itandnen devnas, magram axali aRTqmis vercerT wignSi ver vnaxe, rom Tavad qristes eklesia unda devnides sxvebs da cecxliTa da maxviliT aiZulebdes Tavisi rwmenisa da sjulis miRebas.

rogoric ukve aRvniSneT, religiuri sazodoebis mizani aris RmerTis erToblivi Tayvaniscema da amis meSveobiT samaradiso sicocxlis damkvidreba. amitom, mocemul sazogadoebaSi moqmedi yvela wesi am miznisken unda iyos mimarTuli da amiTve unda iyos SezRuduli yvela saeklesio kanoni. religiur sazogadoebaSi araferi ar unda iyos mimarTuli samoqalaqo da saero sikeTeebis flobaze. aq aranairi mizeziT ar SeiZleba Zalis gamoyeneba, radgan Zalis gamoyeneba mxolod samoqalaqo xelisuflebis prerogativaa da yvela saxis garegnuli sikeTeebis flobac mis iurisdiqciaSia.

albaT gaCndeba kiTxva, rogorRa damkvidrdeba saeklesio wesebi, Tuki maT ar eqnebaT iZulebiTi xasiaTi? maTi dadgineba unda xdebodes imgvari saSualebebiT, rom winaaRmdegobaSi ar modiodes saganTa bunebasTan. wesebis mxolod garegnuli dacva, Tuki es ar gamomdinareobs sulierebidan da rwmenidan, usargeblo da wamgebiania. eklesiis mier urCi wevrebisadmi gatarebuli sasjeli sxva araferia, Tu ara aseTi wevrebis garicxva maTi rigebidan.

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axla gamovikvlioT, Tu ra doziT vrceldeba Semwynareblobis faseuloba da ras moiTxovs igi TiToeuli Cvenganisgan.

pirvel rigSi, me vamtkiceb, rom Semwynareblobis faseuloba sulac ar avaldebulebs romelime eklesias _ SeinarCunos Tavis rigebSi pirovneba, romelic mudmivad arRvevs mocemuli sazogadoebis kanonebs. Tumca msgavs SemTxvevebSi gandevnis ganaCensa da mis sisruleSi moyvanas Tan ar unda axldes uxeSad mopyroba _ sityvieri an fizikuri, rac zians miayenebda gandevnili pirovnebis fizikur Tu sulier mdgomareobas. radgan nebismieri saxis Zala, rogorc es ukve vaCveneT, ekuTvnis mxolod samoqalaqo xelisuflebas da kerZo pirebs ar aqvT misi gamoynebis ufleba, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac Zala gamoiyeneba Zaladobisagan Tavdacvis mizniT. eklesiidan gankveTis SemTxvevaSi adamians ar da verc CamoerTmeva is samoqalaqo uflebebi, romlebsac is manamde flobda. es uflebebi samoqalaqo xelisuflebis xelSia. gankveTil pirovnebas imiT, rom mas sasuliero piri uars eubneba im pursa da Rvinoze, romelic RvTis sadidebladaa gankuTvili da romelic misi sakuTari fuliT ki ara, sxva adamianebis TanxebiTaa SeZenili, aranairi samoqalaqo ziani ar mieyeneba.

meorec, arc erT kerZo pirs ara aqvs ufleba dauSalos meore adamians samoqalaqo sikeTeebiT sargebloba mxolod imis gamo, rom igi sxva eklesiisa Tu religiuri mimdinareobis wevria. yvela is ufleba da SeRavaTi, romelic mas, rogorc adamians ise eZleva, xelSeuxeblad unarCundeba mTeli cxovrebis manZilze. ar SeiZleba adamianis Seuracxyofa mxolod imis gamo, rom is qristiania an warmarTi. Tuki vinmem gadauxvia swor gzas, es misi piradi ubedurebaa, magram ara SenTvis moyenebuli ziani. da amitom, Sen ar unda dasajo igi amyveyniur sikeTeebis CamorTmeviT. Sen xom isedac Tvli, rom aseTi adamiani imqveyniur cxovrebaSi ubeduri iqneba?!

is, rac me vTqvi religiur Semwynareblobaze pirovnebebTan mimarTebaSi, calkeul eklesiebzec vrceldeba. arcerT maTgans ara aqvs raime saxis iurisdiqcia meoreze. Tundac (rogorc es xSirad xdeba xolme) samoqalaqo Tanamdebobis pirebi ama Tu im eklesiis wevrebi iyvnen; radgan samoqalaqo xelisuflebas ar SeuZlia axali wesebi dauwesos eklesias. Tavis mxriv, arc eklesias aqvs ufleba _ gansazRvros samoqalaqo sazogadoebis moqmedebis wesebi. ase rom, SeuerTdeba Tu datovebs Tanamdebobis piri ama Tu im eklesias, es eklesia mainc Zveleburad rCeba Tavisufal da nebayoflobiTi tipis sazogadoebad. yvela nebayoflobiTi sazogadoebis ZiriTadi da ucvleli wesia _ gandevnos mocemuli sazogadoebis wesebis damrRevi nebismieri wevri. magram axali wevrebis miRebis aqtiT (vinc ar unda iyvnen es wevrebi) mas ar SeuZlia im adamianebze iurisdiqciis mopoveba, romlebic ar gamxdaran am sazogadobis wevrebi. amitom yoveli eklesia unda inarCunebdes mSvidobis, Tanasworobisa da megobrobis principebs da ar unda cdilobdes vinmeze gabatonebas an masze iurisdiqciis mopovebas.

es axlave ganvmartoT. warmovidginoT, rom ori eklesia _ arminianebisa da kalvinistebis (3), ganlagebulia konstantinopolSi. nuTu vinme ityvis, rom am eklesiebidan romelimes aqvs meore eklesiis wevrebisaTvis qonebisa da Tavisuflebis CamorTmevis ufleba maSin, roca iqve Turqebi dganan da dascinian qristianebs, romlebic araadamianuri sisastikiT esxmian Tavs erTmaneTs? yovel eklesias sakuTari Tavi marTlmorwmuned miaCnia, xolo sxvebi ki eretikosebad. saeklesio doqtrinebis marTebulobisa da WeSmariti RvTismsaxurebis Temaze kamaTisas, es eklesiebi Tanabar mdgomareobaSi imyofebian. arsad, arc konstantinopolSi da arc dedamiwis romelime sxva kuTxeSi ar arsebobs msajuli, romelsac SeeZleba gamoitanos gadawyvetileba romelime eklesiis sasargeblod. am sakiTxis gadawyveta mxolod yvela adamianis uzenaes msajuls ZaluZs.

ufro metic, cxadic rom iyos am ori gansxvavebuli eklesiidan Tu romeli adgas swor gzas, es sulac ar iqneboda imis maniSnebeli, rom orTodoqsul eklesias eqneboda meore eklesiis ganadgurebis ufleba. davuSvaT, rom samoqalaqo xelisufleba keTilganwyobilia erT-erTi eklesiisadmi da Aam eklesias aZlevs uflebas sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr dasajos gandgomilebi. magram vis SeuZlia miTxras, rom qristianul eklesias SeuZlia Turqi imperatorisagan raime saxis ufleba moipovos Tavis Zmebze? urjulos, romelsac Tavadac ara aqvs sarwmunoebis gamo qristianebis dasjis ufleba, bunebrivia, ar ZaluZs am uflebis arc sxva, romelime qristianuli TemisaTvis gadacema. aseTi iqneboda saqmis arsi ara marto konstantinopolSi, aramed nebismier qristianul saxelmwifoSic. samoqalaqo xelisufleba yvelgan erTi da igivea. qristiani mmarTvelis xelSi igi ar SeiZleba eklesiebs ufro met Zalauflebas aniWebdes, vidre warmarTi mmarTvelis xelSi.. . . .

ganvixiloT, Tu ras moiTxovs Semwynareblobis faseuloba maTgan, vinc danarCeni kacobriobisgan an rogorc ityvian, saero pirebisgan gamoirCeva Tavisi saeklesio wodebiTa da TanamdebobiT _ eseni arian episkoposebi, mRvdlebi, presviterebi, abatebi da a.S. maTi Zalaufleba, saidanac ar unda modiodes igi, imis gamo rom is aris saeklesio, SezRuduli

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unda iyos mxolod eklesiis farglebiT da arcerT SemTxvevaSi ar unda vrceldebodes samoqalaqo sferoze, radgan Tavad eklesia sruliad calke dgas da gansxvavdeba saxelmwifosagan. maTi sazRvrebi orive mxridan dadgenili da ucvlelia. is, vinc erTmaneTSi urevs am sazogadoebebs, romlebic TavianTi warmoSobiT, miznebiT, saqmeebiTa da yvela danarCeniT sruliad gansxvavebulia erTmaneTisgan, erTmaneTSi urevs yvelaze daSorebul da urTierTsapirispiro iseT cnebebs, rogorebicaa ca da dedamiwa. amitom aravis, ra sasuliero wodebis matarebelic ar unda iyos igi, ar SeuZlia religiur sakiTxebze SexedulebaTa gansxvavebis gamo, CamoarTvas adamians arc Tavisufleba da arc raime saxis saero sikeTe.

ar aris sakmarisi is, rom sasuliro pirebi Tavad ar axorcielebdnen Zaladobas, Zarcvas an nebismieri saxis devnas. is, vinc pretnzias acxadebs mociqulTa memkvidreobaze da Wkuas arigebs adamianebs, valdebulia Tavis msmenelebs mSvidobisaken mouwodos da yvela adamianisadmi, ar aqvs mniSvneloba gzaabneulis, marTlmorwmunesa Tu urwmunosadmi keTili nebisa da Semwynareblobis Rirebulebebi uqadagos. me ar daviwyeb imis mtkicebas, ra karg Sedegebs moutanda eklesiasac da saxelmwifosac saeklesio kaTedrebidan Semwynereblobisa da mSvidobis es doqtrinebi rom ismodes. Tuki qristiani Tavs unda ikavebdes nebismieri saxis SurisZiebisgan maSinac ki, roca mas sdevnian da Seuracxyofen, ramdenad ufro metad unda Seikavos man Tavi sxvebis devnisa da Seviwroebisgan, rodesac Tavad misTvis am adamianebs araferi dauSavebiaT da aranairi saxis Suracxyofa ar miuyenebiaT! kerZo saojaxo saqmeebSi, mamulebis marTvisas, janmrTelobis sakiTxebSi yvelas SeuZlia ise moiqces, rogorc es mas awyobs. aravis ar adardebs roca mezobeli arasworad marTavs Tavis sojaxo saqmeebs; aravin ar brazdeba sxvaze im SecdomaTa gamo, romelic man Tesvis dros an qaliSvilis gaTxovebisas dauSva; aravin ar brazdeba mflangvel adamianze, romelic mTel Tavis qonebas tavernebSi aniavebs. dae yvelam ise daxarjos an gazardos Tavisi qoneba, rogorc mas surs _ aravin amas ar akontrolebs. magram Tu adamiani xSirad ar dadis eklesiaSi, ar icavs saeklesio wesebs an ar aziarebs Tavis Svilebs ama Tu im eklesiis saidumloebebs, es dauyovnebliv xdeba msjelobis sagani. yvela mzadaa Suri iZios aseTi did danaSaulis gamo. manam, sanam arsebobs sababi da sanam sacodavi adamiani srulad ar daisjeba, fanatikosebi ver SesZleben Tavi Seikavon Zarcvisa da Zaladobisagan.

da bolos, ganvixiloT Tu ra movaleobebi akisria samoqalaqo xelisuflebas religiuri Semwynareblobis sferoSi.

Cven ukve vaCveneT, rom adamianTa sulebze zrunva araa Tanamdebobis pirebisa da xelisuflebis sazrunavi. sakuTar sulze zrunva konkretuli adamianis saqmea. magram, Tu igi ar zrunavs Tavis sulze? maSin me vikiTxav: Tuki igi ar zrunavs sakuTar janmrTelobaze an qonebaze, rac ufro axlos dgas samoqalaqo xelisuflebis sferosTan, SemoiRebs ki xelisufleba saswrafo meTodebiT kanons, raTa es adamiani ar daavaddes an ar gaRatakdes? kanoni iTvaliswinebs, ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia, rom qveSevrdomTa qoneba da janmrTeloba ar unda zaraldebodes sxvebis mier, magram kanoni ar icavs adamians sakuTari Tavis daudevrobisa da uyuradRebobisagan. veravis ver aiZuleb, iyos mdidari an janmrTeli, Tuki mas es ar surs. ufro metic, RmerTic ki ver gadaarCens adamians, Tu es mas Tavadve ar surs. davuSvaT romelime mefem moindoma, rom Tavis qveSevrdomebs aiZulos qonebis dagroveba an janmrTelobis SenarCuneba. nuTu kanoni am adamianebs daudgens, rom mxolod romael eqimebTan gaiaron konsultaciebi? da rom maT ar SeuZliaT miiRon sxva wamali, garda imisa, rac vatikanisa da Jenevis daxlebzea (4) damzadebuli? an iqneb, imisaTvis rom es adamianebi mdidrebi gaxadon, kanoni daavaldebulebs maT gaxdnen vaWrebi an musikosebi?

SesaZloa miTxran, rom gamdidrebis aTasobiT gza arsebobs, zecisken mimavali gza ki mxolod erTia. davuSvaT, rom gza maradiuli cxovrebisken mTavarma ukeT icis, vidre qvaSevrdomma da rom am gaurkvevlobis pirobebSi kerZo pirebisTvis ufro usafrTxo da momgebiania misdevdnen mis nebas. mere ra? – ikiTxavT Tqven. man rom Tqven gibrZanoT vaWrobiT Tavis rCena, gana Tqven imis SiSiT, rom xeli mogecarebaT, uars ityviT amaze? me gipasuxebT, rom mTavris brZanebiT mec gavxdebodi vaWari, radganac vaWrobaSi warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi mTavars aqvs saimiso resursebi, rom aminazRauros danakargi. Tu mas marTla surs Cemi gamdidreba, maSin igi uzrunvelmyofs kidec, Tuki dausrulebeli mogzaurobebis Sedegad me gavkotrdebi. sruliad sxvagvaradaa saqme momavali cxovrebis sakiTxSi. aq rom me araswori gezi aviRo da Tavi daviRupo, mmarTvels ar Seswevs imis Zala, rom aminazRauros danakargi, Semimsubuqos raime formiT tanjva an mdgomareoba. zecisken mimavali erTaderTi viwro gza xelisuflebam kerZo pirebze ukeT ar icis; amitom me SemeSindeba gzamkvlevad avirCio is adamiani, romelmac iseve ar icis gza, rogorc me da Tan, ufro naklebadaa dainteresebuli Cems

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gadarCenaSi, vidre Tavad me. gana cota ebraeli, romelic TavianT mefes misdevda, Cavarda kerpTayvanismcemlobis codvaSi da, Sesabamisad, DdaiRupa? miuxedavad amisa, Tqven meubnebiT rom axla me usafrTxod var, radgan xelisufleba mibrZanebs religiis sakiTxebSi davemorCilo ara sakuTar kanonebs, aramed eklesiis gadawyvetilebas. romeli eklesiis gadawyvetilebebs? _ gekiTxebiT me. im eklesiisa, romelic maT miaCniaT saukeTesod. Tuki romelime eklesiis religia mxolod imis gamo iqceva WeSmaritad da mxsnelad, rom seqtis meTauri, mRvdlebi, prelatebi da sxva sasuliero pirebi mTeli Zal-RoniT aqeben da adideben mas, maSin romeli religiaRa SeiZleba CaiTvalos mcdarad da damRupvelad? me eWvis TvaliT vuyureb socinianebis swavlebas, papistebisa da luTeranebis (5) saeklesio wes-Cveulebebs. iqneb CemTvis odnav mainc ufro usafrTxo iyos mTavrobis brZanebis safuZvelze SevuerTde romelime maTgans, radganac igi religiis sferSi arafers gvibrZanebs am eklesiis avtoritetuli pirebis swavlebebisgan gansxvavebuls?

magram simarTle rom vTqvaT eklesia, rogorc wesi, ufro metad ganicdis xelisuflebis zegavlenas, vidre xelisufleba eklesiisas. kargadaa cnobili, Tu rogori iyo eklesia marTlmorwmune da arianeli (6) imperatorebis monacvleobiTi mmarTvelobis periodSi. inglisis istoriidan henrix VIII, eduard VI, mariamisa da elizabeTis mefobis istoria kargi magaliTia imisa, Tu rogor cvlidnen saeklesio pirebi TavianT wesebs, RvTismsaxurebis formebsa da ritualebs mefeebisa da dedoflebis neba-survilis mixedviT. es mefeebi da dedoflebi imdenad gansxvavdebodnen rwmenis sakiTxebSi da, Sesabamisad, imdenad gansxvavebul brZanebebs gascemdnen, rom aTeistis garda vercerTi saRi azris mqone adamiani ver SesZlebda imis Tqmas, rom WeSmariti da patiosani morwmune damSvidebuli sindisiT daemorCileboda zogierT maT dekrets.

da bolo mosazreba, romelic asrulebs am kamaTs, aseTia: im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca xelisuflebis warmomadgenels religiis Sesaxeb sruliad jansaRi warmodgena aqvs da mis mier dawesebuli gzac WeSmaritad saxarebiseulia, me Tu srulad ara var darwmunebuli amaSi, CemTvis ar iqneba usafrTxo am gzis gayola. veranairi gza, romelsac me Cemi cnobierebis sawinaaRmdegod avirCev, ver mimiyvans me netarebamde. me SemiZlia gavmdidrde im gzebiT, romelic didad ar momwons, me SesaZloa momarCinos im wamalma, romlisac ar mwamda, magram me ver mixsnis religia, romelsac ar vendobi da RvTismsaxureba, romelic Cems zizRs iwvevs. mxolod rwmena da Sinagani gulgaxsniloba aerTianebs adamians RmerTTan. erTi sityviT, ramdenad saeWvoc ar unda iyos religia, WeSmariteba gulisxmobs, rom veranairi religia, Tu is me ar mimaCnia WeSmarit religiad, ver iqneba CemTvis verc WeSmariti da verc sasargeblo. . .

yvela eklesiaSi gansakuTrebul ganxilvas moiTxovs ori sakiTxi: RvTismsaxurebis garegnuli formebi da mxareebi da sarwmunoebis doqtrinebi da wevrebi. imisaTvis rom ufro naTeli gaxdes religiuri Semwynareblobis sakiTxi, saWiroa TiToeuli maTganis cal-calke ganxilva.

RvTismsaxurebis garegnul mxareebTan dakavSirebiT, upirveles yovlisa, me vityodi, rom samoqalaqo xelisuflebas ara aqvs kanonmdeblobis saxiT sakuTar an miT umetes sxvis eklesiaSi RvTismsaxurebis raime ritualis an ceremoniis dadgenis ufleba. da ara mxolod imitom, rom es eklesiebi Tavisufal sazogadoebebs warmoadgenen, aramed imitomac, rom konkretuli RvTismsaxureba gamarTlebulia mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac mis mimdevrebs swamT rom igi RvTisaTvis misaRebia. eklesiis erTaderTi funqcia adamianTa sulebis gadarCenaa da am miznis misaRwevad ama Tu im ceremoniis gamoyenebis sakiTxi aranairad ar exeba saxelmwifos an mis romelime wevrs. davuSvaT magaliTad, rom bavSvis ganbanva, TavisTavad, araa didi mniSvnelobis saqme. davuSvaT aseve, rom Tanamdebobis adamians miaCnia, rom amgvar ganbanvas SeuZlia avadmyofobis morCena an Tavidan acileba. magram amis gamo gana vinme ityvis imas, rom Tanamdebobis pirs aqvs aseTive ufleba gamosces kanoni, romlis mixedviTac sasuliero pirebma sulis ganwmendis mizniT unda monaTlon yvela bavSvi wminda sanaTlavSi? am or SemTxvevas Soris arsebuli udidesi gansxvaveba nebismierisTvis pirvelive Sexedvidan TvalSisacemia. Tuki Cven vaRiarebT, rom msgavsi tipis Seuracxyofa ar SeiZleba ebraels miayeno, maSin rogorRa SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom igives gakeTeba SegviZlia qristianTan mimarTebaSi?

imdenad ramdenadac xelisuflebas ara aqvs ufleba sakanonmdeblo doneze romelime eklesias Tavs moaxvios raime saxis rituali da ceremonia, mas arc imis ufleba aqvs, rom ukve arsebuli, gamoyenebuli da mowonebuli saeklesio wesebi Sescvalos. xelisuflebas rom amis ufleba hqondes, maSin amiT Tavad eklesia daiSleboda, romlis arsebobis erT-erTi piroba RvTisadmi sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr morCilebaSi gamoixateba.

magram Tqven ikiTxavT: am wesis mixedviT samoqalaqo xelisufleba moTminebiT unda Seeguos imas, rom zogierTma kongregaciam SesaZloa bavSvebis msxverplSewirva

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gadawyvitos? ara, gipasuxebT me. aseTi ram arakanonieria yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi da amitom msgavsi qmedebebis Cadena ukanonoa RvTismsaxurebisa Tu sxvadasxva religiuri Sekrebis drosac. magram Tuki adamiani religiuri mizniT gadawyvets batknis Sewirvas, kanons ar SeuZlia amis akrZalva. adamians, romelsac es batkani ekuTvnis, SeuZlia misi nebismier dros dakvla da SeWma. amiT is aravis miayenebs Seurcxyofas. aseve SeuZlia mas Tavisi batknis religiuri miznebidan gamomdinare dakvla. miiRebs Tu ara amgvar msxverplSewirvas saeklesio Temi, es ukve misi gadasawyvetia. aq Cven vxedavT Tu ra gansxvavebaa eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris. is, rac kanonieria saxelmwifosTvis, ar SeiZleba akrZaluli iyos arc eklesiaSi. Tuki nebismier adamians kanonierad SeuZlia sakuTar saxlSi Wamos puri da dalios Rvino, idges fexze an daiCoqos, aranair kanons ar SeuZlia SezRudos misi es Tavisufleba religiur sferoSi. Tumca, saeklesio gamoyeneba purisa da Rvinosi sruliad gansxvavebulia. is sagnebi, romlebic sazogadoebisaTvis mavnea da amitom akrZalulia kanoniT, ar SeiZleba daSvebul iqnas arc saeklesio ritualebSi. Tumca xelisufleba yovelTvis Zalian frTxilad unda iyos da borotad ar unda gamoiyenos Tavisi Zalaufleba, rac SesaZloa sazogadoebrivi sikeTis mizniT eklesiis SezRudvaSi gamoixatos.

SesaZloa ikiTxon: unda iTmendes mmarTveli kerpTayvanismcemlur eklesias? amis sapasuxod me vikiTxavdi: gana SesaZlebelia misce mmarTvels kerpTayvanismcemlobis CasaxSobad iseTi Zalaufleba, romelic Sesaferis drosa da Sesaferis garemoebebSi ar iqneba gamoyenebuli marTlmorwmune eklesiis gansaiaraReblad? unda gvaxsovdes, rom samoqalaqo xelisufleba yvelgan erTi da igivea, xolo TiToeuli mTavrisTvis ki misi mrwamsia orTodoqsuli. amitom, Tuki amgvari Zalaufleba samoqalaqo xelisuflebas sasuliero saqmeebSic miecema (rogorc es JenevaSia), man SesaZloa ZaladobiTa da sisxlisRvriT amoZirkvos is religia, romelsac igi kerpTayvanismcemlobad miiCnevs. amave principidan gamomdinare, meore mmarTvelma mezobel qveyanaSi SesaZloa CaaxSos protestanuli religia, sxvagan ki, magaliTad indoeTSi _ qristianuli. samoqalaqo xelisuflebas, mmarTvelis nebidan gamomdinare, an yvelafris Secvla SeuZlia religiis sakiTxebSi an ki arafris. erTxelac rom iqnes daSvebuli religiis sferoSi kanonebisa da dasjis saSualebiT raimes Secvlis precedenti, misi SezRudva Semdeg ukve SeuZlebeli iqneba.

yvela adamiani Tanxmdeba imaSi, rom siZunwe, gulqvaoba, usaqmuroba da kidev bevri sxva ram, principSi, codvaa. Tumca arasdros aravis uTqvams, rom xelisuflebis mxridan es codvebi dasjadi unda iyos. mizezi isaa, rom am codvebis Sedegad ziani ar mieyeneba sxva adamianebis uflebebs da ar irRveva sazogadoebrivi simSvide. ufro metic, tyuilisa da vireSmakobis codvac ki arsad, zogierTi im iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, roca mniSvneloba eniWeba ara Cadenili qmedebis simdablesa da RvTisadmi miyenebul Seuracxyofas, aramed mezoblebisa da saxelmwifosadmi miyenebul zarals, ar isjeba kanoniT. ra moxdeba romelime saxelmwifoSi, muslim an kerpTayvanismcemel mmarTvels qristianuli religia rom moeCvenos mcdarad da RvTisadmi Seuracxmyofelad? gana ar SeiZleba qristianebi igive safuZvelze da imave meTodiT gaanadguron?

SeiZleba vinmem amtkicos, rom moses kanonebis mixedviT, kerpTayvanismcemloba unda amoiZirkvos. magram CvenTvis, qristianebisTvis es araa savaldebulo. aravin ar miiCnevs, rom moses mier dadgenili yvela wesi qristianebmac unda daicvan. mimarTva: ”ismine, israelo” sakmaod aSkarad zRudavs moses kanonis moqmedebas mxolod ebraeli xalxiT. marto es mosazrebac ki sakmarisia, raTa dadasturebul iqnes im adamianebis msjelobis simcdare, vinc kerpTayvanismcemlebis sikvdiliT dasjas moiTxovs.. ..

gadavideT Semdeg sakiTxze. pirvel rigSi, yvela adamiani unda zrunavdes sakuTar sulze da mxolod Semdeg – sazogadoebriv mSvidobaze. adamianebs Soris mimdinareobs ori saxis dava: erTi kanonis, meore ki Zalis saSualebiT. rogorc wesi, sadac mTavrdeba erTi saxis kamaTi, iqve iwyeba meore. magram Cemi saqme araa gamovikvlio Tanamdebobis adamianTa xelisufleba sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis pirobebSi. me vici mxolod is, Tu ra xdeba iq, sadac warmoiSoba dava da araa msajuli, romelic am sadavo sakiTxs gadawyvetda. samoqalaqo xelisuflebam ar SeiZleba moiTminos sazogadoebisaTvis miuRebeli Sexedulebebi da moraluri wesebi, rac aucilebelia samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arsebobisTvis. saeklesio kanonebs Soris amgvari kanonebi iSviaTiaa. arcerTi seqta araa imdenad ugunuri, rom religiuri dogmatebis saxiT iseT Sexedulebebs qadagebdes, romlebic aSkarad Zirs uTxrian sazogadoebis arsebobas. aseT SemTxvevaSi safrTxis winaSe dadgeboda seqtis kerZo interesebi, mSvidoba, misi reputacia da yvela sxva danarCeni.

saxelmwifosTvis meore boroteba _ ufro dafaruli, magram ufro saSiSic _ aris is, rom adamianebi TavianT Tavs da im adamianebs, vinc seqtaSi maTTan erTad arian, garkveul prerogativebs miaweren, rac realurad ewinaaRmdegeba sazogadoebis samoqalaqo wesebs. magaliTad, Cven ver SevZlebT movnaxoT seqta, romelic pirdapir da Riad aswavlis, rom adamianebi ar arian valdebulni Seasrulon TavianTi danapirebi; rom mmarTvelebi

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SesaZlebelia damxobil iqnen gansxvavebuli religiis mimdevrebis mier. an, rom mxolod maT SeuZliaT yvelaferze batonoba. msgavsi saxis pirdapiri da gaxsnili propaganda xelisuflebis yuradRebas miiqcevda da saxelmwifo ufro meti sifrTxiliT moekideboda amgvari saxis borotebis gavrcelebis saSiSroebas. miuxedavad amisa, Cven SevxvdebiT adamianebs, romlebic igives laparakoben, oRond sxva sityvebiT. sxva ra aqvT mxedvelobaSi maT, vinc ambobs: «araa aucilebeli uerTgulo eretikosebs?" am sityvebis azri is aris, rom maT aqvT erTgulebis darRvevis privilegia, radgan isini acxadeben an nebismier dros, roca ki amas CaTvlian saWirod, SeuZliaT ganacxadon, rom is, vinc araa maTi Tanamegobrobis wevri, eretikosia. rogor azri SeiZleba hqondes mtkicebulebas: «mmarTvelobas CamoSorebuli mefeebi kargaven TavianT gvirgvinsa da samefoebs?» aSkaraa, rom isini iCemeben mefeebis damxobis uflebas. maT swamT an sul mcire, sjeraT mainc, rom isini WeSmaritad keTilmorwmune adamianebi arian. mmarTveli ver moiTmens iseT swavlebas, romelic morwmuneebs raime saxis socialur privilegias da samoqalaqo mmarTvelobis sferoSi sxvebze Zalauflebis prerogativas aniWebs an religiis sababiT pretenzias acxadebs im adamianebze Zalauflebaze, romlebic ar arian konkretuli religiuri Temis wevrebi. yvela aseTi tipis doqtrina aSkarad metyvelebs imaze, rom mis avtorebs nebismier dros, nebismieri sababiT SeuZliaT xelSi Caigdon Zalaufleba da daeuflon Tavis Tanamemamuleebis qonebasa da mamulebs. isini xelisuflebisgan Semwynareblobas iTxoven mxolod manam, sanam sakmaod ar gaZlierdebian.

Semdeg, mmarTveli ver Seegueba verc iseT eklesias, romelic imgvaradaa mowyobili, rom is, vinc am eklesiis wevri xdeba, avtomaturad, sxva saxelmwifos qveSevrdomobasac Rebulobs. es imis momaswavlebeli iqneboda, rom mmarTvels sakuTar qveyanaSi ucxo qveynis iurisdiqciisTvis gaexsna gza. sasaciloa, roca vinme amtkicebs, rom igi muslimia mxolod religiurad, xolo sxva mxriv ki _ qristianuli saxelmwifos erTguli qveSevrdomi. igi xom valdebulia brmad daemorCilos konstantinopolis muftas, romelic Tavis mxriv otomanTa imperias emorCileba! magram qristianebs Soris mcxovrebi es muslimi kidev ufro metad uaryofda maT xelisuflebas, mas rom sakuTari eklesiis meTaurad igive pirovneba mieCnia, vinc amave dros sxva saxelmwifos umaRlesi Tanamdebobis piri iqneboda.

da bolos, saerTod ar SeiZleba Segueba urwmuno adamianebTan. dapireba, xelSekruleba da fici _ aqtebi, romlebic adamianuri sazogadoebis borkilebs warmoqmnian, ver Seakaveben aTeists. RmerTis uaryofa, Tundac fiqrebSi, yvelafers xazs usvams. amas garda, maT, vinc TavianTi aTeistobiT yvela religias ewinaaRmdegebian rjulTSemwynareblobaze veranairi religiuri mizeziT ver eqnebaT pretenzia.

rac Seexeba sxva praqtikul mosazrebebs, Tundac ara absoluturad uSecdomos, Tuki religiuri swavleba ar aris mimarTuli sxvebze batonobis damyarebisaken an ar qadagebs samoqalaqo kanonebisadmi konkretuli eklesiis dauqvemdebareblobas, ar arsebobs aseTi religiuri swavlebisadmi araSemwynarebuli damokidebulebis safuZveli.

ramodenime sityva dagvrCa saTqmeli im SekrebaTa Sesaxeb, romlebsac, Cveulebriv, ajanyebebisa da SeTqmulebebis mizezad Tvlian. miCneulia, rom aseTi Sexvedrebi Semwynareblobis doqtrinis sust mxareebs warmoaCens. magram amis mizezi ara Tavad am Sekrebebis xasiaTia, aramed is uaryofiTi Sedegebi, romlebsac Tavisuflebis sruli an nawilobrivi SezRudva warmoSobs. Semwynareblobis Sesaxeb kanonis miRebis SemTxvevaSi amgvari braldebebi azrs dakargavs. maSin yvela eklesia valdebuli iqneba TavianT religiur Tavisuflebas safuZvlad sxva religiebisadmi Semwynarebluri damokidebuleba daudos da iqadagos, rom sindisis Tavisufleba yvela adamianis _ rogorc gansxvavebulad moazrovnis, aseve maTi religiis mimdevris bunebrivi uflebaa da rom arc kanoniT da arc fizikuri ZaliT aravis ar unda daetanos Zala rwmenis sakiTxebSi. religiuri Semwynareblobis kanonis miReba aRmofxvris sindisis sakiTxebSi ukmayofilebisa da mtrobis yvela safuZvels. xolo am ukmayofilebisa da mtrobis warmomSobi mizezebis mospobis Semdeg, am saxis krebebSi araferi darCeba iseTi, rac ajanyebebis an SeTqmulebebis warmoSobis safuZvlad SeiZleba iyos miCneuli.

Tqven ityviT, rom «Sekrebebi safrTxis qveS ayeneben sazogadoebriv mSvidobas da emuqrebian saxelwifos». me gipasuxebT: es rom marTlac ase iyos, maSin ratom ikribeba yoveldRiurad amdeni xalxi bazrebsa da sasamarTloebSi? Tqven mipasuxebT: es samoqalaqo saxis Sekrebebia, Cven ki saeklesio tipis Sekrebebis winaaRmdegni varT. me vpasuxob: ra Tqma unda, magram samoqalaqo saqmeebisgan srulad CamoSorebuli Sekrebebi SeiZleba samoqalaqo saqmeebze yvelaze met zegavlenas axdendnen. magram metyvian, rom samoqalaqo Sekrebebze erTad ikribebian sxvadasxva religiuri mimdinareobis adamianebi, sasuliero Sekrebebis dros ki _ mxolod Tanamoazreebi. TiTqos religiis sakiTxebSi Tanxmoba TavisTavad gulisxmobdes saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg

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SeTqmulebas! an iqneb, rac ufro metad Tanxvdeba sarwmunoebis sakiTxebSi adamianTa Sexedulebebi, miT ufro naklebad Tavisuflad SeuZliaT Sekreba? magram vici, mainc daiwyeben imis mtkicebas, rom samoqalaqo Sekrebebi ufro gaxsnilia da rom iq yvelas Tavisuflad SeuZlia daswreba. religiuri Sekrebebi ki ufro daxuruli xasiaTisaa da saidumlo maqinaciebis met saSualebas iZleva. me vupasuxebdi, rom es ase araa. radgan sakmaod bevri samoqalaqo saxis Sexvedra araa yvelasTvis gaxsnili. da Tuki zogierTi religiuri Sekreba marTlac kerZo xasiaTs atarebs, visi bralia es _ imisi, visac unda rom es Sexvedrebi sajaro iyos Tu imaTi, vinc amas krZalavs? Semdeg, Tqven metyviT, rom religia adamianebis sulebsa da grZnobebs metismetad aaxloebs erTmaneTTan da amitom, ufro saSiSicaa. maSin mmarTvels ratom ar eSinia Tavisi sakuTari eklesiis da ratom ar krZalavs mis Sekrebebs, Tuki es ase saSiSia misi mmarTvelobisTvis? imitom rom _ metyviT Tqven _ mmarTveli Tavad aris am eklesiis wevri da zogjer meTauric.

amitom, modiT vTqvaT pirdapir: mmarTvels eSinia sxva eklesiebis, magram ara sakuTari eklesiisa. radganac igi erTis mimarT keTilganwyobilia, xolo sxvaTa mimarT ki mkacri da gulqva. Tavisi eklesiis wevrebs igi ise eqceva, rogorc sakuTar Svilebs da maT bevr rames patiobs. sxvebs ki ise eqceva, rogorc monebs. rogor kargadac ar unda moiqcnen isini, maTi sazRauri mainc katorRa, cixe, konfiskacia da sikvdiliT dasjaa. me vici, rom ajanyebebi xSirad religiis mizeziT xdeba. magram merwmuneT, ajanyebebi xdeba ara romelime eklesiis an religiuri erTobis gansakuTrebuli xasiaTis gamo, aramed imis gamo, rom adamianebi, rogorc wesi, Tuki mZime uRlis qveS moeqcevian, Seecdebian am uRlis gadagdebas. ajanyebisken adamianebs mxolod erTi ram ubiZgebs _ damcireba.

albaT ikiTxavT: “Tqven gindaT rom adamianebi RvTismsaxurebaze ikribebodnen mTavris nebis sawinaaRmdegod?” me vpasuxob: ratom nebis sawinaaRmdegod? gana ukanonobaa maTi Sekreba? ai, swored amas ganvicdi me. ratom arian eklesiaSi Sekrebisadmi ufro nakleb Semwynareblebi, vidre TeatrSi an bazarze Tavyrilobebisadmi? eklesia, romlis religiuri Sexedulebebi Tanxmdeba mTavris religiur mrwamsTan, fasdeba rogorc saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis umTavresi sayrdeni. amgvari Sefasebis erTaderTi mizezi isaa, rom mTavari da, Sesabamisad, kanonmdebloba am eklesiisadmi keTilganwyobilia. ramdenad ufro usafrTxo iqneba mTavris mdgomareoba iq, sadac yvela qveSevrdomi, ganurCevlad religiuri mrwamsisa, romlebsac mTavrisa da kanonisgan Tanabari doziT eZlevaT keTilganwyoba, misi saerTo mxardamWerebi da mcvelebi iqnebian, sadac aravis eqneba mizezi eSinodes kanonis simkacrisa, garda imaTi, vinc zians ayenebs TavianT mezoblebs da arRvevs samoqalaqo mSvidobas!

amgvarad, mivediT im daskvnamde, rom yvela adamiani unda sargeblobdes Tanabari uflebebiT. nebadarTulia RvTismsaxureba romaul yaidaze? dae, nebadarTul iyos Jenevis stilzec. nebadarTulia laTinurad saubari bazrobaze? dae maT, visac es unda, eklesiaSic isaubros laTinurad. nebas rTavs kanoni nebismier adamians muxldaCoqili idges, ijdes an sxva romelime pozaSi iyos sakuTar saxlSi, Caicvas Savi Tu TeTri, mokle Tu grZeli samosi? maSin, dae nu dauSlis mas kanoni miiRos puri, Rvino an ganibanos wyliT eklesiaSi. erTi sityviT, Tuki kanoni ar exeba adamianis mier yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi sagnebis gamoyenebas, maSin, dae es sagnebi nebismieri eklesiis mier Tavisuflad gamoiyenebodes RvTismsaxurebaSi. SegiZliaT Tqven dauSvaT presviteranuli wesebi? maSin ratom ar unda hqondeT maTTvis sasurveli wesebi episkoposuri eklesiis momxreebsac? sasuliero xelisufleba, sul erTia erTis Tu mravalTa xelSi iqneba igi, yvelgan erTi da igivea. da mas ar gaaCnia aranairi iurisdiqcia samoqalaqo saqmeebze.

uadgilo ar iqneba oriode sityva eresisa da ganxeTqilebis Sesaxebac rom vTqvaT. Turqi ar aris da verc iqneba qristianisTvis verc eretikosi da verc gandgomili; da Tuki vinme qristianuli religiidan musulmanur religiaSi gadadis, igi am qmedebiT ar xdeba arc eretikosi da arc gandgomili. igi xdeba urwmuno. amaSi aravis ar epareba EeWvi. aqedan cxadia, rom sxvadasxva religiis adamianebi ver iqnebian erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi eretikosebi an ganxeTqilebis Semtanebi. SesaZlebeli iyo am yvelafris ufro dawvrilebiT da ukeT ganxilva, magram Tqveni SesaZleblobebis adamianisTvis mxolod da mxolod gadakvriT naTqvamic ki sakmarisi unda iyos.

SeniSvnebi

1. rjulTSemwynareblobis gamocxadeba _ nonkonformistebisaTvis garkveuli religiuri Tavisuflebebis, rogorc gansakuTrebuli Tavisuflebebis miniWeba.

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aqtebi CarTulobis Sesaxeb – seklesio urTierTobebis gafarToebis gziT nonkonformistebis CarTva saxelmwifos mier aRiarebuli eklesiis saqmianobaSi; gamoiyeneboda XVII saukunis meore naxevarSi, inglisSi

2. im adamianebSi, romlebic TavianTi adgilebis siZveliTa da RvTismsaxurebis simdidriT iwoneben Tavs loki kaTolicizmis momxreebs gulisxmobs. im adamianebSi ki, romlebic Tavs iwoneben TavianTi wesebis gamosworebiT – reformaciis momxreebs, protestantebs.

3. loks arminianuli da kalvinistri eklesiebis magaliTi imis gamo mohyavs, rom es ori eklesia urTierTdapirispirebuli iyo.

kalvinistebi – kalvinis (1509 – 1564ww) momxreebi da mimdevrebi. kalvini iyo reformaciis gamoCenili moRvawe, protestantuli religiuri swavlebis – kalvinizmis damaarsebeli. es mimdinareoba warmoiSva SveicariaSi, JenevaSi, XVIs.-Si, saidanac Semdeg gavrcelda safrangeTSi, niderlandebSi, inglisSi, Sotlandiasa da dasavleT evropis sxva qveynebSi da, ZiriTadad, gamoxatavda sul ufro da ufro mzardi saSualo klasis interesebs. kalvinizmis erT-erTi mTavari ganmasxvavebeli niSani isaa, rom igi icavs “absoluturi winaswar gansazRvrulobis” dogmats, romlis mixedviTac, RmerTma zogierTi adamiani winaswar samoTxisa da gadarCenisTvis “gawira”, zogierTi ki – daRupvisa da jojoxeTisTvis. aqedan gamomdinare, kalvinizmi uaryofda nebis Tavisuflebas. kalvinisturi eklesia mkacrad adevnebda Tvals Tavisi mrevlis TiToeuli wevris cxovrebasa da qcevis wesebs. kalvinizmi gamoirCeoda Tavisi aratolerantuli damokidebulebiT sxva religiis mimdevrebis mimarT. kalvinis moTxovniT, 1553 wels, JenevaSi cocxlad dawves cnobili espaneli mecnieri serveti.

arminianebi anu remonstrantebi _ religiuri swavleba, romelic XVII saukuneSi, orTodoqsuli kalvinizmidan gadaxris Sedegad niderlandebSi warmoiSva. igi gamoxatavda holandieli burJuaziis ganwyobilebasa da interesebs. misi damaarsebeli iyo holandieli moZRvari da RvTismetyveli iakob arminieli (1560 – 1609 ww), visganac miiRo am mimdinareobam saxeli. arminianelebi kalvinizmisgan gansxvavebiT miiCnevdnen, rom qristian adamians sakuTari sulis gadarCena keTili saqmeebiTa da rwmeniT SeeZlo. amiT isini uaryofdnen orTodoqsuli kalvinizmis dogmats winaswar gansazRvrulobis Sesaxeb da garkveulwilad uSvebdnen nebis Tavisuflebasac. holandiaSi gabatonebul orTodoqsul kalvinizmTan SedarebiT arminianuli eklesia ufro liberaluri da Semwynarebluri iyo. mas Semdeg, rac 1619 wels kalvinisturma krebam arminianizmi eresad Seracxa da daiwyo niderlandebSi maTi devna, bevri arminianeli gadasaxlda inglissa da safrangeTSi. 1630 wlidan arminianelebma niderlandebSic miiRes aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba.

4. loki ironiiT saubrobs papizmze (“vatikanuri daxli”) da kalvinizmze (“Jenevuri daxli”). rogorc Cans, loki am or eklesiaze saubrobs ara mxolod maTi urTierTdapirispirebulobis gamo, aramed maTi urTierTmsgavsebis gamoc. lokis, rogorc religiuri Semwynareblobis mqadagebeli adamianis azriT, kaTolicizmisa da kalvinizmis (misi Jenevuri forma) saerTo uaryofiTi maxasiaTebelia religiuri Seuwynarebloba da gansxvavebulad moazrovneebis winaaRmdeg sisxliani meTodebiT brZola.

5. papistebi – kaTolikuri eklesiis momxreebi, romelTa meTauria romis papi.luTeranebi – protestantizmis damaarseblis, reformaciis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlis,

marTin luTeris mimdevrebi (1483 - 1546). reformacia iyo XVI saukuneSi dasavleT evropaSi ganviTarebuli antifeodaluri sazogadoebrivi moZraoba, romelmac kaTolikuri eklesiis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli religiuri brZolis saxe miiRo.

socinianebi – religiuri mimdevroba protestantebs Soris, romlis warmoSobac ukavSirdeba italielebis _ lelio socinisa (1525 - 1562) da misi ZmisSvilis fausto socinis (1539 – 1604) moRvaweobas. socinianizmi gamoxatavda maSindeli sazogadoebis demokratiuli fenebis miswrafebebs. es iyo racionaluri mimdinareoba protestantizmSi. misi principi iyo: wminda weriliAaris WeSmaritebis wyaro, magram igi ar unda ewinaaRmdegbodes gonierebas. isini uaryofdnen samebis dogmats, ar aRiarebdnen RmerTis winaswar dadgenil gangebasa da memkvidreobiTi codvis cnebebs. socinianizmi Tavdapirvelad poloneTSi gavrcelda. poloneTidan maTi gandevnis Semdeg (1658 w.), isini gaifantnen germanias, holandias, inglissa da sxva qveynebSi.

6. aq loks mxedvelobaSi aqvs IV s.Si qristianul eklesiaSi arianelobasTan dakavSirebiT ganviTarebuli movlenebi. arianeloba _ mimdinareoba qristianobaSi, romelsac saxeli ewoda ariozis (gardaicvala 336 w.), aleqsandrieli mRvdlis saxelis mixedviT. igi uaryofda samebis dogmats da amtkicebda, rom qriste ar iyo mama RmerTis erTarsi. ariozis swavleba dagmobil iqna 325 wels nikeas saeklesio krebaze, Tumca arianelobis umTavresi idea samebis dogmatis uaryofis Sesaxeb periodulad kvlavac iCenda Tavs qristianobaSi. amis magaliTia socinianoba.

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teqsti Targmna da SeniSvnebi daurTo

salome dunduam (ibeWdeba SemoklebiT)

safrangeTi XVIII saukuneSimokle istoriuli mimoxilva

safrangeTma Tavis Zlierebis mwveravals lui XIV igive “mefe mzis” (1643-1715) dros miaRwia. Tumca amave periodSi iCines Tavi im simptomebma, romlebmac SemdegSi safrangeTi revoluciamde miiyvanes. Semdegi mefeebis lui XV da lui XVI-is mefobis periodSic politikur mmarTvelobaSi TiTqmis araferi ar Secvlila _ grZeldeba araTanmimdevruli sagareo politika, safrangeTi xan prusias exmareba avstriis winaaRmdeg mimarTul omSi, xan ki piriqiT _ avstrias uWers mxars. am dros ki inglisi safrangeTs arTmevda koloniebs da asustebda mis sazRvao Zlierebas; saSinao politikaSi izRudeba yovelgvari progresuli siaxlis gatareba da Tavisufali azrovnebis nebismieri saxiT gamovlineba. amitom, gamoCenili frangi sazogado moRvaweebi da moazrovneebi TavianT naSromebs sazRvargareT _ holandiaSi, inglisSi, Sveicariasa da evropis sxva qveynebSi aqveyneben.

XVII saujkuneSi safrangeTSi sami ZiriTadi wodebaa: samRvdeloeba, Tavadazanauroba da mosaxleobis danarCeni nawili. pirveli ori wodeba marTalia mosaxleobis yvelaze mcirericxovani nawilia, magram igi sxvadasxva politikuri Tu socialur-ekonomikuri privilegiebiT aRWurvili fenaa, xolo mesame wodeba ki, romelic qveynis mosaxleobis 98% Seadgenda, politikurad sruliad uuflebo iyo. Tavis mxriv, mesame wodebac sakmaod mravalferovania. masSi gamoiyofodnen glexebi, muSebi, xelosnebi, SemTxveviTi samuSaos mqoneni da ra Tqma unda, burJuazia.

gabatonebul wodebebsa da mesame wodebas Soris TandaTanobiT izrdeba uTanxmoeba. mxatvrul literaturaSi, filosofiaSi, publicistikaSi sul ufro metad akritikebdnen versalis sasaxlis garegnul brwyinvalebas da zogadad safrangeTis mmarTvelobis sistemas. frangi moazrovneebisTvis inglisi iyo is sanimuSo qveyana, sadac saukeTeso politikuri wyobileba sufevda da sadac yvela adamians SeeZlo sakuTari bunebrivi SesaZleblobebis realizeba. amgvar Sexedulebebs safrangeTis mosaxleobaSi kidev ufro amtkicebdnen emigranti hugonetebi, romlebmac TavSesafari swored inglisSi hpoves. isini Targmnidnen da safrangeTSi avrcelebdnen gamoCenili ingliseli moazrovneebis daniel defos, Tomas moris, frensis bekonis, jon lokis nawarmoebebs.

qveyanaSi TandaTanobiT mtkicdeboda revoluciuri situacia. situaciis mogvarebis mizniT mefem gadawyvita moewvia generaluri Statebi romelic 1614 wlidan anu safrangeTSi absoluturi monarqiis damyarebis dRidan ar mowveula. am iniciativas mxari dauWires samRvdeloebisa da Tavadaznaurobis warmomadgenlebmac. maT generaluri Statebis meSveobiT mefis Zalauflebis SezRudva da sakuTari uflebebis gazrda surdaT.

arCevnebi Catarda wodebebis mixedviT. monawileobis miReba SeeZlo 25 wels miRweul gadasaxadebis gadamxdel yvela frangs. mesame wodebas, Tavisi

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mravalricxovnobidan gamomdinare, pirvel or wodebasTan SedarebiT orjer meti xmis ufleba mieniWa. arCevnebis Sedegad generalur StatebSi moxvdnen ZiriTadad is adamianebi, rolebsac marTla guli SestkiodaT safrnageTis momavalze da arsebuli politikuri sistemis Secvla da progresuli reformebis gatareba surdaT.

miuxedavad imisa, rom samive wodebas gansxvavebuli moTxovnebi qonda, zogierT rameSi maTi moTxovnebi saerTo iyo. isini Tanabrad iTxovdnen sasamarTlo sistemis srulyofas da sasamarTlo procesebis sajaroobas, saolqo TviTmmarTvelobis damkvidrebas, nafic msajulTa institutis SemoRebas, rwmenis Tavisuflebas, sasuliero pirTa arCeviTobas.

1789 wlis 5 maiss versalSi gaixsna generaluri Statebis pirveli sxdoma. am sxdomiT iwyeba safrangeTis didi revolucia. krebam 17 ivniss Tavi erovnul krebad gamoacxada da miznad daisaxa frangebisaTvis konstituciis SemuSaveba.

lui XVI gadawyvita ZaliT daeSala deputatebi da am mizniT parizSi daqiravebuli jaris nawilebis Seyvana daiwyo. aman xalxSi didi aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia da damfuZnebeli krebis dasacavad parizSi saerTo saxalxo ajanyeba daiwyo. ajanyebulebma 14 ivliss ieriSiT aiRes bastiliis cixe-simagre. es dRe iqca revoluciis gamarjvebis dRed da frangi xalxis erovnul dResaswaulad. safrangeTis revoluciiT iwyeba axali era ara marto safrangeTis, aramed mTeli evropis istoriaSic.

Sarl lui monteskie(1689-1755)


didi frangi ganmanaTlebeli Sarl lui de sekonda, baroni de la bredi da de monteskie (1689-1755) daibada bredis cixe simagreSi, q. bordos maxloblad. kolejis dasrulebis Semdeg man swavla bordos universitetSi ganagrZo samarTlis specialobiT, romlis dasrulebis Semdegac, 1708 wels, man advokatoba daiwyo.

1721 wels monteskiem anonimurad gamoaqveyna “sparsuli werilebi”. es aris werilebis krebuli, romelsac TiTqosda erTmaneTs swers safrangeTSi samogzaurod myofi ori sparseli. “sparsul werilebSi” monteskies gamasxaravebuli hyavs lui XIV da im epoqis mTeli franguli sazogadoebrioba, misi yvela fena, rwmenebi da zne-Cveulebebi. rogorc am mimoweridan irkveva, sparseli mogzaurebis samSoblosTan SedarebiT safrangeTSi bevrad ukeTesi mdgomareoba sulac ar yofila. am wigns franguli sazogadoebis TiTqmis yvela wodeba didi mowonebiT Sexvda. mxolod erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi “sparsuli werilebi” oTxjer gamoqveynda.

1728-1731 wlebSi monteskiem ganaTlebis gafarToebis mizniT evropaSi imogzaura. gansakuTrebiT didi xani man inglisSi dahyo, sadac igi kargad gaecno inglisis politikur wyobas, mis inteleqtualur da politikur wreebs. monteskie inglisSi parlamentis sxdomebsac ki eswreboda. am qveynis politikurma sistemam, rac im periodis safrangeTisa da evropisaTvis sruliad warmoudgeneli iyo, Zalian didi STabeWdileba moaxdina monteskieze.

saSobloSi dabrunebuli monteskie Tavis mamulSi dasaxlda. swored aq Seqmna man 1734 wels Tavisi meore umniSvnelovanesi nawarmoebi “ganazrebani romis didebisa da dacemis mizezTa Sesaxeb”. aq monteskies mier gatarebuli umTavresi azri aris is, rom romis sidiadis mTavari mizezi moqalaqeTa Tavisufleba iyo, dacemisa ki _ romaelTa mier isev da isev am Tavisuflebis dakargva an daTmoba. es naSromi seriozuli saxis istoriuli gamokvleva iyo.

Tavisive mamulSi daasrula monteskiem ocwliani muSaoba “kanonTa gonze”, romelic mTeli misi cxovrebis nafiqrisa da gamocdilebis ganzogadebas warmoadgenda. rodesac monteskiem es Sroma daamTavra, im periodis gavrcelebuli tradiciis mixedviT, man Tavisive saxlSi megobrebi moiwvia “kanonTa gonis” mosasmenad da masze azris gamosaTqmelad. naSromis gacnobis Semdeg, megobrebma monteskies urCies, rom misi gamoqveynebisgan Tavi Seekavebina. miuxedavad am rCevisa, monteskiem “kanonTa goni” 1748 wels JenevaSi gamosca or tomad. marTlac, “kanonTa gons” safrangeTis sazogadoeba sakmao TavdaWeriT Sexvda. male daiwyo wignis devnis sakmaod farTo kampania. am kampaniis kuliminacia iyo vatikanis mier 1751 wels aRniSnuli naSromis e.w. “indeqsSi” (dagmobil wignTa siaSi) Setana. erTi wliT adre, 1750 wels monteskiem gamoaqveyna pasuxi kritikosebisadmi saTauriT: “kanonTa gonis dacva”. miuxedavad monteskies winaaRmdeg mimarTuli kampaniisa, mis popularobas mainc araferi dahklebia.

monteskie gardaicvala 1755 wels, safrangeTis revoluciamde 34 wliT adre. marTalia monteskies arasdros xmamaRla ar uTqvams – safrangeTSi mefis xelisufleba davamxoTo,

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magram bevris, maT Soris Tavad safrangeTis revoluciis mamebis azriTac, 1789 wlis safrangeTis revolucia swored monteskiem moamzada ideurad.

kanonTa goni

avtoris gafrTxileba

imisaTvis, rom am naSromis pirveli oTxi wigni gaigoT, unda gaiTvaliswinoT, Tu ras vuwodeb me qvelobas respublikaSi: es aris samSoblos siyvaruli e.i. Tanasworobis siyvaruli. es srulebiTac ar gaxlavT arc moraluri qveloba da arc qristianuli qveloba; es politikuri qvelobaa. igi is zambaraa, romelsac moZraobaSi mohyavs respublikuri mmarTveloba, msgavsad imisa, rogorc Rirsebaa monrqiis mamoZravebeli zambara. amgvarad, politikuri qveloba me vuwode samSoblosa da Tanasworobis siyvaruls. vinaidan es axali Sexedulebebi aRmomaCnda, saWiro gaxda maTTvis axali sityvebis moZebna, anda Zveli sityvebisTvis axali mniSvnelobis micema. imaT ki, vinc es ver gaigo, iseTi absurduli debulebebi momaweres, romlebic aRmaSfoTebeli iqneboda msoflios yvela qveyanaSi, radgan morali yvelgan sasurvelia.

yuradReba miaqcieT, rom Zalian didia sxvaoba am or gamonaTqvams Soris _ “raime Tviseba, sulis raime Tavisebureba an raime qveloba ar aris ama da am mmarTvelobis mamoZravebeli zambarao” da “es Tviseba ar moipoveba am mmarTvelobaSio”. Tu vityvi, rom esa da es borbali, esa da es kbilana ar aris am saaTisTvis mamoZravebeli zambara – meTqi, gana SeiZleba aqedan davaskvnaT, rom isini srulebiT ar arian am saaTSi? aseve ver vityviT, rom, magaliTad, moraluri da qristianuli qvelobebi, TviT politikuri qvelobac ki, gamoricxulia monarqiidan. erTi sityviT, respublikaSic arsebobs Rirseba, Tumca misi mamoZravebeli zambaraa politikuri qveloba. politikuri qveloba aris monarqiaSic, Tumca misi mamoZravebelia Rirseba; da bolos, keTilis msaxuri adamiani, romlis Sesaxebac laparakia mesame wignis mexuTe TavSi, qristianuli sikeTis msaxuri adamiani ki ar aris, aramed politikuri sikeTis msaxuri adamiania, romelsac aqvs es politikuri qveloba, romelzedac me vlaparakob. es aris adamiani, romelsac uyvars Tavisi qveynis kanonebi da romelic moqmedebs Tavisi qveynis kanonebis siyvaruliT. yvelaferi es axleburad warmovadgine da davazuste am gamocemaSi, ufro mkafiod ganvsazRvre ra Cemi azrebi da bevr SemTxvevaSi sityva “qveloba“ Sevcvale politikuri qvelobiT*.

I tomiI wigni

zogadad kanonTa SesaxebI Tavi

kanonebi sxvadasxva arsebebTan mimarTebaSi.

kanonebi, am sityvis yvelaze ufro farTo gagebiT, es aris aucilebeli mimarTebebi, romlebic gamomdinareoben saganTa bunebidan: am azriT, yvela arsebas Tavisi kanonebi gaaCnia: RvTaebas Tavisi kanonebi aqvs, materialur samyaros – Tavisi; zeadamianur gonebebs Tavisi kanonebi moepovebaT, cxovelebs Tavisi; adamianebsac Tavisi kanonebi aqvT.

isini, vinc ambobdnen, rom yvelaferi, rasac samyaroSi vxedavT, brma bedisweram warmoSva, Zalian did absurds amtkicebdnen: raa imaze ufro absurduli, vidre brma bediswera, romelic gonier arsebebs warmoSobs?

maSasadame, arsebobs pirveladi goneba, xolo kanonebi aris mimarTebebi am gonebisa sxvadasxva arsebebTan da sxvadasxva arsebebisa – erTmaneTs Soris.

RmerTi mimarTebaSia samyarosTan, rogorc Semoqmedi da Semnaxavi. kanonebi, romelTa mixedviT man Seqmna samyaro, igivea, rac is kanonebi, romlebiTac igi mas inaxavs. igi moqmedebs am wesebiT imitom, rom isini icis. man isini icis imitom, rom Seqmna; da man isini Seqmna imitom, rom isini mimarTebaSi arian mis sibrZnesa da ZlierebasTan.

vinaidan Cven viciT, rom materiis moZraobiT forma miRebuli da gonebas moklebuli samyaro marad mdgradia, saWiroa rom mis moZraobebs ucvleli kanonebi hqondeT da Tu SevZlebT romelime sxva samyaros warmodgenas, masac unda hqondes Tavisi mudmivi kanonebi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi daingreva.

amgvarad, Sesaqme*, romelic, TiTqos, nebismier aqtad Cans, iseTsave ucvlel knonebs gulisxmobs, rogorc aTeistTa bediswera. absurduli iqneboda imis Tqma, rom

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* monteskies winaaRmdeg yovelTvis argumentad mohyavdaT xolme, TiTqos mas eTqvas, rom respublikaSi aris mxolod qveloba, xolo monarqiaSi mxolod Rirseba, an rom mxolod monarqiaSia Rirseba da mxolod respublikaSia qveloba. magram mas arc erTi uTqvams da arc meore. Zalze ucnauria isic, rom mas amis Tqma miaweres, radgan es igivea, rac misTvis udidesi absurdulobis Tqmis miwera. magram arakeTilmosurneoba aseT rameebs ar daeZebs. monteskiem gamoimuSava mecnieruli ena. sityvebs “qveloba”, “Rirseba”, “monarqia”, da a.S. masTan Zalian naTlad gansazRvruli kerZo mniSvneloba aqvs. monteskies gasagebad, gansakuTrebiT ki mis gasakritikeblad, upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa misi leqsikonis Seswavla. (originalis SeniSvna)

* “Sesaqme” (rac niSnavs Seqmnas) qarTul terminologiaSi ewodeba samyaros Seqmnas RvTis mier

Semoqmeds am kanonebis gareSe SeeZlos samyaros marTva, radgan samyaro ver gaZlebda maT gareSe.

es kanonebi ucvlelad dadgenil mimarTebas warmoadgenen. or moZrav sxeuls Soris moZraobis miReba, momateba, Semcireba, dakargva masisa da siCqaris mimarTulebaTa mixedviT xdeba, yoveli sxvadasxvaoba erTgvarobaa, yoveli cvalebadoba ki mudmivoba.

calkeul gonier arsebebs SeiZleba hqondeT maT mier Seqmnili kanonebi, magram maT iseTi kanonebic aqvT, romlebic TviTon ar SeuqmniaT. sanam gonieri arsebebi gaCndebodnen, isini SesaZlebelni iyvnen. amgvarad, maT aqvT SesaZlebeli mimarTulebebi da Sesabamisad, SesaZlebeli kanonebic. Seqmnil kanonebs win uZRoda SesaZlebeli samarTlianobis mimarTebebi. imis Tqma, rom ar arsebobs araferi samarTliani an usamarTlo imis gareSe, rasac brZanebs an krZalavs pozitiuri kanonebi, niSnavs imis mtkicebas, rom wris daxazvamde misi yvela radiusi ar iyo toli1. maSasadame, unda vaRiaroT, rom marTebulobis mimarTulebebi uwinaresi yofila maT damdgen pozitiur kanonze. ase, magaliTad, Tu davuSvebT, rom arsebobda adamianTa sazogadoebebi, maSin samarTliani iqneboda, rom adamianebi damoCilebodnen am sazogadoebis kanonebs; iqnebodnen gonieri arsebebi, romlebic miiRebdnen raRac sikeTes raRac arsebebisagan, maT movaleobad eqnebodaT, misi madlieri yofiliyvnen; Tu erTi gonieri arseba Seqmnida meore gonier arsebas, maSin Seqmnili unda darCeniliyo Semqmnelze damokidebulis im mimarTebaSi, romelic mas hqonda gaCenisas; Tu gonieri arseba Caidenda borotebas meore gonieri arsebis mimarT, igi daimsaxurebda nacvalgebas imave borotebiT da a.S. magram gonieri samyaro iseve kargad unda iyos marTuli, rogorc fizikuri, radgan, Tumca mas aseve gaaCnia bunebiT ucvleli kanonebi, gonieri samyaro maT ar mihyveba ise ucvlelad, rogorc fizikuri samyaro mihyveba Tavis kanonebs. amis mizezi isaa, rom kerZo gonieri arsebani SezRudulni arian TavianTi bunebiT da amitom cdomilebaSi vardebian: meore mxriv, maTi bunebaa TavisiT moqmedeba. amgvarad, isini ucvlelad ar misdeven TavianT pirvelad kanonebs da im kanonebsac ki ar mihyvebian yovelTvis, romlebsac TviTon iqmnian.

ar viciT cxovelebs moZraobis zogadi kanonebi marTaven Tu moZraobis raime kerZo wesic. rogorc ar unda iyos, maT ara aqvT RmerTTan ufro Sinagani mimarTeba, vidre materialuri samyaros danarCen nawils. grZnoba maT mxolod erTTmaneTTan, sxva calkeul arsebebTan an kidev sakuTar TavTan urTierTobisTvis emsaxureba.

siamovnebisadmi swrafviT isini inaxaven TavianT kerZo arsebobas da imave swrafviT inarCuneben TavianT modgmas. cxovelebs bunebrivi kanonebi aqvT, radgan isini erTmaneTTan grZnobiT arian dakavSirebulni. maT srulebiT ar gaaCniaT pozitiuri kanonebi, radgan erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni ar arian cnobierebiT, magram isini ucvlelad arc mihyvebian TavianT bunebriv kanonebs: mcenareebi, romlebSic Cven ver vamCnevT verc cnobierebas, verc grZnobas, ukeT mihyvebian maT.

cxovelebi moklebulni arian im umaRles upiratesobas, romlebic Cven gagvaCnia: samagierod, maT iseTebi gaaCniaT, romlebic Cven ar gvaqvs. maT srulebiT ar aqvT Cvenebri imedi, magram arc Cvenebri SiSi aqvT; isinic CvensaviT eqvemdebarebian sikvdils, magram ise, rom amis codna ara aqvT; maTi umravlesoba Tavs Cvenze ukeTesadac ki inaxavs da CvensaviT borotad ar iyenebs Tavis vnebebs.

adamiani, rogorc fizikuri arseba, msgavsad sxva sxeulebisa, warmarTulia ucvleli kanonebiT. rogorc gonieri arseba, igi gamudmebiT arRvevs RmerTis mier dadgenil kanonebs da cvlis Tavis mierve dadgenil kanonebs. man TavisTavi unda marTos, magram amave dros, igi SezRuduli arsebaa; igi msxverplia umecrebisa da cdomilebisa, rogorc yoveli sasruli gonieri arseba; im sust cnobierebasac, romelic mas gaaCnia, igi srulad ver iyenebs. rogorc grZnobiani qmnileba, igi mraval vnebas eqvemdebareba. aseT arsebas

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yovel wuTs SeuZlia daiviwyos Tavisi Semoqmedi. amitom RmerTma mas Tavisi Tavi Seaxsena religiis kanonebis meSveobiT; aseT arsebas yovel wuTs SeuZlia sakuTari Tavis daviwyebac. amitom, filosofosebma isini gaafrTxiles moralis kanonTa meSveobiT; sazogadoebaSi cxovrebisTvis Seqmnils, mas ZaluZs sxvebic daiviwyos, amitom kanonmdeblebma mas misi movaleobebi Seaxsenes politikuri da samoqalaqo kanonebis meSveobiT.

II Tavibunebis kanonebi

yvela am kanons win uZRvis egreT wodebuli bunebis kanonebi. maT ase ewodebaT imitom, rom isini gamomdinareoben uSualod Cveni arsebis aRnagobidan. imisaTvis, rom kargad SevicnoT isini, saWiroa (2) adamiani ganvixiloT iseT mdgomareobaSi, romelic win uswrebs sazogadoebis warmoSobas. bunebis kanonebi iqneba is kanonebi, romelTac igi emorCileba aseT mdgomareobaSi.

es kanoni, romelic Semoqmedis ideas gvinergavs da amiT misken mivyavarT, bunebis kanonTa Soris pirvelia Tavisi mniSvnelobiT, Tumca ara droiTi uwinaresobiT. adamians bunebriv mdgomareobaSi umal unari aqvs Semecnebisa, vidre Semecneba. cxadia, rom misi pirveli azrebi spekulaciuri ar iqneba. igi umal Tavisi arsebobis dacvaze ifiqrebs, vidre mis warmomavlobaze. aseTi adamiani Tavdapirvelad mxolod sisustes grZnobs; igi Zalian moridebulia. Tu amis dasadastureblad magaliTi dagvWirdeba, mas vnaxavT tyeebSi mosaxle velurTa saxiT, romlebic yvelaferze kankaleben da yvelafers gaurbian (3).

aseT mdgomareobaSi yoveli adamiani Tavs sxvaze uZlurad igrZnobs, Znelia, man Tavi sxvaTa Tanasworad CaTvalos: misTvis ucxoa sxvaze Tavdasxma. amgvarad, mSvidoba misi pirveli bunebrivi kanonia.

hobsi cdeba, rodesac Tvlis, rom pirvelyofil adamianebs erTmaneTze batonobis survili aqvT. Zalauflebisa da batonobis idea ise rTulia da imden sxva ideazea damokidebuli, rom igi ver iqneba pirveladi.

hobsi kiTxulobs (4): “Tu adamianebi bunebrivad ar imyofebian omis mdgomareobaSi, ratom dadian mudam SeiaraRebulni da ratom ketaven gasaRebiT TavianT saxlebs?”. magram am kiTxvis dasmaSi igi ver grZnobs, rom adamianebs, romlebic sazogadoebis Camoyalibebamde cxovrobdnen, miawers imas, rac maT SeiZleba mosvlodaT mxolod am sazogadoebis gaCenis Semdeg, romelmac maTSi aRZra Tavdasxmisa da Tavdacvis motivebi.

uZlurebis grZnobas adamianSi uerTdeba moTxovnilebebis grZnobac. amgvarad, meore bunebrivi kanoni is iqneba, romelic adamians ubiZgebs sakvebis saZebrad.

me weRan vTqvi, rom SiSi aiZulebs adamianebs, erTmaneTs gaeqcnen. magram ormxrivi SiSis niSnebi maT male aiZulebs erTmaneTTan daaxloebas. garda amisa maT, albaT, amoZravebT siamovnebac, romelsac erTi cxoveli ganicdis meore, misi gvaris cxovelis miaxloebisas. amasTan, is momxibvlelobac, romelic gamowveulia ori sqesis sxvaobiT, ufro metad zrdis am siamovnebas. amgvarad, is bunebrivi vedreba romliTac es arsebebi erTimeores mimarTaven, mesame kanoni iqneba.

garda grZnobisa, romelic adamianebs pirveladve aqvT, isini SemdegSi iZenen Semecnebasac. amgvarad, maT uCndebaT kidev meore kavSiri erTmaneTs Soris, romelic ar gaaCniaT cxovelebs. maSasadame, maT aqvT gaerTianebis axali motivic da, amgvarad, sazogadoebad cxovrebis survili meoTxe bunebrivi kanonia (5).

III Tavipozitiuri kanonebi

rogorc ki adamianebi sazogadoebaSi moeqcevian, isini kargaven TavianTi sisustis grZnobas. maT Soris arsebuli Tanasworoba qreba da iwyeba omis mdgomareoba (6). yovel calkeul sazogadoebas uCndeba Tavisi Zalis grZnoba; es ki warmoSobs omis mdgomareobas erebs Soris. yovel sazogadoebaSi calkeul adamianebs uCndebaT TavianTi Zalis grZnoba. isini cdiloben TavianT sasargeblod Semoabrunon am sazogadoebaSi arsebuli ZiriTadi upiratesobebi, rac warmoSobs omis mdgomareobas maT Soris.

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saomari mdgomareobis es ori saxe ganapirobebs kanonTa dadgenas adamianTa Soris. Tu adamianebs ganvixilavT rogorc iseTi didi planetis binadarT, romelzec aucilebelia sxvadasxva xalxTa arseboba, maSin maT kanonebi eqnebaT im mimarTebis Taobaze, romelic sxvadasxva xalxebs Soris arsebobs. es aris xalxTa samarTali*,

* “xalxTa samarTali” frangul enaze dRemde ewodeba saerTaSoriso samarTals. qvemoT am termins “saerTaSoriso samarTlad” vTargmniT. (mTargmn. Sen.)

Tu maT ganvixilavT rogorc iseT sazogadoebaSi mcxovrebT, romelsac Senaxva sWirdeba, maSin maT kanonebi eqnebaT im mimarTebis Taobaze, romelic arsebobs marTulebsa da mmarTvelebs Soris. es aris politikuri samarTali. maT, aseve, aqvT kanonebi moqalaqeTa Soris urTierTobisaTvis. es aris samoqalaqo samarTali.

saerTaSoriso samarTali bunebrivad dafuZnebulia am principze: mSvidobis dros sxvadasxva erebma erTmaneTs rac SeiZleba meti sikeTe unda moutanon, xolo omis dros, rac SeiZleba naklebi boroteba, ise rom, ziani ar miayenon TavianT WeSmarit interesebs.

omis mizani gamarjvebaa, gamarjvebisa – dapyroba, dapyrobis mizani dapyrobilis SenarCunebaa (7). am da amis win moxseniebuli principidan unda gamomdinareobdes yvela kanoni, romlebic Seadgenen saerTaSoriso samarTals.

yvela ers gaaCnia saerTaSoriso samarTali; TviT irokezebsac (8) ki, romlebic Wamen TavianT tyveebs, moepovebaT igi. isini gzavnian da Rebuloben elCebs; isini cnoben omisa da mSvidobis kanonebs. cudi is aris, rom maTi es saerTaSoriso samarTali damyarebuli ar aris WeSmarit principebze.

garda saerTaSoriso principebisa, romelic exeba yvela sazogadoebas, arsebobs politikuri samarTalic TiToeuli maTganisaTvis cal-calke. sazogadoeba ver iarsebebs mTavrobis gareSe. gravinam Cinebulad Tqva (9), rom yvela calkeuli Zalebis Sekreba qmnis imas, rasac ewodeba politikuri mdgomareoba. es saerTo Zalaufleba SeiZleba iyos erTis xelSi an ramdenimes xelSi. zogierTebi fiqroben, rom vinaidan mamobrivi Zalaufleba dadgenilia TviT bunebis mier, erTpirovnuli mmarTveloba yvelaze ufro Sesabamisi iqneba bunebisa. magram mamobrivi Zalauflebis magaliTi verafers amtkicebs. radgan, Tu mamis Zalauflebas raRac mimarTeba aqvs erTpirovnul mmarTvelobasTan, mamis sikvdilis Semdeg Zmebis Zalauflebas, an kidev Zmebis sikvdilis Semdeg biZaSvilebis Zalauflebas mimarTeba aqvs ramdenime ZalauflebasTan. politikuri Zalaufleba aucileblad gulisxmobs ramdenime ojaxis kavSirs.

umjobesi iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom mTavroba, romelic yvelaze ufro metad esadageba bunebas, is mTavrobaa, romlis kerZo xasiaTic yvelaze ufro ukeT esdageba im xalxis xasiaTs, romlisTvisac igi aris Seqmnili. calkeuli Zalebi ver gaerTiandebian, Tu ar gaerTianda maTi yvela neba. gravina aseve Cinebulad ambobs, rom – “am nebaTa SeerTeba aris is, rasac samoqalaqo mdgomareobas uwodeben.”

sarTod, kanoni adamianuri gonebaa, ramdenadac igi ganagebs msoflios yvela xalxebs. yoveli eris politikuri da samoqalaqo kanonebi sxva ara unda iyos ra, Tu ara kerZo SemTxvevebi am adamianuri gonebis gamoyenebisa.

es kanonebi imdenad Sesaferisi unda iyos im xalxisaTvis, romlisTvisac Seiqmna, rom mxolod Zalian iSviaT SemTxvevaSi unda SeiZlebodes, rom erTi xalxis kanonebi romelime sxvas gamoadges.

saWiroa, rom es kanonebi Seesabamebodnen im mmarTvelobis bunebas da princips, romelic am sazogadoebaSi arsebobs an gvinda, rom davadginoT, Tund isini qmnidnen mmarTvelobas, rogorc politikuri kanonebi qmnian da Tund inaxavdnen mas, rogorc samoqalaqo kanonebi inaxaven. isini unda Seesatyvisebodnen qveynis fizikur monacemebs: civ, cxel Tu zomier havas; niadagis xarisxs, mis mdebareobasa da sidides; xalxis _ miwaTmoqmedTa, monadireTa, mwyemsTa _ cxovrebis wess. isini unda Seesabamebodnen Tavisuflebis im xarisxs, romelsac saxelmwifo wyoba aitans. mosaxleobis religias, maT midrekilebebs, simdidres, raodenobas, komercias, adaTebs; da bolos, kanonebi dakavSirebulni arian erTimeoresTan, TavianT dasabamTan, kanonmdeblis mizanTan, saganTa im wyobasTan, romelsac emyarebian. isini unda ganvixiloT yvela am TvalsazrisiT.

swored amis gakeTeba msurs am naSromSi. me ganvixilav yvela am mimarTebas, romlebic erTad imas qmnian, rasac kanonTa gons vuwodebT.

politikuri kanonebi ar gamomiyvia samoqalqoTagan. radgan, ramdenadac me vixilav kanonTa gons da ara TviT kanonebs, xolo es goni mdgomareobs sxvadasxva mimarTebebSi, romlebic kanonebs SeiZleba hqondeT sxvadasxva sagnebTan – me

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uneburad unda mivyolodi ara imdenad kanonTa rigs, ramdenadac am mimarTebisa da sagnebisas.

Tavdapirvelad ganvixilav kanonTa mimarTebebs bunebasTan da yoveli mmarTvelobis principTan; da vinaidan es principi Zalian did gavlenas axdens kanonebze, Sevecdebi mis kargad Secnobas. Tu SevZleb am principis dadgenas, dainaxavT, Tu rogor gamomdinareoben kanonebi am ukanasknelidan, rogorc Tavis wyarodan. Semdeg gadaval sxva mimarTulebebze, romlebic ufro kerZo xasiaTisani Canan.

II wignikanonebi romlebic uSualod mmarTvelobis bunebidan gamomdinareoben

I Tavisami sxvadasxva mmarTvelobis buneba

arsebobs sami sxvadasxva saxis mmarTveloba: respublikuri, monarqiuli da despoturi. maTi bunebis aRmosaCenad sakmarisia mivmarToT im ideas maT Sesaxeb, romelic yvelaze nakleb ganaTlebul adamiansac ki aqvs. me vuSveb sam ganmartebas an, Tu gnebavT, sam faqts: respublikuri mmarTveloba iseTi mmarTvelobaa, roca umaRlesi Zalaufleba mTeli xalxis an mxolod misi erTi nawilis xelSia. monarqiuli mmarTvelobis dros erTi adamiani marTavs, magram marTavs dadgenili da myari kanonebiT, maSin rodesac despoturi mmarTvelobis dros erTi adamiani yovelgvari wesisa da kanonis gareSe ganagebs yvelafers. Tavisi survilebisa da kaprizebis mixedviT.

ai, ras vuwodeb TiToeuli am mmarTvelobaTaganis bunebas. saWiroa ganvixiloT, Tu rogoria kanonebi, romlebic uSualod am bunebidan gamomdinareoben da maSasadame, pirveli ZiriTadi kanonebi arian.

II Tavirespublikuri mmarTveloba da demokratiisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli kanonebi (10)

roca respublikaSi umaRlesi Zalaufleba xalxs ekuTvnis, maSin saqme gvaqvs demokratiasTan. Tu igi xalxis nawils ekuTvnis, maSin aseT mmarTvelobas aristokratiuli ewodeba.

demokratiis dros xalxi zogi mxriv monarqia, zogi mxriv ki qveSevrdomia. igi monarqia mxolod imdenad, ramdnadac aqvs saarCevno xmebi, romlebiTac gamoxatavs Tavis nebas. suverenulis neba TviTon suverenulia. kanonebi, romlebiTac gansazRvraven saarCevno xmas, am mmarTvelobis ZiriTadi kanonebia. marTlac, respublikisaTvis iseve mniSvnelovania dadgindes, Tu rogor, vis mier, visTvis da raze unda iqnes micemuli xma, rogorc monarqiaSi aucilebelia icodeT, Tu romelia monarqi da rogori wesiT unda marTos man.

robaniosi ambobs, rom ucxoeli, romelic aTenSi xalxis yrilobaSi Seereoda, sikvdiliT isjeboda. es imitom, rom aseTi kaci suverenulobis uflebis uzurpacias axdenda.

arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs im moqalaqeTa ricxvis dadgenas, romlebic unda Seadgendnen krebebs. amis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda imis dadgenac, mTelma xalxma gamoTqva azri Tu mxolod misma nawilma. lakedemonSi amisTvis saWiro iyo aTi aTasi moqalaqe; romSi romelic mcire iyo da sidiades miRwia, - romSi, romelsac wilad xvda bedis yvela ukuRmarToba, romSi, romelsac xan TiTqmis yvela Tavisi moqalaqe Tavis kedlebs miRma hyavda, xan ki mTeli italia da dedamiwis nawili kedlebs SigniT _ romSi es ricxvi ar dadgenila da swored es gaxda misi dacemis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi (11).

xalxi, romelsac aqvs suverenuli xelisufleba, TviTon unda akeTebdes yvelafers, risi gakeTebac ki mas kargad SeuZlia, xolo imas, risi gakeTebac mas kargad ar SeuZlia, Tavisi ministrebis* meSveobiT unda axorcielebdes.

* sityvas “ministri” aq avtori misi amosavali azriT (“damxmare”) xmarobs da amitom “rwmunebuladac ”, “ndobiT aRWurvil piradac” SeiZleba iTargmnos.

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ministrebi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iqnebian misi, Tu igi maT daasaxelebs. maSasadame, am mmarTvelobis ZiriTadi maqsimaa is, rom xalxi asaxelebdes Tavis ministrebs anu Tavis Tanamdebobis pirT.

SeiZleba iTqvas _ xalxs monarqebze ufro metad sWirdeba, rom mas senati an sabWo (12) warmarTavdes. magram imisTvis, rom xalxi am ukanasknels endobodes, saWiroa, TviTon irCevdes mis wevrebs, Tund TviTon uSualod irCevdes maT, rogorc aTenSi xdeboda, Tund raRac dawesebulebebis meSveobiT, romelsac maT asarCevad qmnis, rogorc es xdeboda romSi zogierT SemTxvevaSi.

xalxs Cinebulad SeuZlia im adamianebis arCeva, visac unda andos Tavisi Zalauflebis garkveuli nawili. man unda ixelmZRvanelos mxolod nacnobi da aSkara faqtebiT. xalxma Zalian kargad icis, rom esa da es kaci xSirad yofila omSi, moupovebia esa da es warmatebebi; amgvarad, xalxs Zalian kargad SeuZlia generlis arCeva. man icis, rom esa da es mosamarTle kargad asrulebs Tavis movaleobas, rom bevri kmayofilia misi msjavriT, rom veravin SesZlo misi mosyidva; es ukve sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom igi arCeul iqnes pretorad. xalxi aRtacebulia romelime moqalaqis guluxvobiT an simdidriT; es sakmarisia misi arCevisTvis municipalitetis wevrad. yovelive es iseTi faqtia, romlebsac xalxi gacilebiT ukeT gebulobs saxalxo moednebze, vidre monarqi – Tavis sasaxleSi. magram, SesZlebs ki xalxi, TviTon gaarkvios viTarebebi, garemoebebi, momentebi, raTa amiT sargebloba naxos? ara, igi amas ver SesZlebs.

Tu vinmes SeiZleba eWvi Seeparos xalxis bunebriv unarSi, rom gaarCios Rirseba uRirsobisagan, sakmarisi iqneba aseTma kacma mxolod Tvali gadaavlos aTenelebisa da romaelebis saucxoo arCevanTa dausrulebel rigs, rac, ra Tqma unda, SeuZlebelia SemTxveviTobas mivaweroT.

cnobilia, rom romSi xalxs ufleba hqonda plebeebi daeniSna Tanamdebobebze, magram igi ver bedavda maT arCevas (13); da Tumca aTenSi aristides (14) kanonis Tanaxmad SeiZleboda magistrantebis arCeva yvela klasidan, qsenofontis (15) TqmiT, arasodes momxdara, rom mdabio xalxs iseTi Tanamdebobebi moeTxovos, romelzec damokidebuli iyo misi keTildReoba an dideba.

iseve, rogorc moqalaqeTa umravlesobas, romelTac sakmao ufleba aqvs sxvebis asarCevad, magram ar SeuZliaT sakuTari Tavis arCeva, xalxs, romelsac sxvisi mmarTvelobis gansjis sakmao unari Seswevs, ar SeuZlia TavisiT marTos.

saqmeebi win unda midiodes da es svla arc zedmetad neli unda iyos, arc zedmetad Cqari, magram xalxs yovelTvis an zedmetad didi moqmedeba axasiaTebs, an piriqiT. zogjer asi aTasi xeliT igi yvelafers Tavdayira ayenebs, zogjer ki asi aTasi fexiT qvewarmavaliviT mixoxavs.

demokratiul saxelmwifoSi xalxi dayofilia garkveul klasebad. swored am dayofis xasiaTSi vlindeba did kanonmdebelTa saqmianoba da swored am dayofaze iyo yovelTvis damokidebuli demokratiis xangrZlivoba da misi keTildReoba.

servius tuliusi (16) klasebis Sedgenisas aristokratiis suliskveTebiT xelmZRvanelobda. titus liviusTan (17) da dionise halikarnaselTan (18) vkiTxulobT, Tu rogor moaqcia man xmis micemis ufleba mTavar moqalaqeTa xelSi. romaeli mosaxleoba man asoTxmocdaTerTmet centuriad dahyo, romelic eqvs klass Seadgena. SedarebiT mcire raodenobis mdidrebi pirvel centuriaSi movaTavse; nakleb mdidrebi, SedarebiT ufro didi raodenobisa, Semdeg centuriebSi.

TiToeul centurias TiTo xma hqonda (19). amrigad, xmis micemis ufleba hqonda ara pirovnebas, aramed saxsrebsa da simdidres.

aTenis mosaxleoba solonma (20) oTx klasad dahyo. xelmZRvanelobda ra demokratiis suliskveTebiT, man es klasebi Seqmna ara imis dasadgenad, Tu vis unda aerCia, aramed imisa, Tu vin SeiZleboda yofiliyo arCeuli; misca ra TiToeul moqalaqes Tanamdebobaze arCevis ufleba, mas surda (21) rom mosamarTleebi aerCiaT oTxive klasis moqalaqeTagan. rac Seexeba magistratebs (22), isini unda aerCiaT mxolod pirveli sami klasidan, romelSic Sediodnen SeZlebuli moqalaqeebi.

vinaidan xmis micemis mqone moqalaqeTa dayofa respublikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi kanonia, xmis micemis forma misi meore ZiriTadi kanoni iqneba.

demokratiisTvis (23) damaxasiaTebelia Tanamdebobis piris SerCeva wilisyriT, xolo aristokratiisTvis – arCeviT.

wilisyra arCevnebis iseTi formaa, romelic aravis ar azaralebs; is yovel moqalaqes utovebs Tavisi samSoblosTvis samsaxuris gawevis gonivrul imeds.

magram, vinaidan igi TavisTavad naklovania, swored mis mowesrigebasa da Sesworebas moandomes didi Zal-Rone didma kanonmdeblebma.

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aTenSi solonma daadgina, rom samxedro pirebi arCeviT daeniSnaT, xolo senatorebi da mosamarTleebi – wilisyriT.

mas surda, rom samoqalaqo magistratebi* romlebic did xarjebs moiTxovdnen, arCeviTi yofiliyo, xolo danarCenebisaTvis wili eyaraT.

magram, wilisyraSi Sesworebebi rom Seetana, amisaTvis man daadgina, rom arCeva unda momxdariyo im moqalaqeTa ricxvidan, romlebic TviTon ganacxadebdnen amis survils; rom is, visac irCevdnen, Semowmebuli yofiliyo msajulTa (24) mier; da rom TiToeul moqalaqes SesaZlebloba hqonoda brali daedo misTvis, rom igi ar iyo aravis Rirsi (25). es procedura moicavda wilisyrasac da arCevasac. rodesac damTavrdeboda moqalaqis mmarTvelobis periodi, msjelobdnen imaze, Tu rogor iqceoda igi am periodSi. saTanado unars moklebuli adamianebi, albaT, Zalian moeridebodnen sakuTari saxelis meored gatanas wilis sayrelad.

kanoni, romelic adgens imas, Tu rogor unda moxdes balotireba xmis micemisas, demokratiis kidev erTi ZiriTadi kanonia. did mniSvneloba aqvs,

xmis micema Riaa Tu faruli. Ciceroni (26) wers, rom kanonebi (27), romlebmac am bolo dros xmis micema faruli gaxades romis respublikaSi, warmoadgenen misi dacemis erT-erT mTavar mizezs. vinaidan yovelive es sxvadasxva respublikaSi sxvadasxvanairad gvardeba, amitom, Cemi azriT, am sakiTxs ase unda mivudgeT.

udavoa, rom roca xalxi xmas aZlevs, xmis micema Ria unda iyos (28) da es miCneul unda iqnes demokratiis erT-erT mTavar kanonad. saWiroa, rom gamoCenili adamianebi anaTlebdnen mdabio xalxs da am ukanasknels garkveuli pirovnebebis avtoriteti akavebdes. ase, magaliTad, romis respublikaSi faruli xmis micemis SemoRebiT yvelaferi daangries, SeuZlebeli gaxda dasaRupad ganwiruli xalxis gons moyvana. magram roca aristokratiaSi xmas aZlevs warCinebulTa korpusi (29) an demokratiaSi senati (30), maSin, vinaidan aq sazrunavia mxolod intrigebis aRkveTa, xmis micema rac ufro faruli iqneba, miT ukeTesia.

intriga saSiSia senatSi. igi aseve saSiSia warCinebulTa korpusSi, magram saSiSi ar aris xalxSi, romlis bunebaa vnebiT moqmedeba. saxelmwifoebSi, sadac xalxs araviTari wili ar udevs mmarTvelobaSi, mas gaitacebs xolme saxelmwifo saqmeebSi monawile romelime moqmedi piri ise rogorc sxva SemTxvevaSi gaitacebda TviT saqme. respublikis ubedurebaa, rodesac Sexla-Semoxlas adgili aRar aqvs. es xdeba maSin, rodesac xalxi gaxrwnilia fuliT: igi gulgrili xdeba, fuli uyvars, saxelmwifo saqmeebi ki aRar ainteresebs. is aRar fiqrobs arc mmarTvelobaze, arc imaze, Tu ras sTavazoben mas, aramed mSvidad elodeba Tavis gasamrjelos.

demokratiis ZiriTadi kanonia isic, rom mxolod xalxi adgendes akanonebs, Tumca aTasi SemTxvevaa, rodesac aucilebelia maTi dadgena senatis mier. aseve, xSirad sasargebloa gamovcadoT kanoni mis dadgenamde. romisa da aTenis konstituciebi Zalian gonivruli iyo am mimarTebiT. senatis ganCinebebs kanonis Zala hqondaT erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi da mxolod xalxis nebiT xdebodnen isini mudmivi.

III Taviaristokratiuli wyobis damaxasiaTebeli kanonebi

aristokratiuli wyobis (31) dros umaRlesi Zalaufleba garkveuli raodenobis adamianTa xelSia. es pirebi adgenen kanonebs da aiZuleben sxvebs maT ganxorcielebas. danarCeni xalxi maTTan mimarTebiT igivea, rac qveSevrdomni monarqis mimarT.

aq arCevnebi ar unda xdebodes wilisyriT; es mxolod uaryofiT movlenebs gamoiwvevda. marTlac, iseT mmarTvelobaSi, romelSic ukve dadgenilia yvelaze ufro savalalo sxvaobebi adamianebs Soris, wilisyriT arCeuli Tanamdebobis pirni nakleb saZulvelni ar gaxdebodnen imis gamo, rom wilisyriT iqnebodnen arCeulni, aq Surs iwvevs warCinebulTa da ara mmarTvelobiTi funqcia.

* magistratebi – maRali Tanamdebobis pirebi.

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rodesac warCinebulni ricxobrivad mravalni arian, maSin saWiroa senatis arseboba am saqmeebis mosawesrigeblad, romelTa gadaWrac warCinebulTa korpuss ar ZaluZs. senati amzadebs im saqmeebs, romlebsac warCinebulTa korpusi gadaWris. am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aristokratia, garkveuli azriT, warmoadgens senats, warCinebulTa korpusi _ demokratias, xalxi ki araraa (32).

aristokratiul mmarTvelobaSi bedniereba iqneboda, raime arapirdapiri gziT xalxi rom gamoeyvanaT misi amgvari araraobis mdgomareobidan. ase magaliTad, genuaSi wm. giorgis banaks, ZiriTadad, xalxis Tavkacni ganageben (33); amiT xalxs eZleva garkveuli gavlena mTavrobaze, rac mTel mis keTildReobas ganapirobebs.

senatorebs ar unda hqondeT ufleba, Tavisi nebiT Seavson imaTi adgilebi, vinc senats aklia. es gamoiwvevda maT mier Zalauflebis gamudmebul borotad gamoyenebas; romSi, romelic Tavdapirvelad erTgvari aristokratiuli saxelmwifo iyo, senats ufleba ar hqonda TviTon aerCia Tavisi wevrebi: axal senatorebs cenzorebi asaxelebdnen (34).

Tu respublikaSi ama Tu im moqalaqes erTbaSad eZleva uzomo Zalaufleba, es qmnis monarqias an kidev monarqiaze ufro mets. am ukanasknelSi kanonebi zrunaven arsebul wyobaze an esadagebian mas, mmarTvelobis principi akavebs monarqs, magram respublikaSi, sadac am moqalaqes gadaWarbebuli uflebebi aqvs, am ZalauflebiT gamowveuli ubedureba ufro didia, radgan kanonebs igi ar gauTvaliswinebiaT da arc rame gaukeTebiaT mis SesaCereblad (35).

am wesidan gamonaklisia iseTi SemTxveva, rodesac saxelmwifo wyoba imgvaria, rom saWiroebs magistraturas, romelsac gadaWarbebuli uflebebi eqneba. aseTi iyo romi Tavisi diqtatorebiT, aseTi iyo venecia Tavisi saxelmwifo inkvizitorebiT. es saSineli magistraturebia, romelTac ZaliT mihyavT saxelmwifo Tavisuflebisaken. magram, riT aixsneba aseTi sxvaoba am ori respublikis magistraturebs Soris? imiT, rom romi icavda aristokratiis* narCenebs xalxisagan, maSin, rodedsac veneciaSi saxelmwifo inkvizitorebs iyeneben Tavisi

aristokratiis dasacavad warCinebulTa winaaRmdeg. aqedan gamomdinareobs is, rom romSi diqtatura didxans ar grZeldeboda xolme, radgan xalxi Tavisi mgznebarebiT moqmedebs da ara gegmebiT. saWiro iyo, rom am magistraturas emoqmeda mTeli rixiT, radganac amocana iyo xalxis daSineba – moTokva da ara misi dasja. diqtatori mxolod erTi miznisTvis iniSneboda da mxolod am erTi miznis farglebSi sargeblobda Tavisi ganusazRvreli ZalauflebiT, ramdenadac misi daniSvna yovelTvis ama Tu im gauTvaliswinebeli viTarebis gamo xdeboda. veneciaSi ki, piriqiT, saWiroa mudmivi magistratura, radgan swored aq SeiZleba daiwyos, ganviTardes, droebiT gadaidos da kvlav ganaxldes dagegmili intrigebi, erTis Zalauflebismoyvareoba mTeli ojaxis Zalauflebismoyvareobad iqces, xolo erTi ojaxisa – ramdenime ojaxisad. aq saWiroeba moiTxovs farul magistraturas, radgan mis mier dasasjeli DdanaSaulobebi yovelTvis Rrmaa da saidumloebasa da siCumeSi sruldeba. aseT magistraturas unda hyavdes sayovelTao inkvizicia, radgan misi amocanaa ara mxolod cnobil borotebaTa aRkveTa, aramed jer kidev ucnobi borotebebis gaTvaliswinebac. da bolos, es inkvizicia imisTvisaa Seqmnili, rom dasajos is danaSaulobebic, romelTa arsebobis eWvic aqvs. romis diqtatura ki ufro muqariT imoqmedebda, vidre sasjeliT, TviT im danaSaulobaTa mimarTac ki, romlebic aRiarebuli iyo maT CamdenTa mier.

yovel amgvar magistraturaSi saWiroa, rom misi Zalauflebis sidides awonasworebdes misi xanmokleoba36. kanonmdebelTa umravlesoba saamisod erT weliwads adgenda. xangrZlivi vada saxifaTo iqneboda, ufro xanmokle ki – saqmis bunebis sawinaaRmdego. am wesiT xom Tavis saojaxo saqmeebis warmarTvasac ki aravin isurvebda. raguzaSi (37) respublikis beladi yovel Tve icvleba, danarCeni Tanamdebobis pirebi – yovel kvira, cixis ufrosi _ yoveldRe. amas SeiZleba adgili hqondes mxolod Zlieri saxelmwifoebiT garSemortymul patara respublikaSi38, radgan es mezoblebi advilad SesZleben wvrili moxeleebis mosyidvas.

saukeTesoa is aristokratiuli mmarveloba, sadac xalxis nawili, romelsac araviTari wili ar udevs ZalauflebaSi, ise mcirericxovani da Raribia, rom

*am msjelobaSi termini “aristokratia” gulisxmobs aristokratiul wyobas da ara aristokratTa fenas.gabatonebul nawils misi Cagvris araviTari interesi ar aqvs. ase, magaliTad, rodesac antipatrem (39) aTenSi daadgina, rom is, visac ori aTasi drahma ar eqneboda, dakargavda xmis micemis uflebas. amiT man saukeTeso aristokratiuli mmarTveloba Seqmna, rac ki

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SeiZleboda, radgan es cenzi imdenad mcire iyo, rom mxolod Zalian cotas arTmevda am uflebas da ar exeboda aravis, vinc ki qalaqSi raime pativiT sargeblobda.

amgvarad, aristokratiuli ojaxebi ramdenadac SesaZlebelia axlos unda iyvnen xalxTan. rac ufro miuaxlovdeba aristokratia demokratias, miT ufro uzado iqneba igi da miT ufro uaresi, rac metad miuaxlovdeba monarqias. yvelaze arasrulyofilia is aristokratiuli wyoba, sadac xalxis damorCilebuli nawili moqalaqeobriv monobaSi imyofeba gabatonebul nawilTan, rogorc poloneTis aristokratia, sadac glexebi warCinebulTa monebi arian.

IV Tavikanonebi monarqiuli mmarTvelobis

bunebasTan mimarTebaSi

Sualeduri, daqvemdebarebuli da damoukidebeli Zalauflebani qmnian monarqiul mmarTvelobis bunebas, anu iseTi mmarTvelobisas, sadac erTi kaci ganagebs ZiriTadi kanonebis mixedviT. me vTqvi, Sualeduri, daqvemdebarebuli da damoukidebeli Zalauflebani_meTqi. marTlac, monarqiaSi yovelgvari politikuri da samoqalaqo Zalauflebis wyaro TviTon xelmwifea. amitom es ZiriTadi kanonebi aucileblad gulisxmoben Sualedur arxebs, romlebiTac moedineba Zalaufleba, radgan Tuki saxelmwifoSi erTi wuTieri da Wirveuli survilis garda sxva araferi arsebobs maSin araferi iqneba myari da, maSasadame, araviTari kanonic ar iarsebebs.

yvelaze ufro bunebrivi Sualeduri Zalaufleba Tavadaznaurobis Zalaufleba gaxlavT. mas rogorRac moicavs TviTon monarqiis arseba, romlis ZiriTadi maqsimaa: Tu ar aris monarqi, ar aris Tavadaznauroba. Tu ar aris Tavadaznauroba, arc monarqiaa (40). magram aseT monarqiaSi aris despoti.

arian adamianebi, romlebsac warmoudgeniaT, TiTqos SesaZlebeli iyos evropis zogierT qveyanaSi didebulTa yovelive marTlmsajulebis gauqmeba. isini ver xedaven, rom imis gakeTeba mosurvebiaT, rac inglisis parlamentma qna: gaauqmeT monarqiaSi didebulTa, samRvdeloebis, TavadaznaurTa, qalaqTa prerogativebi da xelT SegrCebaT saxalxo an despoturi saxelmwifo.

evropis erT – erTi saxelmwifos (41) tribunalebi ramdenime saukunea rac uteven didebulTa memkvidreobiT iurisdiqcias da sasuliero iurisdiqcias. Cvens mizans ar Seadgens aseTi brZeni magistraturebis kritika, magram Riad vtovebT sakiTxs, ra zomamde SeiZleba amiT Seicvalos saxelmwifos wyoba.

me srulebiTac ar gamovdeb Tavs sasuliero wodebis privilegiebis dasacavad, magram mainc visurvebdi, erTxel da samudamod dadgeniliyo misi iurisdiqcia. sakiTxi imas ki ar exeba, gonivruli iyo Tu ara misi dadgena, aramed imas, dadgenilia Tu ara igi, aris Tu ara igi qveynis kanonTa nawili dRes da yvelgan dakavSirebulia Tu ara am qveynis viTarebasTan; imas, unda iyos Tu ara im or Zalauflebas Soris, romlebic urTierTdamoukideblad migvaCnia, ormxrivi urTierTdamokidebuleba da imas, sulerTia Tu ara kargi qveSevrdomisTvis, xelmwifis samarTals daicavs igi Tu im sazRvrebis arsebobas, romlebsac es samarTali yovelTvis udgenda TavisTavs. ramdenadac samRvdeloebis Zalaufleba saSiSia respublikaSi, imdenad xelsayrelia monarqiebSi romlebic despotizmisken ixrebian. ra daemarTeboda espaneTs an portugalias kanonTa dakargvis Semdeg, rom ar arsebobdes iq es Zalaufleba, romelic erTaderTi aokebs TviTnebobis Zalauflebas? es barieri (samRvdeloebis Zalaufleba) mainc kargia roca gaxlavT, raki sxva ar arsebobs. ramdenadac despotizmi adamianTa modgmas saSinel ubedurebebs ayenebs, amdenad TviT borotebac ki, romelic mas zRvars udebs, ukve sikeTea.

rogorc zRvas, romelsac TiTqos mTeli dedamiwis dafarva surs, napiris mcire RorRica da balaxebic ki aCerebs, aseve monarqebs, romelTa Zalauflebac TiTqos usazRvroa, aCerebs TviT umciresi winaaRmdegobebic ki da iZulebulni arian TavianTi bunebrivi ampartavnoba moTokon Civilisa da mudaris winaSe.

TavisuflebisTvis xeli rom SeewyoT, ingliselebma mospes yvela Sualeduri Zalaufleba, romlebic Seadgendnen maT monarqias. isini marTalni arian, am Tavisuflebas rom ufrTxildebian. Tuki igi dakarges, isini qveynad yvelaze ufro mona xalxi iqnebian.

b.n. lo (42) Tanabrad umecari rogorc respublikuri wyobis, iseve monarqiulisa, despotizmis erT-erTi udidesi damcveli iyo, romelic ki evropas odesme unaxavs. Tavis esoden moulodnel, uCveulo, gaugonar reformasTan erTad mas surda gauqmebina Sualeduri fenebi da moespo politikuri korpusebi. Tavisi qimeruli fuladi gamosasyidebiT igi Slida (43) monarqias da lamis TviT saxelmwifo wyobis gamosyidvac ki surda.

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sakmarisi ar aris, rom monarqiaSi iyos Sualeduri rangebi. mas kanonTa Semnaxavi organoc esaWiroeba. es organo mxolod politikur korpusebSi SeiZleba iyos gansaxierebuli, romelnic acxadeben kanonebs, roca kanonebi dgindeba da Segvaxseneben maT, roca daviwyebas eZleva. TavadaznaurebisaTvis bunebrivi umecreba, misi uyuradReboba, mis mier samoqalaqo mmarTvelobis abuCad agdeba moiTxovs iseTi korpusis arsebobas, romelic gamudmebiT amoativtivebs xolme kanonebs im mtveridan, romelSic isini arian Caflulni. xelmwifis sabWo aseT organod ar gamodgeba. Tavisi bunebiT amgvari sabWo aris mmarTveli xelmwifis wuTieri survilis organo. ufro metic, monarqis sabWo ganuwyvetliv icvleba. igi ar aris mudmivi, ver iqneba mravalricxovani, mas ara aqvs xalxis sakmao ndoba. maSasadame, mas arc xalxis ganaTleba SeuZlia gasaWiris dros da arc misi damorCileba.

despotur saxelmwifoebSi, sadac ar arsebobs ZiriTadi kanonebi, arc kanonTa Semnaxavi organo arsebobs, amiT aixsneba is, rom am qveynebSi religias, Cveulebriv, imdeni Zala aqvs, rom igi Taviseburi uflebamosilebis matarebelia; xolo Tu religia am funqcias ar asrulebs, maSin kanonTa nacvlad Tayvans scemen adaT-wesebs.

V Tavidespoturi saxelmwifos Sesabamisi kanonebi

despoturi Zalauflebis bunebidan gamomdinareobs, rom erTi adamiani, romelic mas unda axorcielebdes, mas ganaxorcielebinebs erT sxvas. adamiani, romelsac misi xuTive grZnoba gamudmebiT eubneba, rom igi yvelaferia, xolo danarCeni ki araferi, Cveulebriv, zarmaci, uvici da avxorci xdeba. is Tavs anebebs saqmeebs. magram, Tu saqmeebi bevrs miando, es gamoiwvevs kamaTs maT Soris. moewyoba intrigebi pirveli monis adgilis dasakaveblad. amitom, ufro advilia yvelaferi miandos erT vezirs, roelsac misi Tanabari Zalaufleba eqneba (44). veziris dayeneba aseTi saxelmwifos ZiriTadi kanonia.

amboben, rom erT paps, roca mas irCevdnen, didxans Seukavebia Tavi, radgan Tavis uunarobas grZnobda. bolos daTanxmebula da mTeli saqmeebi ZmiswulisTvis miundia. SemdegSi ki Turme, aRtacebuli ambobda: “verasodes warmovidgendi, rom es ase advili yofila”. igive iTqmis aRmosavleTis xelmwifeebzec, roca isini taxtze dasasmelad gamohyavT xolme im patimrobidan, romelSic saWurisebma maT guli da guneba dausustes da xSir SemTxvevaSi maTi mdgomareobac ki daiviwyes, isini jer gaocebulni arian xolme, magram raki veziri dainiSna, raki Tavis seralSi yvelaze ufro pirutyvul vnebebs miecemian da dainaxaven Tu ra advilad sruldeba maTi yvelaze ugunuri kaprizebi monurad morCili karis mier, isini aseve Tvlian, rom es Zalian advili yofila.

rac ufro didia imperia, miT ufro didia sasaxle da, maSasadame, miT ufro damTvralia xelmwife siamovnebiT. amgvarad, aseT saxelmwifoSi rac ufro meti adamiani hyavs samarTavi xelmwifes, miT ufro naklebs fiqrobs igi mmarTvelobaze; rac ufro mniSvnelovania saqmeebi, miT ufro naklebs msjeloben maTze.

III wignisami mmarTvelobis principebi

I Tavisxvaoba mmarTvelobis bunebasa da mis principebs Soris

mas Semdeg, rac ganvixileT, Tu TiToeuli mmarTvelobis bunebas romeli kanoni Sesabameba, vnaxoT, romeli Seesabameba maT principebs.

mmarTvelobis bunebas da mis princips Soris is gansxvavebaa (45), rom misi buneba aris is, rac mas aseTad xdis, xolo principi ki is, rasac igi moqmedebaSi mohyavs. pirveli misi damaxasiaTebeli struqturaa, meore ki is adamianuri vnebebia, romlebic am struqturas amoZraveben.

amgvarad, kanonebi iseve unda Seesatyvisebodnen yoveli mmarTvelobis princips, rogorc mis bunebas. maSasadame, unda veZioT es principi. swored es iqneba am wignis sagani.

II Tavisxvadasxva mmarTvelobis principi

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rogorc vTqviT, respublikuri mmarTvelobis buneba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom iq mTeli Zalaufleba ekuTvnis xalxs an ojaxTa garkveul raodenobas. monarqiul mmarTvelobaSi umaRlesi Zalaufleba ekuTvnis xelmwifes, romelic am Zalauflebas axorcielebs dadgenili kanonebis mixedviT. despoturi mmarTvelobis dros erTi pirovneba Tavisi surviliTa da axirebiT ganagebs saxelmwifos. sxva aRaraferi mWirdeba maTi sami principis aRmosaCenad: isini bunebrivad gamomdinareoben am ganmartebebidan. daviwyeb respublikuri mmarTvelobiT da, pirvel rigSi, misi demokratiuli formiT.

III Tavidemokratiis principebi

imisaTvis rom monarqiuli an despoturi mTavroba myari iyos, saWiro ar aris didi patiosneba. monarqiuli saxelmwifoSi yvelafers akeTebs da gansazRvravs kanonTa Zala, xolo despotur saxelmwifoSi – xelmwifis mudam SemarTuli xeli. magram saxalxo saxelmwifo saWiroebs damatebiT mamoZravebels, es mamoZravebeli ki qvelobaa (46).

Cems mier naTqvami dasturdeba istoriuli monacemebis mTeli erTobliobiT da savsebiT esadageba saganTa bunebas. radgan cxadia, rom monarqiaSi, romelSic pirovneba aiZulebs sxvebs, daicvan kanonebi, sakuTar Tavs kanonebze maRla mdgomad Tvlis, naklebadaa saWiro qveloba, vidre saxalxo mmarTvelobaSi, sadac pirovneba, romelic sxvebs aiZulebs kanonebis dacvas, grZnobs, rom TviTonac eqvemdebareba maT da maTi tvirTi awevs.

aseve naTelia, rom monarqs, romelic boroti rCeviT an daudevrobiT yuradRebas aRar aqcevs kanonTa ganxorcielebas, advilad SeuZlia amisgan warmoSobili borotebis gaqarwyleba. sakmarisia man Secvalos sabWo an TviTon gamoasworos Tavisi daudevroba, magram roca kanonebi aRar icveba saxalxo respublikaSi, es ukve saxelmwifos daRupvis momaswavlebelia (47). vinaidan am borotebis mizezi mxolod da mxolod respublikis xrwna SeiZleba iyos.

gasul saukuneSi ingliselTa uRono cdebma, demokratia daemyarebinaT TavianT saxelmwifoSi, amisi sakmao Wkuis saswavlebeli sanaxaoba warmogvidgina. pirebi, romlebic monawileobdnen mmarTvelobaSi, ar gamoirCeodnen qvelobiT, maT pativmoyvareobas aRvivebda imaTi warmatebebi, romlebic yvelaze ufro didi kadnierebiT (48) gamoirCeodnen, erTi partiis miswrafebebs meore ukuagdebda, ris gamoc mTavroba ganuwyvetliv icvleboda. gaocebuli xalxi yvelgan demokratias eZebda, magram versad poulobda da bolos, did SejaxebaTa, SeryevaTa da ZvraTa Semdeg SeCerdnen mmarTvelobis imave formaze, romelic manamde dagmes.

rodesac sulam (49) moisurva Tavisufleba daebrunebina romisaTvis, roms ukve aRar SeeZlo misi miReba. mas Zalian uferuli kvaliRa SerCenoda uwindeli qvelobisa da vinaidan es kvalic TandaTanobiT qreboda, Aamitom, nacvlad imisa, rom gamofxizlebuliyo cezaris (50), tiberiusis (51), kaiusis, (52) klavdiusis,(53) neronis (54), domicianes (55) marTvelobis Semdeg, romi ufro da ufro efloboda monobaSi: yvela dartyma tiranebs xvdeboda da arcerTi tiranias (56).

berZeni poltikosebi, romlebic saxalxo mmarTvelobis dros cxovrobdnen, Tavis dasayrdenad mxolod qvelobas (57) Tvlidnen. exlandelebi ki mxolod manufaqturebze, komerciaze, finansebze, simdidresa da TviT fufunebazec ki laparakoben.

roca qveloba qreba, yvelas guls eufleba pativmoyvareoba, visac ki ZaluZs misi dateva. siZunwe ki yvelas eufleba. icvleba survilis sagnebi: rac adre uyvardaT, is aRar uyvarT. Tu adre moqalaqeni Tavisufalni iyvnen kanonis Sesabamisad, axla undaT Tavisufleba kanonis winaaRmdeg. yoveli moqalaqe batonis saxlidan gaqceul monasa hgavs. is, rac maqsimad iTvleboda, axla “rigorizmad” iTvleba, rac wesi iyo, axla “Seviwroebad” qceula. moridebas “SiSs” eZaxian, “angarebas” axla zomierebaSi xedaven da ara moxveWis dauokebel survilSi; uwin kerZo pirTa qoneba sazogado xazinas Seadgenda, axla sazogado xazina gaxda kerZo pirTa sakuTreba. respublika nadavlad iqceva, misi Zala ki sxva araferia, Tu ar zog moqalaqeTa xelisufleba da yvelas aRviraxsniloba.

aTens igive Zalebi moepoveboda Tavisi didebis epoqaSi, rac samarcxvino monobisas. mas oci aTasi moqalaqe hyavda58, rodesac berZnebs sparselebisgan icavda, roca lakedemonelebs hegemonobisTvis ebrZoda da roca sicilias utevda. oci aTasi moqalaqe hyavda maSinac, roca demetrios faleronelma (59) isini ise gadaTvala (60), saTiTaod, rogorc monebi bazarze. rodesac filipem saberZneTSi gabatoneba gabeda (61) da aTenis (62) karebTan gamoCnda, saberZneTs jer kidev araferi hqonda dakarguli drois garda. demosTenes (63) sityvebidan SegviZlia davinaxoT, Tu ra Zneli iyo aTenelTa gamofxizleba.

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maT filipesi eSinodaT ara rogorc Tavisuflebis mtrisa, aramed rogorc siamovnebaTa mtrisa (64). es qalaqi, romelic amden marcxs gadaurCa da amdenjer aRsdga dangrevis Semdeg, damarcxda qeroneasTan (65) da damarcxda samudamod. mere ra rom filipem tyveebi daabruna! man daabruna tyveebi da ara uwindeli adamianebi. ramdenadac Zneli iyo gamarjveba aTenis qvelobaze, imdenad yovelTvis advili iyo mis Zalebze gamarjveba.

an rogor unda SeenarCunebina Tavi karTagens (66)? rodesac hanibali (67) pretori gaxda, gadawyvita xeli SeeSala xelisufalTaTvis respublikis ZarcvaSi, gana am ukanasknelebma mas romaelebTan ar uCivles? am ubedurebs moqalaqeoba undodaT qalaqis gareSe da simdidris miReba Tavis damqcevTa xelidan hsurdaT. male romma maT mZevlad mosTxova samasi gamoCenili moqalaqe, aiZula isini iaraRi da gemebi misTvis CaebarebinaT, Semdeg ki omi gamoucxada (68). im gmirobis mixedviT, romelic sasowarkveTilebam gamoiwvia uiaraRo karTagenSi, SeiZleba vimsjeloT imaze, Tu ras moimoqmedebda iq qveloba, maSin, roca es qalaqi mTel Tavis Zalebs flobda.

IV Taviaristokratiis principi

qveloba aucilebelia rogorc saxalxo mmarTvelobaSi, aseve aristokratiulSi, Tumca am ukanasknelSi igi ase absoluturad saWiro ar aris.

xalxi warCinebulebTan imave damokidebulebaSia, rogorSic qveSevrdomebi monarqTan: mas akavebs maTi kanonebi. maSasadame qveloba mas ise ar sWirdeba, rogorc demokratiul saxelmwifoSi xalxs. magram ra daakavebT TviT warCinebulT? isini, vinc kanonebs Tavisi tolebis mimarT unda axorcielebdnen, myisve igrZnoben, rom sakuTari Tavis winaaRmdeg moqmedeben. amgvarad, qveloba aucilebelia aristoktratiuli mmarTvelobisaTvis TviT am saxelmwifoebrivi wyobis bunebis gamo.

aristokratiul mmarTvelobas Tavisi bunebiTve gaaCnia erTi iseTi Zala, romelic ar gaaCnia demokratias. warCinebulni aq iseT fenas Seadgenen, romelic Tavisi prerogativebiT da sakuTari interesebisaTvis Trgunavs xalxs. aq kanonTa arseboba sakmarisia, raTa am mxriv maTi ganxorcielebac moxdes.

magram, ramdenedac am fenas ar uWirs sxvebis alagmva69, imdenad uWirs sakuTari Tavisa. saxelmwifoebrivi wyobis buneba erTsa da imave dros TiTqos ayenebs kidec xalxs kanonis Zalauflebis qveS da aTavisuflebs kidec misgan.

aseT fenas Tavisi Tavis alagmva mxolod ori gziT SeuZlia _ an didi qvelobiT, romelic imas iwvevs, rom warCinebulni rogorRac Tavis Tavs xalxis tolad grZnoben, rasac didi respublikis Seqmna ZaluZs an ufro mcire qvelobiT, romelsac warmoadgens erTgvari zomiereba, rac warCinebulT, yovel SemTxvevaSi, erTmanTs Soris mainc, aTanabrebs. amiT isini Tavs icaven.

amgvarad, zomiereba am mmarTvelobaTa suli da gulia. me vgulisxmob im zomierebas, romelic emyareba qvelobas da ara im zomierebas, romelic sulis laCrobidan da sizarmacidan gamomdinareobs.

V Taviqveloba ar aris monarqiuli mmarTvelobis principi

monarqiebSi politika did saqmeebs iqms mcireodeni qvelobis meSveobiT, iseve rogorc saukeTeso manqana borblebis minimaluri raodenobiT da moZraobiT asrulebs Tavis samuSaos.

aseTi saxelmwifo arsebobs samSoblos siyvarulisgan, WeSmariti didebisken ltolvisgan, uZvirfases interesTa Sewirvisagan da yvela im gmirul qvelobaTagan damoukideblad, romelTac vxvdebiT antikuri samyaros adamianebSi da romelTa ambavic mxolod gadmocemiT viciT.

kanonebi aq yvela am qvelobaTa adgils ikavebs, es qvelobebi srulebiT aRaraa saWiro. saxelmwifo yvelas aTavisuflebs maTgan (70). uxmaurod momxdar saqmes aq Sedegadac araferi mohyveba xolme.

Tumca yvela danaSauli Tavisi bunebiT saxalxoa, mainc miRebulia WeSmaritad saxalxo danaSaulTa da kerZo danaSaulTa garCeva, romelTac ase imitom uwodeben, rom isini ufro calkeul pirebs ayeneben zians, vidre mTel sazogadoebas.

respublikur saxelmwifoSi kerZo danaSauli ufro saxalxo xasiaTisaa, e.i. iseTia, rom ufro saxelmwifo wyobas laxavs, vidre calkeul pirTa uflebebs; monarqiaSi saxalxo danaSauls

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ufro kerZo xasiaTi aqvs, e.i.. iseTia, rom ufro calkeul pirTa interesebs azaralebs, vidre TviT saxelmwifo wyobas.

umorCilesad gTxovT, Tavs nu CaTvliT Seuracxyofilad imiT, rac vTqvi: me istoriuli monacemebis Tanaxmad vmsjelob. kargad vici, rom qveli xelmwife iSviaToba ar aris, minda mxolod is vTqva, rom Zalian Znelia monarqiaSi xalxi iyos qveli (71).

waikiTxeT, Tu ras weren yvela drois istorikosebi monarqTa karze; gaixseneT, ras amboben yvela yveyanaSi kariskacTa ubadruk bunebaze; yovelive es spekulaciis sagani ki araa, aramed, savalalo gamocdilebis Sedegia.

uqmobasTan Sewyvilebuli ampartavneba da sulmdablobasTan SeerTebuli qedmaRloba, uSromelad gamdidrebis survili, siZulvili simarTlisadmi, pirmoTneoba, Ralati, muxanaToba, yovelgvari movaleobis daviwyeba, moqalaqeobrivi movaleobis zizRi, SiSi xelmwifis qvelobis winaSe, misi sisustis (72) imedi, da rac yvelaze uaresia, qvelobis mudmivad sasacilod agdeba – ai, ra aris Cemi azriT kariskacTa didi umravlesobis buneba, rac SeiniSneba yvelgan da yvela droSi. Znelia imis daSveba, rom qveSevrdomni patiosanni iyvnen iq, sadac saxelmwifos umaRles pirTa umravlesoba upatiosnoa. Znelia dauSva, rom es ukanasknelni matyuarebi iqnebian, xolo pirvelni dakmayofildebian gabriyvebulTa roliT.

Tu xalxSi mainc aRmoCndeba vinme ubeduri patiosani adamiani (73), maSin, rogorc kardinali de riSelie (74) qaragmulad ambobs Tavis “politikur anderZSi” (75), monarqi unda ufrTxodes mis samsaxurSi ayvanas (76), radgan WeSmaritia, rom am mmarTvelobis mamoZravebel zambaras qveloba ar warmoadgens! ra Tqma unda, qveloba gamoricxuli araa, magram igi mamoZravebeli zambara ar gaxlavT!

VI TaviriT Secvales qveloba monarqiul mmarTvelobaSi

vCqarob da didi nabijebiT mivdivar win, raTa mkiTxvelma ar ifiqros, TiTqos monarqiuli mmarTvelobis satiras vwerde; Tu mas es erTi zambara ara aqvs, samagierod, aqvs meore. Rirseba, anu yoveli piris da yoveli sazogadoebrivi wodebis winaswar aRebuli rwmena aq im politikuri qvelobis adgils iWers, romlis Sesaxebac zemoT vilaparake. da mas cvlis yvelgan. aq Rirsebas SeuZlia adamians STaagonos yvelaze saukeTeso saqmeni; kanonTa ZalasTan gaerTianebuls, mas iseve SeuZlia migviyvanos mmarTvelobis miznis miRwevasTan, rogorc TviT qvelobas.

amgvarad, kargad marTul monarqiebSi yvelani metnaklebad kargi moqalaqeni iqnebian, magram iSviaTad SexvdebiT vinmes, vinc sikeTis msaxuri adamiani (77) iqneba, radgan imisaTvis rom sikeTis msaxuri iyoT, amis survili unda gqondeT da saxelmwifo unda giyvardeT ufro misi gulisTvis, vidre Tqvenive gulisTvis.

VII Tavimonarqiis principi

rogorc vTqviT, monarqiuli mmarTveloba gulisxmobs upiratesobebs, rangebs da TviT

gvariT warCinebulobasac ki. Rirsebis bunebaa moiTxovos preferenciebi da garCevis niSnebi. amgvarad, Rirseba Tavisi bunebiTve naxulobs adgils am mmarTvelobaSi.

pativmoyvareoba saSiSia respublikaSi. igi keTilismyofelia monarqiaSi: sicocxles aniWebs am mmarTvelobas da amave dros is upiratesoba aqvs, rom saSiSi araa, radgan yovelTvis SeiZleba misi alagmva.

SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom es igivea, rac samyaros sistema, sadac aris Zala, romelic ganuwyvetliv acilebs sxeulebs centrisagan da aris mizidulobis Zala, romelic maT centrisken ezideba. Rirsebas moZraobaSi mohyavs politikuri organizmis yvela nawili; Tavisi qmedebiT igi maT akavSirebs da TiToeuli, fiqrobs ra _ mihyves Tavis pirad interesebs, sinamdvileSi saerTo keTildReobisaken iltvis.

marTalia, filosofiuri TvalsazrisiT es Rirseba, romelsac moZraobaSi mohyavs saxelmwifos yvela Zala, cru Rirsebaa, magram es cru Rirseba iseve sasargebloa sazogadoebisaTvis, rogorc WeSmariti Rirseba iqneboda sasargeblo calkeulTaTvis, visac igi eqneboda.

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da gana Zalian bevrs ar vTxovT adamians, Tu vavalebT Znel saqmeTa Sesrulebas, romlebic did mecadineobas moiTxoven da gasamrjelod mxolod am saqmeebiT gamowveul xmaurs vpirdebiT.

VIII TaviRirseba ar aris despotur saxelmwifoTa principi

despotur saxelmwifoTa princips Rirseba ar warmoadgens: iq yvela adamiani Tanasworia da amitom ar SeuZliaT erTmaneTze aRmateba. iq yvela monaa, monas ki araferze ar SeuZlia aRmateba.

ufro metic, vinaidan Rirebas Tavisi kanonebi da wesebi aqvs, romelTac ver gadauxvevs, vinaidan igi damokidebulia sakuTar kaprizze da ara sxvisaze, amitom igi (Rirseba) SeiZleba arsebobdes mxolod im saxelmwifoebSi, sadac myari wyoba da mtkice kanonebia.

rogor unda aitanos igi despotma? Rirseba ganadidebs sicocxlis arad Cagdebas, xolo despotis mTeli Zala imaSia, rom mas ZaluZs sicocxlis warTmeva. rogor unda aitanos Rirsebam despoti? mas mtkice wesebi da Seuvali survilebi aqvs, despots ki araviTari wesi ar gaaCnia, xolo misi survilebi yvela sxva danarCenT anadgureben.

Rirseba ucnobia despotur saxelmwifoTaTvis, sadac xSirad sityvac ki ar aqvT mis gamosaxatavad; samagierod, Rirseba gabatonebulia monarqiaSi, iq igi sicocxles aniWebs mTel politikur sxeuls, kanonebs da TviT qvelobasac ki.

IX Tavidespoturi mmarTvelobis principi

iseve rogorc qvelobaa saWiro respublikaSi da Rirseba _ monarqiaSi, aseve aucilebelia SiSi despotur mmarTvelobaSi (78). despoturi mmarTveloba ar saWiroebs qvelobas, Rirseba ki saSiSi iqneboda misTvis.

aq xelmwifis usazRvro Zalaufleba mTlianad imis xelSi gadadis, visac igi mas miandobs. adamianebi, romlebsac unari SeswevT Tavis Tavs didi pativi scen, revoluciebis mowyobasac SesZleben. amitom, aseT saxelmwifoebSi SiSma unda Caklas yovelgvari simamace da mcireodeni pativmoyvareobis grZnobac ki unda Caaqros.

zomier mmarTvelobas survilisamebr da yovelgvari safrTxis gareSe SeuZlia moadunos Tavisi zambarebi. is Tavs icavs sakuTari kanonebiTa da ZaliT. magram, roca despotur mmarTvelobaSi xelmwife Tundac wamiT dauSvebs SemarTul xels, roca mas ar ZaluZs myisve mospos is adamianebi, visac pirveli adgilebi (79) uWiravT saxelmwifoSi, maSin yvelaferi daRupulia, radgan SiSi, romelic mmarTvelobis mamoZravebeli zambaraa, aRar arsebobs da xalxs ukve aRar hyavs mfarveli.

albaT, am azriT ambobdnen yadebi, rom didi xelmwife valdebuli ar aris Seasrulos Tavisi sityva an fici, roca igi amiT Zalauflebas zRudavs (80).

saWiroa, rom xalxi kanonebiT samarTldebodes, xolo didebulebi xelmwifis survilisamebr; rom ukanaskneli qveSevrdomis sicocxle usafrTxoebaSi iyos, xolo faSebisa – mudmiv safrTxeSi (81). SeuZlebelia TrTolvis gareSe ilaparako am Semzarav mmarTvelobaze. sparseli sefevidi, romelic axlaxans taxtidan Camoagdo mirveisma, jer kidev mirveisis gamarjvebamde gaxda mowme Tavis mmarTvelobis daRupvisa, radgan man sakmao sisxli ar daRvara (82).

istoria gveubneba, rom domicianes sisastike imdenad aSinebda mefis nacvlebs, rom xalxma cota suli moiTqva mis xelmwifobaSi (83). msgavsad niaRvrisa, romelic yvelafers erT mxareze yris, xolo meore mxares ki xeluxleblad tovebs mindvrebs, sadac Tvali Soridanve amCnevs ramdenime mdelos.

X Tavisxvaoba zomieri da despoturi mmarTvelobis

morCilebas Soris

despotur saxelmwifoebSi mmarTvelobis buneba moiTxovs ukidures morCilebas. xelmwifis nebas, raki igi cnobili gaxda, iseve gardauvalad unda mohyves saTanado Sedegi, rogorc erTi burTis dajaxebas meoreze.

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aq adgili ar aqvs Serbilebas, modifikaciebs, morgebas, morigebebs, tolfasiT Secvlas, molaparakebebs, gafrTxilebas, raime Tanabris an ukeTesis SeTavazebas; adamiani aq is arsebaa, romelic sxva, mbrZanebel arsebas emorCileba.

aq aravis SeuZlia Tavisi SiSis gamoxatva momavlis mimarT, arc Tavisi warumateblobis gamarTleba bedis ukuRmarTobiT. cxovelebis msgavsad, adamianis xvedric aq aris instiqti, morCileba da sasjeli.

mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba bunebrivi grZnobebi, pativiscema mamisadmi, bavSvebisa da colis siyvaruli, Rirsebis kanonebi, janmrTelobis mdgomareoba: brZaneba miRebulia da es sakmarisia.

sparseTSi, roca mefe vinmes sikvdils miusjis, aravis aqvs arc masTan dalaparakebis da arc misTvis Sendobis Txovnis ufleba. Tu xelmwife mTvralia an ugonodaa, ganaCeni mainc unda iqnes sisruleSi moyvanili (84), sxvagvarad xelmwife Tavis Tavs SeewinaaRmdegeba, kanoni ki ar SeiZleba Tavis Tavs ewinaaRmdegebodes. azrovnebis amgvari wesi iq yovelTvis arsebobda. SeuZlebeli iyo brZanebis Secvla, romelic asreusma (85) gasca ebraelTa mospobis Sesaxeb. amitom, gadawyvites maTTvis Tavdacvis neba daerToT.

Tumca aseT mmarTvelobaSi mainc aris erTi ram, rac zogjer SeiZleba daupirispiron xelmwifis neba-survils (86) – esaa religia. Tu xelmwife brZanebs, mamas miatoveben, moklaven kidec; magram ar daleven Rvinos, Tundac xelmwifem es isurvos da brZanos. religiis kanonebi ufro maRali rangisaa. radgan isini erTnairad savaldebuloni arian rogorc xelmwifisaTvis, ise misi qveSevrdomebisTvis. magaram rac Seexeba bunebriv uflebebs, aq saqme sxvagvaradaa – am SemTxvevaSi xelmwife kacad aRar iTvleba*.

monarqiul da zomier saxelmwifoebSi Zalaufleba SezRudulia imiTve, rac am saxelmwifos mamoZravebeli zambaraa. amiT imis Tqma minda, rom Rirseba monarqiaSi batonobs rogorc xelmwifeze, ise xalxze. xelmwifesTan urTierTobaSi aravin daimowmebs religiis kanonebs; kariskaci, romelic amas izams, TavisTavs sasacilod CaTvlis. magram masTan urTierTobaSi gamudmebiT imowmeben Rirsebis kanonebs. aqedan gamomdinareobs aucilebeli sxvadasxvaobebi morCilebis xasiaTSi. Rirseba bunebrivad gadaiWreba xolme sxvadasxva ucnaurobebSi da morCilebis xasiaTic yvela am ucnaurobebs misdevs.

Tumca morCilebis xasiaTi sxvadasxvaa am or mmarTvelobaSi, Zalaufleba mainc erTi da igivea. saiTac ar unda Sebrundes monarqi, yvelgan saswors Tavis sasargeblod xris da mas emorCilebian. mTeli sxvaoba imaSia, rom monarqiaSi

*igulisxmeba, rom xelmwifes adamianze maRali rangi aqvs miniWebuli.xelmwifes ganaTleba aqvs, ministrebi ki iq bevrad ufro moqnilni da unarianni arian saqmeSi, vidre despotur saxelmwifoSi.

V wigni

kanonmdeblis mier mocemuli kanonebi unda Seesabamebodes mmarTvelobis princips

II Tavira aris qveloba politikur saxelmwifoSi

qveloba respublikaSi Zalze martivi ramaa – es aris respublikis siyvaruli: es grZnobaa da ara codnaTa rigi. es grZnoba Tanabrad misawvdomia saxelmwifos ukanaskneli kacisaTvis da pirveli kacisaTvis. raki xalxi erTxelve SeiTvisebs karg maqsimebs, igi ufro didxans mihyveba maT, vidre egreT wodebuli patiosani adamianebi. xrwna iSviaTad iwyeba xalxidan, saSualo ganaTleba xSirad ufro ayvarebs xolme xalxs imas, rac dadgenilia.

samSoblos siyvaruls zneTa sikeTisken mivyavarT, xolo am ukanasknels – samSoblos siyvarulisken. rac ufro nakleb ZalgviZs kerZo vnebaTa dakmayofileba, miT ufro metad veZleviT zogads. ratom uyvarT berebs ase Zlier TavianTi wesrigi? swored imitom, rom igi yvelaze metad autanelia. es wesrigi maT arTmevs yvelafers, rasac ki Cveulebriv eyrdnoba adamianuri vnebebi. maSasadame, rCeba mxolod vneba TviT im wesrigis mimarT, romelic

170

maT aviwroebs. rac ufro mkacria igi, e.i. rac ufro met midrekilebebs arTmevs maT, miT ufro meti Zala eniWeba im midrekilebebs, romlebsac igi maT utovebs.

III Tavira aris respublikis siyvaruli demokratiaSi

respublikis siyvaruli demokratiaSi igivea, rac TviT demokratiis siyvaruli, es ukanaskneli ki Tanasworobis siyvarulia. garda amisa, demokratiis siyvaruli zomierebis siyvarulicaa. vinaidan aq yvelas Tanabari bedniereba da sargebeli unda hqondes, amitom, siamovnebac yvelam erTnairi unda miiRos da imedic erTi da imavesi unda hqondes. es ki ver ganxorcieldeba sxvagvarad, Tu ara sayovelTao zomierebis pirobiT.

Tanasworobis siyvaruls demokratiaSi pativmoyvareoba dahyavs erTaderT swrafvaze, erTaderT bednierebaze – sxva moqalaqeebze meti samsaxuri gavuwioT samSoblos. yvelas ar ZaluZs Tanabari samsaxuri gauwios samSoblos, magram yvelas Tanabrad hmarTebs am samsaxuris gaweva. dabadebisTanave moqalaqeebi udides vals kisruloben mis winaSe, romlis gadaxdasac verasodes ver SesZleben.

amgvarad, sxvaobebi aq gamomdinareben TviT Tanasworobis principidan maSinac ki, roca am ukanasknels (Tanasworobas) TiTqos auqmebs samSoblosaTvis gaweul samsaxurTa sxvadasxvaoba an niWTa sxvadasxvaoba.

zomierebis siyvaruls moxveWisken swrafva dahyavs im yuradRebaze, rasac moiTxovs aucileblis mopoveba ojaxisaTvis, xolo zedmetis micema samSoblosaTvis. simdidre iZleva Zlierebas, romelsac moqalaqe ver moixmars sakuTari TavisTvis, radgan amiT igi sxvaTa Tanaswori aRar iqneboda. simdidre aniWebs mas siamovnebaTa miRebis saSualebas, magram man am siamovnebazec unda Tqvas uari, radgan esec daarRvevda Tanasworobas.

amitom, kargad mowyobilma demokratiebma zomierebis damyarebiT ojaxur yofaSi gza misces sazogadoebriv xarjebs, rogorc es moxda aTensa da romSi. amgvarad, zomiereba is sawyisi iyo, romelmac brwyinvaleba da baraqa warmoSva; da iseve rogorc religia moiTxovs, rom RvTisadmi ZRvenis Semwirvels hqondes sufTa xelebi, kanonebic zneTa zomierebas moiTxoven, raTa SegveZlos Cvens samSoblos raRac SevsZinoT.

calkeul pirTa saRi azrovneba da maTi keTildReoba didadaa damokidebuli maTi niWisa da maTi qonebis saSualoobaze (87). respublika, romlSic kanonebs moqalaqeTa umravlesoba saSualo adamianebad gauzrdiaT da romelic gonieri adamianebisgan Sesdgeba, Tavisi Tavis gonivrulad marTvas SesZlebs: bednieri xalxisagan Semdgari, igi TviTonac bednieri iqneba.

IV Tavirogor xdeba Tanasworobisa da zomierebisadmi

siyvarulis STagoneba

Tanasworobisa da zomierebis siyvaruls sazogadoebaSi gansakuTrebiT aRvivebs TviTon Tanasworoba da zomiereba, roca maT ganxorcielebuls vxedavT sazogadoebaSi, sadac erTic da meorec kanoniTaa dadgenili.

monarqiebsa da despotur saxelmwifoebSi aravin eswrafvis Tanasworobas, igi azradac ki aravis mosdis: iq yoveli adamiani upiratesobisken iltvis. yvelaze ufro dabali mdgomareobis adamianebsac ki am mdgomareobidan gamosvla mxolod sxvebze gabatonebisaTvis hsurT.

igive SeiZleba iTqvas zomierebis Sesaxebac. imisaTvis rom zomiereba gviyvardes, igi unda gvsiamovnebdes. ra Tqma unda, fufunebiT gaxrwnil adamianebs zomieri cxovreba ver eyvarebaT. gemovnebis es Secvla bunebrivi an Cveulebrivi rom yofiliyo, alkibiade sayovelTao aRtacebas ver moipovebda (88). zomiereba verc imaT eyvarebodaT, vinc Surs an sxvisi fufunebiT aRtacebas Seupyria. adamianebs, romelTac Tvalwin mxolod mdidrebi an maTsaviT Ratakebi hyavT, sZulT TavianTi siRatake, maT ar ician da arc uyvarT is mdgomareoba, romelSic siRatake mTavrdeba (magram arc simdidre iwyeba).

amgvarad, didad WeSmariti maqsimaa: imisaTvis rom Tanasworoba da zomiereba gviyvardes respublikaSi, saWiroa, rom isini kanoniT iyvnen dadgenilni.

V Tavi171

rogor amyareben kanonebi Tanasworobas demokratiul saxelmwifoSi

antikuri xanis zogierTma kanonmdebelma, magaliTad, likurgem da romulusma (89), miwa Tanasworad gaanawiles. es SeiZleboda momxdariyo mxolod axlad Camoyalibebul respublikaSi an kidev maSin, roca Zveli kanoni ise iyo gaxrwnili da adamianT goneba ise iyo ganwyobili, rom Raribebs Tavi iZulebulad mieCniaT eZebnaT, xolo mdidrebs Tavi iZulebulad mieCniaT moeTminaT amgvari saSualebis gamoyeneba.

Tu kanonmdebeli aseT ganawilebas ganaxorcielebs, magaram ar gamoscems kanonebs mis SesanarCuneblad, maSin mis mier Seqmnili viTareba mxolod droebiTi iqneba; araTanasworoba im mxridan SeaRwevs am wyobaSi, romelic kanoniT ar iqneba daculi da respublikac daiRupeba.

maSasadame, am mizniT saWiroa qalis mziTvis, gaCuqebis, memkvidreobis, anderZis da saeTod, yvela saxis xelSekrulebebis regulireba. radgan, Tu kanoniT daSvebuli iqneba sakuTari qonebis micema, visTvisac gvinda da rogorc gvinda, maSin TiToeuls kerZo neba Searyevs ZiriTadi kanonis zraxvas.

soloni, romelmac aTenelebs neba darTo uSvilobis (90) SemTxvevaSi anderZiT daetovebinaT TavianTi qoneba imisTvis, visTvisac surdaT, win aRudga Zvel kanonebs, romlebic moiTxovdnen, rom qoneba darCeniliyo moanderZis ojaxSi. igi winaaRmdegobaSi Cavarda Tavis sakuTar kanonebTanac; valebis gauqmebiT igi xom Tanasworobis damyarebas cdilobda!

kanoni, romelic krZalavda erTze met memkvidres, kargi iyo demokratiuli saxelmwifosTvis (91) am kanonis saTave moqalaqeTa Soris miwis Tanabrad ganawileba iyo. kanoni ar uSvebda erTi adamianis xelSi ramdenime wilis arsebobas.

kanoni, romelic moiTxvda, rom mamulis memkvidre qali uaxloes naTesavs SeerTo, imave wyarodan momdinareobda. es kanoni dadgenil iqna ebraelTa Soris miwis amgvarive dayofis Semdeg. platoni (92) emyareba ra aseT dayofas, imave kanons iZleva; es iyo aTenis kanonic.

aTenSi iyo erTi kanoni, romlis arsic me ara mgonia vinmes esmodes. igi uSvebda qorwinebas mamiT daze, magram ara dediT daze (93). am Cveulebis saTave respublikidan momdinareobs, romlis arsic is iyo, rom ar daeSva erTi adamianis xelSi miwis ori wilis Tavmoyra da, maSasadame, ori memkvidreobisac. roca kaci colad irTavda das mamis mxridan, amiT igi mxolod erT memkvidreobas iRebda, romelic mamisa iyo; magram rodesac igi colad irTavda dediT das, SeiZleboda momxdariyo, rom am dis mamas vaJis uyolobis SemTxvevaSi Tavisi memkvidreoba misTvis daetovebina da, maSasadame, misi Zma, romelmac igi SeirTo, amiT or memkvidreobas miiRebda.

Sedavebis sababad nu momiyvanT imas, rasac filoni (94) ambobs _ Tu aTenSi colad irTaven mamiT das, magram ara dediT das, lakedemonSi SeeZloT colad moeyvanaT dediT da magram ara mamiT dao. strabonTan (95) vkiTxulobT, rom roca lakedemonSi da Zmas colad mihyveboda, mziTvad Rebulobda Zmis wilis naxevars. cxadia, es kanoni gamocemuli iqna imisaTvis, rom pirvelis arasasurveli Sedegebi gaebaTilebina. imis aRsakveTad, rom dis ojaxis qoneba gadasuliyo Zmis ojaxSi, das mziTvad aZlevdnen Zmis qonebis naxevars.

seneka silanusze Txrobisas, romelmac colad SeirTo Tavisi da (96) ambobs, rom aTenSi aseTi qorwineba SezRuduli iyo, aleqsandriaSi ki Cveulebrivi movlena. erTmmarTvelobis dros absoluturad ar dgas sakiTxi gayofisagan qonebis dacvisa.

demokratiaSi miwis amgvari ganawilebis SesanarCuneblad arsebobda erTi kargi kanoni, romelic moiTxovda, rom mamas, Tuki bevri Svilebi hyavda, erT-erTi aerCia Tavisi wilis memkvidred (97), xolo sxvebi vinme uSvilo kacze gaeSvilebina, raTa moqalqeTa da miwis nakveTTa raodenoba yovelTvis Tanabari yofiliyo.

faleas qalkedonelma (98) erTgvari xerxi gamoigona qonebis Tanasworobis misaRwevad iseT respublikaSi, sadac igi ar iyo. igi moiTxovda, rom mdidrebs mziTevi miecaT RaribebisTvis, xolo maTgan mziTevi ar mieRoT, xolo Raribebs ki fuli mieRoT TavianTi qaliSvilebis nacvlad, magram TviTon igi ar gadaexadaT. magram me ar vici aseTi respublika, romelic am wess Seegueboda. es moqalaqeebs iseT pirobebSi Caayenebda, romelTa TvalSisacemi uTanabrobac TviT im Tanasworobis siZulvils gamoiwvevda, romlis damyarebasac es kanoni cdilobs. zogjer kargia, rom kanonebi ase pirdapir ar midiodnen TavianTi miznisaken.

Tumca, demokratiaSi realuri Tanasworoba saxelmwifos suli da gulia, mainc misi damyareba ise Zneli gaxlavT, rom Zalze didi simkacre am mimarTebiT yovelTvis sasurveli araa. sakmarisia cenzis dadgena (99), romelic amcirebs an adgens sxvaobebs garkveul zRvaramde. amis Semdeg specialurma kanonebma unda GgaaTanabron egreT wodebuli

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uTanasworobebi gadasaxadebiT, romliTac mdidrebi daibegrebian, xolo Raribebs mdgomareoba SeumsubuqdebaT. mxolod saSualo qonebis patronT SeuZliaT gaiRon an aitanon aseTi saxis kompensaciebi, radgan uzomo qonebis patronni Seuracxyofad miiReben yvelafers, rac ki SezRudavs maT Zalasa da pativs.

yovelgvari uTanasworoba demokratiaSi unda gamomdinareobdes demokratiis da TviT Tanasworobis principis bunebidan. magaliTad, iq unda eSinodeT, rom adamianebi, romelTac mudmivi samuSao sWirdebaT arsebobisTvis, metismetad ar gaaRaribos mmarTveli Tanamdebobis dakavebam, an maT amis gamo ar ugulvebelhyon TavianTi funqciebi; rom xelosnebi ar gayoyoCdnen; rom gaazatebulebi maTi didi raodenobis gamo Zvel moqalaqeebze ufro Zlierni ar gaxdnen. aseT SemTxvevebSi moqalaqeTa (100) Soris Tanasworoba demokratiaSi SeiZleba dairRves TviT demokratiisve saWiroebisTvis. magram am SemTxvevaSi irRveva mxolod moCvenebiTi demokratia, radgan mmarTvelobaSi yofnis gamo gakotrebuli adamiani sxva moqalaqeebze uares mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba. da igive adamiani, romelic iZulebuli iqneba ugulebelhyos Tavisi funqciebi, Tavisze uares mdgomareobaSi Caayenebs sxva moqalaqeebs da a.S.

VI Tavirogor unda daicvan kanonebma

zomiereba demokratiaSi

kargad mowyobil demokratiaSi sakmarisi ar aris, rom miwis nakveTebi Tanabari iyos. saWiroa, rom isini iseve patarebi iyos, rogorc romaelebs hqondaT. kuriusi Tavis kariskacebs eubneboda (101) “RmerTma nu qnas, rom moqalaqe patarad Tvlides miwas, romelic erTi kacis sarCenad kmara”.

rogorc qonebis Tanasworoba icavs zomierebas, ise zomiereba icavs qonebis Tanasworobas. Tumca, es ori sxvadasxva ramaa, maT erTmaneTis gareSe arseboba ar SeuZliaT. TiToeuli maTgani mizezicaa da Sedegic. Tu erTma miatova demokratia, meorec maSinve mihyveba mas.

marTalia, roca demokratia emyareba vaWrobas, SeiZleba moxdes calkeul pirTa gamdidreba, magram es ar gamoiwvevs zneobaTa xrwnas. saqme imaSia, rom vaWrobis suliskveTebas yovelTvis Tan axlavs zomierebis, momWirneobis, TavSekavebis, Sromismoyvareobis, gonierebis, simSvidis, rigisa da wesis suliskveTeba. amgvarad, sanam es suliskveTeba arsebobs, mis mier warmoSobili simdidre, araviTar cud Sedegs ar mogvcems. ubedureba maSin xdeba, rodesac simdidris siWarbe spobs vaWrobis am suliskveTebas. uceb warmoiSoba uTanasworobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli yovelgvari uwesrigobebi, romlebic manamde ar igrZnoboda (102).

vaWrobis suliskveTebis SesanarCuneblad saWiroa, rom mTavari moqalaqeebi TviTon eweodnen am saqmianobas, rom mxolod es suliskveTeba batonobdes da masSi ar ereodes sxva; rom yvela kanoni xels uwyobdes mas; rom igive kanonebi Tavis gankargulebiT dovlaTs anawilebdnen imisda kvalad, rogorc mas vaWroba zrdis; rom yovel Rarib moqalaqes sakmarisad didi SeZleba eZleodes, raTa masac sxvebiviT muSaoba SeeZlos, xolo yovel mdidar moqalaqes imdenad saSualo mdgomareoba hqondes, rom Sroma sWirdebodes Tavisi qonebis SenarCunebisTvis an zrdisTvis.

komerciul respublikaSi Zalian kargia kanoni, romelic yvela Svils Tanabar wils argunebs mamis memkvidreobidan. am kanonis wyalobiT, rac ar unda mdidari iyos mama, misi Svilebi YyovelTvis ufro Raribebi arian masTan SedarebiT, rac aiZulebs maT, SeiZulon fufuneba da masaviT imuSaon. me vlaparakob mxolod komerciuli respublikis Sesaxeb, radgan sxva respublikebisaTvis kanonmdebels sxva ram aqvs mosawesrigebeli (103).

saberZneTSi ori saxis respublika iyo: samxedro, rogoric iyo lakedemoni da komerciuli, rogoric iyo aTeni. pirvelSi surdaT, rom moqalaqeebi moclilni yofiliyvnen, meoreSi ki cdilobdnen maTTvis Sromis siyvaruli STaegonebinaT. soloni usaqmurobas danaSaulad Tvlida da moiTxovda, rom TiToeul moqalaqes angariSi mieca Tavis saSualebaTa xasiaTis Sesaxeb, da marTlac, kargad mowyobil demokratiaSi, sadac mxolod aucilebeli xarji unda gaiRon, yovelma moqalaqem sakuTari SromiT unda moipovos saarsebo saSualebebi, radgan sxva visgan miiRebs igi maT?

VII Tavidemokratiis principis sxva xelSemwyobi saSualebebi

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SeuZlebelia miwis Tanabari dayofa. yvela saxis demokratiaSi. aris garemoebebi, roca aseTi mowyoba ganuxorcielebadi da saSiSi iqneboda, rac TviT saxelmwifo wyobas Searyevda. yovelTvis aucilebeli ar aris ukiduresi zomebis miReba. Tu ama Tu im demokratiaSi davinaxavT, rom es dayofa, romlis mizanic zneTa SenarCuneba unda iyos, ar Seesabameba am demokratias, maSin sxva saSualebebs unda mivmarToT.

Tu Seiqmneba garkveuli korpusi, romelic TavisTavad zneTa sazomi iqneba, magaliTad, senati, romelSi Sesvlasac asaki, qveloba, sazogadoebrivi mniSvneloba, damsaxureba gansazRvravs, maSin senatorebi xalxis winaSe warmodgebian rogorc RmerTTa msgavsni da amiT isini STaagoneben adamianebs im grZnobebs, romlebic Rrmad aRibeWdeba yoveli ojaxis wiaRSi.

gansakuTrebiT saWiroa, rom es senati SeeTvisos Zvel institutebs da Tavisi moqmedebiT arasodes ar gaTiSos xalxi da magistratebi.

rac Seexeba zneebs, isini Zalian moigeben, Tu Zvel adaTebs davicavT. gaxrwnili xalxi iSviaTad iqms did saqmeebs. mas arasdros ar Seuqmnia sazogadoeba, qalaqebi, kanonebi, piriqiT ufro meti instituti Seqmnes im xalxebma, romelTac martivi da mkacri zneebi hqondaT. Tu adamianebs Zveli drois maqsimebisken movuwodeT, es, Cveulebriv, igivea, rac maTi mobruneba qvelobisaken.

ufro metic, Tuki odesme rame revolucia momxdara da saxelmwifos axali forma miuRia, es yovelTvis didi gaWirvebiTa da dauRalavi SromiT miRweula da iSviaTad – uqmobiTa da gaxrwnili zneobiT. imave adamianebs, romlebmac revolucia moaxdines, hsurdaT xolme misi sikeTe yvelasaTvis egrZnobinebinaT da amis miRwevas mxolod kargi kanonebiT axerxebdnen. amitom, Zveli dawesebulebebi, Cveulebriv, Seworebebs warmoadgenen, xolo axlebi – borotad gamoyenebas. xangrZlivi mmarTvelobis periodSi xalxi SumCnevlad eSveba borotebisaken da mxolod Zalas SeuZlia misi xelaxla ayvana sikeTisaken.

didxans daobdnen imaze, Tu rogor unda arCeuliyvnen senatis wevrebi, romelTa Sesaxebac vlaparakobT – samudamod Tu garkveuli vadiT.

ra Tqma unda, isini samudamod unda yofiliyvnen arCeulni, rogorc es xdeboda romSi (104), lakedemonSi (105) da TviT aTenSic. ar unda agverios erTimeoreSi is, rasac aTenSi senats uwodebdnen da rac yovl sam TveSi icvleboda da areopagi, romlis wevrebic irCeodnen samudamod, rogorc ucvleli modelebi.

zogadi maqsimaa: senatSi, romelic Seqmnilia imisaTvis, rom nimuSi iyos da, ase vTqvaT, zneTa sacavi, senatorebi samudamod unda airCnen; senatSi, romlis mizanic saqmeTa momzadebaa, senatorebi SeiZleba droebiT airCnen.

aristotele ambobs, rom gonebac sxeuliviT berdeba (106). es mosazreba mxolod erTpirovnuli magistratisaTvis varga, mas ver mivuyenebT senatorTa krebas.

areopagis garda, aTenSi arsebobdnen zneTa damcvelni da kanonTa damcvelni (107). lakedemonSi yvela berikaci cenzori iyo. romSi cenzoris ufleba or calke magistarats eniWeboda. rogorc senati Tvalyurs adevnebs xalxs, ise cenzorma Tvali unda adevnos xalxsac da senatsac. maT unda gaasworon respublikaSi yovelive is, rac Seryvnila, aRniSnon simkacris yoveli moduneba, gansajon daudevroba, gamoasworon Secdomebi iseve, rogorc kanonebi sjian danaSauls.

romis kanoni, romelic moiTxovda mruSobis sajarod braldebas, Cinebuli iyo zneTa siwmindis dasacavad. es kanoni SiSis zars scemda ara marto qalebs, aramed maT zedamxedvelebsac.

araferi ise ar uwyobs xels zneTa SenarCunebas, rogorc axalgazrdebis ukiduresi daqvemdebareba moxucebisadmi. igi akavebs rogorc erT, ise meoreT: pirvelT moxucebisadmi pativiscemiT, xolo meoreT sakuTari Tavisadmi pativiscemiT.

araferi ise ar aniWebs Zalas kanonebs, rogorc moqalaqeTa ukiduresi daqvemdebareba magistratebisadmi. Qqsenofonti (108) ambobs – “didi sxvaoba, romelic likurgem daadgina lakedemonsa da sxva qalaqebs Soris, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom man aiZula moqalaqeebi kanonebs damorCilebodnen; magistratebis daZaxebaze isini sirbiliT modidodnen. magram aTenSi mdidari kaci sasowarkveTilebaSi Cavardeboda magistratze damokidebulad rom CaeTvalaT.”

mSobelTa avtoritetic aseve Zalze saWiroa zneTa SesanarCuneblad. Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom respublikaSi ar aris iseTi damTrgunavi Zala, rogorc sxva saxis mmarTvelobaSi. amitom, kanonebi unda ecadon mis Secvlas raRaciT. amas isini mSobelTa avtoritetiT axerxeben.

romSi mamebs ufleba hqondaT TavianTi Svilebis sikvdil-sicocxlis ganmkargulebelni yofiliyvnen (109). lakedemonSi yovel mamas ufleba hqonda sxvisi Svilis qceva Seesworebina.

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romSi mSobelTa Zalaufleba respublikasTan erTad gaqra. monarqiebSi, sadac zneebs aseTi siwminde ar moeTxoveba, sasurvelad iTvleba, rom yoveli moqalaqe magistratis xelisuflebis qveS imyofebodes.

romis kanonebma, romlebic axalgazrdebs damoukideblobas aCvevdnen, daadgines arasrulwovanobis xangrZlivi periodi. SesaZlebelia, Cven SevcdiT, rodesac es Cveuleba SeviTviseT (110). monarqia ar saWiroebs amden Zaldatanebas.

imave daqvemdebarebas respublikaSi SeeZlo imis moTxovna gamoewvia, rom mama mTeli cxovrebis manZilze Tavisi Svilebis qonebis baton-patroni yofiliyo, rogorc es dawesebuli iyo romSi, magram es ar Seesatyviseba monarqiis suliskveTebas.

VIII Tavirogor unda Seesatyvisebodnen

kanonebi mmarTvelobis princips aristokratiaSi

Tu aristokratiaSi xalxi qvelia, maSin igi TiTqmis aseve datkbeba saxalxo mmarTvelobis sikeTiT da saxelmwifoc gaZlierdeba. magram vinaidan iq, sadac adamianTa qoneba esoden uTanasworoa, aseTi didi qveloba iSviaTia, amitom kanonebi, ramdenadac ki es maT ZaluZT, unda ecadon zomierebis suliskveTebis danergvas da im Tanasworobis dadgenas, romelsac saxelmwifos wyoba aucileblobiT xelyofs.

zomierebis suliskveTebaa is, rasac aristokratiul saxelmwifoSi qvelobas vuwodebT, mas aq igive adgili uWiravs, rac Tanasworobis suliskveTebas saxalxo saxelmwifoSi.

Tu gancxroma da brwyinvaleba, romliTac garSemortymulni arian mefeni, maTi Zlierebis nawilia, TavdaWeriloba da qcevis ubraloeba aristokrat warCinebulTa Zalas warmoadgens (111). Tu isini arafriT ar cdiloben TavianTi gamorCeulobis xazgasmas, Tu xalxSi erevian, masaviT icvamen da mas monawileobas aRebineben yvela TavianT siamovnebaSi, maSin xalxi iviwyebs Tavis uZlurebas.

yovel mmarTvelobas Tavisi buneba da Tavisi principi aqvs. amitom saWiro ar aris, rom aristokratiam miiRos monarqiis buneba da principi, rac im SemTxvevaSi moxdeboda, Tu warCinebulebs raRac piradi da kerZo prerogativebi eqnebodaT, TavianTi korpusis prerogativebisgan gansxvavebiT. privilegiebi senats unda eniWebodes, xolo senatorebs _ ubralo pativiscema.

aristokratiul saxelmwifoebSi uwesrigobis ori ZiriTadi wyaro arsebobs: ukiduresi uTanasworoba ganmgebelsa da gangebulTa Soris da igive uTanasworoba ganmgebeli korpusis sxvadasxva wevrebs Soris. es ori uTanasworoba warmoSobs siZulvilsa da Surs, romlebic kanonebma unda gaiTvaliswinon da aRkveTon.

pirvel uTanasworobas, ZiriTadad, im SemTxvevaSi aqvs adgili, roca didTa privilegiebi mxolod imitomaa sapatio, rom samarcxvinoa xalxisTvis. aseTi iyo romis kanoni, romelic patriciebs ukrZalavda plebeebze qorwinebas (112). am kanonis erTaderTi Sedegi is iyo, rom patriciebi erTis mxriv ufro qedmaRalni xdebodnen, xolo meore mxriv, ufro saZulvelni. SexedeT Tundac im sargebels, romelic am wesidan gamoitanes tribunebma da TavianT sazeimo sityvebSi gamoiyenes!

es uTanasworoba maSinac warmoiSoba, roca moqalaqeebi sxvadasxva pirobebSi arian gadasaxadebis mxriv. es orgvarad xdeba: roca warCinebulni sakuTar Tavs aniWeben im privilegias, rom gadasaxads ar ixdian; rodesac isini TaRliTobiT Tavs iZvrenen gadasaxadebisagan (113); rodesac am gadasaxadebs Tavis sasargeblod iyeneben dajildoebis an maT mier Sesrulebuli samsaxuris sababiT; da bolos, roca isini xalxs moxarked xdian da erTmaneTs Soris iyofen misgan amoRebul Semosavals. es ukanaskneli iSviaTad xdeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi aristokratiuli mmarTveloba yvelaze mkacria yvela saxis mmarTvelobaTa Soris.

sanam romi aristokratiuli mmarTvelobisken ixreboda, igi sakmaod warmatebiT arTmevda Tavs yvela am uxerxulobas. misi magistratebi arasodes ar Rebulobdnen xelfass TavianTi magistratobiT. respublikis pirveli adamianebi iseve eqvemdebarebodnen gadasaxadebs, rogorc sxvebi da sxvebze ufro metadac; zog SemTxvevaSi ki mxolod isini ixdidnen gadasaxads. da bolos, Zalin Sors iyvnen ra saxelmwifo Semosavlis miTvisebisagan, isini yovelive imas, risi miRebac SeeZloT saxalxo ganZidan da yovelive im simdidres, rasac bedi argunebdaT, xalxs unawilebdnen im pativiscemis sanacvlod, romelic misgan hqondaT (114).

erT-erTi ZiriTadi maqsima gaxlavT is, rom ramdenadac xalxis aseTi dasaCuqreba saSiSia demokratiaSi, imdenad kargia igi aristokratiuli mmarTvelobis dros. pirvel SemTxvevaSi es Rupavs moqalaqis suliskveTebas, meoreSi ki aRadgens mas.

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Tu Semosavali xalxSi ar nawildeba, maSin unda uCvenoT mas, rom am Semosavals kargad ganagebT. amis Cveneba imas niSnavs, rom xalxs am simdidriT tkbobis erTgvari saSualeba mieces. is oqros jaWvi, romelsac veneciaSi Wimavdnen, simdidre, romelic triumfebis dros romSi gamohqondaT, ganZi, romelic inaxeboda saturnis taZarSi, WeSmaritad xalxis simdidre iyo.

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania aristokratiul mmarTvelobaSi rom warCinebulebma ar akrifon gadasaxadebi. romSi saxelmwifos pirveli wodeba Tavisufali iyo maTgan. gadasaxadebi meores ekisreboda, magram SemdgomSi amanac didi uxerxuloba gamoiwvia. aristokratiul saxelmwifoSi, sadac warCinebulni gazrdian gadasaxadebs, yvela kerZo piri damokidebuli aRmoCndeba Tanamdebobis pirebze, aq ar iqneba maTze zemdgomi samsjavro, romelic maT namoqmedars Seasworebs. is pirebi am ukanasknelTa Soris, visac davalebuli eqneboda uflebis borotad gamoyenebaTa aRkvTa, amjobinebdnen amgvari borotad gamoyenebiT sargeblobas. warCinebulni daemsgavsebodnen despoturi saxelmwifoebis xelmwifeT, romlebic qonebas arTmeven visac ki moesurvebaT.

male am gziT miRebul Semosavals sakuTrebad CaTvlidnen, romelsac sixarbe Tavisi survilisamebr gaadidebda. es gamoiwvevda gadasaxadebis ijaris dacemas, saxelmwifo Semosavlis daqveiTebas. swored es iyo mizezi zogierTi saxelmwifos dasustebisa yovelgvari SesamCnevi Seryevis gareSe, rac iwvevda mezobeli qveynebisa da TviT am saxelmwifos moqalaqeTa gancvifrebasac.

kanonebma aseve unda aukrZalon warCinebulT vaWrobac, Torem amgvar upiratesobaTa mqone vaWrebi yvela juris monopoliebs Seqmnidnen. vaWroba Tanaswor adamianTa profesiaa, despotur sxelmwifoebs Soris yvelaze ubadrukia is saxelmwifo, romlis xelmwifec vaWrobs.

veneciis kanonebi (115) warCinebulT ukrZalavT vaWrobas, romelsac maTTvis, Tundac uneblied, gadametebuli simdidris micema SeuZlia.

kanonebma yvelaze ufro qmediTi saSualebebi unda gamoiyenon, raTa aiZulon warCinebulni xalxs samarTali miagon. Tu maT tribuni ar daudgeniaT, TviTon unda gaswion tribunoba.

kanonis gverdis avlis yovelgvari SesaZlebloba Rupavs aristokratias da gviaxlovebs tiranias.

yvela droSi kanonebma unda daTrgunon batonobis siamaye. saWiroa droebiTi an mudmivi magistrati, romelic warCinebulT TrTolvas mohgvris iseve, rogorc eforebi sCadiodnen amas lakedemonSi da saxelmwifo inkvizitorebi – veneciaSi. saWiroa magistraturebi*, romlebic araviTar formalobebs ar daeqvemdebarebian. am mmarTvelobas sakmaod Zlieri saSualebebi sWirdeba. qvis piri (116) mudam Ria iyo dambezRebelTaTvis veneciaSi; gegonebodaT es yvelaferi tiraniaSi xdebao.

es tiranuli magistratebi aristokratiul mmarTvelobaSi Seesatyvisebian demokratiuli mmarTvelobis cenzuras, romelic Tavisi bunebiT aranakleb damoukidebelia (117). marTlac, cenzorebi pasuxs ar ageben im moqmedebaze, rac maT am Tanamdebobaze yofnis manZilze ganaxorcieles. maT ndoba unda gamoucxadoT da arasodes guli ar unda gautexoT. romaelebi Seudarebelni iyvnen am SemTxvevaSi: maT SeeZloT pasuxi moeTxovaT yoveli magistratisTvis (118) misi moqmedebis gamo, garda cenzorebisa (119).

ori ram aris saxifaTo aristokratiul mmarTvelobaSi: warCinebulTa ukiduresi siRaribe da maTi uzomo simdidre. maTi siRaribis Tavidan asacileblad droulad unda vaiZuloT isini, valebi gadaixadon. maTi simdidris gazomierebisTvis ki saWiroa gonivruli da SeumCneveli zomebis miReba da ara konfiskacia, agraruli kanonebi da valebis gauqmeba, rac dausrulebel ubedurebebs iwvevs. kanonebma unda aRkveTon pirmSoobis ufleba warCinebulTa (120) Soris, raTa qoneba Tanabrdebodes memkvidreobis mudmivi dayofiT. srulebiT ar aris saWiro substituciebi, sagvareulo mamulis gamosyidva, maiorati, Svilad ayvana. yvela is saSualeba, romelic monarqiul saxelmwifoSi mogonilia calkeuli ojaxebis brwyinvalebis SesanarCuneblad, uadgiloa aristokratiul mmrTvelobaSi (121).

gaaTanabreben ra ojaxebs, kanonebs kidev is rCebaT miznad, rom SeinarCunon maT Soris kavSiri. warCinebulTa Soris uTanxmoebebi saswrafod unda mogvardes. amis gareSe calkeul pirTa dava iqceva ojaxTa Soris davad. Suamavlebs SeuZliaT davis dasruleba an misi gaCenis aRkveTa.

da bolos, kanonebma xeli ar unda Seuwyon sxvaobebs, romlebsac pativmoyvareoba warmoSobs ojaxebs Soris im sababiT, rom esa Tu is ojaxi ufro keTilSobilia an ufro Zvelia. aseTi dava unda ganixilebodes rogorc calkeul pirTa gulnamcecoba.

sakmarisia Tvali gadavavloT lakedemons, rom davinaxoT, Tu rogor moxerxebulad uswordebodnen iq eforebi mefeTa, didTa da xalxis sisusteebs.

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IX Tavirogor Seesatyvisebian kanonebi TavianT princips

monarqiaSi

vinaidan am mmarTvelobis principi Rirsebaa, aq kanonebi misi Sesatyvisi unda iyos.kanonebma ar unda imoqmedos keTilSobilTa wodebis dasacavad, romlisac, ase rom

vTqvaT, Rirseba mSobelicaa da Sobilic.kanonebma unda daadginon am keTilSobilebis memkvidreobiToba, magram ara

imisaTvis, rom igi gaxdes zRvari xelmwifis Zalauflebasa da xalxis uZlurebas Soris, aramed imisaTvis, rom igi am oris kavSirad iqces. substituciebi, romlebic icaven qonebas ojaxebSi, Zalze sasargeblo iqneboda am mmarTvelobaSi, Tumca uadgilo iqneboda sxvaSi.

* igulisxmeba magistratTa RonisZiebebisagvareulo qonebis gamosyidva warCinebulTa ojaxebs daubrunebda miwebs, romlebic

mflangvelobam romelime naTesavTagans sxva gvaris kacze miayidina. Tavad aznaurTa kuTvnil miwebs privilegiebi eqnebaT, ise rogorc pirovnebebs. SeuZlebelia monarqis pativis gamoyofa misi saxelmwifos pativisagan. aseve SeuZlebelia gamovyoT warCinebulis pativi misi samemkvidreo mamulis pativisgan.

yvela es prerogativebi warCinebulTa specifika iqneba da ar gavrceldeba xalxze, Tu ar gvsurs SevaryioT mmarTvelobis principi da SevasustoT rogorc warCinebulTa, ise xalxis Zala.

substituciebi aviwroeben vaWrobas; samemkvidreo mamulis gamosyidva aucileblobiT iwvevs dausrulebel sasamarTlo procesebs da samefos mTeli gayiduli miwa, erTgvarad upatrono rCeba erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi mainc. prerogativebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia samemkvidreo mamulTan, iZleva Zalas, romelic Zalian damamZimebelia imaTTvis, vinc mas Rebulobs. es gaxlavT warCinebulobasTan dakavSirebuli specifikuri uxerxuloba, romelic wamsve qarwyldeba im zogadi sargeblobis pirispir, rac mas moaqvs. magram Tu aseT privilegiebs xalxs mianiWebT, amiT tyuilubralod SearyevT yvela princips.

monarqiul saxelmwifoSi dasaSvebia, rom mamam Tavisi qonebis didi nawili dautovos erT-erT Svils; es ufleba mxolod iq Tu aris kargi (122).

kanonebma xeli unda Seuwyon yvela saxis vaWrobas (123), rac ki dasaSvebia mmarTvelobis am tipis farglebSi, raTa qveSevrdomebs gakotrebis gareSe SeeZloT daakmayofilon xelmwifisa da misi karis mudmiv ganaxlebadi moTxovnilebani.

kanonebma erTgvari wesrigi unda daamyaron gadasaxadebis akrefis formaSi, raTa igi TviT gadasaxadebze mZime ar gaxdes.

gadasaxadebis simZime Tavdapirvelad Sromas iwvevs; Sroma iwvevs daRlas, xolo es ukanaskneli – sizarmacis suliskveTebas.

X TavisaqmeTa swrafi Sesruleba monarqiaSi

monarqiul mmarTvelobas erTi sakmaod didi upiratesoba aqvs respublikasTan SedarebiT: vinaidan saqmeebs erTi adamiani awarmoebs, maTi Sesruleba ufro Cqara xdeba. magram vinaidan es siCqare SeiZleba aCqarebad gadagvardes, kanonebma masSi erTgvari sinele unda Seitanon. kanonebma ara marto xeli unda Seuwyon yoveli mmarTvelobis bunebas, aramed unda aacilon kidec mas is borotmoqmedebani, romlebic SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes TviT am mmarTvelobis bunebidan. kardinal de riSelies (124) undoda, rom monarqiul saxelmwifoebSi aucilebeli yofiliyo savaWro kompaniebis arseboba maTi damaxasiaTebeli sirTuleebiTurT, romlebic uamrav siZneles qmnida. Tumca am kacs despotizmi gulSi ar hqonda, gonebaSi mainc hqonda.

dawesebulebebi, romlebsac evalebaT kanonTa dacva, kargad asruleben TavianT movaleobas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca dinjad moqmedeben da xelmwifis saqmeebSi is refleqsia SeaqvT, romelsac SeuZlebeblia velodoT saxelmwifo kanonebis naklebad mcodne sasaxle karisagan da misi sabWoebis sulswrafobisgan (125).

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ra mouvidoda qveynad yvelaze ukeTes monarqias (126), Tu magistratebi TavianTi sizantiT, CiviliTa da mudariT ar Seaferxebdnen xolme TavianTi mefeebis qvelobaTa gamovlinebebsac ki, roca es monarqebi, ixelmZRvanelebdnen ra mxolod TavianTi didi sulis karnaxiT, moisurvebdnen, rom mamacobiTa da erTgulebiT gaweuli samsaxuri uzomo sazRauriT daejildoebinaT?

XI Tavimonarqiuli mmarTvelobis upiratesoba (127)

monarqiul mmarTvelobas despoturTan SedarebiT erTi didi upiratesoba gaaCnia. vinaidan mis bunebaSia xelmwifis Zalauflebis qveS ramdenime fenis arseboba, romlebic arsebul wyobas eqvemdebarebian, saxelmwifo ufro myaria, misi wyoba – ufro uryevi, xolo mmarTvelTa pirovneba – ufro dazRveuli.

cicerons miaCnia, rom romSi tribunTa daweseba respublikis xsna iyo. igi ambobs: “marTlac, uwinamZRvro xalxis Zala metad saSiSia. beladi grZnobs, rom igi pasuxs agebs yvelaferze da fiqrobs amaze; magram xalxi Tavis mZvinvarebaSi ver xedavs im safrTxes, romelSic Tavs igdebs”. es refleqsia SeiZleba gamoviyenoT despoturi saxelmwifos mimarTac, romelic utribuno xalxia da monarqiis mimarTac, sadac xalxs, garkveuli azriT, tribunebi hyavs.

da marTlac, yvelgan vxedavT, rom despotur saxelmwifoSi momxdari mRelvarebebisas Tavis nebaze miSvebulma xalxma sazRvari ar icis; areulobebi, romlebsac igi qmnis, ukiduresia. monarqiebSi ki piriqiT, saqmis viTareba Zalze iSviaTad midis ukiduresobebamde. beladebi sakuTar Tavs ufrTxildebian, maT eSiniaT, rom zurgs Seaqceven. Sualeduri Zalauflebis mqoneT, romlebic sxvebze arian damokidebulni, ar surT, rom xalxma metismetad didi Zalaufleba Caigdos. iSviaTad xdeba, rom saxelmwifos wodebebi mTlianad gaixrwnas. xelmwife eyrdnoba am wodebebs; meamboxeT, - Tu maT xelmwifis damxobis arc survili da arc imedi ar aqvT - arc surT da arc ZaluZT xelmwifis damxoba.

aseT viTarebebSi gonieri da avtoritetuli adamianebi SuamavalTa rolSi gamodian; iwyeba molaparakebebi, daTmobebi, Serbilebebi; kanonebi xelaxla iZenen TavianT Zalas da aiZuleben moqalaqeebs, rom daemorCilon maT.

amitom, mTeli Cveni istoria savsea samoqalaqo omebiT revoluciaTa gareSe, xolo despotur saxelmwifoTa istoria savsea revoluciebiT samoqalaqo omTa gareSe.

isini, visac ama Tu im qveynebis samoqalaqo omebis istoria aRuweriaT, da isinic ki, visac am omebSi wamqezeblis roli uTamaSiaT, sakmarisad gvarwmuneben, Tu ramdenad nakleb saeWvod unda eCvenebodeT xelmwifeebs is Zalaufleba, rasac isini zogierT wodebebs aniWeben, radgan TviT areulobis SemTxvevaSic ki, es ukanasknelni isev kanonebs da TavianT movaleobebs mistirian da umal xels Seuwyoben xolme zRvargadasul meamboxeTa siSmagisa da mZvinvarebis dacxromas, vidre mis gaRvivebas (128).

kardinali de riSelie albaT fiqrobda, rom metismetad daamdabla saxelmwifo wodebebi, rodesac saxelmwifos dacvisaTvis xelmwifisa da ministrebis qvelobebs (129) mimarTa da maTgan moiTxova imdeni ram, imdeni ganaTlebuloba, simtkice da gamWriaxoba, rom marTlac angelozi unda yofiliyaviT, rom yvelaferi es gqonodaT. SeuZlebelia, imedi iqonioT, rom dReidan monarqiebis daSlamde, odesme iarsebeben aseTi xelmwife da aseTi ministrebi!

xalxi, romelic kargi ganmgeblobis mfarvelobaSi imyofeba, ufro bednieria, vidre is xalxi, romelic yovelgvari wesisa da beladis gareSe tyeSi daexeteba. aseve, monarqebic: monarqebi, romlebic TavianTi qveynis ZiriTad kanonebs eqvedebarebian, ufro bednierni arian, vidre despoti xelmwifeebi, romelTac araferi ar gaaCniaT, rac xalxis da misi gulis warmarTvas SesZlebda.

XII Taviimave Temis gagrZeleba

nu eZebT didsulovnebas despotur saxelmwifoebSi (130). aq xelmwife ver gadascems Tavis xelqveiTT im sidiades, romelic mas TviTon ar gaaCnia; didebas adgili ar aqvs mis pirovnebaSi.

mxolod monarqiebSi vxvdebiT xelmwifis irgvliv misi sinaTlis sxivebiT Suqmofenil xelqveiTT: mxolod aqaa, rom yvelas, visac ase vTqvaT, ufro didi sivrce ukavia, ZaluZs im

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qvelobaTa gamovlineba, romlebic suls aniWeben ara Tu damoukideblobas, aramed sidiades.

XIII Tavidespotizmis dedaazri

roca luizianel velurebs xis nayofis mowyveta surT, isini xes ZirSi Wrian da krefen nayofs. ai, aseTia despoturi mmarTveloba.

XIV Tavirogor Seesatyvisebian kanonebi despoturi

mmarTvelobis princips

despoturi mmarTvelobis principi SiSia, magram gaubedav, umecar, daCagrul xalxebs bevri kanonebi ar sWirdebaT.

aq yvelaferi or an sam ideas unda eyrdnobodes. maSasadame, axali ideebi arcaa saWiro. rodesac cxovels raimes aswavliT, yvelaze metad unda eridoT maswavleblis, gakveTilis da swavlebis meTodis cvlas; Tqven or an sam moZraobas aRbeWdavT mis tvinSi, magram ara umetess.

rodesac xelmwife Caketil cxovrebas eweva, igi ise ver gamova Tavisi am Caketili yofidan, romelSic igi gancxromas hpovebs, rom sasowarkveTilebaSi ar Caagdos yvela isini, visac misi iq darCena surs. am adamianebs eSiniaT, rom xelmwifis pirovneba da masze Zalaufleba sxvebma ar Caigdon xelSi (131). aseTi xelmwife iSviaTad awarmoebs oms piradad da verc Tavisi mxedarTvmTavrebis xeliT bedavs mis warmoebas.

aseT xelmwifes, romelic Tavis sasaxleSi miCveuli ar aris araviTar winaaRmdegobas, aRaSfoTebs is winaaRmdegoba, romelsac mas xelSi iaraRiT uweven. amitom, Cveulebriv, is risxviTa da SurisZiebiT moqmedebs. garda amisa, mas warmodgenac ki ver eqneba WeSmarit didebaze. amitom, omebi aq mTeli Tavisi pirvelyofili mZvinvarebiT warmoebs da saerTaSoriso samarTals naklebi gavlena aqvs, vidre sxva mmarTvelobaTa dros.

aseT xelmwifes imdeni nakli aqvs, rom saSiSic kia misi bunebrivi ugunurebis gamomzeureba. igi damalulia da aravin icis Tu ra mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. sabednierod, amgvari qveynebis samarTavad xelmwifis marto saxelic kmara.

rodesac karlos XII (132) benderSi yofnisas erTgvar winaaRmdegobas waawyda SvedeTis senatSi, man moiwera, rom Tavis erT Ceqmas gaugzavnida mbrZaneblad. es Ceqma despot mefeze aranakleb imbrZaneblebda.

Tu xelmwife tyved Cavarda, igi mkvdrad iTvleba da taxtze sxva adis. molaparakebebs, romelTac tyve awarmoebs, araviTari Zala ara aqvs. misi monacvle maT ar daamtkicebs. marTlac, vinaidan mis pirovnebaSi gaerTianebulia kanonebi, saxelmwifo da xelmwife, rogorc ki igi xelmwife aRar aris, igi aRaraferia da Tu igi mkvdrad ar CaiTvleba, saxelmwifo daingreva.

erT-erTi mizezi, ramac Turqebs gadaawyvetina separatuli zavi daedoT petre pirvelTan, is iyo, rom moskovelebma vezirs Seatyobines, TiTqos SvedeTSi taxtze sxva mefe daesvaT (133).

saxelmwifos dacva igive xelmwifis dacvaa, ufro swored, im sasaxlis dacvaa, sadac igi Caketilia. araferi, rac uSualod ar emuqreba am sasaxles an dedaqalaqs, araviTar zegavlenas ar axdens umecar, ampartavan da winaswari rwmenebiT ganmsWvalul adamianTa gonebaze; rac Seexeba movlenaTa msvlelobas, am xalxs ar ZaluZs arc misi miyola, arc misi winaswar ganWvreta da arc masze fiqri. politika, misi saSualebebi da misi kanonebi aq aucileblad gaRaribebuli iqneba. xolo rac Seexeba politikur mmarTvelobas, igi aq iseve martivia, rogorc samoqalaqo mmarTveloba (134)

yvelaferi daiyvaneba politikuri da samoqalaqo mmarTvelobis SeTanxmebaze sasaxlis Sida mmarTvelobasTan; saxelmwifo moxeleebi da sasaxlis moxeleebi erTi da igive arian.

aseTi saxelmwifo saukeTeso mdgomareobaSi iqneba maSin, roca SeeZleba Tavis Tavi msoflios erTaderT saxelmwifod miiCnios. udabnoebad garSemortymulad da yvela sxva xalxTagan gancalkevebulad, romelTac igi barbarosebs (135) uwodebs. ramdenadac mas SeiaraRebuli xalxis imedi ver eqneba, misTvis kargi iqneba, Tu Tavissave erT nawils gaanadgurebs.

rogorc despoturi mmarTvelobis principi SiSia, ise misi mizani siwynarea. magram es ar aris mSvidoba. es umal, mtris Semosvlis momlodine qalaqebis siCumea.

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vinaidan Zalis matarebelia ara saxelmwifo, aramed armia, romelmac igi Seqmna, saxelmwifos dacvisaTvis saWiroa am armiis Senaxva, magram igi xelmwifisTvis Semzaravia. maS rogorRa SevuTanxmoT saxelmwifos uSiSroeba xelmwifis uSiSroebas?

gTxovT, SexedoT, rogori simarjviT cdilobs moskovis mTavroba Tavi daaRwios despotizms, romelic mas ufro metad emZimeba, vidre Tavis xalxs. mosres jaris didi korpusebi (136), Searbiles danaSaulebaTa sasjeli, Seqmnes sasamarTloebi, daiwyes kanonTa Seswavla, gaaTavisufles xalxi, magram aris garkveuli mizezebi, romlebic, albaT, kvlav miiyvans am samefos im ubedurebasTan, romlisgan Tavis daRwevac mas surs.

aseT saxelmwifoebSi religias ufro didi gavlena aqvs, vidre romelime sxvaSi: igi SiSze mimatebuli SiSia. mahmadianur imperiebSi swored religiisgan Rebulobs xalxi nawilobriv im gansacvifrebel pativiscemas, romelic mas Tavisi xelmwifisadmi aqvs.

swored religia asworebs cotaoden TurqeTis saxelmwifoebriv wyobas. qveSevrdomebi, romlebsac dideba da Rirseba ar akavSirebs saxelmwifosTan, masTan dakavSirebulni arian religiis ZaliTa da principiT.

despotur saxelmwifoTa Soris arcerTi imden brals ar iRebs Tavis Tavze, ramdensac is saxelmwifo, sadac xelmwifes Tavis Tavi mTeli miwebis mflobelad da yvela qveSevrdomis memkvidred gamoucxadebia. amas yovelTvis Sedegad mohyveba xelis aReba miwaTmoqmedebaze. Tu, amasTanave, xelmwife vaWaricaa, maSin yvela saxis warmoebac moSlilia.

aseT saxelmwifoebSi arafers ar asworeben, arafers ar aumjobeseben (137). saxlebs mxolod sacxovreblad aSeneben, ar gahyavT arxebi, ar rgaven xeebs; miwisgan yvelafers iReben, ukan ki arafers ubruneben. yvelaferi SiSvelia, yvelaferi gaudaburebulia.

xom ar ggoniaT rom kanonebi, romlebic moqalaqes arTmeven miwis sakuTrebas da qonebis memkvidreobiT gadacemis uflebas, Seamcireben didebulTa siZunwesa da sixarbes? ara, es mxolod ufro aRagznebs maT am miswrafebebs. mimarTaven aTasi saxis gamoZalvas da sakuTrebad ar CaTvlian arafers, im oqrosa da vercxlis garda, romlis moparvasa da damalvasac SesZleben.

yvelaferi rom ar daiRupos, saWiroa xelmwifis gaumaZRrobas rame adaTi azomierebdes. ase, magaliTad, TurqeTSi xelmwife, Cveulebriv, kmayofildeba ubralo xalxis memkvidreobidan sami procentis aRebiT (138). magram, vinaidan didi xelmwife miwebis did nawils Tavis SeiaraRebul razms aZlevs da ganagebs maT, rogorc moesurveba; vinaidan igi isakuTrebs imperiis moxeleTa mTel memkvidreobas; vinaidan im moxelis sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi, romelsac mamrobiTi sqesis Svili ar hyavs, misi qoneba did xelmwifes miaqvs, xolo gardacvlilis qaliSvilebs mxolod am qonebiT sargeblobis ufleba aqvT, amitom am saxelmwifoSi qonebis didi nawilis mflobeloba Zalze aramyaria.

bantamis kanonis Tanaxmad, mefe memkvidreobiT iRebs TviT gardacvlilis cols, Svilebs da saxls (139). imisaTvis, rom Tavidan aicilon am kanonis yvelaze mkacri Sedegi, moqalaqeebi iZulebulni arian, bavSvebi rva, cxra, an aTi wlis asakSi daaqorwinon, zogjer ki ufro patarebic, raTa Tavidan aacilon bavSvebs mware xvedri mamis memkvidreobis nawilad gaxdomisa.

iseT saxelmwifoebSi, sadac srulebiT ar aris ZiriTadi kanonebi, ar SeiZleba iyos taxtis memkvidreobiTobis garkveuli wesic. aq xelmwife TviTon irCevs Tavis memkvidres sakuTari ojaxidan an mis gareT. uSedego iqneboda daedginaT taxtis memkvidreobiToba ufrosi vaJiSvilisaTvis; xelmwifes yovelTvis SeeZleboda sxva Svilis arCeva. memkvidres acxadebs an TviT xelmwife, an misi ministrebi, an samoqalaqo omi. amgvarad, am saxelmwifoSi, monarqiul saxelmwifosTan SedarebiT, aris kidev erTi zedmeti safuZveli misi daSlisaTvis.

samefo ojaxis yvela ufliswuls Tanabari ufleba gaaCnia arCeul iqnes taxtis memkvidred; aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom is, vinc taxtze adis, pirvel rigSi axrCobinebs Tavis Zmebs, rogorc es TurqeTSi xdeba, an abrmavebinebs, rogorc amas sparseTSi aqvs adgili (140) an SeSlilebad acxadebs maT, rogorc es monRoleTSia. magram, Tu sifrTxilis im zomebs ar miiReben, rogorc es marokoSia, maSin taxtis yovel daclas Tan mosdevs saSineli samoqalaqo omi.

moskovis konstituciis Tanaxmad (141,) mafes Tavis memkvidred SeuZlia is airCios, vinc mas surs Tavisi ojaxidan an ojaxis garedan. memkvidreobiTobis aseTi wesi aTas gadatrialebas iwvevs da taxts imdenadve meryevs xdis, ramdenadac memkvidreobiToba TviTneburia. Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom xalxma taxtis memkvidreobiTobis wesi icodes. amitom, yvelaze saukeTeso iqneba is wesi, romelic daefuZneba ufro aSkara faqtebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, warmoSoba an dabadebis garkveuli rigi. aseTi wesi aRkveTs intrigebs, axSobs pativmoyvareobas; aseT pirobebSi veravin veRar atyuebs susti xelmwifis gons da ver aiZulebs momakvdavs, misi survilisamebr ilaparakos.

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rodesac taxtis memkvidreobiToba ZiriTadi kanoniTaa dadgenili, mxolod erTi ufliswulia taxtis memkvidre, xolo mis Zmebs araviTari realuri an moCvenebiTi ufleba ara aqvT, rom gvirgvini sadaod gauxadon. aq SeuZlebelia, rogorc mamis kerZo survilis gamoyvana sxvadasxva garemoebebidan, ise misTvis Zalis miniWeba. aq ufro metad aRar dgas sakiTxi mefis Zmis dapatimrebaze an mokvdinebaze, vidre romelime sxva qveSevrdomisaze.

magram, despotur saxelmwifoebSi, sadac xelmwifis Zmebi erTdroulad misi monebi da metoqeebic arian, sifrTxile moiTxovs darwmunebulobas maT pirovnebebSi. es gansakuTrebiT exeba mahmadianur saxelmwifoebs, sadac religia gamarjvebas an warmatebas ganixilavs, rogorc RmerTis ganaCens; ase rom, aq pirovneba mxolod faqtis batonia da ara uflebisa.

saxelmwifoSi, sadac sisxliT ufliswulebma ician, rom taxtze ausvlelobis SemTxvevaSi maT daapatimreben an sikvdiliT dasjian, pativmoyvareoba ufro Zlieria, vidre CvenTan, sadac sisxliT ufliswulebi sargebloben iseTi mdgomareobiT, romelic Tu maT pativmoyvareobas ver daakmayofilebs, yovel SemTxvevaSi, maTi ufro zomieri survilebisaTvis mainc damakmayofilebeli iqneba.

despoturi saxelwifos xelmwifeebisaTvis yovelTvis damaxasiaTebelia qorwinebis Selaxva. Cveulebriv, isini, ramdenime cols Txouloben xolme, gansakuTrebiT ki qveynis im nawilis saxelmwifoebSi, sadac despotizmi, ase vTqvaT, bunebrivi movlenaa, anu aziaSi. maT imdeni Svili hyavT, rom mamebs Svilebisadmi, xolo Zmebs erTmaneTisadmi veraviTari siyvaruli ver eqnebaT.

mefis ojaxi saxelmwifos hgavs; igi metismetad sustia, misi ufrosi ki metismetad Zlieri; igi vrceli Cans, magram srul araraobamdea dasuli. Aartaqsersma (142) yvela Tavisi Svili moakvlevina imitom, rom maT SeTqmuleba moawyves mis winaaRmdeg. daujerebelia, rom ormocdaaTma Svilma SeTqmuleba moawyos mamis winaaRmdeg; ufro daujerebelia, rom maT es SeTqmuleba moawyves imitom, rom maTma mamam ar moisurva sakuTari xasis ufrosi vaJiSvilisTvis daTmoba. ufro advili dasajerebelia, rom es gamowveuli iyo aRmosavluri seralis erT-erTi intrigiT, - im adgilisa, sadac eSmakoba, boroteba, cbiereba batonoben siCumeSi da garemoculni arian wyvdiadiT, sadac moxuci xelmwife, romelic dRiTidReE suleldeba, sasaxlis pirveli patimaria.

yvelferi imis mere, rac ukve vTqviT, ibadeba azri, rom adamianis buneba yovelTvis asjanyebia despotur mmarTvelobas, magram, miuxedavad adamianTa siyvarulisa Tavisuflebisadmi, miuxedavad maTi siZulvilisa Zalmomreobisadmi, adamianTa didi umravlesoba mainc dahmorCilebia despotizms. es advili gasagebia. imisTvis rom zomieri mTavroba Sehqmna, saWiroa ZalTa SeerTeba, maTi regulireba, gazomiereba, moqmedebaSi moyvana, _ ase vTqvaT, saWiroa erTs mivceT raRac wona, raTa meoris gawonasworeba SevaZlebinoT. es kanonmdeblobis iseTi Sedevria, romelsac iSviaTad Tu hqmnis SemTxveviToba da romlis Seqmnasac iSviaTad Tu daacdian gonierebas. despoturi mmarTveloba, piriqiT, ase vTqvaT, TviT gvecema TvalSi. is yvelgan erTferovania, vinaidan misi damyarebisaTvis vnebebi kmara, misTvis yvela kaci gamodgeba.

VIII wignisami saxis mmarTvelobis principTa xrwna

I Taviam wignis dedaazri

yvela mmarTvelobis xrwna, TiTqmis yovelTvis mis principTa xrwniT iwyeba.

II Tavidemokratiis principis xrwna

demokratiis principi ara mxolod maSin ixrwneba, roca Tanasworobis suliskveTebas vkargavT, aramed maSinac, rodesac ukiduresi Tanasworobis suliskveTeba Cndeba da roca TiToeuls surs, mis mier arCeuli mmarTvelobis Tanaswori iyos. aseT xalxs aRar ZaluZs TviT im xelisuflebis atanac ki, romelsac igi endoba, da surs yvelaferi TviTon akeTos; senatis magivrad gamoitanos gadawyvetilebebi, marTos magistratTa magivrad da gansajos mosamarTleTa magivrad.

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qvelobas ukve veRar eqneba adgili respublikaSi. xalxs magistratTa funqciebis Sesruleba mousurvebia, maSasadame, pativs aRar scems mas. senatis dadgenilebebs wona aRara aqvT. aRar aris pativiscema senatorebisadmi da, maSasadame, aRarc uxucesebisadmi. igi, aseve, aRar aqvT arc mamebisadmi. qmrebi aRar imsaxureben mowiwebas, ganmgebelT aRar emorCilebian. yvelas dauflebia am TavaSvebulobis siyvaruli. ganmgeblobis tvirTi iseve damqancveli gamxdara, rogorc morCilebisa. bavSvebi, qalebi, monebi aRaravis aRar daemorCilebian. aRar iqneba zneoba, siyvaruli wesrigisadmi da bolos, aRarc qveloba.

qsenofontis (143) “nadimSi” Cven vxedavT erT-erTi respublikis sakmaod gulubryvilo aRweras, sadac xalxs borotad gamouyenebia Tanasworoba. yoveli Tanameinaxe rigrigobiT gamoTqvams sakuTari TviTkmayofilebis mizezs. qarmide ambobs: “me Cemi siRaribis gamo var sakuTari Tavis kmayofili; rodesac mdidari viyavi, iZulebuli gaxldiT mepirfera cilismwameblebTan, radgan kargad vicodi, rom maT ufro metis daSaveba SeeZloT CemTvis, vidre me maTTvis. respublika gamudmebiT moiTxovda Cemgan raRac axal xarjs. uars ver veubnebodi. mas Semdeg, rac gavRaribdi, wona damedo, veravin ver memuqreba, piriqiT, me vemuqrebi sxvebs. minda waval, minda moval. mdidrebi dgebian da adgils miTmoben. mona viyavi da mefe var, gadasaxadebs vuxdidi respublikas, dRes ki is mkvebavs. arafris dakargvis SiSi aRar maqvs, piriqiT, SeZenis imedi maqvs”.

es ubedureba xalxs maSin atydeba Tavs, roca isini, romelTac xalxi endo, sakuTari gaxrwnilobis dafarvis mizniT mis gaxrwnas cdiloben. maTi pativmoyvareoba rom ar dainaxos xalxma, am ukanasknelT mxolod mis sidiadeze elaparakebian: maTi sixarbe rom ver SeniSnos xalxma, gamudmebiT xels uwyoben misas.

xrwna gaizrdeba gamxrwnelTa Sorisac da imaT Sorisac, vinc ukve gaxrwnila. xalxi mTel sazogadoebriv Tanxebs dainawilebs da rogorc Tavis sizarmaces man sazogadoebriv saqmeTa xelmZRvaneloba SeuerTa, aseve moisurvebs sakuTar siRatakesTan fufunebis sitkboebaTa SeTavsebas. magram, am sizarmaciTa da fufunebis wyurviliT Sepyrobils, mas Tavisi swrafvis erTaderT sagnad saxalxo saunje eqneba.

amitom, ar unda gagvikvirdes, Tu davinaxavT, rogor gaiyideba xmebi fulze. xalxs mxolod imitom aZleven bevrs, rom kidev ugro meti amoiRon misgan. magram xalxisgan rom es meti amoiRon, amisaTvis saxelmwifo gadatrialeba unda movaxdinoT. rac ufro metad Seiqmneba STabeWdileba, TiTqos xalxi sargeblobas iRebdes Tavisi Tavisuflebidan, miT ufro miuaxlovdeba igi im moments, roca dakargavs am ukanasknels. xalxi gaiCens patar-patara tiranebs, romelTac erTi tiranis yvela mankiereba eqnebaT. male yvelaferi, rac darCa Tavisufali, autaneli gaxdeba: erTi tirani dawinaurdeba da xalxi yvelafers dakargavs, TviT sakuTari xrwniT gamowveul sargebelsac ki.

maSasadame, demokratia or ukiduresobas unda eridos: uTanasworobis suliskveTebas, romelsac igi aristokratiisaken an erTis mmarTvelobisaken mihyavs, da ukiduresi Tanasworobis suliskveTebas, romelsac igi erTis despotizmisaken mihyavs, msgavsad imisa, rogorc erTis despotizmi dapyrobiT mTavrdeba.

marTalia, is adamianebi, vinc berZnuli respublikebi gaxrwnes, yovelTvis tiranebi ar gamxdaran. es imitom rom, ufro mWevrmetyvelebas misdevdnen, vidre samxedro xelovnebas. garda amisa, yovel berZens gulSi Seurigebeli siZulvili hqonda respublikuri mmarTvelobis damamxobelTa winaaRmdeg, ramac is gamoiwvia, rom anarqiam isini, ubralod, nacvlad imisa, rom tiraniad qceuliyo, daRupvamde miiyvana.

magram sirakuss, romelic tiraniebad gardaqmnil mravalricxovan patara oligarqiaTa centrSi aRmoCnda (144), sirakuss, romelsac hqonda senati (145), romlis Sesaxebac TiTqmis araferia moxsenebuli istoriaSi, Tavs gadahxda iseTi ubedurebebi, romelTac Cveulebrivi xrwna ar warmoSobs xolme. es qalaqi, romelc mudam an upatronod iyo (146), an damonebuli, romelsac Tanabrad gvemda xan Tavisufleba da xan monoba, erTica da meorec uecari qariSxaliviT movardnili da romelsac miuxedavad sagareo Zlierebisa, mudam emuqreboda gadatrialeba, Tuki umciresi garegani Zala mainc gamoCndeboda am ukanasknelis Semwed, Tavis kedlebSi uzarmazar mosaxleobas itevda, romlis winaSe yovelTvis es mkacri alternativa idga _ tirans damorCileboda an TviTon qceuliyo tiranad (147).

III Taviukiduresi Tanasworobis suliskveTeba

ramdenadac ca Sorsaa dedamiwisgan, imdenad Sorsaa WeSmariti Tanasworobis suliskveTeba ukiduresi Tanasworobis suliskveTebisagan. pirveli srulebiTac ar mdgomareobs imaSi, rom yvela ganmgeblobdes an aravin ar iyos gangebuli; igi

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gulisxmobs Tavis TanasworTadmi morCilebas da Tavis Tanasworebze ganmgeblobas. WeSmariti Tanasworoba cdilobs, rom sxvaTa Tanasworni hyavdes ganmgeblad, igi ar ugulvebelhyofs saerTod ganmgeblis yolas.

bunebriv mdgomareobaSi adamianebi Tanasworni ibadebian, magram ver inarCuneben Tanasworobas. sazogadoeba akargvinebs maT am ukanasknels da isini Semdgom mxolod kanonis ZaliT xdebian Tanasworni.

aseTia sxvaoba mowesrigebul da mouwesrigebel demokratias Soris: pirvelSi Tanasworni varT mxolod rogorc moqalaqeni, meoreSi ki - garda amisa, Tanasworni varT rogorc moxeleni, rogorc senatorni, rogorc mosamarTleni, rogorc mamebi, rogorc qmrebi da rogorc patronebi.

qvelobis bunebrivi adgili Tavisuflebis gverdiTaa, magram ukidures TavisuflebasTan igi ufro axlo araa, vidre monobasTan.

IV Tavixalxis xrwnis kerZo mizezi

xalxis mier mopovebuli didi warmatebebi mas iseTi siamayis grZnobiT aRavsebs, rom SeuZlebeli xdeba misi marTva. magistratebis mimarT moSurne, igi moSurneobs TviT magistraturis mimarTac; ganmgebelTa mimarT mtrulad ganwyobili, igi male mTeli wyobis mteric xdeba. swored es iyo mizezi imisa, rom salaminTan sparselebze mopovebulma gamarjvebam gaxrwna aTenis respublika (148), xolo aTenelTa damarcxebam daRupa sirakusis respublika (149).

marselis respublikas arasodes ganucdia aseTi mkveTri gadasvlebi dacemidan didebisken, amitom igi yovelTvis gonivrulad iyo gangebuli da Tavis principebic SeinarCuna.

V Taviaristokratiis principis xrwna

aristokratia maSin ixrwneba, rodesac warCinebulTa xelisufleba TviTneburi xdeba; aseT dros SeuZlebelia qvelobis arseboba ganmgebelTa an gangebulTa Soris.

rodesac aristokratiaSi mmarTveli ojaxebi kanonebs icaven, esaa monarqia mravali monarqiT, romelic Zalze kargia Tavisi bunebiT, TiTqmis yvela es monarqi SezRudulia kanonebiT; magram rodesac isini kanonebs aRar icaven, maSin aristokratia despoturi saxelmwifoa, romelsac mravali despoti hyavs.

aseT SemTxvevaSi respublika mxolod warCinebulTaTvis da mxolod am ukanasknelSiRa arsebobs. respublika aris mxolod ganmgebelTa wreSi, despoturi saxelmwifo ki gangebulTa wreSi, rac warmoSobs qveynad yvelaze ufro gaTiSul or wres.

xrwna ukiduresobas maSin aRwevs (150), rodesac warCinebuloba memkvidreobiTi xdeba. SeuZlebelia aseT ganmgebelT zomiereba hqondeT. rac ufro mcirea maTi ricxvi, miT ufro didia maTi Zalaufleba, magram mcirea maTi usafrTxoeba; Tu maTi ricxvi didia, Zalaufleba mcirdeba, usafrTxoeba ki diddeba; ase rom, Tu Zalaufleba izrdeba, usafrTxoeba mcirdeba, vidre despotamde, romelsac uwevs yvelaze didi Zalaufleba da yvelaze didi xifaTi.

warCinebulTa raodenoba memkvidreobiT aristokratiaSi Tu ufro didi iqna, igi mmarTvelobas nakleb ZalmomreobiTs gaxdis. magram vinaidan aq qveloba mcirea, warmoiSoba gulgrilobis, udardelobis, sizarmacis suliskveTeba, rac imas gamoiwvevs, rom saxelmwifos arc Zala da arc mamoZravebeli zambara aRar eqneba (151).

aristokratias ZaluZs Tavisi principis Zalis SenarCuneba, Tu kanonebi imgvaria, rom warCinebulT ganmgeblobis safrTxesa da simZimes ufro agrZnobinebs, vidre mis sitkboebas. ase rom, safrTxe garedan momdinareobs, simtkice ki Signidan.

iseve rogorc erTgvari ndoba qmnis monarqiis didebasa da simtkices, erTgvari simSvide da usafrTxoebis grZnoba sWirdeba imas, rom respublikaSi raRacisa eSinodeT da raRacas ufrTxildnen (152). sparselTa SiSi icavda kanonebs berZenTa Soris; karTagenma da romma urTierTis SiSiT erTmaneTi gaaZlieres. ucnauria, rom rac ufro meti usafrTxoeba hqondaT am saxelmwifoebs, miT ufro ixrwnebodnen _ ixrwnebodnen msgavsad damdgari wylisa.

VI Tavimonarqiis principebis xrwna

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demokratiebis msgavsad, romlebic maSin iRupebian, rodesac xalxis senats, magistratebs da mosamarTleebs maT funqciebs arTmevs, monarqiebic ixrwneba maSin, rodesac TandaTanobiT erTmeva prerogativebi korpusebs,* an privilegiebi qalaqebs. pirvel SemTxvevaSi yvelas despotizmisaken mivdivarT, meoreSi ki erTis despotizmisaken.

erT-erTi Cineli avtori ambobs – “Zunisa da suis dinastiebi iman daRupa, rom winaprebiviT zogadi zedamxedvelobiT dakmayofilebis nacvlad, _ erTaderTi, romelic monarqiis Rirsebas Seefereba _ xelmwifeebma yvelafris ganmgebloba uSualod TviTon moisurves (153)”. aq Cineli avtori TiTqmis yvela monarqiis xrwnis mizezebs gvaZlevs.

monarqia iRupeba, roca monarqi fiqrobs, rom ufro metad gamoaCens Tavis Zlierebas wesebis SecvliT, vidre maTi miyoliT: rodesac igi arTmevs erTs maTs bunebriv funqciebs, raTa TviTneburad gadasces isini meoreT, da rodesac igi ufro Tavis fantaziazea Seyvarebuli, vidre Tavisi nebis aqtebze.

monarqia iRupeba, roca monarqi yvelafers mxolod TavisTavTan mimarTebaSi xedavs – roca saxelmwifo dedaqalaqze dahyavs, dedaqalaqi Tavis karze, es ukanaskenli ki – mxolod sakuTar pirovnebaze.

da bolos, igi maSin iRupeba, roca monarqi swored ver afasebs Tavis avtoritets, mdgomareobas, xalxis siyvaruls; roca igi kargad ver grZnobs, rom monarqi yovelTvis Tavs usafrTxoebaSi unda grZnobdes, iseve rogorc despoti mudmiv safrTxeSi.

VII Taviimave Temis gagrZeleba

monarqiis principi ixrwneba, rodesac saxelmwifos upirvelesi sapatio niSnebi upirvelesi monobis niSnad iqceva, - rodesac didT arTmeven xalxis pativiscemas da gardaqmnian maT TviTneburi xelisuflebis uxams instrumentad.

is kidev ufro metad ixrwneba, rodesac Rirseba winaaRmdegobaSi vardeba sazogadoebriv pativTan da roca SesaZlebelia, rom adamiani erTsa da imave dros mosili iyos rogorc sircxviliT, ise sapatio niSnebiT (154).

monarqiis principi ixrwneba, roca xelmwife Tavis samarTlianobas simkacriT cvlis; roca romaeli imperatorebis msgavsad, xelmwife mkerdze meduzis Tavs atarebs (155), roca Rebulobs im muqaris gamomxatvelsa da saSinel iers, romelTac komodusis brZanebiT mis qandakebebs aniWebdnen (156).

monarqiis principi ixrwneba, roca uaRresad laCari sulebi yoyoCoben im gandidebiT, romelic monobiT moipoves da rodesac es ukanasknelni fiqroben, rom yvelafers monarqs unda umadlodnen, samSoblos winaSe ki yovelgvari movaleobisagan Tavisufalni arian.

magram, Tu marTalia (rac yvela droSi gvinaxavs), rom rac ufro usazRvroa monarqis Zalaufleba, miT ufro mcirea misi usafrTxoeba, maSin Zalauflebis iseTi xrwna, romelic TviT misi bunebis Secvlamde midis, gana is danaSuli araa, romelsac udidebulesobis Seuracxyofa ewodeba (157)?

VIII Tavimonarqiuli mmarTvelobis principis

xrwnis safrTxe

Seusabamoba warmoiSoba ara maSin, roca saxelmwifo erTi zomieri mmarTvelobidan meoreSi gadadis, magaliTad, respublikidan monarqiaSi an monarqiidan respublikaSi, aramed maSin, roca igi ecema da iswrafvis zomieri mmarTvelobidan despotizmisaken.

* am saxeliT monteskie xSirad aRniSnavs wodebebs

evropel xalxTa umravlesobas jer kidev zneni ganageben, magram Tu Zalauflebis xangrZlivi borotad gamoyenebis an didi dapyrobis Sedegad sadme despotizmi damyardeba, maSin verc zneni da verc hava ver Seakaveben am dacemas da qveynis am lamaz nawilSi adamianebs raRaca drois manZilze mainc mouxdebaT im SeuracxyofaTa atana, rasac adamianebi qveynis sxva sam nawilSi itanen.

IX Tavi184

rogor iswrafvis warCinebuloba* taxtis dacvisaken

ingliseli Tavadaznauroba Carlz pirvelTan erTad Caimarxa taxtis namsxvrevebSi. manamdec, sanam filipe II-is dros frangTa yurs sityva “Tavisufleba” miswvdeboda, mefis gvirgvins im Tavadaznaurobis mxardaWera hqonda, romelic mefisadmi morCilebas Rirsebad racxda, xolo Zalauflebis xalxisaTvis gaziarebis Tavs udides sircxvilad CauTvlid (158).

cnobilia, rom avstriis xelmwifeTa saxli Seunelebliv iRvwoda ungreli Tavadaznaurobis Sesaviwroveblad. am dinastiam ar icoda ra samsaxurs gauwevda mas es ukanaskneli erT mSvenier dRes. igi Tavis qveSevrdom xalxebSi fuls eZebda, romelic maT ar gaaCndaT; igi ver xedavda adamianebs, romlebic am xalxebs Seadgendnen. rodesac ucxo dinastiebma xeli mihyves mis samflobeloTa ganawilebas, monarqiis yvela Semadgeneli nawili, uZravni da umoqmedoni, erTimeoris miyolebiT eclebodnen mas. sicocxle mxolod im ungrel warCinebulebSiRa darCa, romlebic am gayofam aRaSfoTa da yovelive daaviwya, raTa brZolaSi Cabmuliyvnen da TavianTi dideba daRupvasa da mitevebaSi daenaxaT.

X Tavidespoturi mmarTvelobis principis xrwna

despoturi mmarTvelobis principi ganuwyvetliv ixrwneba, vinaidan igi Tavis bunebiTvea gaxrwnili. sxva mmarTvelobebi imitom iRupebian, rom raRac SemTxveviTi garemoebebi amsxvrevs maT princips, despotia ki iRupeba Tavisi Sinagani mankiT, roca raime SemTxveviTi mizezebi xels ar uSlis misi principis xrwnas. igi Zlebs mxolod maSin, roca haviT, religiiT, viTarebiT an xalxis geniiT ganpirobebuli garemoebebi aiZuleben mis xalxs, rom raRac wesrigs mihyves da raRaca regulirebas daeqvemdebaros. yovelive es Zalas atans despotiis bunebas, magram ver cvlis mas; misi ulmobeloba ZalaSi rCeba; igi mxolod raRac garkveuli droiT Tvinierdeba.

XI wignikanonebi politikuri Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb mis mimarTebaSi saxelmwifo

wyobasTan I Tavi

zogadi idea

vasxvaveb erTis mxriv, iseT kanonebs, romlebic Seadgenen politikur Tavisuflebas mis mimarTebaSi saxelmwifo wyobasTan da, meores mxriv, im kanonebs, romlebic mas Seadgenen mis mimarTebaSi moqalaqesTan. am wignis sagani pirveli iqneba, meores momdevno wignSi ganvixilav.

II Tavisxvadasxva mniSvnelobebi, romlebic

sityvas “Tavisufleba” eniWeba

ar arsebobs sityva, romelsac meti sxvadasxva mniSvneloba mieRos da ufro axdendes STabeWdilebas gonebaze, vidre “Tavisufleba”. erTni Tavisuflebas uwodeben imis damxobis SesaZleblobas, visac maT tiranuli Zalaufleba mianiWes; meoreni –

* am socialur terminSi avtori ufro xSirad (magram ara yovelTvis) konkretulad Tavadaznurobas gulisxmobs (mTargmn. Sen).imis arCevis uflebas, visac unda daemorCilon; sxvebi – SeiaraRebulad yofnis da Zalmomreobis ganxorcielebis uflebas; zogni kidev – im privilegias, rom sakuTari eris warmomadgenlis mier da sakuTari kanonebis Sesabamisad iyvnen marTulni (159). erTi xalxi didxans miiCnevda Tavisuflebad grZeli wveris tarebis Cveulebas (160); sxvebma es saxeli daukavSires mmarTvelobis erT garkveul formas da Tavisuflebad ar CaTvales mmarTvelobis yvela sxva forma. maT, vinc respublikuri mmarTveloba igemes, Tavisufleba am mmarTvelobasTan gaaigives; vinc monarqiuli mmarTvelobiT damtkbaran, Tavisuflebas monarqiaSi xedaven (161). da bolos, yoveli xalxi Tavisuflebas im mmarTvelobas uwodebda xolme, romelic ufro Sesatyvisi yofila misi adaTebisa an midrekilebebisa. vinaidan

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respublikaSi adamianebs yovelTvis naTlad ara aqvT xolme Tvalwin ubedurebis momtani is iaraRebi, romelsac uCivian da kanonebic TiTqos iq ufro mets amboben xolme, maTi aRmasrulebelni ki naklebs, amitom, Cveulebriv, Tavisuflebas respublikasTan aigiveben xolme da mas gamoricxulad Tvlian monarqiebSi. dasasrul, vinaidan demokratiaSi xalxs erTi SexedviT TiTqmis yvelafris gakeTeba SeuZlia, rac surs, Tavisufleba am saxis mmarTvelobebs daukavSires da amgvarad, erTmaneTSi aries xalxis Zalauflebisa da Tavisuflebebis cnebebi.

III Tavira aris Tavisufleba

marTalia, demokratiebSi xalxs, erTi SexedviT, SeuZlia akeTos is, rac surs, magram

politikuri Tavisufleba srulebiTac ar mdgomareobs imis keTebaSi, rac mogvesurveba. saxelmwifoSi, e.i. sazogadoebaSi, sadac aris kanonebi, Tavisufleba SeiZleba mdgomareobdes mxolod imaSi, rom SesaZlebloba gvqondes vakeToT is, rac jer ars, rom visurvoT da iZulebulni ar viyoT vakeToT is, rac jer ars, rom ar visurvoT.

unda gavarkvioT, ra aris damoukidebloba da ra aris Tavisufleba. Tavisufleba imis keTebis uflebaa, rac kanoniT dasaSvebia; da Tu moqalaqes SeuZlia

akeTos is, rasac kanonebi krZalaven, maSin mas aRar eqneba Tavisufleba, radgan igive SesaZlebloba sxvebsac eqnebaT (162).

IV Taviimave Temis gagrZeleba

demokratia da aristokratia Tavisi bunebiT srulebiTac ar arian Tavisufali saxelwifoebi. politikuri Tavisufleba mxolod zomier mmarTvelobaSia. Tumca, igi yovelTvis arc zomier saxelmwifoebSi gvxvdeba; es ukanaskneli aq mxolod maSin arsebobs, roca adgili ar aqvs xelisuflebis borotad gamoyenebas. magram saukuneTa gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom Zalauflebis mqone nebismieri adamiani midrekilia misi borotad gamoyenebisken. amas igi manamde sCadis, sanam zRvari ar daedeba. magram vin daudebs mas am zRvars! TviT qvelobac ki saWiroebs zRvars.

imisaTvis rom veravin SesZlos Zalauflebis borotad gamoyeneba, saWiroa TviT saganTa iseTi wyoba, rom Zalauflebas Zalaufleba aokebdes. saxelmwifo wyoba SeiZleba iseTi iyos, rom veravin ganicdides iZulebas, akeTos is, rasac kanoni ar avalebs da ar akeTos is, ris nebasac kanoni aZlevs.

V Tavisxvadasxva saxelmwifoTa mizani

Tumca zogadad, yvela saxelmwifos erTi da igive mizani – TavisTavis SenarCuneba aqvs, mainc TiToeul saxelmwifos mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli mizanic gaaCnia. romis mizani gafarToeba iyo, lakedemonisa – omi, iudevelTa kanonebisa – religia, marselisa – vaWroba, CineTis kanonebisa (163) – sazogadoebrivi simSvide, rodoselTa kanonebisa _ zRvaosnoba, velurTa Temobisa – bunebrivi Tavisufleba. saerTod, despoturi saxelmwifoebis mizania xelmwifis siamovneba, monarqiebis mizani xelmwifisa da saxelmwifos didebaa. poloneTis kanonebs miznad aqvT TiToeuli calkeuli adamianis damoukidebloba da, aqedan gamomdinare, yvelas Cagvra (164).

qveynad arsebobs iseTi eric, romlis saxelmwifo wyobasac Tavis uSualo miznad politikuri Tavisufleba aqvs. ganvixiloT sawyisebi, romlebzedac igi amyarebs Tavis saxelmwifoebriv wyobas. Tu es sawyisebi keTilia, maSin Tavisufleba maTSi ise airekleba, rogorc sarkeSi.

saxelmwifo wyobaSi politikuri Tavisuflebis aRmosaCenad didi jafa ar aris saWiro. Tu ZalgiZs misi danaxva aq, sadac igi aris, maSin raRad gvinda misi Zebna?

VI Taviinglisis saxelmwifo wyoba

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yovel saxelmwifoSi sami saxis xelisuflebaa: kanonmdebeli xelisufleba, saerTaSoriso samarTalze damokidebul saqmeTa aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba da samoqalaqo samarTalze damokidebul saqmeTa xelisufleba.

pirvelis ZaliT xelmwife an magistrati qmnis droebiT an samudamo kanonebs da asworebs an auqmebs arsebul kanonebs; meoris ZaliT acxadebs mSvidobas an oms, gzavnis an Rebulobs elCebs, uzrunvelyofs usafrTxoebas, saxelmwifos acilebs Semosevebs; mesames ZaliT igi sjis danaSaulebebs an ganikiTxavs kerZo pirTa uTanxmoebebs. am ukanasknels SeiZleba vuwodoT sasamarTlo xelisufleba, xolo meores, ubralod, saxelmwifos aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba.

moqalaqisaTvis politikuri Tavisufleba is sulieri simSvidea, romelic TiToeulis usafrTxoebis Segnebidan momdinareobs (165); imisaTvis rom gvqondes es Tavisufleba, saWiroa iseTi mmarTveloba, roca erT moqalaqes meoris SiSi ar eqneba.

rodesac erT pirovnebaSi an erT magistraturaSi gaerTianebulia kanonmdebeli da aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba, Tavisuflebas adgili ar aqvs, radgan gveSinia, am monarqma an senatorma ar Seqmnas tiranuli kanonebi imisaTvis, rom isini tiranulad ganaxorcielos.

Tavisufleba aseve ar gvaqvs im SemTxvevaSi, roca sasamarTlo xelisufleba gancalkavebuli araa kanonmdebeli da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisgan. Tu igi SeerTebuli iqneba kanonmdebel xelisuflebasTan, maSin misi Zalaufleba moqalaqeTa sicocxlisa da Tavisuflebis mimarT TviTneburi iqneba, radgan mosamarTle TviTonve iqneba kanonmdebeli; Tu es xelisufleba SeerTebuli iqneba aRmasrulebel xelisuflebasTan, mosamarTles SesaZlebloba eqneba mCagvreli gaxdes.

yvelaferi waxdeba, Tu erTi adamiani, mTavarTa an keTilSobilTa erTi korpusi, an xalxis erTi korpusi ganaxorcielebs samsave xelisuflebas: kanonebis Seqmnas, saxalxo gadawyvetilebaTa ganxorcilebas da danaSaulTa da kerZo pirTa uTanxmoebebis gasamarTlebas.

evropis saxelmwifoTa umravlesobis mmarTveloba zomieria, radgan xelmwife, romelsac uWiravs pirveli ori xelisufleba, mesamis ganxorcielebas Tavis qveSvrdomT andobs. TurqebTan, sadac samive es xelisufleba sulTnis pirovnebaSia gaerTianebuli, saSineli despotizmi sufevs.

italiis respublikaSi, sadac samive xelisufleba gaerTianebulia, Tavisufleba naklebia, vidre Cvens monarqiebSi. amitom mmarTveloba Tavisi arsebobis SenarCunebisaTvis iseTive Zaladobis Semcvel saSualebebs saWiroebs, rogorc TurqTa saxelmwifo. amas mowmobs saxelmwifo inkvizitorebisa da iseTi yuTis arseboba, sadac nebismier dambezRebels nebismier dros SeuZlia ZafiT CauSvas Tavisi braldeba (166).

warmogidgeniaT, rogori unda iyos moqalaqis mdgomareoba am respublikaSi! mTeli Zalaufleba magistraturis korpusis xelSia, rogorc im kanonTa aRmasruleblisa, rasac igi Tavis Tavs aniWebs, rogorc kanonmdebeli. mas SeuZlia gaaCanagos saxelmwifo Tavisi ganusazRvreli survilebiT da vinaidan, mas sasamarTlo xelisuflebac aqvs, mas ZaluZs yoveli kerZo moqalaqis gaCanagebac Tavis kerZo survilTa dasakmayofileblad.

aq mTeli Zalaufleba erTiania da Tumca araviTari garegani zar - zeimi ar migvaniSnebs despoti xelmwifis arsebobas, igi mainc yovel wuTs igrZnoba.

amitom, xelmwifeebi, romlebic despotizmisken iltvodnen, yovelTvis saqmes iwyebdnen TavianT pirovnebaSi yvela Zalauflebis gaerTianebiT. evropis mravalma xelmwifem Tavisi saqme saxelmwifos yvela Tanamdebobis daWeriT daiwyo.

me mimaCnia, rom italiis respublikis wminda memkvidreobiTi aristokratia zustad ar Seesityveba aziis despotizms. zogjer magistratTa simravle arbilebs magistraturas; yvela keTilSobili yovelTvis ar eTanxmeba erTsa da imave gegmebs. iqmneba sxvadsxva sasamarTlo, romlebic erTmaneTs azomiereben. ase, magaliTad, veneciaSi did sabWos aqvs sakanonmdeblo, pregadias _ aRmasrulebeli, xolo kvarantebs – sasamarTlo xelisufleba. magram cudi isaa, rom es sxvadasxva sasamarTlo erTi da imave korpusis magistratebisgan Sesdgeba, rac sabolood mainc erT Zalauflebas qmnis.

sasamarTlo Zalaufleba unda eZleodes ara mudmiv senats, aramed igi unda xorcieldebodes xalxis wridan arCeuli pirebis mier (167) wlis garkveul dros da kanoniT dadgenili wesiT, raTa Seiqmnas iseTi sasamarTlo, romlis xangrZlivobac aucileblobis farglebs ver gadascdeba.

amgvarad, sasamarTlo Zalaufleba, romelic esoden Semzaravia xalxisTvis, dakavSirebuli ar iqneba arc garkveul wodebasTan, arc garkveul profesiasTan; igi, ase vTqvaT, uxilavi da SeumCneveli gaxdeba. mosamarTleebi gamudmebiT Tvalwin ar gveyolebian da maSin magistratebis SiSi ki aRar gveqneba, aramed magistraturisa.

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aseve aucilebelia, rom didi braldebebis SemTxvevaSi damnaSave kanonis Tanaxmad irCevdes mosamarTleebs an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, imdenis acilebis SesaZlebloba mainc qondes, rom darCenilni mis mier arCeulad iqnen CaTvlilni.

danarCeni ori xelisufleba SeiZleba mivandoT magistratebs an mudmiv korpusebs, vinaidan isini ar exebian arcerT kerZo pirs. erTi maTgani saxelmwifos saerTo nebis gamoxatulebaa mxolod, meore ki am ukanasknelis aRsrulebaa.

magram Tu sasamarTloebi ucvleli ar unda iyos, samagierod mosamarTlis gadawyvetilebebi imdenad ucvleli unda iyos, rom yovelTvis mxolod kanonis zust teqsts warmoadgendnen. Tu sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi mosamarTlis kerZo Sexedulebis gamoxatuleba iqneba, maSin adamianebs sazogadoebaSi cxovreba mouxdebaT ise, rom zustad ar ecodinebaT movaleobebi, romlebic maT ekisrebaT.

aseve saWiroa, rom mosamarTleebi da damnaSaveebi erTi socialuri mdgomareobisa an Tanasworni iyvnen, raTa damnaSavem ar ifiqros, rom igi im adamianTa xelSi Cavarda, romelTac midrekileba aqvT, am ukanasknelis mimarT Zaldataneba Caidinon.

Tu kanonmdebeli xelisufleba aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas mianiWebs im moqalaqeTa dapatimrebis uflebas, romelTac SeuZliaT Tavdeboba warmoadginon TavianTi momavali moqmedebis Taobaze, maSin Tavisufleba aRar iqneba. gamonaklisia mxolod is SemTxvevebi, roca adamians dauyovnebliv apatimreben iseT braldebaze pasuxis sagebad, romelic kanoniT mZime danaSaulia. am SemTxvevaSi dapatimrebulni marTlac Tavisufalni arian, radgan isini mxolod kanonis Zalas eqvemdebarebian. magram Tu kanonmdebeli xelisufleba CaTvlis, rom mas safrTxes uqmnis raRaca faruli SeTqmuleba saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg an viRacis SeTanxmeba gareSe mtrebTan, maSin aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas neba aqvs daapatimros mokle da gansazRvruli droiT eWvmitanili moqalaqeebi, romlebic amiT mxolod droebiT dakargaven Tavisuflebas, raTa samudamod SeinarCunon igi.

es erTaderTi gonivruli saSualebaa, romelic Secvlis eforTa tiranul magistraturas da veneciis amdenadve despot saxelmwifo inkvizitorTa Zalauflebas.

vinaidan Tavisufal saxlmwifoSi yoveli adamiani, romelic Tavisufali sulis mqoned iTvleba, TviTon unda ganagebdes Tavis Tavs, kanonmdebeli xelisufleba iq mTel xalxs unda ekuTvnodes. magram, vinaidan es SeuZlebelia did saxelmwifoebSi, xolo patara saxelmwifoebSi bevr uxerxulobasTanaa dakavSirebuli, saWiroa, rom xalxma Tavisi warmomadgenlobis meSveobiT akeTos is, risi gakeTebac TviTon ar ZaluZs.

adamianebma gacilebiT ukeT ician TavianTi qalaqis saWiroebebi, vidre sxva qalaqisa; da ukeT afaseben TavianTi mezoblis unars, vidre sxva Tanamemamuleebisas. amitom, kanonmdebeli korpusis wevrebi saerTod ar unda irCeodnen mTeli eris Semadgenlobidan, aramed saWiroa, rom yoveli didi dasaxlebuli adgilis macxovreblebma TviTon airCion TavianTi warmomadgeneli. warmomadgenelTa didi upiratesoba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom maT SeswevT unari saqmeebze msjelobisa. xalxi amisaTvis ar gamodgeba; esaa deokratiis erT-erTi didi uxerxuloba.

aucilebeli ar aris, rom warmomadgenlebi, romelTac TavianT amomrCevelTagan miRebuli aqvT zogadi rwmuneba, maTgan Rebulobden kerZo miTiTebebs TiToeul saqmeze, rogorc es miRebulia germaniis seimebSi. marTalia amgvari saSualebiT deputatTa sityva ufro metad gamoxatavs eris xmas, magram es gamoiwvevs dausrulebel dayovnebas, yoveli deputatis danarCenTa batonad qcevas da TviT yvelaze gadaudebeli saqmeebis SemTxveaSic ki eris mTeli Zalis Seferxebas viRacis kaprizis gamo.

batoni sidnei (168) kargad ambobs, rom Tu deputatebi xalxis erTi fenis warmomadgenlebi arian, rogorc es holandiaSia, maSin maT angariSi unda Caabaron imaT, vinc isini airCia; sxvaa, rodesac isini qalaqTa warmomadgenlebi arian, rogorc es inglisSia. Tav-Tavis olqSi yvela moqalaqes unda hqondes xmis micemis ufleba warmomadgenlis asarCevad, garda im adamianebisa, romelTa mdgomareobac ise dabalia, rom maT veRar CaTvlian sakuTari nebis mqoned.

Zvel respublikaTa umravlesobas erTi didi nakli qonda: aq xalxs ufleba hqonda mieRo aqtiuri gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic aRsrulebas moiTxovda, anu is, risi unaric mas srulebiT ar hqonda. xalxis monawileoba mmarTvelobaSi unda isazRvrebodes mxolod Tavis warmomadgenelTa arCeviT, rac mas Zalian kargad ZaluZs, radgan Tumca cotaa iseTi vinme, visac unari Seswevs zustad gansazRvros adamianTa SesaZleblobebi, samagierod yovel adamians SeuZlia icodes, mis mier arCeuli piri sxvaze ufro gonebagaxsnilia Tu ara.

warmomadgenlobiTi korpusi, aseve ar unda iyos arCeuli raime aqtiuri gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad; es iseTi ramaa, rasac igi kargad ver Seasrulebs. magram kanonebis Sesaqmnelad an imis dasanaxavad, kargad sruldeba Tu ara mis mier Seqmnili kanonebi, aseTi korpusi savsebiT gamodgeba da am saqmis gakeTeba mxolod mas ZaluZs.

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saxelmwifoSi yovelTvis arian adamianebi, romlebic gamoirCevian TavianTi warmoSobiT, simdidriT an RirsebebiT, magram Tu isini xalxSi iqnebian areuli da Tu maT sxva danarCenebiviT erTi xma eqnebaT, maSin sayovalTao Tavisufleba maTTvis monoba iqneba da maT araviTari interesi ar eqnebaT Tavisuflebis dacvisa, radgan gadawyvetilebaTa umravlesoba maT sawinaaRmdegod iqneba mimarTuli. amitom maTi wili kanonmdeblobaSi proporciuli unda iyos im sxva upiratesobebisa, romlebic maT saxelmwifoSi aqvT, es ki im SemTxvvaSi moxdeba, Tu isini Seqmnian gansakuTrebul korpuss, romelsac ufleba eqneba SeaCeros xalxis wamowyebebi iseve, rogorc xalxs aqvs ufleba maTi wamowyebebis SeCerebisa.

amgvarad, kanonmdebeli xelisufleba mindobili eqneba rogorc keTilSobilTa korpuss, ise xalxis warmomadgenelTa korpussac, romelTaganac TiToeuls Tavisi krebebi da gadawyvetilebebi, miznebi da interesebi eqneba sxvebisagan damoukideblad.

sam xelisuflebaSi, romlis Sesaxebac vilaparakeT, sasamarTlo xelisufleba, garkveuli azriT, ararsebulia. rCeba mxolod ori xelisufleba da, vinaidan maT zomierebis misaRwevad sWirdebaT maregulirebeli xelisufleba, am miznisaTvis Zalian Sesaferisi iqneba kanonmdebeli korpusis is nawili, romelic keTilSobilebisgan Sesdgeba.

keTilSobilTa korpusi memkvidreobiTi unda iyos. igi Tavisi bunebiTvea aseTi. garda amisa, igi Zalian unda iyos dainteresebuli Tavisi prerogativebis SenarCunebiT, romlebic TavisTavad aRebulni, odiozurni (saZulvelni) arian da Tavisufal saxelmwifoSi yovelTvis kiTxvis niSnis qveS unda idgnen.

magram, vinaidan memkvidreobiT Zalauflebas SeiZleba misi kerZo interesebi aqezebdes saxalxo interesTa dasaviwyeblad, saWiroa yovelTvis, roca sazogadoebriv interesTa RalatisaTvis mas seriozuli motivi aqvs, magaliTad, roca saqme gadasaxadebs exeba, misi wvlili kanonmdeblobaSi isazRvrebodes aRkveTis unariT da ara dadgenis unariT.

“dadgenis unars” me vuwodeb sakuTari brZanebis gacemis an sxvisi brZanebis Sesworebis uflebas. “aRkveTis unarSi” ki vgulisxmob sxvis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis anulirebis uflebas, raSic mdgomareobda romis tribunTa Zalaufleba. da Tumca imas, visac aRkveTis ufleba aqvs, aseve SeiZleba hqondes mowonebis uflebac, magram am SemTxvevaSi es mowoneba sxva araferia, Tu ara gancxadeba imis Sesaxeb, rom ar viyenebT aRkveTis uflebas; amgvarad, erTi meoridan gamomdinareobs.

aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba monarqis xelSi unda iyos, radgan mmarTvelobis es mxare, romelic TiTqmis yovelTvis saWiroebs swraf qmedebas, ukeT sruldeba erTis, vidre mravlis mier; rac Seexeba kanonmdebel xelisuflebas, es ukanaskneli xSirad, ukeT wesrigdeba mravlis, vidre erTi adamianis mier.

monarqia rom ar arsebobdes da aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba rom mindobili hqondes kanonmdebeli korpusidan SerCeul adamianTa garkveul raodenobas, maSin aRar iarsebebda Tavisufleba, radgan orive xelisufleba gaerTianebuli aRmoCndeboda. erTsa da imave pirebs zogjer, ufleba eqnebodaT monawileoba mieRoT rogorc erT, ise meore xelisuflebaSi, amas isini yovelTvis SesZlebdnen.

Tavisufleba aRarc im SemTxvevaSi iarsebebda, Tu kanonmdebeli korpusi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ar Seikribeboda, radgan am SemTxvevaSi an Sewydeboda kanonmdeblobiTi gadawyvetilebebis miReba da saxelmwifo anarqiaSi Cavardeboda, an kidev am funqcias aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba Seasrulebda da igi absoluturi gaxdeboda.

saWiro ar aris, rom kanonmdebeli korpusi mudam Sekrebili iyos. es uxerxuli iqneboda warmomadgenelTaTvis da, garda amisa, Zlier daakavebda aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas: igi Tavisi prerogativebis aRsrulebaze ki ar izrunebda, aramed am prerogativebisa da maTi aRmasruleblis uflebis dacvaze.

ufro metic, kanonmdebeli korpusi mudmivad Sekrebili rom iyos, SeiZleba ise moxdes, rom mas sxva saqme ara darCes ra, garda gardacvlili wevrebis axali wevrebiT Secvlisa da am SemTxvevaSi Tu kanonmdebeli korpusi erTxel gaixrwneboda, manki ganukurnavi iqneboda; rodesac sxvadsxva kanonmdebeli korpusebi erTmaneTs enacvlebian, xalxi, romelic cudadaa ganwyobili arsebuli kanonmdebeli korpusis mimarT, samarTlianad amyarebs Tavis imedebs mis Semcvlel korpusze, magram Tu korpusi ucvleli iqneba, xalxs, erTxelve dainaxavs Tu ara mis gaxrwnilebas, araferi kargis imedi ukve aRar eqneba misi kanonebisagan, rac mis risxvas an gulgrilobas gamoiwvevs.

kanonmdebeli korpusi TavisiT ar unda ikribebodes; radgan korpuss mxolod maSin scnoben nebis mqoned, roca igi Sekrebilia da Tu is erTsulovnad ar ikribeba, maSin ar SegveZleba imis Tqma, Tu romeli nawili iqneba WeSmaritad kanonmdebeli korpusi: is romelic Seikriba, Tu romelic ar Sekrebila. mas rom hqondes Tavisi sxdomis vadis gagrZelebis ufleba, SeiZleba ise moxdes, rom igi mas arasdros ar Sewyvets. es saSiSi

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iqneboda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi Seecdeboda aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis xelyofas; magram aris garkveuli vadebi, romlebic sxva vadebze ufro xelsayrelia kanonmdebeli korpusis Sesakrebad; amitom, saWiroa, rom aRmasrulebelma xelisuflebam daadginos krebis Catarebis dro da xangrZlivoba misTvis cnobili garemoebebisda mixedviT.

Tu aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas kanonmdebeli korpusis wamowyebebis SeCerebis ufleba ar eqneba, es ukanaskneli despoturi gaxdeba. radgan, eqneba ra SesaZlebloba mianiWos Tavis Tavs nebismieri Zalaufleba, romelsac igi moisurvebs, igi ararad gaxdis yvela sxva xelisuflebas.

magram saWiro ar aris, rom kanonmdebel xelisuflebas Tavis mxriv hqondes aRmasrulebeli xelisuf;lebis SeCerebis ufleba: vinaidan aRsrulebas Tavisi bunebiTve zRvari aqvs, misi SezRudva uazrobaa. garda amisa, aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas yovelTvis saqme aqvs iseT sakiTxebTan, romlebic swrafad gadaWras moiTxoven. romis tribunTa nakli is iyo, rom maT SeeZloT SeeCerebinaT ara marto kanonmdebeli, aramed aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebac, rac did borotebebs iwvevda.

magram Tu Tavisufal saxelmwifoSi kanonmdebel xelisuflebas ar unda hqondes aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis SeCerebis ufleba, samagierod, mas ufleba da unaric unda hqondes, Seamowmos, Tu rogor xorcieldeba mis mier Seqmnili kanonebi. swored amaSi mdgomareobs am mmarTvelobis upiratesoba kretisa da lakedemonis mmarTvelobasTan SedarebiT, sadac kosmebi da eforebi (169) angariSvaldebulni ar iyvnen TavianT mmarTvelobaze (170).

magram, rogoric ar unda iyos es Semowmeba, kanonmdebel korpuss ufleba ar unda hqondes gaasamarTlos is pirovneba da, maSasadame, misi moqmedebac, vinc aRmasrulebel funqcias asrulebs. am ukanaskenlis pirovnebas ise unda moepyran, rogorc wmidas, radgan saxelmwifosTvis aucilebelia, rom kanonmdebeli korpusi tiranad ar iqces*.

im momentidan, roca kanonmdebels brali waeyeneba an samarTalSi miecema, aRar iarsebebs Tavisufleba.

aseT SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo monarqia ki ar iqneboda, aramed respublika Tavisuflebis gareSe. magram, vinaidan imas, visac aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba ekuTvnis, misi borotad gamoyeneba SeuZlia mxolod imitom, rom avi mrCevlebi hyavs, romlebsac, rogorc ministrebs, sZulT kanonebi, Tumca, iwoneben maT, rogorc adamianebi. dasaSvebia am mrCevlebis dakiTxva da dasja. am mmarTvelobis upiratesoba

*. rogorc Cans, avtors mxedvelobaSi is aqvs, rom kanonmdebelis moqmedeba tendenciuri iqneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas pasuxismgebloba elis. (mTagmn. Sen.)

dnidosis mmarTvelobasTan SedarebiT imaSi mdgomareobs, rom iq kanoni ar uSvebda amimonTa (171) samarTalSi micemas maTi mmarTvelobis vadis gasvlis Semdegac ki (172). amis gamo xalxi verasodes ver aRwevda imas, rom maTTvis pasuxi egebebina miyenebul usamarTlobaTaTvis. Tumca, saerTod, sasamarTlo xelisufleba arasodes ar unda iyos SeerTebuli kanonmdebeli xelisuflebis arcerT nawilTan, magram arsebobs sami gamonaklisi, romlebic gamomdinareoben samarTalSi micemulis kerZo interesidan.

didebulni yovelTvis Suris saganni arian, amitom, Tu maT xalxi gaasamarTlebs, isini safrTxeSi aRmoCndebian da maTze ar gavrceldeba privilegia, romliTac sargeblobs TviT umciresi moqalaqec ki, romelic Tavis TanasworTa mier samarTldeba. amitom, saWiroa, rom keTilSobilT asamarTlebdes ara eris Cveulebrivi sasamarTlo, aramed kanonmdebeli korpusis is nawili, romelic Sedgeba keTilSobilebisagan.

SeiZleba moxdes, rom kanoni, romelic erTsa da imave dros naTelmxilvelicaa da brmac, zogierT SemTxvevaSi metismetad mkacri iyos. magram eris msajulni, rogorc vTqviT, sxva ara arian ra, Tu ara bage, romliTac kanoni metyvelebs. arsebani, romelTac ar ZaluZT arc misi Zalis da arc simkacris Semcireba. amitom, aseT SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlos movaleoba Tavis Tavze unda aiRos kanonmdebeli korpusis im nawilma, romelzec sxva SemTxvevaSi vilaparakeT rogorc aucilebel sasamarTloze. am sasamarTlos umaRlesma avtoritetma unda Searbilos kanoni TviT kanonisave sasargeblod, gamoitans ra naklebad mkacr gadawyvetilebas, vidre kanoni iTvaliswinebs. SeiZleba asec moxdes, rom romelime moqalaqe saxalxo saqmeSi daarRvevs xalxis uflebebs da Caidens iseT danaSauls, romelsac arsebuli magistratebi ar dasjian an ver dasjian. magram, saerTod, kanonmdebel xelisuflebas mosamarTleobis ufleba ara aqvs. miT ufro ar ZaluZs mas es im kerZo SemTxvevaSi, roca igi warmomadgenlobs dainteresebul mxares, rogoricaa xalxi. amgvarad, igi mxolod bralmdebeli SeiZleba iyos. magram vis winaSe gamoTqvams igi braldebas? nuTu im sasamarTloTa winaSe, romlebic misi qvemdgomia da, amasTanave,

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Sedgeba adamianebisagan, romlebic – ramdenadac masaviT xalxs ekuTvnian – daTrgunvilni aRmoCndebian aseTi maRal bralmdeblis avtoritetiT? ara, xalxis Rirsebis an kerZo piris usafrTxoebis dasacavad saWiroa, rom xalxis nawili braldebas ayenebdes warCinebulTa nawilis winaSe, romelsac ara aqvs arc igive interesebi, rac pirvels, da arc igive vnebaTaRelva.

amaSi mdgomareobs am mmarTvelobis upiratesoba Zvel respublikaTa umravlesobis mmarTvelobasTan SedarebiT, sadac is zadi arsebobda, rom xalxi erTsa da imave dros mosamarTlec iyo da bralmdebelic.

aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba, rogorc vTqviT, unda monawileobdes kanonmdebel xelisuflebaSi Tavis aRmkveTi uflebis gziT, ris gareSec igi male dakargavda Tavis prerogativebs. magram Tu kanonmdebeli xelisufleba monawileobas miiRebs aRsrulebaSi, maSin aRmasrulebeli xlisufleba gauqmebuli aRmoCndeba. Tu monarqi monawileobas miiRebs kanonmdeblobaSi

Tavisi brZanebulebiTi uflebiT, maSin Tavisufleba aRar iarsebebs. magram, vinaidan mainc saWiroa, rom igi monawileobdes kanonmdeblobaSi sakuTari interesebis dasacavad, misi monawileoba unda ganisazRvrebodes mxolod akrZalvis uflebiT.

romis mmarTvelobis Secvlis mizezi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom senats, romelsac epyra aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis erTi nawili da magistratebs, romelTac epyraT misi meore nawili, xalxiviT ar hqondaT kanonTa moqmedebis SeCerebis Zala.

ai, ZiriTadi wyoba mmarTvelobisa, romlis Sesaxebac saubari gvaqvs: kanonmdebeli korpusi ori nawilisagan Sesdgeba da erTi meores akavebs imiT, rom erTimeoris moqmedebis SeCerebis ufleba aqvT. orive nawili erTimeoresTan Sekrulia aRmasrulebeli ZalauflebiT, romelic Tavis mxriv, Sekrulia kanonmdebeli Zalauflebis mier. es sami Zalaufleba simSvides da siwynares unda qmnides, magram, vinaidan saganTa aucilebeli moZraobis wyalobiT amaTac moZraoba uxdebaT, eseni iZulebulni iqnebian SeTanxmebulad iaron.

vinaidan aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba kanonmdebel xelisuflebaSi monawileobs mxolod Tavisi aRmkveTi uflebis ZaliT, igi ver miiRebs monawileobas saqmeTa ganxilvaSi. isic ki araa aucilebeli, rom man Seitanos Tavisi winadadeba, radgan mas yovelTvis aqvs SesaZlebloba ar moiwonos kanonmdebeli xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebebi da ukuagdos im winadadebaTa safuZvelze miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi, romelTa ganxorcielebac misTvis arasasurvelia.

zog antikur respublikaSi, sadac saqmeebs xalxi ixilavda, bunebrivi iyo, rom aRmasrulebel Zalauflebas Seetana winadadebebi da xalxTan erTad ganexila isini. es rom ara, gadawyvetilebebSi didi arev-dareva iqneboda.

Tu aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba xalxis Tanxmobis gareSe daadgens saxazino Semosavlis gadidebas, Tavisufleba aRar gveqneba, radgan aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba kanonmdebeli gaxdeba kanonmdeblobis am umaRles punqtSi.

Tu kanonmdebeli xelisufleba ara wliuri vadiT, aramed samudamod daadgens saxazino Semosavlis gadidebas, igi safrTxeSi Caagdebs Tavis Tavisuflebas, radgan aRmasrulebeli Zalaufleba masze damokidebuli aRar iqneba. Tu aseTi ufleba samudamod iqneba mopovebuli, mniSvnelobas dakargavs, visgan iqneba miRebuli es ufleba: sakuTari Tavisgan Tu sxvisgan. igive moxdeba, Tu kanonmdebeli xelisufleba ara wliuri vadiT, aramed samudamod gamoitans dadgenilebebs saxmeleTo da sazRvao Zalebis Sesaxeb, romlebic man unda miandos aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas.

imisaTvis, rom iman, visac aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba ekuTvnis, ver SesZlos sxvaTa Cagvra, saWiroa, rom misadmi daqvemdebarebuli armiebi xalxisagan Sesdgebodes da xalxis suliskveTebiT iyos ganmsWvaluli, rogorc es romSi iyo mariusis dromde (173). imisaTvis, rom es ase iyos, ori ramaa saWiro: an imaT, vinc jarSi msaxurobs, sakmao qoneba unda hqondeT, raTa maT pasuxi agon TavianT moqmedebaze sxva moqalaqeTa winaSe da, amasTanave, maTi samsaxuri unda ganisazRvrebodes erTi wliT, rogorc es xdeboda romSi. an Tu arsebobs mudmivi armia, romlis jariskacebic xalxis yvelaze velur nawils warmoadgenen. kanonmdebel xelisuflebas ufleba unda hqondes am jaris daSlisa maSinve, rogorc ki moindomebs. jariskacebi moqalaqeebTan erTad unda cxovrobdnen. saWiro ar aris calke banakebis, yazarmebisa da simagreebis arseboba.

rakiRa erTxel Seiqmneba, armia ar unda iyos damokidebuli uSualod kanonmdebel korpusze, aramed aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaze; es savsebiT esadageba TviT sagnis bunebas, vinaidan armiis daniSnuleba ufro moqmedebaa, vidre gadawyvetilebaTa miReba.

adamianTa azrovnebas axasiaTebs, rom simamaces ufro scemen pativs, vidre mokrZalebas, aqtiurobas ufro, vidre sifrTxiles, Zalas ufro, vidre rCevas. jari yovelTvis zizRiT iqneba ganwyobili senatis mimarT da pativiscmiT _ Tavisi oficrebis mimarT. igi yurs ar

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aTxovebs brZanebebs, romelTac gaugzvnis am adamianTagan Semdgari kreba, romlebic, misi azriT, uniaToni arian da Rirsni ar arian mas mbrZaneblobdnen. amitom, Tu armia mxolod kanondebel korpusze iqneba damokidebuli, mmarTveloba samxedro gaxdeba. da Tu sadme momxdara gadaxra am wesidan, igi yovelTvis gamowveuli yofila raime sagangebo garemoebebiT, magaliTad imiT, rom armia iq yovelTvis gancalkavebuli iyo; imiT rom is Sesdgeboda mravali nawilisgan, romlebic damokidebulni iyvnen garkveul provinciebze; imiT rom, dedaqalaqebi Cinebulad iyvnen daculni Tavisi bunebrivi mdebareobiT, ris gamoc iq armiis nawilebs ar aCerebdnen.

holandia kidev ufro ukeTaa daculi, vidre venecia; mas SeuZlia amboxebul nawilTa wyliT walekva an SimSiliT amoJleta. iq armiebi ganlagebulni ar arian qalaqebSi, romelTac ar ZaluZT maT sarCo miscen; amgvarad, maTi sarCo iq aramyaria.

magram, Tu im SemTxvevaSi, roca armias ganagebs kanonmdebeli korpusi, gansakuTrebuli garemoebebi ar miscemen xelisuflebas saSualebas samxedro xelisuflebad iqces. sxva uxerxulobac Cndeba, oridan erTi ram moxdeba: an armia gaanadgurebs mTavrobas, an es ukanaskneli daauZlurebs armias da am dauZlurebas sabediswero wyaro eqneba: misi mizezi TviT mmarTvelobis uZlureba iqneba.

Tu movisurvebT wavikiTxoT tacitusis saucxoo nawarmoebi “germanTa zne-CveulebebisaTvis” (174), davinaxavT, rom politikuri mmarTvelobis idea ingliselebma germanelebisagan aiRes. es Cinebuli sistema tyeSi iqna aRmoCenili.

rogorc yovel adamianur movlenas aqvs Tavisi dasasruli, aseve saxelmwifoc, romlis Sesaxebac Cven saubari gavqvs, dakargavs Tavis Tavisuflebas da daiRupeba, rogorc daiRupa romi, lakedemoni da karTageni. igi maSin daiRupeba, roca kanonmdebeli xelisufleba ufro gaixrwneba, vidre aRmasrulebeli.

Cemi saqme araa, Seviswavlo, marTlac sargebloben Tu ara amJamad ingliselebi TavisuflebiT. vkmayofildebi imis TqmiT, rom Tavisufleba dadgenilia maT kanonebSi, sxva araferi mainteresebs.

Cems ganzraxvas srulebiT ar Seadgens amiT sxva mmarTvelobis damcireba, arc imis Tqma, rom am ukiduresma politikurma Tavisuflebam unda Seuracxyos isini, visac mxolod zomieri Tavisufleba aqvT. rogor vityodi amas, rodesac me TviTon mimaCnia, rom zedmeti zogjer gonebac ki ar varga da rom adamianebi TiTqmis yovelTvis ufro eguebian saSualos, vidre ukiduresobebs.

haringtonma (175) Tavis “okeaneaSi” aseve gamoiZia, Tu ra iqneba Tavisuflebis umaRlesi safexuri, romelsac SeiZleba miaRwios saxelmwifo wyobam, magram am avtoris Seaxeb SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi Tavisuflebas mxolod mas Semdeg iZiebs, rac masze mcdari warmodgena Seiqmna, da rom man qalkedoni maSin aaSena, roca bizantionis napiri Tvalwin hqonda (176).

VII TaviCvenTvis cnobili monarqiebi

monarqiebs, romelTac Cven vicnobT (177), Tavis uSualo miznad Tavisufleba ara aqvT, im monarqiebisgan gansxvavebiT, romelzedac exlaxans visaubreT; isini mxolod moqalaqeTa, saxelmwifosa da xelmwifis didebisken iltvian. magram am didebidan momdinarobs Tavisuflebis suliskveTeba, romelsac aseve ZaluZs am saxelmwifoebSi did saqmeTa qmna da, SesaZlebelia, xalxTa bednierebisTvis Tavisuflebaze ufro metad xelis Sewyobac SeuZlia.

sami xelisufleba aq srulebiT ar aris ganawilebuli da saxelmwifo wyobis im nimuSze damyarebuli, romlis Sesaxebac weRan visaubreT. aq TiToeuli es xelisufleba Tav-Taviseburadaa ganawilebuli da miT met-naklebad axlosaa politikur TavisuflebasTan.

uamisod monarqia despotizmSi gadaizrdeboda.

XXIV wignikanonebi ganxilulni TiToeuli qveynis sarwmunoebasTan mimarTebaSi,

maTi gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT da TavisTavadI Tavi

zogadad religiebis Sesaxeb

iseve, rogorc wyvdiadSi ZalgviZs gavarCioT naklebad ukuni wyvdiadi, xolo ufskrulTa Soris naklebad Rrma, aseve ZalgviZs yalb religiaTa Soris veZioT iseTebi, romlebic ufro metad Seefereba sazogadoebis keTildReobas; romelTac, miuxedavad imisa, rom adamiani

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ar mihyavT imqveyniuri cxovrebis netarebisken, ZaluZT yvelaze metad Seuwyon xeli adamianTa bednierebas amqveynad.

maSasadame, me ganvixilav qveynad arsebul sxvadasxva religias im keTildReobasTan mimarTebaSi, rasac adamianebi iReben samoqalaqo mdgomareobaSi. aseve, vilaparakeb im religiebzec, romelsac fesvi zecaSi aqvs da im religiebze, romelTac fesvi miwaze aqvT. vinaidan, am TxzulebaSi gamovdivar ara rogorc Teologi, aramed rogorc politikuri mwerali, SeiZleba aRmoCndes iseTi sagnebi, romlebic savsebiT WeSmariti iqneba mxolod azrovnebis kacebri wesisaTvis, radganac isini ganxilulni ar iqnebian ufro amaRlebul WeSmaritebebTan mimarTebaSi.

rac Sexeba WeSmarit religias, mxolod mcireodeni samarTlianoba iqneba saWiro imis dasanaxad, rom yovelTvis Cems zraxvas warmoadgenda ara religiis interesebis damorCileba politikuri intersebisadmi, aramed maTi gaerTianeba. magram, imisaTvis rom gavaerTianoT, saWiroa isini SevimecnoT.

qristianul religias, romelic adamianebs erTmaneTis siyvaruls uqadagebs, ra Tqma unda surs, rom yovel xalxs sakuTari politikuri da samoqalaqo kanonebi hqondes, imitom rom, aseTi kanonebi yvelaze didi sikeTea qristianuli religiis Semdeg, romlis gaRebac da miRebac adamianebs ZaluZT.

II Tavibeilis paradoqsi

b.n. beili (178) fiqrobda, rom daamtkicebda _ aTeistoba sjobia kerpTayvanismcemlobas, e.i. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, nakleb saxifaToa religiis uqonloba, vidre cudi religiis qona. igi ambobs: “me vamjobinebdi Cems Sesaxeb eTqvaT, rom ar varsebob, vidre eTqvaT, rom boroti admianiao”. es sxva araferia, Tu ara sofizmi, romelic emyareba im garemoebas, rom adamianuri modgmisaTvis araviTar aucilebloba ar warmoadgens, romlime garkveuli adamianis arseboba sxvebs swamdeT maSin, rodesac RmerTis arsebobis rwmena Zalzed sasargebloa. RvTis ararsebobis ideidan momdinareobs Cveni damoukideblobis idea; an Tu Cven ar ZalgviZs am ideis qona – Cveni amboxebis idea. imis Tqma rom religia ar aris CamxSobi motivi, radgan igi mudam amlagmavi araa, niSnavs imis Tqmas, rom arc samoqalaqo kanonebi warmoadgenen amlagmav motivs. cudi iqneboda religiis winaaRmdeg msjeloba, amodena naSromSi rom movyolodi religiis mier motanil borotebaTa vrcel CamoTvlas, Tu aseve ar CamovTvlidi mis mier motanil sikeTes; rom momesurvebina yvela im borotebaTa CamoTvla, rac samoqalaqo kanonebma, monarqiam, respublikurma mmarTvelobam gamoiwvia qveynad, saSinel ambebs vityodi (179). religia qveSevrdomTaTvis usargeblo rom yofiliyo, xelmwifeebisTvis mainc ar iqneboda aseTi, radgan imaTTvis, romelTac adamianuri kanonis SiSi ar aqvT, religia erTaderTi Semakavebelia.

xelmwife, romelsac uyvars religia da misi SiSi aqvs, loms hgavs, romelic emorCileba im xels, romelic efereba an im xmas, romelic amSvidebs; xelmwife, romelsac religiisa eSinia da igi sZuls, gareuli cxoveliviT im jaWvs kbens, rac uSlis gamvlelze Tavdasxmas; xelmwife, romelsac saerTod ara aqvs religia, im saSinel cxovels hgavs, romelic Tavisuflebas mxolod maSin grZnobs, rodesac sxva cxovels glejs da sanslavs.

sakiTxi exeba ara imas, ra umjobesia – romelime kacs an romelime xalxs saerTod ar hqondes religia, borotad iyenebdes imas, romelic aqvs, Tu imis garkveva, romeli boroteba ufro mcirea _ rodesac adamianTa mier religiis gamoyeneba an sulac misi arqona. im SiSis Sesamcireblad, rasac aTeizmi iwvevs, metismetad uteven xolme kerpTayvanismcemlobas. es marTali ar aris, rom rodesac Zvelebi raime biwierebas sakurTxevels ugebdnen, amas siyvarulis niSnad akeTebdnen, piriqiT, es misadmi siZulvils gamoxatavda. rodesac lakedemonelebma SiSs taZari auges, es ar niSnavda, rom es meomari xalxi mas evedreboda SiSi STaegonebina lakedemonelTa gulebisaTvis brZolis dros. iyvnen iseTi RvTaebebi, romelTac SesTxovdnen ar STaegonebinaT adamianebisaTvis danaSauli da is RvTaebebi, romelTac evedrebodnen mis Tavidan acilebas.

III Taviimis Sesaxeb, rom zomieri mmarTveloba

ufro qristianul religias Seesabameba, xolo despoturi mmarTveloba _ musulmanurs

193

qristianuli religiisaTvis ucxoa wminda despotizmi. is simSvide, romelsac saxareba qadagebs, upirispirdeba despotur risxvas, roliTac xelmwife Surs iZiebs da sisastikesa sCadis.

vinaidan qristianuli religia krZalavs mravalcolianobas, xelmwifeebi aq naklebad gulCaTxrobilni arian, naklebad Sors arian TavianT qveevrdomTagan da maSasadame, ufro metad adamianurni arian. isini ufro ganwyobilni arian imisaTvis, rom TavisTvisac kanoni kanonad aRiaron da ufro metad grZnoben, rom maT yvelaferi ar ZaluZT.

im dros, rodesac musulmani xelmwifeebi dausrulebliv klaven sxvebs an TviTon ixocebian, qristianebSi religia xelmwifeebs nakleb moSiSarsa da, maSasadame, nakleb sastiks xdis. xelmwifes qveSevrdomTa imedi aqvs, qveSevrdomebs ki xelmwifisa. saucxoo ramaa! qristianuli religia, romlis mizanic TiTqos imqveyniuri cxovrebiT netarebaa, amqveyniur cxovrebaSi uwyobs xels Cvens bednierebas (180).

mxolod qristianulma religiam SeuSala xeli despotizmis damkvidrebas eTiopiaSi, miuxedavad saxelmwifos sididisa da havis naklovanebisa, Suagul afrikaSi evropuli zneebi da misi kanonebi Seitana.

eTiopiis memkvidre ufliswuli sargeblobs mTavris RirsebiT da sxva qveSevrdomebs siyvarulisa da morCilebis magaliTs aZlevs. da iqve axlos vxedavT, rom mahmadianoba amwyvdevinebs senarel (181) mefiswulebs (182). mefis sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi sabWo maT yels Wris taxtze asuli pirovnebis interesebidan gamomdinare.

Tu erTi mxriv, Cven gavixsenebT berZen da romael mefeTa da mxedarTmTavarTa dausrulebel xocva Jletas, meore mxriv ki Temurisa (183) da Cingisxanis (184) mier aoxrebul azias, davinaxavT, rom qristianobas unda vumadlodeT qveynis mmarTvelobaSi garkveuli saerTaSoriso samarTlis arsebobas, ris madlsac adamianTa modgma vr gadaixdis.

swored aseTi saerTaSoriso samarTlis wyalobiTaa, rom gamarjvebuli damarcxebul xalxs utovebs iseT did rameebs, rogoricaa sicocxle, Tavisufleba, kanonebi, qoneba da yovelTvis religia, ra Tqma unda, Tu TviTon damarcxebulni Tavs ar ibrmaveben.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dRes evropeli xalxebi ar arian ufro gaTiSulni, vidre romis imperiis dros _ rodesac is imperia despoturi da militaristuli gaxda _ iyvnen gaTiSuli xalxebi da armiebi an armiebi iyvnen gaTiSulni erTmaneTs Soris; roca erTi mxriv, jarebi eomebodnen erTmaneTs, meore mxriv ki, maT qalaqebs aZlevdnen gasaZarcvad, miwebs ki dasayofad an sakonfiskaciod.

IV Taviqristianuli religiisa da mahmadianuri

religiis xasiaTis Sedegebi

^Tu qristianuli religiis xasiaTs mahmadianuri religiis bunebas SevadarebT, yovelgvari Semdgomi ganxilvis gareSe unda miviRoT pirveli da uarvyoT meore, radgan CvenTvis bevrad ufro misaRebia, rom religiam Searbilos adaminTa zneni vidre mtkiceba, rom mxolod erTi religia aris WeSmariti.

adamianTa ubedurebaa, rodesac religias dampyrobi karnaxobs. mahmadianuri religia, romelic mxolod maxvilze laparakobs, imave gamanadgurebeli suliskveTebiT zemoqmedebs adamianebze, romliTac TviTonaa Seqmnili.

Cinebulia erT-erTi mwyemsi mefis, sabakonis (185) istoria. mas sizmarSi gaoecxada Tebes RmerTi da ubrZana – yvela egvipteli qurumi moekla. man gadawyvita, rom RmerTebs aRar hsurdaT misi mfoba, radgan imis Sesruleba ubrZanes, rac maTi Cveulebrivi wesebis esoden sawinaaRmdego ram iyo da igi eTiopiaSi wavida.

V TavikaTolikuri religia ufro monarqias Seesabameba,

protestantuli ki respublikas

rodesac saxelmwifoSi warmoiSoba da yalibdeba religia, igi Cveulebriv eTanxmeba xolme am qveynis mmarTvelobiT wyobas, radgan adamianebsac, romlebic mas iReben da imaTac, vinc mas amyareben, sazogadoebrivi wyobis (186) Sesaxeb igive azrebi aqvT, rac maT qveyanaSia gavrcelebuli (187) .

rodesac qristianulma religiam am ori saukunis winaT ganicada es sabediswero gayofa, kaTolikeebad da protestantebad, CrdiloeTis xalxebma protestantoba miiRes, samxreTis xalxebma ki kaTolikoba SeinarCunes.

194

amis mizezi isaa, rom CrdiloeTis xalxebSi aris da yovelTvis iqneba damoukideblobis gansakuTrebuli suliskveTeba, romelic ar gaaCniaT samxreTis xalxebs (188); amitom religia, romelsac ar hyavs xiluli winamZRoli, ukeT esdageba am havisaTvis damaxasiaTebl damoukideblobas, vidre is religia, romelsac winamZRoli hyavs.

qveynebSi, sadac protestantuli religia damyarda, revoluciebi qveynis politikuri wyobis Sesabamisad moxda. luTerma, romelsac didi xelmwifeebi hyavda momxreebad, amcno maT iseTi saeklesio xelisuflebis Sesaxeb, romelsac ar eqneboda garegani upiratesobebi. kalvinma (189), romelsac respublikis mcxovreblebi an monarqiiT danaRvlianebuli (190) burJuazia uWerda mxars, iolad aarida Tavi upiratesobaTa da Rirsebis niSanTa dadgenas.

TiToeul am or religiaTagans SeeZlo sakuTari Tavi yvelaze ufro srulyofilad CaeTvala. kalvinisturi religia Tvlida, rom igi ufro Seesabameboda imas, rac ieso qristem iqadaga, xolo LluTeranuls ki miaCnda, rom yvelaze ukeT Seesabameba mociqulTa naRvaws.

SeniSvnebi

1. luzaki SeniSnavs, rom es msjeloba Zalze gamosadebia karneadesa da yvela imaT uarsayofad, vinc amtkiceben, rom araferia samarTliani da usamarTlo, garda imisa, rac aseTad gamocxadebulia politikuri kanonebis mier.

2. luzaki SeniSnavs, rom am qimerul hipoTezas TviT monteskie akritikebs “sparsul werilebSi” XIV

3. am mosazrebis dasadastureblad monteskies nimuSad moyavs hanoveris tyeebSi da inglisSi jorj I is mefobis dros nanaxi veluri magaliTi.

4. Tomas hobsi – XVII saukunis ingliseli filosofosi misi Sromebi eZRvneba saxelmwifosa da samarTlis sakiTxebs. maT Soris ZiriTadia “leviaTani”. hobsis azriT, saxelwifos win uZRoda “bunebrivi mdgomareoba”, romlis drosac adgili hqonda “yvelas oms yvelas winaaRmdeg” da batonobda principi – adamiani adamianisTvis mgelia. sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, Camoyalibda saxelmwifo, romelsc hobsi miTiuri urCxulis saxels – leviaTans (sitlanqisa da sazarelobis sinonimi) uwodebs.

monteskie, iseve, rogorc yvela frangi ganmanaTlebeli, dadebiTad afasebs hobsis moZRvrebas sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebaze, Tumca, akritikebs hobss imis gamo, rom igi bunebriv mdgomareobas uwodebs yvelas oms yvelas winaaRmdeg.

5. aristotele, “politika”, wigni I, Tavi I. aristotele (384-322 q.w) did yuradRebas uTmobda saxelmwifosa da samarTlis problematikas. monteskies aristotele ainteresebs rogorc saxelmwifos da samarTlis Teoretikosi, istorikosi. Tumca, akritikebs imis gamo, rom aristotele amarTlebs monobis arsebobas

6. frangi materialisti filosofosi helveciusi (1715-1771 ww) piriqiT, fiqrobs, rom sazogadoebrivi mdgomareoba ar iwvevs an yovel SemTxvevaSi ar unda iwvevdes Tanasworobis Sewyvetas. igi unda amtkicebdes da icavdes mas.

7. luzaki SeniSnavs, rom omis mizania miyenebuli zaralis anazRaureba da SemdgomSi Sesabamisi uSiSroebis uzrunvelyofa. is, vinc oms sxva motiviT awarmoebs, saerTaSoriso samarTlis winaaRmdeg moqmedebs.

8. irokezebi – indielebi, romlebic odesRac saxlobdnen tbebis eresa da ontarios samxreT-aRmosavleTiT. maT Seqmnes “xuTi eris konfederacia”, romelic 1700 wlamde ibrZoda frangebis winaaRmdeg.

9. federiko karlos gravina (1756-1806) – espaneli admirali10. am TavTan dakavSirebiT ixileT aristoteles “politika”, wigni VI, Tavi II. aq igi iZleva

demokratiuli wyobis ZiriTad kanonebs. amave wignSi igi ixilavs sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori unda iyos kanonTa principebi TavianT mimarTebaSi sxvadsxva saxis mmarTvelobasTan. SesaZloa am wignma STaagona monteskies misi ukvdavi qmnilebis dedaazri. (orig. Sen.)

11. ix. “ganazrebani romis didebisa da dacemis mizezebze”, Tavi IX.12. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ixileT aristototeles “politika”, wigni V, Tavi II.13. makiaveli, “titus liviusisaTvis”, w.I, T.I, XVII. monteskie, “romis dacemis mizezebi”,

T.VIII (orig. Sen.).14. aristide (549-468 q.w.) – aTeneli saxelmwifo moRvawe. Tavisi uangarobis gamo

mas metsaxelad samarTliani Searqves. aristide zedmiwevniT patiosnad ganagebda Zveli saberZneTis finansebs

195

15. qsenofonti (430-355 q.w.) – aTeneli sardali da istorikosi, sokrates mowafe, demokratiis mowinaaRmdege. qsenofonte monteskies interess iwvevs rogorc istorikosi da politikuri moRvawe, romelic mTel rig mniSvnelovan mosazrebebs gamoTqvams antikuri xanis istoriis calkeul movlenebze.

16. servius tuliusi (578 – 535 q.w.) – romis imperiis meeqvse mefe. Mmis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli romis axali konstitucia. man romis mTeli mosaxleoba, romelsac iaraRis tarebis unari hqonda, eqvs nawilad dahyo qonebrivi cenzis mixedviT. servius tuliusis mier Catarebuli reformis Sedegad romSi xelisufleba mosaxleobis SedarebiT SeZlebuli nawilis xelSi aRmoCnda da mimarTuli iqna ara marto monebis, aramed Rarib romaelTa winaaRmdegac. monteskie cdilobs axsnas servius tuliusis reformis klasobrivi xasiaTi.

17. titus liviusi (59-17 q.w.) – romaeli istorikosi; titus liviusi aRtacebulia romis warsuliT da istoriisagan patriotuli xasiaTis Txzulebas qmnis; misi naSromi 142 wignisagan Sesdgeboda, Cvenamde moaRwia mxolod 35-ma. liviusis simpaTiebi respublikis mxarezea, magram miuxedavad amisa, igi opoziciurad araa ganwyobili imperiis politikuri reJimis mimarT. monteskiesTvis titus liviusis Sromebi antikuri xanis wyaroebs warmoadgenen.

18. dionise halikarnaseli (I s.q.w.) – berZeni istorikosi. naSromSi “romis arqeologia”, romelic romis istoriis uZveles periods mieZRvna, avtoris mizani iyo daesabuTebina romael kanonmdebelTa sibrZne da eCvenebina maTi qveloba, rasac, misi azriT, berZnebi romis batonobasTan unda Seerigebina.

19. ix. wignSi “ganazrebani romis didebisa da dacemis mizezebze” Tu rogor SemorCa servius tuliusis es sulikveTeba respublikas.

20. soloni (638-558 q.w.) – Zveli saberZneTis politikuri moRvawe, romelic SemdegSi “Svid brZenTa” ricxvs miakuTvnes. arqontad gaxdomis Semdeg man Caatara reforma, romelic mimarTuli iyo msxvili miwaTmflobelebis - evpatridebis winaaRmdeg. solonma Tavisi reformiT movaleebi gaaTavisufla valebisagan, akrZala adamianis damoneba da monad gayidva. man Seqmna demokratiuli xasiaTis konstitucia, romlis Tanaxmadac aTenis mTeli mosaxleoba oTx klasad daiyo qonebrivi cenzis mixedviT; amiT evpatridebma dakarges TavianTi politikuri privilegiebi.

21. dionise halikarnaseli, “sokrates xotba”, gv. 97, tomi II, veSeles redaqciiT (orig. Sen.)

22. aristotele, “politika”, wigni II, Tavi XII (orig. Sen.)23. aristotele, “politika”, wigni IV, Tavi IX. es sistema saxalxo TanamdebobaTa

damkavebeli pirebis dasaxelebisa miRebuli hqonda zog berZnul qalaqs, magram Znelia imis Tqma, Tu ramdenad demokratiuli xasiaTisaa arCevnebis aseTi uxeSi forma (orig. Sen.)

24. ix. demosTenes sityva (amao elCobisaTvis) da sityva timarkosis winaaRmdeg.25. yoveli TanamdebobisaTvis ori xmis micemac ki arsebobda. EerTiT asaxelebdnen

Tanamdebobis damkavebels, meoriT imas, visac pirveli damkaveblis gaZevebis SemTxvevaSi igi unda Seecvala (avt. Sen.)

26. ciceroni (106 – 43 q.w.) traqtatSi “respublika” ixilavs saxelmwifo wyobis saukeTeso formebis sakiTxs. romis respublikis konstitucias ciceroni demokratiis, aristokratiisa da monarqiis karg Sexamebad Tvlida. traqtatSi “kanonTa Sesaxeb” igi romis kanonebs yoveli kanonmdeblobis nimuSad Tvlis. monteskiem didi interesiT Seiswavla ciceronis Sromebi.

27. kanonebs, romelTac kenWisyra faruli gaxdes, dafis kanonebi ewodeboda. yovel moqalaqes eZleoda ori cxrili anu biuleteni: pirveli aRniSnuli iyo A asoTi (antiques - “iyos Zveleburad”) saTqmelad da meore Y da R asoebiT (utirogas _“rogorc ityvis”) saTqmelad (avtoris SeniSvna). es ase xdeboda maSin, rodesac xalxs unda ganexila misTvis wardgenili kanoni, magram rodesac saqme magistratTa arCevas exeboda, maSin TiToeuli moqalaqisaTvis imdeni biuleteni unda miecaT, ramdeni kandidatic iyo.

28. aTenSi xels wevdnen (avt. Sen.)29. ise, rogorc es veneciaSi xdeba (avt. Sen.)30. aTenis ocdaaT tirans surda, rom areopagitTa mier xmis micema sajaro yofiliyo,

raTa igi TavianTi survilisamebr waremarTaT (avt. Sen.).lisisi–“sityva krebis winaaRmdeg” T. VIII; lisisi-aTeneli oratori (445 – 378 q.w.)31. aristokratiis Sesaxeb rom laparakobs, monteskies venecia aqvs mxedvelobaSi

(orig. Sen.)32. es veneciis struqturaa: didi sabWo, anu keTilSobilTa korpusi da senati.33. ix. edisoni “mogzauroba italiaSi”, gv. 116 (avt. Sen.). hiumi, “moraluri da politikuri

narkvevebi”, IV narkvevi; makiaveli, “florenciis istoria”, w. VIII, (orig. Sen).34. Tavdapirvelad isini amas konsulTa meSveobiT akeTebdnen (avt.Sen.)35. swored aman daamxo romis respublika. ix. monteskie “ganazrebani romis.

didebisa da dacemis mizezebze”. T. XIV da XVI (avt. Sen.)196

36. ix. aristotele, “politika”, wigni V, T. VIII.37. raguza – dRevandeli dubrovniki, qalaqi iugoslaviaSi, 1403-1809 wlebSi

aristokratiuli respublikis adgilsamyofeli iyo. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT monteskie miuTiTebs turneforis “mogzaurobas”.

38. lukaSi (qalaqi italiaSi) magistratebi mxolod ori TviT iniSnebodnen (avt. Sen.)39. antipatre (397-319 q.w.) – makedoneli mxedarTmTavari, aleqsandres leitenanti.

aleqsandre didis aryofnis dros igi ganagebda makedonias. dampyroblis sikvdilis Semdeg 322 wels kranieSi gaimarjva amboxebul aTenelebze.

40. es maqsima gvagonebs inglisis mefis Carlz I-is maqsimas, romelic ambobda: Tu ar aris episkoposi ar aris monarqi (avt. Sen.)

41. avtors mxedvelobaSi aqvs safrangeTi42. jon lo (1671-1729) Sotlandieli finansisti. safrangeTis finansebis mTavari inspeqtori

1719 w. igi gaxda finansTa ministri. jon lo cnobili iyo Tavisi spekulaciebiT birJaze. misi safinanso sistemis arsi mdgomareobda oqroTi gaunaRdebeli banknotebis gamoSvebaSi, rac spekulaciis wyaro iyo birJaze. filipe orleanelis mmarTvelobis dros man Seqmna indoeTis franguli kompania, romelic 1720 wels saSineli gakotrebiT dasrulda.

43. aragonis mefe ferdinandma (1380-1416) Tavi wodebaTa batonad gamoacxada. am erTma faqtma wyobis Secvla gamoiwvia. (avt. Sen.)

44. aRmosavleTis mefeebs yovelTvis vezirebi hyavT, ambobs Sardeni (avt. Sen.). Sardeni (1643-1713), frangi mogzauri, avtori Txzulebisa “mogzauroba sparseTsa da aRmosavleT indoeTSi”.

45. es Zalze mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa da me misgan bevr daskvnas gamovitan. igi auarebel kanonTa gasaRebia (avt. Sen.)

46. am azrTan dakavSirebiT la harpi ase SeniSnavs: “yoveli mmarTveloba erTgvari wyobaa. wyoba ki ver damyardeba veraferze garda moralisa. amgvarad, respublikuri mmarTveloba ZiriTadad damokidebulia udidesi umravlesobis suliskveTebasa da Tvisebaze, iseve rogorc mefis mmarTveloba uaRresad damokidebulia erTis Tvisebaze – mefis an ministrisa, romelic saxelmwifos marTavs. Tu saerTo Tviseba kargi araa, maSin saxalxo saqmec cudad iqneba iseve, rogorc samefos saqme cudad wava, Tu mefe cudia, oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom xelmwifis nakli masTan erTad midis, da SeiZleba kompensirebul iqnes ukeTesi memkvidris mosvliT, maSin rodesac respublikis xrwnas veraferi ver Seakavebs.”

47. ix. aristotele, “politika”, wigni V, T. VIII48. kromveli (avt. Sen.)49. sula (138-78 q.w.), romaeli mxedarTmTavari da politikuri moRvawe, q.w. 88 w. igi

gaxda konsuli da gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa socialur brZolaSi. aminatos mefis miTridate VI-is damarcxebis Semdeg aristokratiuli partiis beladi gaxda da male – romisa da italiis mbrZanebeli. sulam gaaZeva Tavisi mtrebi, senatisaTvis xelsayreli mxriT gadasinja romis konstitucia da usazRvro diqtatura miisakuTra. man miaRwia Tavisi Zalauflebis apogeas da moulodnelad gadadga 79 w. q. w.

50. iulius cezari (100-44 q.w.) _ romaeli politikuri moRvawe, saxelganTqmuli mxedarTmTavari. galiis dapyrobam (58-51) mas samxedro dideba da jari misca; Semdeg romze gailaSqra; Tavisi metoqis, pompeusis damarcxebis Semdeg romis erTpirovnuli mmarTveli – diqtatori da konsuli, umaRlesi qurumi da imperatori gaxda. cezarma Zirfesvianad Secvala romis saxelmwifo institiutebi, aRadgina wesrigi italiaSi; igi mfarvelobas uwevda xalxs, Tumca warmoSobiT aristokrati iyo. ver itanda aristokratias da demokratias, Tumca demagogiuri mosazrebebidan gamomdinare kvlav Seqmna sulas mier ganadgurebuli demokratiuli partia. cezars sZulda religia, Tumca romis saxelmwifos umaRlesi qurumi iyo. igi iltvoda senatis Zalauflebis damxobisken. romis demokratia man senatze zegavlenis mosaxdenad gamoiyena. amis gamo senatis aristokratTa Soris moewyo SeTqmuleba mis winaaRmdeg da igi mokles Sua senatSi. germanel xalxTa kanonebis aRwerisas monteskie sargeblobs cezaris cnobili naSromiT (“galiis omisaTvis”)

51. tiberiusi (42 q.w 37 q.S.) – romis imperatori, liviusis vaJi, imperator avgustusis SviliSvili. tiberiusma saxelmwifo sabWos stabiluri institutis forma misca. man ver moipova popularoba, gaixizna kaprze (kunZuli neapolis yureSi), sadac gaatara sicocxlis ukanaskneli wlebi da sisxlian diqtaturas axorcielebda.

52. kaius gaius longinusi – romis kvestori, iulius keisris winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebis monawile; gardaicvala 42 w. q.w.

53. klavdiusi – romis imperatori (41-54); ganaTlebuli, magram susti pirovneba. klavdiuss Tavis nebaze aTamaSebda misi meuRle, agripina, romelmac bolos igi mowamla.

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54. neroni (54-68 q.w.) – romis imperatori, domicius aenobarbiusisa da agripinas vaJi, imperator klavdiusis Svilobili. dasawyisSi mSvidad ganagebda saxelmwifos dedisa da filosofos senekas rCeva-darigebiT. magram male moakvlevina sakuTari deda agripina da meuRle oqtavia. devnida qristianebs da saxeli gaitexa ulomebelobiT, garyvnilebiTa da TvalTmaqcobiT. samxedro amboxebam TviTmkvlelobisken ubiZga.

55. domiciane – romis imperatori (81- 96 q.w.) man gardaqmna romis mmarTveloba, nangrevebisagan aRadgina dangreuli romi. bralad daedo teroris gamefeba, ris gamoc mokles colis xelSewyobiT.

56. sityva “tiraniis” mniSvnelobis sworad gagebisaTvis ix. “kanonTa goni”, w. II, Tavi II.57. ix. aristotele, “politika”, wigni II, Tavi II.58. ix. plutarqe, “perikle”; platoni, “kritiasi”.59. demetrios faleroneli–berZeni oratori, saxelmwifo moRvawe da istorikosi (283 q.w.)60. aq iyo ocdaerTi moqalaqe, aTi aTasi ucxoeli, oTxasi aTasi mona. ix. aTeneosi, w.V

(avt. Sen). aTeneosi – berZeni mwerali, III saukune61. filipe II (382-336 q.w) - makedoniis mefe. filipem Caatara reorganizacia

makedoniis jarisa da finansebisa, Seqmna falanga da daiwyo egeosis zRvis sanapiroze mdebare qalaqebis dapyroba. aTenelebis damarcxebam qeroneasTan bolo mouRo saberZneTis damoukideblobas; berZenTa dapyrobis Semdeg sparselebze galaSqreba daapira, magram mokles. misi Cafiqrebuli laSqroba misma Zem, aleqsandrem ganaxorciela.

62. aTenSi oci aTasi moqalaqe iyo. ix. demosTene (avt. Sen.)63. demosTene – aTeneli politikuri moRvawe da oratori (384-322 q.w.). swavlulobisa

da sulieri simtkicis ZaliT man SeZlo gadaelaxa Tavisi fizikuri nakli da gamoevlina oratoruli niWi. rogorc politikuri moRvawe, patriotul princips emxroba. qeroneasTan filipes gamarjvebis Semdeg demosTene erTxans ganmartovda, radgan ver egueboda makedonelTa mier saberZneTis damorCilebas. filipes sikvdilis Semdeg demosTene xels uwyobda antipatres winaaRmdeg ajanyebul berZnebs. SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis kraxis gamo man Tavi moiwamla.

64. aTenelebma specialuri kanoni gamosces; sikvdiliT isjeboda is, vinc TeatrebisTvis gankuTvnil Tanxebs omis saWiroebisaTvis gamoyenebas moundomebda. (avt. Sen.).

65. qeronea (Zveli saberZneTis qalaqi) aq filipe makedonelma (338q.w) daamarcxa aTenelebi da Tebelebi, xolo 86 q.w. sulam daamarcxa miTridate VI-is jarebi.

66. karTageni (814 q.w.) – finikielTa yvelaze mniSvnelovani kolonia Crdilo afrikaSi, romlis saxelmwifo wyobac aRwerili aqvs aristoteles (q.w. IVs)

67. hanibali - karTagenTa saxelmwifo moRvawe da mxedarTmTavari (271-193 q.w.). man saxeli gaiTqva laSqrobebiT romaelTa winaaRmdeg. man daamarcxa romaelebi trasimanes tbasTan da kaneSi, magram ver SeZlo romis aReba. gansakuTrebiT gamoiCina Tavi meore punikuri omis dros. damarcxda zamasTan.

68. titus liviusis cnobiT, w. XXXIII, T. XVI, es omi sam wels gagrZelda.69. saxalxo danaSaulebi aq unda dasjiliyo, radgan es yvelas saqme iyo. kerZo saxis

danaSulebebi ki ar isjeboda, vinaidan maTi dasja yvelas saqme ar iyo (avt. Sen.)..70. am punqtTan daakavSirebiT ix. monteskies “sparsuli werilebi”, werili XIV.71. mxedvelobaSi maqvs politikuri qveloba, romelic moraluri qvelobaa im azriT, rom

igi mimarTulia sayovelTao keTildReobisaken; Zalze cotaa kerZo moraluri qvelobebi da srulebiT ar arsebobs iseTi qveloba, romelic mimarTebaSi iyos gamocxadebul WeSmaritebasTan. amas naTlad davinaxavT me-5 wignis II TavSi. (avt. Sen).

72. ix. monteskie, “sparsuli werilebi” VII.73. es azri unda gaigoT SeniSvna 74-is Suqze (orig. Sen.)74. riSelie _ frangi saxelmwifo moRvawe (1585-1642). riSeliem sasargeblo finansuri,

samxedro da sakanonmdeblo reformebi Caatara. mospo provinciaTa privilegiebi centralizebuli mmarTvelobis SeqmniT da intendantTa daniSvniT; riSeliem Seqmna absoluturi samefo xelisufleba; man daarsa safrangeTis akademia.

75. es wigni Seiqmna kardinal de riSelies Tvalwin, missave memuarebze dayrdnobiT (avt. Sen.).

76. riSelie Tavis wignSi “politikuri anderZi”, Tavi IV, wers, rom ar unda vimsaxuroT dabali mdgomareobis adamianebi, radgan isini Zalze sastikni da Zalze jiutni arian.

77. am sityvas _ “sikeTis msaxuri adamiani“ _ aq mxolod politikuri mniSvnelobiT vxvdebiT (avt. Sen.).

78. la harpi SeniSnavs, rom am wignis mTavarma sistemam, romelic qveynad cnobili sami mmarTvelobis principad adgens: qvelobas respublikisTvis, Rirsebas – monarqiisTvis, SiSs despoturi saxelmwifoebisaTvis, Zalze didi dava gamoiwvia (gansakuTrebiT daobda

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volteri). avtors eTanxmebian, rom SiSi despoturi saxelmwifos principia, magram mwvave kamaTis sagnad iqca sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenadaa qveloba respublikis principi, xolo Rirseba – monarqiisa. la harpi SeniSnavs, rom monteskiem, ra Tqma unda, gaiTvaliswina didi winaaRmdegoba, romelsac misi Txzuleba gamoiwvevda, raki misi Seqmna ganizraxa; magram cxadia igi mxolod imaze fiqrobda, rom Tavisi ideebisTvis mwyobri saxe mieca. amis mizezebi gasagebia. misi wamowyeba ise mniSvnelovani iyo, asparezi, romelsac iTvaliswinebda _ ise farTo, rom Txzulebis dasruleba Zalzed Soreulad eCveneboda, SeiZleba SiSic ki hqonda, rom sikvdils ar SeeCerebina igi; da marTlac, monteskie Zlivs aRwevs Tavs erTi sakiTxis ganxilvas, rom maSinve meoreze gadadis. monteskiem sul ramodenime weli icocxla “kanonTa gonis” gamocemis Semdeg. mas rom ZiriTad momentebze dava moesurvebina, mis Txzulebas zoma aRar eqneboda. rogorc sazogadoebrivi interesi, ise avtoris dideba moiTxovdnen nawarmoebis SezRudvas da swraf dasrulebas.

79. am faqts xSirad aqvs adgili samxedro aristokratiaSi (orig. Sen.)80. ix. riko. “osmalTa imperia” (avtoris Sen.).81. “roca xelmwifisgan gamovdivarT, visinjav xolme, Tavi mxrebze maqvs Tu ara –

meubneboda erTi sparseli didebuli” (Sardeni, “mogzauoba sparseTSi”) (orig. Sen.).82. ix. am damxobis istoria, aRwerili mama sersos mier (avt. Sen.).83. domicianes mmarTveloba Tavisi bunebiT samxedro xasiaTisa iyo; aseTi

mmarTveloba despoturi mmarTvelobis erT-erTi saxeobaa (avt. Sen.).84. ix. Sardenis (1643-1813) “mogzauroba sparseTSi”, Tavi II, Sardeni wers: “ra Tqma

unda, qveynad arc erTi xelmwife araa sparseTis mefeze ufro absoluturi mefe; misi qveSevrdomebi yovelTvis zustad asruleben imas, rasac igi warmoTqvams; yuradRebas ar aqceven arc saganTa arss, arc garemoebebs, radgan maTTvis dResaviT naTelia, rom mas xSirad araviTari samarTlianoba, TviT saRi azric ki ar gaaCnia. qveSevrdomebi dauyovnebliv asruleben xelmwifis naTqvams, Tundac igi mTvrali iyos. veraferi ver aokebs mis WirveulobaTa ucnaurobebs: verc patiosneba, verc Rirseba, verc gulmodgineba, verc misTvis gaweuli samsaxuri; misi fantazia, gamoxatuli erTi sityviT an Tvalis erTi niSniT, dauyovnebliv amxobs yvelaze ukeT mowyobil adamianebs da yvelaze ufro RirsT aseTad yofnisa, arTmevs maT qonebasa da sicocxles; yovelive es xdeba yovelgvari sasamarTlo procesis gareSe, Seracxili danaSaulis Sesamowmeblad araviTar zrunvas ar iCenen” (orig. Sen.).

85. aserusi – sparseTis erT-erTi mefis bibliuri saxeli.86. ix. Sardenis “mogzauroba sparseTSi” (avt. Sen.), monteskie, “ganazrebani romis

didebisa da dacemis mizezebze”, Tavi XXVI87. “qonebis saSualoobaze laparaki gasagebia, roca saqme mdidrebs exeba, magram

talantebis saSualoobis qeba batonkacuri laparakia da ara im brZenisa, romelsac swams, rom arsebobs sikeTe da boroteba, zadi da qveloba” _ wers helveciusi (orig. Sen.) “Cems zraxvas srulebiT ar Seadgens niWieri adamianis gramatikuli kritika, mxolod visurvebdi, rom aseT gonebamaxvil da vaJkac mwerals sxva gamoTqma gamoeyenebina “zomierebiT siamovnebis” nacvlad. metsac visurvebdi, - mas ar unda eTqva, alkibiadem “sayovelTao aRtaceba moipova” imiT, rom lakedemoniaSi spartelTa zomierebas Seewyo. Cemi azriT, saWiro araa msoflios aplodismentebis ase flangva – SeniSnavs am msjelobis Taobaze volteri (orig. Sen.)

88. alkibiade – aTeneli mxedarTmTavari (450-404 q.w.), sokrates mowafe, demokratiulo partiis beladi. mas bralad daedo hermesis qandakebis SebRalva, ris gamoc aTenidan gaiqca. gadasaxlebaSi myofi sikvdiliT dasajes bitinis satrapis farnabazis gankargulebiT.

89. romulusi (461-476) – avgustulusi, dasavleT romis imperiis ukanaskneli imperatori.90. ix. plutarqe, “solonis cxovreba” (avt. Sen.)91. aristotoele Tavisi “politikis” II wignis XII TavSi wers: “filolaes korinTelma aTenSi

(unda iyos: TebeSi) daadgina, rom miwis wilTa da memkvidreTa raodenoba yovelTvis Tanabari yofiliyo. (avt. Sen.)”

92. ix. platoni, “respublika”, wigni VIII; platoni, “kanonebi”, wigni VI, (avt. Sen).93. es adaTi Zvelia. abrahami aseve ambobs Tavisa da saras Sesaxeb – igi Cemi daa,

mamaCemis qaliSvili, magram ara dedaCemisao (Sesaqme, T. XX). amave mosazrebebma igive kanoni daadgina sxva xalxebSic. (avt. Sen.) (sagangebo kanonebisTvis, romlebic eqvemdebareba aTi mcnebis moTxovnebs”) (avt. Sen.)

94. filoni, ebraeli filosofosi, igi daibada aleqsandriaSi, 13w. q.w. misi filosofia platonis filosofiisa da bibliis nazavia.

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95. istorikos efores Tanaxmad, straboni aq laparakobs ara spartis, aramed kretis kanonebze (orig. Sen.) efore – berZeni istorikosi.

96. originalis komentari aRniSnavs, rom es msjeloba senekas teqstis araswori gagebis Sedegia. incesti (sisxlis aRreva) romSi erT-erT yvelaze saZulvel mkrexelobad iTvleboda.

97. ix. aristotele “politika”, wigni II, Tavi VII (avt. Sen.)98. ix. aristotele “politika”, wigni II, Tavi VII (avt. Sen.)99. solonma oTxi klasi Seqmna: pirveli klasi imaTTvis, visac xuTasi mina hqonda

Semosavali, rogorc marcvleulis, ise Txevadi sazrdos saxiT; meore imaTTvis, visac samasi mina hqonda Semosavali da SeeZlo cxenis rCena; mesame imaTTvis, visac mxolod orasi mina hqonda Semosavali, meoTxe ki yvela imaTTvis, romlebic sakuTari marjveniT cxovrobdnen; plutarqe, “solonis cxovreba” (avt. Sen.)

100. plutarqe “solonis cxovrebaSi” aseve gadmogvcems, rom solonma gadasaxadebisagan gaaTavisufla yvela, vinc meoTxe cenzSi Sedioda'” (avt. Sen.)

101. “isini dapyrobili miwebis yvelaze didi nawils iTxovdnen”. plutarqe, “moraluri Txzulebebi”, Zvel mefeTa da mxedarTmTavrTa mniSvnelovani gamonaTqvamebi. (avt. Sen.)

102. aq luzaki SeniSnavs, rom “am SemTxvevaSi simdidris zedmetoba cvlis saqmeSi metoqeobas mdgomareobaSi metoqeobiT, Tanamdeboba damamZimebel tvirTad aRar iTvleba, igi sxvebisgan gamorCeulobis zrdis saSualebaa. iwyeben xalxis abuCad agdebiT da asruleben komersantebis ugulvebelyofiT. ai, uTanasworobac” (orig. Sen.)

103. aq Zalian unda SezRudon qalis mziTevi (avt. Sen.) plutarqe, “solonis cxovreba”104. romSi magistrebs wliuri vadiT niSnavdnen, senatorebs ki samudamod 105. qsenofonti Tavis TxzulebaSi “lakedemoniis respublika” T. X, 1 da 2, wers: “likurge

moiTxovda, senatorebi mxcovanebs Soris aerCiaT, raTa isini sicocxlis dasasrulsac ar yofiliyvnen ugulebelyofilni da maT mamacobis msajulad niSnavda. amiT igi ufro sapatios xdida pirvelTa moxucebulobas, vidre axalgazrdaTa Zlierebas” (avt. Sen).

106. ix. “politika”, wigni II, T IX.107. TviT areopagic eqvemdebareboda cenzuras (avt. Sen)108. ix. qsenofonti, ‘’lakedemoniis respublika”, Tavi VIII (avt. Sen)109. romis istoriaSi SegviZlia vnaxoT, Tu ra upiratesobas aZlevda respublikas maT

mier am Zalauflebis gamoyeneba. me mxolod udidesi xrwnis xanaze vilaparakeb. aulius fulviusi katilinas saZebrad gaudga gzas; mamamisma igi ixmo da moakvlevina. salustiusi, “katilinas SeTqmuleba”, T. XXXIX. dionise gadmogvcems, rom mravalma sxva moqalaqemac igive Caidina (avt. Sen). salustiusi – romaeli istorikosi.

110. samxreT safrangeTSi srulwlovanebis asakad iTvleboda 25 weli (mTargmn. Sen.) 111. Cvens droSi venecielebma, romlebic bevr SemTxvevaSi Zalze gonivrulad

moiqcnen, gadawyvites, rom veneciel aznaursa da xmeleTel aznaurs Soris eklesiaSi pirvelobisTvis davisas veneciel aznaurs veneciis gareT araviTari upiratesoba ar hqonda sxva moqalaqeze (avt. Sen)

112. dionise halikarnaseli X wignSi gadmogvcems, rom decemvirebma es kanoni or ukanasknel dafaSi Seitanes (avt. Sen)

113. iseve rogorc Cveni drois zogierT aristokratiaSi, araferi ase ar asustebs saxelmwifos. (avt. Sen)

114. ix. strabonTan, wigni XIV, Tu rogor iqceodnen rodoselebi am mimarTebiT (avt. Sen). rodosi _ berZnebis kunZuli egeosis zRvaSi.

115. amelo de la useie wignSi “veneciis mmarTvelobisTvis” gadmogvcems, rom klavdiusis kanoni senatorebs ukrZalavs zRvaSi hyavdeT ormoc muize meti tevadobis xomaldi (avt. Sen.)

116. damsmenebi iq TavianT baraTebs adgendnen (avt. Sen).117. helveciusi wers, rom “maTi cenzura farulia, romaelebisa ki saxalxo iyo” 118. titus liviusi, wigni XIX: “cenzorsac ki ar hqonda ufleba xeli SeeSala saubarSi

romelime cenzorisaTvis; TiToeuli Tavis SeniSvnas gamoTqvamda ise, rom mxedvelobaSi ar Rebulobda kolegis azrs. rodesac sxvagvarad moiqcnen cenzura, ase vTqvaT, damxobil iqna” (avt. Sen).

119. aTenSi logistebi angariSs abarebinebdnen yvela magistrats, TviTon ki aravis angariSs ar abarebdnen (avt. Sen)

120. es asea dadgenili veneciaSi. ameli de la useie, gv. 30 da 31 (avt. Sen).121. rogorc Cans, zogierTi aristokratiis mizani umal imis SenarCunebaa, rasac isini

TavianT keTilSobilebas uwodeben, vidre saxelwifosi (avt. Sen).122. helveciusis azriT, amas imitom sCadiodnen, rom ufrosi uxeiro qveSevrdomad,

umcrosebi ki avantiuristebad eqciaT (orig. Sen).200

123. igi amis nebas mxolod xalxs rTavs. ix. mesame kanoni kodeqsisa (“vaWrobisa da vaWarTaTvis”), romelSic uxvadaa saRi azrebi (avt. Sen)

124. ix. riSelie, “politikuri anderZi” (avt. Sen)125. tacitusi, “analebi”, wigni V, Tavi XXXII, wers: ”yoymani monuri suliskveTebis

barbarosTa damaxasiaTebelia. mpyrobelTac SeSveniT amis qmna”) (avt. Sen).126. safrangeTis monarqia127. am TavSi monteskies mxedvelobaSi aqvs mxolod safrangeTis monarqia128. ix. kardinal recisa da sxva istorikosTa Txzulebebi (avt. Sen). aq laparakia parizis

parlamentze. (orig. Sen)129. ix. riSelie “politikuri anderZi” (avt. Sen).130. volteri SeniSnavs: “Cemi azriT, ar SeiZleba uari vuTxraT sulgrZelobaze mebrZol,

samarTlian, mowyale, guluxv adamians. me sami didi veziri vici, romelTac es Tvisebebi hqondaT. Tumca imas, vinc aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi alyaSemortymuli kandi aiRo ar xvda troas moalye gmirTa saxeli, mas ufro meti qveloba hqonda da ufro dasafasebelic iqneba WeSmarit mcodneTagan. did vezirs ibrahims, romelmac ukanaskneli gadatrialebis dros Tavi gaswira, raTa saxelmwifo SeenarCunebina Tavisi batonisaTvis, axmed III-isaTvis da eqvsi saaTis ganmavlobaSi muxlis Tavebze daCoqili eloda sikvdils, uTuod hqonda didsulovneba" (orig. Sen).

131. Sardeni: ”mogzauroba sparseTSi” marTvelobis aRwera, Tavi IV, (orig. Sen)132. diupeni SeniSnavs, rom maSin karlos XII benderSi ki ara demotikaSi iyo (orig.

Sen.) 133. karlos XII – SvedeTis mefe (1697-1718), man daamarcxa daniis mefe avgust II

(1700), poloneTis mefe (1703), da rusebi. 1709 wels xelmeored gailaSqra petre didis winaaRmdeg, magram damarcxda poltavasTan. 1709 wels iZulebuli Seiqmna Tavi TurqeTisaTvis Seefarebina. 1705 wels daibruna SvedeTi; Semdeg gailaSqra norvegiaze, daiWra sasikvdilod. volterma 1773 wels dawera “karlos XII-is istoria”.

134. hufendorfi, “msoflio istoria”, traqtati SvedeTze (orig. Sen). Sardenis Tanaxmad, sparseTis saxelmwifoSi araviTari sabWo araa (avt. Sen).

135. Sardeni, “mogzauroba sparseTSi” mmarTvelobis aRwera, Tavi IV, (avt. Sen).136. avtors mxedvelobaSi aqvs meamboxe “strelcTa” korpusis mospoba petre I didis

mier.137. ix. riko, “osmalTa imperiis mdgomareoba” (1678 q. gamocema, gv. 196 (orig.

Sen.).138. TurqTa memkvidreobaze ix. “Zveli da axali lakedemoni”. ix. agreTve riko,

“osmalTa imperia” (avt. Sen).139. “mogzaurobTa krebuli, romlebmac xeli Seuwyo indoeTis kompaniis

Camoyalibebas,” tomi I. pegus kanoni nakleb mkacria. Tu kacs Svilebi hyavs, mefe mxolod or mesameds iRebs memkvidreobidan. iqve, t. III, gv. I (avt. Sen). bantami – saxelmwifo kunZul iavaze, XVII s-Si daipyres holandielebma.

140. Sardeni, “mogzauroba sparseTSi”, mmarTvelobis aRwera, Tavi I da III141. ix. sxvadasxva konstituciebi, gansakuTrebiT ki 1722 wlisa (avt. Sen).142. aq krevie iustinusze – II saukunis romael istorikosze – miuTiTebs. iustinusis

mixedviT, wigni X, Tavi II, artaqserqses asTxuTmeti vaJi hyavda, ormocdaaTma SeTqmuleba moawyo mis winaaRmdeg, ris gamoc isini sikvdiliT dasajes. (orig. Sen.)

143. ix. platonis “respublika”, wigni VIII (orig. Sen).144. ix. plutarqe, “timoleontisa da dionises cxovreba” (avt. Sen).timoleonti – korinTos sardali, sirakusis mmarTveli; dionise_sirakusis tirani.145. eqvsasi kacisgan Semdgari, romelzedac laparakobs diodore, XIX w, T. V 146. aristotele Tavis “politikaSi” (wigni V, Tavi III) gadmogvcems, rom “tiranTa

gaZevebis Semdeg sirakuselTa moqalaqeoba misces ucxoelebs da daqiravebul jariskacebs, ramac samoqalaqo omebi gamoiwvia. raki xalxi aTenelebze gamarjvebis mizezi gaxda respublika Seicvala (iqve, Tavi IV); ori axalgazrda magistratis vnebam, romelTaganac erTma meores axalgazrda vaJi waarTva, meorem ki pirvelis coli garyvna, am respublikis formis Secvla gamoiwvia (iqve wigni VII, Tavi IV) (avt. Sen)”

147. am saucxoo gverdebze, _ respublikis damRupveli eqscesebis dasuraTxatebaSi, monteskie, iseve rogorc ciceroni, STagonebulia platoniT (orig. Sen).

148. ix. aristoteles “politika”, wigni V, Tavi IV, (avt. Sen).149. iqve (avt. Sen)150. aristokratia oligarqiiT icvleba (avt. Sen).151. monteskie ganmartavs, rom venecia erT-erTi im respublikaTagania, romelmac

Tavisi kanonebiT yvelaze ukeT gamoaswora memkvidreobiTi aristokratiis Seusabamobebi.201

152. iustinusi aTenSi qvelobis gaqrobas epaminondas sikvdils miawers. radgan metoqeoba aRar iyo, aTenelebma TavianTi Semosavali zeimebSi daxarjes (ufro xSirad sufraze midiodnen, vidre bankSi). am dros wyvdiadidan asparezze gamovidnen makedonelebi (avt. Sen). iustinusi _ romaeli istorikosi, II s.

153. “mingebis dros Seqmnil TxzulebaTa kompilacia”, mocemuli mama haldis mier, ix. misi “CineTis aRwera”, tomi II, gv. 547. (avt. Sen).

154. dionis Tanaxmad “tiberiusis mefobis dros damsmenebs qandakebebi daudges da satriumfo morTulobebiT Seamkes, am pativs yvelaze metad is aufasurebda. rom igi saZulveli iyo imaTTvis, vinc igi daimsaxura.” nawyveti dionis VII wignis XIV Tavidan, amoRebuli konstantine porfirogenetis wignidan “qvelobebi da zadebi”. tacitusi “analebis” XV wignis, XXII TavSi gadmogvcems, rom neronma TiTqosda SeTqmulebis aRmoCenisa da damnaSaveTa dasjis Semdeg petronius turpilianusi, nerva, tigelinusi triumfomorTulobiT daajildova. XIII wignis III TavSi tacitusi aseve gvacnobebs, Tu rogor sZuldaT generlebs omi, radgan arad agdebdnen sapatio niSnebs (avt. Sen).

155. am saxelmwifoSi xelmwifem kargad icoda, romeli iyo misi mmarTvelobis principi (avt. Sen).

156. hereniusis Txzuleba “komodiusis cxovreba”, wigni I (avt. Sen). hereniusi – romaeli mwerali.

157. benJamen konstantma (frangi politikuri morvawe da mwerali – 1767-1830 – cnobili Tavisi fsiqologiuri romaniT “adolfi” - 1815) TxzulebaSi “dapyrobis suliskveTebis Sesaxeb”, wigni II, Tavi XV mWevrmetyvelurad ganaaxla da daicva monteskies ideebi (orig. Sen).

158. luzaki SeniSnavs, rom es grZnoba aranakleb cxoveli iyo 1789 wels da igi arcTu mcire mizezi yofila monarqiis damxobisa (orig. Sen).

159. ciceroni wers: “me gadaviRe scevolas dadgenileba, romelic nebas rTavs berZnebs erTmaneTs Soris arsebuli uTanxmoebebi Tavisive kanonebiT daasrulon. aman is gamoiwvia, rom isini Tavisufal xalxebad Tvlian Tavs” (avt. Sen).

160. moskovelebs ver aetanaT, rom petre mefem isini gaakreWina (avt. Sen).161. kabadokielebma (kabadokia mcire aziis Zveli saxelmwifoa) uari Tqves romaelTa

mier SemoTavazebul respublikur saxelmwifoze (avt. Sen)162. Omnes legum servi sumus ut liberi esse possimus. Cic. pro Cluentio s LIII (yvelani kanonis

monebi varT, raTa SegveZlos Tavisufalni viyoT). (avt. Sen)163. es bunebrivi mizania im saxelmwifosaTvis, romelsac gareSe mteri sruliad ar

hyavs an romelsac swams, rom mtrebi barierebiT SeaCera.164. amaSia liberum veto -s uxerxuloba (avt. Sen)165. “Tu inglisSi kacs imdenive mteri eyoleba, ramdenic Tma aqvs Tavze, amiT mas

araferi dauSavdeba; es Zalze didi ram aris. sulis sijansaRe iseve aucilebelia, rogorc sxeulisa”. monteskie, “SeniSvnebi inglisze” (orig. Sen).

166. monteskies mxedvelobaSi aqvs venecia.167. iseve rogorc aTenSi, (avt. Sen) monteskie gadakvriT laparakobs nafic msajulTa

sasamarTloze. (orig. Sen).168. aljeron sidnei (1622-1683) _ ingliseli politikuri moRvawe. 1642-1648 ww.

samoqalaqo omis dros parlamentis momxre; kromvelTan uTanxmoebis gamo 1651 wels igi tovebs ingliss. 1677 w. inglisSi dabrunebis Semdeg igi xdeba parlamentis axali opoziciis erT-erTi lideri, 1683 wels sikvdiliT dasajes Carlz II-isa da misi Zmis jeimzis winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebaSi monawileobisaTvis. avtoria politikuri traqtatisa “ganazrebani mmarTvelobaze”. sidneis moZRvrebam saxelmwifo xelisuflebaze didi gavlena iqonia monteskieze.

169. eforebi – ase ewodeboda Zvel saberZneTSi xuT magistrats, romelTac yoveldRiurad irCevdnen spartaSi.

170. aristotele, “politika”, wigni II, T. IX da X (orig. Sen).171. eseni iyvnen magistartebi, romelTac xalxi yovel wels irCevda. ix. stefane

bizantieli (avt. Sen). 172. bralis dadeba romaeli magistratebisTvis mxolod mas Semdeg iyo SesaZlebeli, rac

maTi magistratura damTavrdeboda. ix. dionise halikarnaseli, wigni IX, tribun geneciusis saqme (avt. Sen).

173. mariusi – romis politikuri moRvawe da mxedarTmTavari (157-86 q. w.) warmoSobiT ubralo ojaxis Svili, aristokratiuli partiis mowinaaRmdege.

174. mcire saqmeebze mTavrebi msjeloben, didebze _ yvelani. magram imgvarad, rom is rac plebeis gansaxilvelia, mTavarTa winaSe Zalad miitaneba.

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175. jeims haringtoni (1611-1677) – XVII saukunis inglisis revoluciis Tanamedrove. Tavis TxzulebaSi “okeania” igi gvevlineba iseTi respublikuri wyobilebis momxred, romelsac ZaluZs uzrunvelyos “axali” aznaurebisTvis privilegiebisa da miwis sakuTrebis SenarCuneba, rac maT burJuaziulma revoluciam misca.

176. aq monteskie gulisxobs megabazis sityvas, romelic moyvanili aqvs herodotes, wigni IV (orig. Sen). qalkedoni – mcire aziis uZvelesi qalaqi bosforze.

177. monteskies mxedvelobaSi aqvs safrangeTi.178. ix. b-ni beili, “fiqrebi kometaze , t. II. (avt. Sen). pier beili – frangi mwerali (1647-

1706 ww.)179. igive azria mocemuli ciceronis TxzulebaSi - wig. III, T. XXIII. mxolod erTi kuTxiT

saganTa warmoCena, Tanac cudiT, rogorc sarwmunoebaSi, ise politikaSi sofistTa wesia (orig. Sen).

180. SeuZlebelia daeWvdeT am sityvebis gulwrfelobaSi. Tu monteskie ar fiqrobda Tavis naTqvaze, politikuri sifrTxiles SeeZlo daedumebina. magram amis Tqmas araferi avaldebulebda. daakvirdiT, rogori eqspresiuli gamoTqmebiT asxmas xotbas “kanonTa gonSi” im religias, romelsac zereled eziara axalgazrdobaSi. monteskie qristianul sarwmunoebas gvTavazobs ara mxolod rogorc yvelaze srulyofil religiur sistemas, aramed, rogorc socialuri sistemis sayrdenTagan yvelaze Zliers da mtkiced uaryofs yvela imaT, romlebic ar aRiareben mis sargeblianobasa da simtkices. (orig. Sen).

181. senari – qalaqi sudanSi182. ix. b-ni ponsi, profesiiT eqimi – “relacia eTiopiaze”, ‘’damrigebluri werilebi”,

krebuli IV, Ggv. 290 (avt. Sen).183. Temur lengi (1336-1405 ww.) – monRoleTis meore imperiis fuZemdebeli.184. Cingis xani (1160-1227 ww.) - TaTari dampyrobi.185. ix. diodore, wigni I, T. XVIII (avt. Sen).186. aq sityvas police sakuTari da pirveladi miSvneloba aqvs; am SemTxvevaSi igi

sazogadoebrivi wyobis sinonimia. dRes Cven vityodiT: “sxva politikuri ideebi” 187. TavianTi sarwmunoebrivi sazogadoeba pirvelma qristianebma romis imperiis

administraciuli wyobis mixedviT Seqmnes (avt. Sen).188. umjobesi iqneboda gveTqva – damoukidebloba da pirovnuli Tavisufleba, radgan

dRes Zneli iqneboda imis mtkiceba, rom evropaSi samxreTis xalxebs ufro naklebi midrekileba aqvT politikuri Tavisuflebisadmi, vidre CrdiloeTisas (avt. Sen).

189. Jan kalvini (1509- 1564ww.) – frangi reformatori190. Tavdapirvelad franguli Tavadaznaurobis erTi nawili emxroboda kalvins. is faqti,

rom Tavis moZRvrebaSi man demokratiisa da Tanasworobis ideebi Seitana, mxolod misi JenevaSi cxovrebiT ar yofila ganpirobebuli. 1789 wlis revoluciam dagvanaxa, rom aseTi uzRvro logika frangebis bunebaa (orig. Sen).

teqsti Targmna d. labuCiZem ibeWdeba SemoklebiT, wignidan “kanonTa goni”, Tbilisi, mSvidobis, demokratiisa da ganviTarebis

kavkasiuri instituti. 1994 w.

Jan Jak ruso1728-1778


gamoCenili moazrovne, warmoSobiT Sveicarieli Jan Jak ruso, romlis saxeli mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli ganmanaTleblobasTan, daibada JenevaSi, 1712 wlis 28 ivniss, mesaaTis ojaxSi. 1728 wels ruso Jenevas gamoeTxova da sxvadasxva periodis manZilze cxovrobda sxvadasxva qalaqSi: parizSi, lozanaSi, bernSi, turinSi, lionSi. igi sxvadasxva xelobiT irCenda Tavs. am periodSi ruso gatacebuli iyo mxatvruli literaturiT, musikiT; ecnoboda dekartis, laibnicis, hobsis, lokis naSromebs.

1741 wels ruso dabrunda parizSi da dauaxlovda enciklopedistebs. 1749 wels rusom gaimarjva diJonis akademiis mier gamocxadebul konkurSi, sadac

monawileebs unda epasuxaT kiTxvaze: “Seuwyo Tu ara xeli mecnierebisa da xelovnebis ganviTarebam zne - CveulebaTa gaumjobesebas”. rusos nawarmoebma “msjeloba mecnierebisa da xelovnebis Sesaxeb”, sadac sakonkurso kiTxvaze rusos mier gacemuli pasuxi uaryofiTi iyo.

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1754 wels rusom imave diJonis akademias warudgina meore naSromi “msjeloba adamianTa Soris uTanasworobis warmoSobisa da safuZvlebis Sesaxeb”, romelSic igi wina naSromis msgavsad, imeorebs Tavis mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom bunebriv mdgomareobaSi adamianebi Tavisufalni da politikurad Tanasworni arian. kerZo sakuTreba aris uTanasworobis safuZveli. warmoiSobian mdidrebi da Raribebi. mdidrebi RaribebTan deben xelsekrulebas, romlis safuZvelzec iqmneba saxelmwifo. marTalia rusos es naSromi bevrad ufro maRali mecnieruli Rirebulebis mqonea, magram mas konkursze premia ar auRia.

rusos ekuTvnis epistolur - filosofuri naSromi “iulia anu axali eloiza” da filosofiuri romani “emili anu aRzrdis Sesaxeb”. am TxzulebebSi ruso kvlav adamianuri mdgomareobis upiratesobaze saubrobs.

1762 wels gamovida rusos traqtati ”sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba anu politikuri samarTlis principebi”. es traqtati erT-erTi Teoriuli safuZveli gaxda safrangeTis revoluciisa.

sicocxlis bolos rusom Seqmna avtobiografiuli naSromi “aRsareba”, romelic msoflio memuaruli literaturis Sedevrad iTvleba.

Jan Jak ruso gardaicvala 1778 wlis 2 ivliss. igi dakrZalulia parizis panTeonSi, volteris gverdiT.

sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebaavtoris gafrTxileba

es mcire traqtati nawilia ufro vrceli Txzulebisa romelic werac odesRac sakuTari Zalebis gauTvaliswineblad wamoviwye da maleve mivatove (1). am Txzulebis sxvadasxva frangmentTgan, romlebic SeiZleboda SegveTavazebina sazogadoebisaTvis, winamdebare nawili yvelaze mniSvnelovania da Cemi azriT, imsaxurebs gamoqveynebas.

pirveli wigni

Foederis aequasDicamus Leges.

Virg. AEneid.XI, V, 321

me msurs Seviswavlo – sazogadoebriv wyobaSi, Tu adamianebi darCebian iseTebad, rogorebic arian, xolo kanonebi iqnebian imgvarni, rogoradac maT ZaluZT yofna – SesaZlebelia Tu ara mmarTvelobis raime kanonieri da myari wesis arseboba. am gamokvlevaSi gamudmebiT vecdebi urTierTkavSirSi ganvixilo is, ris nebasac gvrTavs samarTali da is, rasac adgens sargebeli, raTa es ori ram - sargebeli da samarTali – erTmaneTisgan ar iqnes gancalkavebuli.

imis mtkicebas ar movyvebi, Tu raoden mniSvnelovania Cemi kvlevis sagani; uSualod masze msjelobiT daviwyeb. SesaZloa mkiTxon: xelmwife an kanonmdebeli xom ar xar, politikaze rom wer? cxadia, ara, - mivugeb pasuxad - da swored amitomac vwer politikaze; xelmwife an kanonmdebeli rom viyo, dros ar davkargavdi imaze saubriT, ra unda mekeTebina; me mas usityvod Sevasrulebdi an dumils vamjobinebdi.

raoden sustic ar unda iyos Cemi, rogorc pirovnebis xmis gavlena sazogadoebriv saqmeebze, CemTvis, rogorc Tavisufali saxelmwifos (2) moqalaqisa da suverenuli xalxis warmomadgenlisTvis, Tavad xmis uflebac kmara da mavaldebulebs aRniSnuli saqmeebis Seswavlas. yovelTvis, rodesac mmarTvelobis formebze vfiqrob, bednierad vracx Tavs, vinaidan aseT dros gamudmebiT miZlierdeba Cemi qveynis mmarTvelobis siyvaruli.

II Tavipirveli sazogadoebebi

sazogadoebaTa Soris uZvelesi da erTaderTi bunebrivi sazogadoeba aris ojaxi; magram ojaxSic Svilebi mamasTan manamde rCebian, sanam maT TavianTi arsebobis

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SesanarCuneblad saWiroeben. aseTi aucilebloba rogorc ki gaqreba, bunebrivi kavSiri irRveva. mamis winaSe morCilebisgan Tavdaxsnili Svilebi da Svilebze zrunvisagan Tavisufali mamebi damoukideblobas Tanabrad inarCuneben; da Tu isini mainc agrZeleben gverdi-gverd cxovrebas, esaa nebayoflobiTi da ara bunebrivi aqti; ojaxis erTianoba SenarCunebulia mxolod SeTanxmebiT.

es sayovelTao Tavisufleba adamianis bunebidan momdinareobs. misi pirveli kanoni sakuTari arsebobis SenarCunebaze zrunvaa, pirveli sazrunavi ki is, rac sakuTari Tavis mimarT unda hqondes. sakmarisia, adamianma srulwlovanebis asaks miaRwios, igi sakuTari Tavis baton-patroni da Tavisive arsebobis SesanarCuneblad gamosadeg saSualebaTa erTaderTi ganmsjeli xdeba.

amgvarad, Tqven warmoidgineT, ojaxi politikuri sazogadoebis pirveli nimuSia; beladi mamis xatia, xalxi – Svilebisa. yvelani Tavisuflad da Tanasworad Sobilni, Tavisuflebas mxolod sakuTari sargeblobisTvis asxviseben. gansxvaveba mxolod is gaxlavT, rom ojaxSi mamisadmi Svilebis siyvaruli erTgvari sazRauria im zrunvisa, rasac mSobeli Tavisi sisxlisa da xorcis mimarT iCens; saxlmwifoSi ki siyvaruls, rasac ganmgebeli ar ganicdis Tavisi xalxis mimarT, enacvleba ganmgeblobiT miRebuli siamovneba. . . . .

III Taviyvelaze Zlieris ufleba

yvelaze Zlieri arasodes ar aris iseTi Zlieri, rom mudam batoni iyos; cxadia, Tu Tavis Zalas uflebad, xolo morCilebas movaleobad ar gardaqmnis. swored aqedan iRebs saTaves garegnulad TiTqos ironiulad miCneuli, sinamdvileSi ki principad dadgenili ufleba yvelaze Zlieris; nuTu arasodes agvixsnian am sityvas – ufleba? cxadia, arsebobs fizikuri Zliereba da ar mesmis, ra morali SeiZleba axldes mis Sedegebs. Zalis winaSe daTmoba aris aucileblobiT gamowveuli da ara - nebayoflobiTi aqti. aseTi daTmoba, didi-didi, SeiZleba, sifrTxilis aqtad CaiTvalos. maS, ra niSniT SeiZleba Zalis winaSe morCileba movaleobad miiCneodes?

erTi wamiT davuSvaT am egreT wodebuli uflebis arseboba. me mimaCnia, rom aseT daSvebas mxolod abdauba mohyveba, vinaidan, Tu Zala qmnis uflebas, maSin Sedegi mizezis adgilze aRmoCndeba: yoveli Zala, romelic aRemateba wina Zalas, am ukanasknelis uflebebsac memkvidreobiT iRebs. Tu SesaZlebelia daumorCileblobam dausjelad iarsebos, maSasadame amis qmna SeiZleba kanonis safuZvelzec da vinaidan yvelaze Zlieri yovelTvis marTalia, maSin mTavaria, ecadoT, yvelaze Zlieri iyoT. mainc ra aris es ufleba, romelic Zalis mospobisTanave qreba? Tu Zalas unda morCilebdnen, maSin movaleobisadmi morCileba aucilebeli rodia. Tu iZulebulni ar arian morCilebdnen, maSin aRarc valdebulni iqnebian morCilebdnen. Tqmulidan gamomdinare, sityva ufleba arafers hmatebs Zalas; am SemTxvevaSi mas TiTqmis araviTari mniSvneloba ar aqvs.

dahmorCildiT xelisufalT! Tu amiT surT Tqvan, danebdiT Zalaso, maSin es rigiani, magram zedmeti rCeva-darigebaa; me vamtkiceb, rom mas arasdros daarRveven. yoveli xelisufleba RmerTidan momdinareobs (3); asea, magram yoveli daavadebac xom RvTis nebaa; da nuTu es imas niSnavs, rom ar SeiZleba eqims mimarTo?! Tu usier tyeSi yaCaRi Tavs damesxa, iZulebuli gavxdebi qisa mivce. magram qisis damalva rom SemZleboda, gana sindisi yaCaRisTvis mis daTmobas maiZulebda? bolos da bolos, yaCaRis xelSi dambaCac xom erTgvari Zalauflebaa.

maSasadame SevTanxmdeT: Zala ar qmnis uflebas, adamiani valdebulia morCilebdes mxolod kanonier xelisufalT. ase rom, kvlav Cems pirvel kiTxvas vubrundebiT.

Tavi VIsazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba

me vgulisxmob adamianebis ganviTarebis iseT safexurs, rodesac winaaRmdegobebi, romlebic xels uSlian maTi arsebobis SenarCunebas bunebriv mdgomareobaSi, aRematebian im Zalebs, TiToeuls rom SeuZlia gamoavlinos arsebobis SesanarCuneblad amgvar mdgomareobaSi. aseT viTarebaSi pirvelyofil mdgomareobas aRar SeeZlo arseboba; da Tu adamianTa modgma arsebobis formas ar Secvlida, igi daiRupeboda.

adamianebi uZlurni arian Seqmnan axali Zalebi; maT xelewifebaT mxolod arsebul ZalTa gaerTianeba da warmarTva; amitom maTi arsebobis SesanarCuleblad erTaderTi

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saSualebaa gaerTianebuli ZalebiT iseTi erTobliobis Seqmna, rac winaaRmdegobebs daaZlevinebda, am Zalebs erTianad aamoqmedebda.

ZalTa es erToblioba SeiZleba waroiSvas mxolod mravalTa monawileobiT, magram, vinaidan Zala da Tavisufleba nebismieri adamianSi arsebobis SenarCunebis upirvelesi saSualebebia, man isini rogor unda gaiRos ise, rom arc sakuTar Tavs avnos da imavdroulad, arc sakuTari interesebi ugulebelyos? Cemi sakvlevi sagnis es sirTule SeiZleba Semdegnairad gadawydes: “gamoinaxos asociaciis iseTi forma, romelic erTiani ZaliT daicavs da uzrunvelyofs misi yoveli wevris pirovnebasa da qonebas, da miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela erTmaneTTan iqneba SekavSirebuli, TiToeuli mxolod sakuTar Tavs daemorCileba da uwindeburad Tavisufali darCeba.” ai, aseTia sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis gadasawyveti umTavresi problema.

am xelSekrulebis muxlebi imdenad aris gansazRvruli Tavad am aqtis bunebiT, rom umciresi cvlilebac ki maT fuWsa da baTils gaxdida. aRniSnul muxlebs formalurad arasodes gamoTqvamen, magram isini uTqmeladac yvelgan erTnairadaa daSvebuli da aRiarebuli. ase gastans sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis darRvevamde. misi darRvevis Semdeg, pirobiTi Tavisuflebis dakargviT yoveli wevri ibrunebs Tavis pirvelad uflebebs da bunebriv Tavisuflebas, razedac pirobiTi Tavisuflebis gamo uari hqonda naTqvami.

xelSekrulebis es pirobebi, Tu maT sworad gavigebT, arsebiTad, erT pirobaze daiyvaneba: asociaciis yoveli wevris yvela uflebis sruli gasxviseba mTeli erTobis sasargeblod. raki asociaciis yovelma wevrma srulad unda gaiRos sakuTari Tavi, amdenad es piroba yvelasaTvis erTia; da radgan piroba yvelasaTvis erTia, arc aravinaa dainteresebuli, igi sxvebs daumZimos.

garda amisa, vinaidan sakuTari Tavis gasxviseba uyoymanod xdeba, kavSiric imdenad aris srulyofili, ramdenadac mas ZaluZs aseTad yofna da arc asociaciis arcerT wevrs ar aqvs gansakuTrebuli moTxovnebi.; Tu kerZo pirT darCebodaT raRac uflebebi, maSin, raki ar iarsebebda sazogadoebasa da calkeul pirs Soris davis gadamwyveti umaRlesi xelisufleba, garkveul SemTxvevaSi sakuTari Tavis msajulad qceuli piri, male sxvaTa gansjasac moiwadinebda; bunebrivi mdgomareoba iqneboda, magram asociacia aucileblad tiranuli an fuWi gaxdeboda.

da bolos, yvelasaTvis Tavis gammetebeli yoveli wevri Tavs aravisTvis ar gaimetebda; da vinaidan yoveli wevris mimarT danarCenebsac iseTive uflebebi eqnebodaT, rogorc – sakuTari Tavisadmi, TiToeuli individi xelaxla SeiZenda yvelafers, rasac igi kargavda da ufro met Zalas Seimatebda imis SesanarCuneblad, rac ebada.

Tu sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebidan araarsebiTs amoviRebT, davinaxavT, rom igi aseT saxes miiRebs: TiToeuli Cvengani Tavis pirovnebasa da mTel Tavis Zalas gaiRebs saerTo nebis uzenaesi xelmZRvanelobiT da yoveli wevri gveZleva rogorc mTeli ganuyofeli nawili.

asociaciis es aqti xelSekrulebis damdebi calkeuli pirovnebis nacvlad, dauyovnebliv qmnis moralur da koleqtiur korpuss, romelic imdeni wevrisagan Sedgeba, ramdeni xmac aqvs krebas; es korpusi amave aqtis meSveobiT iZens Tavis erTianobas, Tavis sazogado “mes”, cxovelmyofelobas da nebas. yvela sxva pirovnebis SekavSirebiT Camoyalibebul aseT sazogadoebriv pirovnebas, odesRac samoqalaqo sazogadoeba rom ewodeboda, (cite*), axla ki – respublika anu politikuri korpusi, misi pasiurobis SemTxvevaSi misi wevrebi saxelmwifos uwodeben, aqtiurobis SemTxvevaSi ki suverens, misive msgavsTan Sedarebisas _ xelisuflebas. rac Seexeba asociaciis wevrebs, koleqtiurad maT xalxi ewodebaT, individualurad moqalaqeebi, xolo, rogorc saxelmwifos kanonebis morCilT – qveSevrdomebi. es terminebi xSirad erTmaneTSi ireva da erTimeoris nacvlad gamoiyeneba. rodesac isini TavianTi mniSvnelobiT arian gamoyenebulni, maTi gansxvaveba unda SegveZlos.

VII Tavisuvereni

winamdebare formula mowmobs, rom asociaciis aqti sazogadoebasa da kerZo pirTa Soris urTierTvaldebulebas gulisxmobs da TiToeuli individi, ase vTqvaT, sakuTar TavTan xelSekrulebis dadebiT Tavs ormagad ivaldebulebs: erTi – rogorc suverenis wevri kerZo pirTa mimarT da meore _ rogorc saxelmwifos wevri suverenis mimarT. magram am SemTxvevaSi samoqalaqo uflebis maqsima – sakuTari Tavis mimarT vinmes davaldebuleba _ ar gamodgeba, vinaidan Zalze didad sxvaoben valdebulebebi sakuTari Tavisa da mTelis winaSe, romlis nawilica xar.

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isic unda aRvniSnoT, rom sazogadoebrivi gadawyvetilebiT SeiZleba dadgindes qveSevrdomis valdebuleba suverenis winaSe, vinaidan TiToeuli qveSevrdomi sxvadasxva mimarTebiT ganixileba. magram, sapirispiro mosazrebis Tanaxmad, SeuZlebelia suverens movaleoba daudginoT sakuTari Tavis mimarT. politikuri korpusis bunebas ewinaaRmdegeba suverenis mier sakuTari Tavis davaldebuleba kanoniT, romlis darRvevac mas ar SeuZlia. suverens sakuTari Tavi SeuZlia ganixilos mxolod erTaderTi mimarTebiT; amdenad, igi im kerZo piris mdgomareobaSia, sakuTar TavTan rom debs xelSekrulebas; aqedan naTelia, rom ar arsebobs da arc SeiZleba arsebobdes raime savaldebulo ZiriTadi kanoni xalxis korpusisaTvis;

misTvis arc sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebaa savaldebulo. cxadia, es ar niSnavs, rom am sazogadoebriv korpuss ar SeeZlos Tavis davaldebuleba sxvaTa winaSe yovelive imaSi, rac ar ewinaaRmdegeba sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebas, radgan ucxo qveynis mkvidris mimarT igi Cveulebrivi adamiani, individi xdeba.

magram politikur korpuss anu suverens, romelic mxolod xelSekrulebis siwmindis wyalobiT arsebobs, ar ZaluZs odesme Tavi sxvis mimarT iseTi ramiT

* am sityvis WeSmariti mniSvneloba Tanamedroveebma TiTqmis srulebiT daiviwyes. bevrs qalaqi moqalaqeTa sazogadoeba hgonia, qalaqeli ki moqalaqeSi ereva. maT ar uwyian, rom qalaqs saxlebi, moqalaqeTa sazogadoebas ki moqalaqeebi qmnian. odesRac es Secdoma karTagenelebs Zvirad daujdaT. arsad wamikiTxavs, romelime saxelmwifos qveSevrdomisaTvis rom cives ewodebinoT. Zvelad aseTi ram makedonelebSic ar momxdara; Cvens droSi aseTi ram arc ingliselebSi SeiniSneba, Tumca isini yvela sxva erebze ufro axlos dganan TavisuflebasTan. mxolod frangebi uwodeben TavianT Tavs Zalzed ubralod “moqalaqeebs”, vinaidan maT srulebiT ar esmiT am sityvis mniSvneloba. amas maTi leqsikonebic mowmobs. frangebs am sityvis mniSvneloba rom esmodeT, misi uzurpaciiT erTgvarad ar Seuracxyofdnen mis udidebulesobas: es sityva maTTan uflebas ki ara, siqveles niSnavs. rodesac bodenma (4) Cvens moqalaqeebsa da qalaqelebze saubari isurva, uxeSi Secdoma dauSva, vinaidan erTni meoreebad miiRo. b-ni d. alamberi (5) ar Semcdara; man Tavis statiaSi “Jeneva” sworad gamoyo Cvens qalaqSi mcxovreb adamianTa oTxi rangi (ucxoelTa CaTvliT xuTic). maTgan mxolod ori qmnis respublikas. sxva frang avtorTagan, ramdenadac CemTvis aris cnobili, sityva “moqalaqis” namdvili mniSvneloba veravin gaigo.daivaldebulos, rac am pirvelad aqts xelyofs; magaliTad, Tavisi Tavis raRac nawili gaasxvisos, anda sxva suverens damorCildes. darRveva aqtisa, risi wyalobiTac Tavad arsebobs, sakuTari Tavis ganadgurebis tolfasi iqneboda, xolo araraobas arafris Seqmna ar ZaluZs.

rogorc ki adamianTa brbo amgvar erT korpusad gaerTiandeba, SeuZlebelia erT-erTi misi wevri ise SeuracxyoT, rom amiT mTel korpuss ar miayenoT Seuracxyofa; miT ufro SeuZlebelia, rom mTeli SeuracxyoT da am dros misma yvela wevrma Tavi Seuracxyofilad ar igrZnos. amgvarad, movaleoba da sargebeli urTierTdaxmarebas Tanabrad avaldebuleben xelSekrulebis damdeb orive mxares; erTi da igive adamianebi unda cdilobdnen aseTi ormagi mimarTebiT gaaerTianon am urTierTobidan momdinare yvela sikeTe.

suverens, rogorc kerZo pirTa erTobliobas, ara aqvs da arc SeiZleba hqondes maTi interesebis sawinaaRmdego interesebi; amitom qveSevrdomebi suverenuli xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg ar gamovlen; maT amisTvis Tavdebi ar sWirdebaT, radgan SeuZlebelia davuSvaT, rom korpuss gauCndes Tavisi wevrisaTvis zianis miyenebis survili; qvemoT vnaxavT, rom mas ar ZaluZs, vinmes individualurad avnos. suvereni, raki arsebobs, mudamJams aris is, rac unda iyos.

magram suverenisadmi qveSevrdomTa mimarTeba aseTi ar gaxlavT. saerTo interesis miuxedavad, qveSevrdomebs saeWvoa, SeesrulebinaT TavianTi valdebulebebi, Tu suvereni ar gamonaxavda saSualebebs, rac maTi erTgulebis Tavdebi iqneboda.

marTlac, yovel individs, rogorc moqalaqes, SeiZleba qondes kerZo neba, saerTo nebis sapirispiro an misgan gansxvavebuli. sakuTarma kerZo interesema SesaZloa mas saerTo interesisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli ram STaagonos. misma SeuzRudavma da, rasakvirelia, damoukidebelma arsebobam SesaZloa mas afiqrebinos, rom is, rac man saerTo saqmisTvis begaris saxiT usasyidlod unda gaiRos, ufro mZimea misTvis, vidre argaRebis SemTxvevaSi - nakleb saziano sxvebisaTvis. moralur pirovnebas, romelic saxelmwifos warmoadgens, Tu ise ganvixilavT, rogorc gonier arsebas (vinaidan is adamiani ar aris) maSin yoveli individi moqalaqis uflebebiT isargeblebda, qveSevrdomis movaleobis Sesrulebas ki ar moisurvebda. amgvari usamarTlobis zrda ki politikuri korpusis ganadgurebas gamoiwvevda.

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es sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba fuW formalobad rom ar iqces, igi usityvod Seicavs iseT Seuval valdebulebas, rac sxva valdebulebebs aniWebs Zalas; kerZod, Tu vinme uars ityvis saerTo nebis morCilebaze, mas Tavisuflad yofnas mTeli korpusi aiZulebs. xelSekrulebis pirobis Tanaxmad, TiToeuli moqalaqe samSoblos gankargulebaSi imyofeba. amiT igi icavs mas yovelgvari pirovnuli damoukidebulisagan. es piroba politikuri manqanis mamoZravebeli xelovneba gaxlavT. samoqalaqo valdebulebebs kanoniers mxolod igi xdis; mis gareSe es valdebulebebi uazro da tiranuli iqneboda da udides borotebaTa mizezi gaxdeboda.

VIII Tavisamoqalaqo mdgomareoba

bunebrivi mdgomareobidan samoqalaqo mdgomareobaSi gadasvla adamianSi Zalze SesamCnev cvlilebas iwvevs; mis moqmedebaSi instiqts cvlis marTlmsajuleba; mis qmedebebs eniWeba zneobrioba, rac maT aqamde ar gaaCndaT. movaleobis xma fizikur impulss, ufleba-survils, mxolod amis Semdeg mihyveba da adamiani, aqamde rom mxolod sakuTar Tavs aqcevda yuradRebas, axla iZulebuli xdeba sxva principebiT imoqmedos da, vidre bunebriv vnebebs danebdebodes, gonebis xmas yuri miugdos. cxadia, samoqalaqo mdgomareobaSi myofi adamiani Tmobs Tavis zogierT upiratesobas, rac bunebidan aqvs miRebuli, magram, samagierod, igi gacilebiT ufro Rirebul upiratesobebas iZens. misi unarebi ufro ixveweba da viTardeba, misi ideebi ufro farTovdeba, misi grZnobebi ufro keTilSobiluri xdeba, igi mTeli suliT imdenad maRldeba (Tu ara – cxovrebis axali pirobebidan gamomdinare, xSirad uwindel mdgomareobaze metad damamdablebeli boroti qmedebani), rom marad salocavi unda qonoda im Jamis dadgoma, romelmac erTxel da samudamod gamoglija igi Zvel mdgomareobas da ugunuri, SezRuduli cxovrebidan moazrovne arsebad – adamianad – aqcia.

mTeli es daskvna SedarebiT ufro ioli terminebiT gamovTqvaT: sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebiT adamiani kargavs sakuTar bunebriv Tavisuflebas da ganusazRvrel uflebas yoveliveze, rac mas izidavs da rasac SeiZleba daeuflos; aRniSnuli xelSekrulebis sargebeli ki is gaxlavT, rom adamiani iRebs samoqalaqo Tavisuflebas da sakuTar uflebas yoveliveze, rac mas abadia. am kompensaciebSi aRreva rom ar moxdes, bunebrivi Tavisufleba mxolod individis ZalebiT Semofargluli, mkveTrad unda gavmijnoT saerTo nebiT SezRuduli samoqalaqo Tavisuflebisagan; aseve aucilebelia mxolod Zalis gamoyenebis Sedegad gamovlenili mflobeloba an pirveli dampyrobis ubralo ufleba, ganvasxvavoT sakuTrebisagan, romelic mxolod dadebiT uflebas SeiZleba efuZnebodes.

yovelive imisaTvis, rac win uswrebs samoqalaqo mdgomareobas, SeiZleba dagvematebina moraluri Tavisuflebac – erTaderTi igi aqcevs adamians marTlac sakuTari Tavis baton-patronad; sanam adamians mxolod gulisTqma amoZravebs, igi monobaSi imyofeba; kanonisadmi morCilebiT, Tavis Tavs TviTon rom dauwesa, igi Tavisuflebas moipovebs. me am sakiTxs sakmaod vrclad Sevexe; sityva Tavisuflebis filosofiuri mniSvnelobis kvleva ki Cemi sakvlevi sagani ar gaxlavT.

meore wigniI Tavi

suverenitetis ganusxvisebloba

zemoT dadgenil principTagan pirveli da umniSvnelovanesi daskvna is gaxlavT, rom mxolod sayovelTao nebas ZaluZs saxelmwifo Zalebis marTva misive (am saxelmwifos) institutis miznis – saerTo keTildReobis – Sesabamisad. marTalia sazogadoebis Seqmna kerZo interesebis Seqmnam ganapiroba, magram es mainc mxolod imave interesTa Tanxmobam gaxada SesaZlebeli. sazogadoebriv kavSirs qmnis is, rac saerToa sxvadasxva kerZo interesisaTvis; iseTi wertilis gareSe, sadac Tavs moiyrida yvela interesi, veraviTari sazgadoeba ver iarsebebda.

me vamtkiceb, rom suvereniteti, rogorc saerTo nebis gamoxatuleba, ganusxvisebelia, rom suvereni, rogorc koleqtiuri arseba, mxolod sakuTari TaviT warmodgeba. amgvarad, Zalauflebis gadacema SesaZlebelia, nebisa – ara.

marTlac, Tu SesaZlebelia kerZo da saerTo nebis Tanxvedra raRac sakiTxis garSemo, SeuZlebelia, aseTi Tanxmoba xangrZlivi da ucvleli iyos, vinaidan kerZo piris neba Tavisi bunebiT upiratesobisken, saerTo neba ki Tanasworobisken iltvis. kidev ufro SeuZlebelia am

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Tanxmobis garantiis floba, Tundac igi ucvleli iyos; aseTi ram SemTxveviTobis wyaloba iqneboda ara – xelovnebisa. suverens SeuZlia Tamamad ganacxados: “axla mec igive msurs, rac zogs surs an ambobs, rom surs.” magram mas ar SeuZlia Tqvas: “rasac es kaci xval moisurvebs, Cemi survilic igive iqneba”. ugunureba iqneboda, nebas samomavlod rom SeezRuda sakuTari Tavi; vinaidan aravis nebaze araa damokidebuli daTanxmdes iseT rames, rac nebisave mflobelis keTildReobis sawinaaRmdego iqneba. amgvarad, Tu xalxi ubralod, morCilebas hpirdeba vinmes, am dapirebiT sakuTar Tavs spobs da kargavs Tavis Tvisebas; rogorc ki mbrZanebeli Cndeba, suvereni wyvets arsebobas da am momentidan politikuri korpusi ingreva.

es ar niSnavs, rom ganmgebelTa gankargulebebi ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnes saerTo nebis gamovlinebad manamde, vidre suvereni, romelsac SeuZlia dapirispireba, amisgan Tavs ikavebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi sayovelTao siCume xalxis Tanxmobad unda iqnes aRqmuli. qvemoT es ufro vrclad iqneba ganxiluli.

II Tavisuverenitetis ganuyofeloba

imave safuZvelze, ris Tanaxmadac suvereniteti ganusxvisebelia, igi ganuyofelicaa;

neba an sayovelTaoa*, an – ara, an mTeli xalxis nebaa, an – mxolod

* nebis sayovelTaoba yovelTvis rodi gulisxmobs mis erTsulovnebas, magram aucilebelia yvela xmis daTvla; yovelgvari formaluri gamonaklisi spobs sayovelTaobas.misi nawilisa. pirvel SemTxvevaSi es sayovelTao, gacxadebuli neba suverenitetis aqtia da kanons qmnis. meore SemTxvevaSi igi mxolod kerZo neba, an magistraturis aqtia. didi-didi es dekreti gaxlavT.

Cveni politikosebi6, romelTac suverenitetis principuli dayofa ar ZaluZT, mis sagans yofen; isini suverenitets yofen Zalad da nebad; sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel xelisuflebad; gadasaxadebis dawesebis, sasamarTlosa da omis uflebad; Sida ganmgeblobad da ucxo qveynebTan xelSekrulebebis dadebis uflebad. yvela am Semadgenel nawils isini xan erTmaneTSi ureven, xan erTmaneTisagan acalkaveben. suverens isini warmoaCenen sxvadasxva nawilTagan Sekowiwebul raRac fantastikur arsebad. es igivea, rom adamiani SeedginaT ramdenime sxeulisagan, romelTaganac erTs mxolod Tvalebi, meores xelebi, mesames ki fexebi eqneboda. amboben, iaponeli fakirebi mayurebelTa Tvalwin aso-aso kuwaven bavSvs, Semdeg misi sxeulis nawilebs erTimeoris miyolebiT isvrian haerSi da bavSvs miwaze kvlav cocxalsa da saRsalamaTs abrunebeno. Cveni politikosebis fandebic daaxloebiT amgvaria. bazrobaze saCvenebeli oinebiT danawevrebul socialur korpuss, aravin uwyis, kvlav rogor aerTeben.

es Secdoma momdinareobs iqidan, rom politikosebma saTanadod ver gaacnobiers umaRlesi xelisuflebis arsi da Semadgenel nawilebad miiCnies is, rac mxolod misi emanaciebi iyo. ase magaliTad, omisa da mSvidobis gamocxadeba suverenitetis aqtebad miiCnies. sinamdvileSi es ase ar gaxlavT, vinaidan TiToeuli am aqtTagani kanoni ki ar aris, aramed mxolod kanonis gamoyeneba, kerZo aqti, kanonis gamoyenebas rom gansazRvravs. es naTlad warmoCindeba sityva kanonis mniSvnelobis dadgenisas.

Tu sxva dayofebsac ase ganvixilavT, SevniSnavT, rom yovelTvis cdebian, rodesac fiqroben, TiTqos suvereniteti dayofilia; uflebebi, romelTac am suverenitetis nawilebad miiCneven, masve eqvemdebarebian da yovelTvis umaRlesi nebis arsebobas gulisxmoben. es uflebebi suverenitetis neba-survilTa ganxorcielebaa.

ver warmoidgenT, raoden bundovani gaxada am uzustobam politikuri samarTlis dargSi momuSave TeoretikosTa daskvnebi, rodesac maT Tavisive principebis Tanaxmad iwyes msjeloba xalxisa da mefeTa uflebebze erTmaneTis mimarT. grociusis pirveli wignis mesame (7) da meoTxe TavebSi yvela SeniSnavs, rogor ebnevaT Tavgza am swavlulsa da mis mTargmnel barbeiraks; isini sofizmebSi eflobian imis SiSiT, rom araferi daaklon an ar gadaaWarbon da erTmaneTs ar daupirispiron is Sexedulebebi, romelTa SeTanxmebac swadian. samSobloze ganawyenebulma grociusma Tavi safrangeTs Seafara. am wignis miZRvnis obieqtis, lui XIII-is (8) gulis mosagebad igi Zal-Rones ar iSurebs, raTa xalxs CamoarTvas yvela misi ufleba da mefeebs mianiWos. aseTive gaxldaT barbeirakis cnobili survilic; man Tavisi Targmani inglisis mefes, jorj I-s (9) uZRvna. samwuxarod, jeimz II-is (10) gaZevebam, rasac barbeiraki gankveTas uwodebs, igi aiZula gafrTxilebuliyo da

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saTqmeli bolomde ar eTqva, eSmakobisaTvis miemarTa, raTa uiliam (11) uzurpatorad ar warmoeCina. am or mwerals swori principebiT rom exelmZRvanelaT, yvela sirTule daZleuli iqneboda da maTi Sexedulebani Tanmimdevruli aRmoCndeboda. magram isini aseT SemTxvevaSi naRvlianad ityodnen simarTles, riTac mxolod xalxs aamebdnen. WeSmariteba simdidres ar mogixveWs, xolo xalxi arc elCis Tanamdebobas giboZebs, arc kaTedrebs da arc pensiebs.

IV Tavisuverenuli xelisuflebis zRvrebi

Tu saxelmwifo an samoqalaqo sazogadoeba mxolod moraluri piria, romlis mizanic sakuTar wevrTa gaerTianebaa, umniSvnelovanesi sazrunavi ki – arsebobis SenarCuneba, maSin mas esaWiroeba sayovelTao da maiZulebeli Zala, raTa yoveli nawili mTelisaTvis yvelaze xelsayreli formiT moyavdes moqmedebaSi da ganagebdes maT. iseve rogorc yovel adamians buneba aniWebs absolutur Zalauflebas sxeulis yovel nawilze, sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebac politikur korpuss absolutur Zalauflebas aniWebs yovel mis wevrze; es is Zalauflebaa, saerTo neba rom ganagebs da, romelsac, rogorc ukve vTqvi, suvereniteti ewodeba.

garda sazogadoebrivi pirisa, Cven unda ganvixiloT misi Semadgeneli kerZo pirovnebebi, romelTa sicocxle da Tavisufleba, bunebrivia, misgan damoukidebelia.

amgvarad, guldasmiT unda gavmijnoT, erTi mxriv, moqalaqeTa da suverenis* uflebebi erTmaneTis mimarT da meore mxriv, moqalaqeTa, rogorc qveSevrdomTa movaleobebi da bunebrivi ufleba, riTac isini, rogorc adamianebi unda sargeblobdnen.

SevTanxmdeT, rom yvelaferi, rasac TiToeuli individi Tavis SesaZleblobebidan, qonebidan da Tavisuflebidan asxvisebs sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebiT, mxolod nawilia imisa, rac sazogadoebisaTvis aris aucilebeli; aseve unda SevTanxmdeT imazec, rom mxolod suvereni wyvets, ra esaWiroeba mas.

moqalaqem suverenis pirvelsave moTxovnaze saxelmwifos unda gauwios yvela is samsaxuri, rac mas ZaluZs; Tavis mxriv, suverenma ar unda daakisros qveSevrdoms sazogadoebisaTvis usargeblo mZime tvirTi. aseTi ram man arc unda isurvos, vinaidan rogorc gonebis, ise bunebis kanonTa Tanaxmad, araferi xdeba umizezod.

movaleobebi, romlebic sazogadoebriv korpusTan gvakavSirebs, savaldebuloa imdenad, ramdenadac isini ormxrivia; gamomdinare maTi bunebidan, sxvisTvis muSaoba imavdroulad sakuTari TavisaTvis muSaobacaa. ratom aris saerTo neba yovelTvis swori da yvelas ratom surs TiToeuli moqalaqis bedniereba, Tu ara imitom, rom yvela adamiani sityvaSi TiToeuli sakuTar Tavs gulisxmobs da yvelasTvis xmis micemisas sakuTar Tavze fiqrobs? es Semdegs adasturebs: uflebebis Tanasworoba da misgan momdinare samarTlianobis Segneba im upiratesobidan iRebs saTaves, TiToeuli sakuTar Tavs rom aniWebs, maSasadame, adamianis bunebidan. saerTo neba, marTlacda saerTo rom iyos, rogorc Tavis saganTan, ise arsTan mimarTebaSi, sayovelTao unda iyos da yvelasgan unda momdinareobdes, raTa aseve yvelas mimarT gamoiyenebodes; igi kargavs Tavis bunebriv samarTlianobas, rodesac mimarTulia romelime individualuri da gansazRvruli sagnisaken; aseT SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis ucxo saganze vmsjelobT da veRar vxelmZRvanelobT samarTlianobis WeSmariti principiT.

marTlac, rogorc ki saqme saerTo SeTanxmebiT winaswar mougvarebel raime kerZo uflebas Seexeba, igi sadavo xdeba. esaa erTgvari procesi, romlis erTi mxare dainteresebuli kerZo pirebi arian, xolo meore mxare – sazogadoeba. aq me verc im kanons vxedav, riTac unda ixelmZRvanelon da verc im msajuls, romelmac gadawyvetileba unda miiRos. sasacilo iqneboda, aseT dros saerTo nebis sagangebod miRebuli gadawyvetilebis damowmeba; mxolod erTi mxaris mier miRebuli amgvari gadawyvetileba meore mxarisaTvis usamarTlobisa da mcdarobis niSniT daRdasmuli ucxo, kerZo nebis gamovlineba iqneboda; amgvarad, rogorc kerZo nebas ar ZaluZs, saerTo neba warmoadginos, aseve saerTo nebac, Tu misi sagani kerZo SemTxvevaa, Tavis bunebas icvlis da da arc romelime individis, arc romelime faqtis mimarT gadawyvetilebis miReba ar ZaluZs. magaliTad, rodesac aTeneli xalxi Tavis gamgebels irCevda an cvlida, erTs pativs miagebda, meores sasjels adebda da yvela mmarTvelobiT aqts mravalricxovani kerZo dekretebiT ganurCevlad axorcielebda. kacma rom Tqvas, maSin am xalxs saerTo neba aRar gaaCnda. xalxi moqmedebda rogorc magistrati da ara rogorc – suvereni. es sayovelTaod miRebuli azris sapirispirod mogeCvenebaT, magram madroveT, Cemi Sexedulebebi gadmovce.

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zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, daskvnis saxiT unda ganvacxado, rom nebis sayovelTao xasiaTs uzrunvelyofs ara xmaTa raodenoba, aramed ufro maTi gamaerTianebeli saerTo intersi. aseTi institutis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi TiToeuli piri aucileblobiT eqvemdebareba im pirobebs, romelTac sxvebs uwesebs. iqmneba sargeblisa da samarTlianobis Cinebuli Tanxmoba, rac saerTo saqmeTa ganxilvisas gadawyvetilebebs Tanasworobis beWeds asvams, xolo nebismieri kerZo saqmis SemTxvevaSi myis uCinardeba im saerTo interesis uqonlobis gamo, romelic mosamarTlisa da mosarCle mxaris mdgomareobas erTmaneTTan gaaerTianebda da gaaigivebda.

ra mxriTac ar unda mivudgeT princips, yovelTvis erTsa da imave daskvnamde mivalT; kerZod: sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba moqalaqeTa Soris adgens iseT Tanasworobas, romlis Tanaxmadac yvela isini, kisruloben ra erTsa da imave

* gulisxmiero mkiTxvelebo, gTxovT nu iCqarebT Cems dadanaSaulebas, TiTqos winaaRmdegobaSi vvardebode. terminebSi winaaRmdegobas mxolod da mxolod enis siRaribis gamo ver davaRwie Tavi; keTili inebeT da madroveT! valdebulebebs, erTi da imave uflebebiT unda isargeblon. amgvarad, xelSekrulebis bunebis Tanaxmad, suverenitetis yoveli aqti, e.i. saerTo nebis yoveli utyuari aqti, yvela moqalaqes erTnairad avaldebulebs an mfarvelobs. ase rom, suvereni cnobs mxolod xalxs da erTmaneTisagan ar ansxvavebs mis wevrebs. mainc ra aris Tavad suverenitetis aqti? es ar gaxlavT rangiT zemdgomis SeTanxmeba misdami daqvemdebarebul pirTan; esaa mTelis Tanxmoba TiToeul mis wevrTan. igi kanonieri SeTanxmebaa, vinaidan sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebas efuZneba; sworia, vinaidan yvelas exeba; sasargebloa, vinaidan misi sagani mxolod da mxolod saerTo keTildReobaa; myaria, vinaidan Tavdebad sazogadoebrivi Zala da umaRlesi xelisufleba hyavs. vidre qveSevrdomebi mxolod amgvar SeTanxmebebs morCileben, isini, garda sakuTari nebisa, aravis eqvemdebarebian. ikiTxo, Tu sadamde vrceldeba suverenisa da moqalaqis uflebebi, erTmaneTis mimarT, igivea kiTxva ase dasva: ra zRvaramde SeiZleba moqalaqeebma Tavi daivaldebulon TiToeulma – yvelas mimarT da yvelam – TiToeulis mimarT.

raki erTxel davuSvebT am sxvaobebs ukve umarTeblo iqneba mtkiceba, rom realurad sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba ganapirobebs kerZo pirTa uars raimeze. sinamdvileSi maTi mdgomareoba am xelSekrulebis wyalobiT uwindelTan SedarebiT, bevrad ufro xelsayrelia, vinaidan, gasxvisebis nacvlad, maT mxolod sakuTari Tavis xelsayreli gacvla ganaxorcieles; TavianTi bundovani da uimedo arseboba ukeTesi da bevrad ufro usafrTxo gaxades. bunebrivi damoukidebloba Secvales TavisuflebiT, sxvisTvis zianis miyenebis SesaZlebloba – sakuTari usafrTxoebiT da sakuTari Zala, romlis daZlevac sxvas SeeZlo - uflebiT, sazogadoebrivi kavSiri uZlevels rom xdis. saxelmwifosaTvis gasawiri maTi sicocxlec saxelmwifos mier aris dReniadag daculi. rodesac saxelmwifos dasacavad adamianebi TavianT sicocxles safrTxes uqmnian, gana amiT imasve ar ubruneben saxelmwifos, rac misgan miiRes? aseT dros gana es igive ar aris, rac maT bevrad ufro didi safrTxis fasad unda moimoqmedon bunebriv mdgomareobaSi, Tu gardauval brZolaSi sicocxlis fasad maT mouwevT imis dacva, rac maTive sicocxlis SenarCunebas emsaxureba.

cxadia, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi samSoblos dasacavad, yvela unda ibrZodes, magram sakuTari TavisTvis aravin unda ibrZodes. gana sargebeli ar aris, sakuTari usafrTxoebis dasacavad Tavi safrTxeSi mxolod im zomiT CavigdoT, rogorc es CvenTvis usafrTxoebis CamorTmevisas mogviwevda?

VI Tavikanoni

sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebiT, politikur korpuss arseboba davumkvidreT da sicocxle mivaniWeT; axla aucilebelia misi amoqmedeba da nebis miniWeba kanomdeblobis meSveobiT, vinaidan pirveladi aqti, riTac es korpusi iqmneba da erTiandeba, srulebiT ar gansazRvravs, Tu ra unda moimoqmedos man sakuTari arsebobis SesanarCuneblad. is, rac kargia da wesrigs eTanadeba, rac Tavad sagnis bunebisagan modis, adamianTa SeTanxmebebisgan damoukideblad arsebobs. yovelgvari simarTle RmerTidan momdinareobs, igia misi erTaderTi saTave. magram Cven misi zegardmo miReba rom SegvZleboda, arc mTavroba dagvWirdeboda da arc kanoni. cxadia, arsebobs erTi sayovelTao samarTlianoba, mxolod gonidan gamomdinare. magram CvenTvis misaRebi

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rom gaxdes, igi aucileblad Tanaziari unda iyos. Tu sagnebs adamianuri TvalTaxedviT ganvixilavT, maSin, bunebis sanqciis uqonlobis gamo, samarTlianobis kanonebi miuRebelia adamianebisaTvis. isini mxolod borotis sargebelsa da samarTlianis zarals emsaxurebian, rodesac samarTliani maT yvelas mimarT icavs, xolo mis mimarT ki maT (am kanonebs) aravin icavs. amrigad, uflebebis movaleobebTan dasakavSireblad da samarTlianobis gansaxorcieleblad, aucilebelia SeTanxmebebi da kanonebi. bunebriv mdgomareobaSi, rodesac yvelaferi saerToa, me ar var valdebuli imaT winaSe, visac arafers davpirebivar. me sxvis sakuTrebad vaRiareb mxolod imas, rac ar mWirdeba. magram sazogadoebriv yofaSi yvelaferi sul sxvagvaradaa, aq yvela ufleba kanoniTaa gansazRvruli.

da mainc, ra aris kanoni? zogierTebi msjelobas ise gaagrZeleben, rom erTmaneTs verafers gaagebineben, sanam am sityvisaTvis mxolod metafizikuri mniSvnelobis miniWeba kmayofilebas mohgvriT. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu bunebis kanonis raobas daadgenen, saxelmwifo kanonis raobis arsi maTTvis mainc gaugebari darCeba.

rogorc mogaxseneT, saerTo neba ar SeiZleba kerZo saganze iyos mimarTuli. marTlac, es kerZo sagani SeiZleba iyos rogorc saxelmwifos SigniT, ise mis sazRvrebs miRma. Tu igi saxelmwifos sazRvrebs scildeba, maSin es ucxo neba misTvis saerTo ar iqneba. Tu es sagani saxelmwifoSia, maSin igi misi nawilia da myardeba mimarTeba mTelsa da mis nawils Soris; aseTi mimarTeba maTgan qmnis or calke arsebas, romelTaganac erTi nawilia, meore – mTeli, am nawilis gareSe. magram mTeli, nawilis gareSe, mTeli araa; vidre es mimarTeba arsebobs, mTeli aRaraa. aris mxolod ori araTanaswori nawili; aqedan gamomdinare, erTi nawilis neba meore nawilis mimarT saerTo nebad ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos.

magram rodesac xalxi raimes adgens uklebliv yvelasaTvis, maSin igi gulisxmobs mxolod sakuTar Tavs; da Tu aseT SemTxvevaSi dgindeba mimarTeba, esaa mTeli sagnis mimarTeba mTelTan, ganxiluli erTi TvalTaxedviT, meore TvalTaxedviT – mimarTeba mTel saganTan yovelgvari dayofis gareSe. maSin sagani, ris Sesaxebac dadgenileba gamoaqvT, iseve saerToa, rogorc misi damdgeni neba. es swored is aqtia, rasac me kanons vuwodeb.

rodesac vambob, rom kanonTa sagani yovelTvis zogadia-meTqi, amiT imas vgulisxmob, rom kanoni qveSevrdomebs ucqeris rogorc ganyenebul cnebebs. kanoni arasodes exeba adamians, rogorc individs da arc mis kerZo qmedebas. amrigad, cxadia, kanons SeuZlia privilegiebis dadgena, magram ara pirovnebaTa saxeldebiT. kanons SeuZlia moqalaqeebi dayos ramodenime klasad, aseve gamoyos is niSnebi, riTac maT ama Tu im klass miakuTvnebs, magram, mas ar SeuZlia calkeuli moqalaqeebi Caricxos romelime am klasSi. kanons SeuZlia daadginos mefis mmarTveloba da taxtis memkvidreobiToba, magram ar SeuZlia mefis arCeva, arc samefo gvaris dadgena. erTi sityviT, nebismieri funqcia, Tu igi individualur obieqts ukavSirdeba, sakanondeblo xelisuflebis sagani ar gaxlavT. am mosazrebidan myisve naTeli xdeba, rom aRar unda vikiTxoT (radgan kanonebi saerTo nebis aqtebia), vin unda adgendes maT; arc es: dgas Tu ara xelmwife, rogorc saxlmwifos wevri, kanonebze maRla; arc es: SeiZleba Tu ara kanoni iyos usamarTlo sakuTari Tavis mimarT; arc es: vinaidan kanonebi mxolod Cven nebaTa nusxaa, rogor SeiZleba erTdroulad Tavisufalic iyoT da kanonebs daqvemdebarebulic. isic naTelia, rom erTi pirovnebis mier sakuTari saxeliT gacemuli brZaneba, vinc ar unda gasces igi, kanoni ar aris, vinaidan kanoni aerTianebs nebisa da sagnis sayovelTaobas; is, rasac suvereni brZanebs kerZo saganTan dakavSirebiT, aseve kanoni ki ar aris, aramed mxolod dekretia, suverenitetis aqti ki ar aris, aramed _ magistraturisa.

ase rom, mmarTvelobis formis miuxedavad, me respublikas vuwodeb kanonebiT marTul nebismier saxelmwifos, vinaidan mxolod am SemTxvevaSi ganagebs sazogadoebrivi interesi saxelmwifos da sazogadoebrivi interesic warmoadgens raRacas. Y yoveli kanonieri mmarTveloba respublikuri mmarTvelobaa.* qvemoT ganvmartavT, Tu ra aris mmarTveloba.

TavisTavad, kanonebi esaa samoqalaqo sazogadoebis pirobebi. xalxi unda iyos Semoqmedi im kanonebisa, romelTac Tavadve hmorCilebs. sazogadoebaSi Tanacxovrebis pirobebs asociaciis wevrebi unda adgenden.

magram rogor daadgenen isini am pirobebs _ sayovelTao SeTanxmebiT, Tu wamieri STagonebiT? politikur korpuss moepoveba organo nebis gamosaxatavad? vin gansazRvravs gadawyvetilebaTa misaRebad saWiro windaxedulebis gamoCenas da maT droul gamoqveynebas? an rogor ganacxadebs maT saWiro momentSi? rogor Seqmnis ugunuri brbo iseT mniSvnelovan da rTul saqmes, rogoricaa sakanonmdeblo sistema, xSirad arc ki icis, Tavad ra surs da iSviaTad acnobierebs, ra aris misTvis umjobesi? xalxs TavisTvis yovelTvis sikeTe surs, magram igi mas yovelTvis ver xedavs. saerTo neba mudamJams sworia, magram misi warmmarTveli msjeloba yovelTvis naTeli rodia. sagnebi

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mas iseTad unda davanaxoT, rogoric sinamdvileSia, zogjer ki iseTad, rogoradac misTvis sasurvelia eCvenebodes; mas unda mivuTiToT im swor gzaze, romelsac igi eZiebs, davicvaT igi kerZo nebaTagan, romlebic acdenen mas am

* am sityviT me vgulisxmob ara mxolod aristokratias an demokratias, aramed – zogadad mmarTvelobas, romelsac ganagebs saerTo neba da rac gaxlavT kanoni. kanonieri rom iyos, amisTvis srulebiT araa saWiro mmarTveloba suverens erwymodes; igi suverenis saxeliT unda ganagebdes, maSin monarqiac ki respublika aris; amas momdevno wignSi agixsniT.

gzidan da naTlad davanaxoT maT kavSiri qveynebsa da epoqebs Soris, aSkara da uaxloesi upiratesobebis mimzidveloba, gavazomieroT faruli da Soreuli borotebis safrTxiT.

calkeuli pirebi xedaven sikeTes, romelsac uaryofen; sazogadoeba iltvis sikeTisken, magram mas ver xedavs. megzurebs yvelani erTnairad saWiroeben. erTni unda vaiZuloT TavianTi neba gonebas SeuTanxmon, sxvebs unda vaswavloT sakuTari survilis Secnoba. aseTi TandaTanobiTi ganaTleba sazogadoebriv korpusSi Seqmnis gagebisa da nebis erTobliobas; nawilebs Soris ase warmoiSoba swori metoqeoba da sabolood _ mTelis udidesi Zala. ai, saidan modis kanonmdeblobis aucilebloba.

X TavigagrZeleba

politikuri korpusis sazomad ori saSualeba arsebobs; kerZod: teritoriis farTobi da mosaxleobis raodenoba. saxelmwifos saTanado sididis dasadgenad, am or sidides Soris garkveuli mimarTeba unda davadginoT. saxelmwifos adamianebi qmnian, misi teritoria maTi sarCo – sabadebelis wyaroa. maT Soris iseTi mimarTeba unda arsebobdes, rom miwam uzrunvelyos saxelmwifos mkvidrTa arseboba, xolo mcxovrebTa raodenoba imdeni unda iyos, ramdenis gamokvebasac miwa SesZlebda. swored am TanafardobaSi mgomareobs mosaxleobis mocemuli raodenobis maqsimaluri Zala; Tu miwa arasakmarisia, saxelmwifo damatebiTi sarCos mosapoveblad mezobel qveynebzea damokidebuli; es TavdasxmiTi omebis uSualo mizezi gaxlavT. yoveli xalxi, romelic Tavisi mdgomareobiT iZulebulia an ivaWros, an iomos – TavisTavad sustia. igi damokidebulia Tavis mezoblebze, movlenebze; misi arseboba aramyari da xanmoklea. igi imorCilebs sxvebs da icvlis Tavis mdgomareobas an Tavad emorCileba sxvas da iqceva ararad. mas sakuTari Tavisufleba SeuZlia ubadrukobiT an sidiadiT SeinarCunos.

SeuZlebelia miwis farTobsa da mosaxleobis raodenobas Soris maTematikurad zusti iseTi mimarTebis dadgena, rom erTi meorisaTvis sakmari iyos. aq mravali pirobaa gasaTvaliwinebeli: niadagTa Soris arsebuli sxvaoba, maTi nayofierebis xarisxi, produqtis nairgvaroba, havis gavlena. garda amisa, arsebobs am miwis binadar adamianTa Soris xasiaTTa sxvaoba – noyieri niadagis mqone qveynis mkvidrni naklebs moixmaren, mwiri niadagis mkvidrni – bevrs; gasaTvaliswinebalia qalTa maRali Tu mdabali Svilosnobis unaric. isic, Tu qveynisaTvis ramdenad xelsayrelia mosaxleobis raodenoba, visTvisac daxmarebis gawevas Tavisi dadgenilebiT fiqrobs kanonmdebeli. ase rom, msjeloba unda efuZnebodes ara imas, rac Cans, aramed imas, rasac igi winaswar Wvrets. igi mosaxleobis arsebul mdgomareobaze ki ar unda SeCerdes, aramed unda gaiTvaliswinos is mdgomareoba, rasac man bunebrivad unda miaRwios. da bolos, arsebobs mravali SemTxveva, rodesac gansakuTrebuli adgilobrivi pirobebi imaze meti raodenobis miwebis dakavebas iTxoven an saSualebas qmnian, vidre amis aucileblobaa. amgvari gafarToeba garadauvalia mTiani qveynebisaTvis, sadac bunebrivi savargulebi – tye, saZovrebi _ nakleb garjas iTxoven, sadac gamocdilebis mixedviT, qalebi ufro maRali SvilosnobiT xasiaTdebian vidre baris mcxovrebni da sadac niadagis didi daxrilobis gamo Zalzed mcirea dasamuSaveblad vargisi vake farTobebi. piriqiT, zRvis sanapiroze, Tundac kldovani napirebisa da unayofo qviSis pirobebSi, ufro mWidrodac SeiZleba dasaxleba, vinaidan Tevzs mniSvnelovanwilad SeuZlia miwis produqtis Secvla; adamianebi aq ufro mWidrod unda cxovrobdnen, raTa mekobreTagan Tavi daicvan. garda amisa, aq ufro meti SesaZleblobaa sxva mxareebSi kolonizaciis Sedegad Seqmnili Warbi mosaxleobisgan qveynis gasaTavisufleblad.

xalxis Camosayalibeblad yvela am pirobas saWiroa daematos kidev erTi, romlis Secvlac raime sxva safuZveliT SeuZlebelia da uromlisodac yvela piroba fuWia. kerZod:

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aucilebelia xalxi tkbebodes siuxviTa da mSvidobiT, vinaidan Camoyalibebis procesSi myof saxelmwifos, iseve rogorc axlad Seqmil aTaseuls, naklebad ZaluZs mtrisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva da, amdenad, misi ganadgureba Zalze iolia. sruli uwesrigobisas winaaRmdegobis gaweva ufro iolia, vidre mRelvarebis dros, rodesac yvela Tavis mdgomareobaze zrunavs da ara saerTo safrTxeze. Tu kriziss daerTveba omi, SimSili, amboxi, saxelmwifos daRupva gardauvalia.

ise ar gamigoT, TiTqos msgavsi qariSxlebis periodebSi mmarTvelobebi ar Camoyalibebuliyos, magram maSin Tavad es mmarTvelobebi angreven saxelwifos; aseT mRelvare dros yovelTvis uzurpatorebi qmnian an irCeven, raTa sazogadoebrivi SiSis wyalobiT gaataron damangreveli kanonebi, romelTac mSvid mdgomareobaSi xalxi arasodes dauWerda mxars. kanonTa misaRebad drois SerCeva erT-erTi yvelaze utyuari niSania, romlis safuZvelzec kanonmdeblis saqmianoba SeiZleba tiraniis qmedebisgan ganvasxvavoT.

romel xalxs SeuZlia kanonmdeblis miReba? aseTi iqneba is xalxi, romelic ukve gaerTianebulia warmomavlobiT, interesebiT Tu SeTanxmebiT, magram jer ar utarebia kanonTa namdvili uReli; romelsac ar eSinia, rom uecari TavdasxmiT gaisriseba; romelsac mezobelTa uTanxmoebebSi Caurevlad SeuZlia Tavad gauwios winaaRmdegoba TiToeul maTgans an erTi maTganis meSveobiT meoris Tavdasxma moigerios; iseTi xalxi, romlis yoveli wevri SeiZleba yvelasaTvis nacnobi iyos da iZulebuli ar aris adamians iseTi simZime ahkidos, risi tarebac mas ar SeuZlia, is xalxi, romelsac sxva xalxis gareSe SeuZlia arseboba da uromlisodac nebismieri sxva xalxic gaZlebs*. aseTia is xalxi, romelic arc mdidaria da arc Raribi da ZaluZs sakuTari Tavis dakmayofileba; da bolos, es is xalxia, romelic aerTebs Zveli xalxis simtkices da axali xalxis morCilebas. kanonSemoqmedebiT saqmianobas imdenad is ki ar arTulebs, rac dasamkvidrebelia, aramed is, risi dangrevac aris aucilebeli. sakanonmdeblo gardaqmnebSi miRweuli warmatebebi Tu ase iSviaTia, amis mTavari mizezi is gaxlavT, rom SeuZlebelia moiZebnos sazogadoebis moTovnilebebTan SeTanxmebuli bunebrivi ubraloeba. yvela es piroba, cxadia, Zalze Znelia erTad iyos Tavmoyrili; swored amitomaa ase iSviaTi rigiani kanonmdeblobis mqone saxelmwifoebi.

evropaSi jer kidev aris kanonmdeblobisaTvis vargisi erTi qveyana; esaa kunZuli korsika. im simamacisa da Seupovrobis gamo, ramac am gulad xalxs sakuTari Tavisuflebis mopoveba da dacva SeaZlebina, igi imsaxurebs imas, rom romelime gonierma adamianma misi SenarCunebac aswavlos. aseTi winaTgrZnoba maqvs, rom odesme es patara kunZuli evropas gaaocebs.

XI Tavikanonmdeblobis sxvadaxva sistema

Tu gamovikvlevT, ra aris swored is udidesi sikeTe, rac nebismieri sakanonmdeblo sistemis mizani unda iyos, vnaxavT, rom mas ori umTavresi ram –Tavisufleba da Tanasworoba – ganapirobebs. Tavisufleba imitom, rom yoveli kerZo damokidebuleba saxelmwifo korpusisaTvis raRac Zalis warTmevis tolfasia; Tanasworoba imitom, rom Tavisuflebas ar ZaluZs Tanasworobis gareSe arseboba.

samoqalaqo Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb ukve mogaxseneT; rac Seexeba Tanasworobas, es sityva ise ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos sazogadoebis yvela wevrs Zalauflebisa da simdidris xarisxi sruliad erTi da igive unda hqondes. aucilebelia mxolod is, rom calkeuli piris Zalmosileba aranair ZaladobaSi ar gadaizardos da man imoqmedos mxolod Tavisi mdgomareobis Sesatyvisad da kanonebis safuZvelze. simdidres rac Seexeba, arc erTi moqalaqe ar unda iyos ise mdidari, rom sxvisi yidva SeeZlos da piriqiT, arc vinme unda iyos ise Raribi, rom gasayidi gauxdes.** es

*Tu ori mezobeli xalxidan erTs ar SuZlia meoris dauxmareblad Tavis gatana, iqmneba Zalze mZime mdgomareoba erTisaTvis da Zalze saSiSi meoresaTvis. aseT SemTxvevaSi yoveli WkuaTmyofeli xalxi Seecdeba, meore male gaaTavisuflos aseTi damokidebuli mdgomareobisgan. meqsikis imperiis wiaRSi moqceulma tlaskalas (12) respublikam meqsikelebisgan marilis yidvas anda Tundac usasyidlod miRebas, marilis xmarebaze uari amjobina. gonierma tlsakanelebma am wyalobis miRma dafaruli xafangi dainaxes; maT SeinarCunes Tavisufleba da yoveli mxridan didi imperiiT garSemortymuli es patara saxelmwifo, sabolood am imperiis ganadgurebis iaraRad iqca.

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**Tu gsurT, saxelmwifos simtkice uzrunvelyoT SeZlebisdagvarad dauaxloveT erTmaneTs ukiduresi rangebi; nu SeeguebiT nurc Zalze mdidrebis, nurc Ratakebis arsebobas; es ori, bunebrivad erTmaneTisgan ganuyofeli mdgomareoba, Tanabrad damRupvelia sazogadoebrivi keTildReobisaTvis. erTi tiraniis Tavkacebs warmoSobs, meore – tiranebs; maT Soris mudam imarTeba sazogadoebrivi TavisuflebiT vaWroba, erTi yidis, meore yidulobsZlierTa mxriv qonebisa da zegavlenis SezRudvas gulisxmobs, sustebis mxriv ki _ angarebisa da sixarbis SezRudvas. gvetyvian, rom aseTi Tanasworoba gonebaWvretiT Seqnili qimeraa da misi realuri arsebobac SeuZlebelia. magram Tu boroti qmedebebi gardauvalia, nuTu maTi mogvareba mainc araa saWiro? saganTa Zala mudam Tanasworobis gasanadgureblad rom iltvis, kanonmdeblobis Zala swored amitom unda cdilobdes gamudmebiT mis SenarCunebas.

magram yvela kargi institutisaTvis saerTo es miznebi, TiToeul qveyanaSi unda icvlebodes im damokidebulebaTa Sesabamisad, romlebsac adgilmdebareobis xasiaTi iseve ganapirobebs, rogorc mis binadarTa. am mimarTebaTa safuZvelze unda ganesazRvros yovel xalxs gansakuTrebuli sakanonmdeblo sistema, SesaZloa, TavisTavad arc saukeTeso, magram saukeTeso im qveynisaTvis, romlisTvisac aris igi gankuTvnili. magaliTad, Tu niadagi mwiria da unayofoa, an Zalzed mWidrodaa dasaxlebuli, ganaviTareT xelosnoba da mrewveloba, raTa maTi nawarmi gacvaloT sakveb produqtze, romelic ar gyofniT. piriqiT, Tu qveyanaSi vel-mindvrebi baraqiania, ferdobebi uxvmosavliani, niadagi nayofieri, mosaxleoba ki mcirericxovani, mTeli zrunva miwaTmoqmedebaze unda gadavides. igi xels uwyobs mosaxleobis zrdas. SezRudeT xelosnoba, vinaidan es qveynis isedac mcirericxovan mosaxleobas Tavs uyris ramdenime punqtSi da amiT mxolod aukacrilebs qveyanas*. Tu Tqvens qveyanas vrceli da moxerxebuli sanapiroebi uWiravs, aavseT zRvebi xomaldebiT, ganaviTareT vaWroba da naosnoba, Tqven mcire xniT brwyinvaled iarsebebT. Tu zRva Tqveni qveynis miuval kldeebs ekvris, darCiT barbarosebad da ixtiofagebad; Tqven ufro mSvidad icxovrebT, SesaZloa sxvebze ukeT da bednieradac. erTi sityviT, yvela xalxisaTvis saerTo wesebs garda, yoveli xalxi TavisTavSi atarebs raRac iseTs, rac gansakuTrebuli formiT ganagebs am wesebs da mis kanonmdeblobas mxolod misTvis gamosadegs xdis. amgvarad, Soreul warsulSi ebraelTa, arcTu didi xnis winaT ki arabTa mTavari sazrunavi religia gaxldaT, aTenelebisa – literatura, karTagenisa da tvirososa (13) – vaWroba, rodosisa (14) – zRvaosnoba, spartisa – omi, xolo romisa – siqvele (15). “kanonTa gonis“ avtorma uamravi magaliTiT dagvidastura, Tu rogori xelovnebiT warmarTavs kanonmdebeli saxelmwifo instituts TiToeuli am miznisaken. nebismieri saxelmwifos konstituciis WeSmariti simtkice da xangrZlivoba uzrunvelyofilia, Tu qveyanaSi dadgenili adaTebi imdenadaa daculi, rom erTi da imave sakiTxisadmi bunebrivi mimarTebebi da kanonebi mudam emTxveva erTmaneTs da kanonTa qmedeba, ase vTqvaT, bunebriv mimarTebaTa uzrunvelyofa, dacva da gaumjobesebaa. magram Tu Tavisi miznis arsSi Semcdari kanonmdebeli saganTa bunebidan gamomdinare principisgan.

gansxvavebul princips iRebs, Tu erTi principi mimarTulia monobisken, meore – mosaxleobis zrdisken, erTi – mSvidobisken, meore – dapyrobisken, maSin kanonebi SeumCnevlad dasustdeba, konstitucia damaxinjdeba da saxelmwifoSi bolo ar moeReba amboxebebs, vidre igi ar daingreva an ar Seicvleba da uZleveli buneba vidre Zalauflebas kvlav ar daibrunebs

……

wigni…mesame

vidre mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva formebze visaubrebde, SevecadoT, davadginoT am statusis zusti mniSvneloba, jer kidev sakmarisad rom araa ganmartebuli.

I Tavizogadad mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb

mkiTxvels vafrTxileb, gulisyuriT waikiTxos es Tavi, vinaidan ar vflob sakuTari azrebis naTelyofis xelovnebas maTTvis, vinc uyuradReboa.

nebismier Tavisufal qmedebas aqvs ori erTdroulad ganmapirobebeli mizezi: erTi _ marTebuli, kerZod, neba – aqtis ganmsazRvreli da meore – fizikuri, kerZod, Zala

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* sagareo vaWrobis romelime dargi, - ambobs b.n arJansoni - saerTod, mxolod moCvenebiTi sargebelia samefosaTvis; man SesaZloa gaamdidros ramdenime calkeuli pirovneba, ramdenime qalaqic ki, magram mTeli eri amiT verafers ixeirebs da arc xalxis mdgomareoba umjobesdeba.– misi ganmaxorcielebeli. Tu ganvizraxav raime sagnisken svlas, pirvel rigSi saWiroa gamaCndes svlis survili da Semdeg _ Cemma qveda kidurebma mimiyvanon am sagnamde. Tu dambladacemuli adamiani gaqcevas moisurvebs, cqviti ki ara, orive adgilze darCeba. politikur korpussac igive mamoZravebeli Zalebi gaaCnia. masSic aseve gamoyofen Zalas da nebas. es meore sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebad, pirveli ki aRmasrulebel xelisuflebad iwodeba. maTi daxmarebis garaSe araferi xdeba an ar unda xdebodes.

rogorc vnaxeT sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba ekuTvnis xalxs da es asec unda iyos. zemoT dadgenil principTagan aseve gasagebia, rom aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba

SeuZlebelia ekuTvnodes mTel sazogadoebas, rogorc kanonmdebels an suverens, vinaidan es xelisufleba mxolod kerZo aqtebSi vlindeba, rac kanonebi ar gaxlavT da, maSasadame, arc suverenis qmedebaTa sferos ekuTvnis. suverenis nebismieri qmedebis aqti mxolod kanonia.

amgvarad, sazogadoebas esWiroeba iseTi ndobiT aRWurvili piri, romelic mas gaaerTianebs da aamoqmedebs sayovelTao nebis miTiTebiT da suverenisa da saxelmwifos SemakavSirebeli iqneba; amasTan, sazogadoebaSi, rogorc koleqtiur arsebaSi, igi erTgvarad imaves moimoqmedebs, rasac sulisa da xorcis erToblioba iwvevs adamianSi. ai, rogoria mmarTvelobis funqcia saxelmwifoSi, uxeirod rom ureven suverenis funqciasTan, rac mxolod misi damxmarea.

ra aris mmarTveloba? es aris qveSevrdomebsa da suverens Soris kavSiris uzrunvelmyofeli saSualedo korpusi, romelsac evaleba kanonTa aRsruleba da rogorc politikuri, ise samoqalaqo Tavisuflebis dacva.

am korpusis wevrebi iwodebian magistratebad, anu mefeebad e.i. mmarTvelebad, xolo mTel korpuss ewodeba saxelmwifo.* amgvarad, savsebiT marTalia, vinc amtkicebs, rom aqti, romlis meSveobiTac xalxi emorCileba gamgeblebs, xelSekruleba ar gaxlavT. es sxva araferia, Tu ara davaleba, saqmianoba. am davalebis SesrulebiT suverenis rigiTi moxeleebi, suverenisave saxeliT axorcieleben im Zalauflebas, romlis damcvelebadac man isini daniSna. suverens SeuZlia, roca moesurveba, es Zalaufleba SezRudos, Secvalos da CamoarTvas, vinaidan sazogadoebrivi korpusis bunebasTan SeuTavsebeli amgvari uflebis gasxviseba asociaciis mizans ewinaaRmdegeba.

amrigad, mmarTvelobas anu umaRles ganmgeblobas me vuwodeb aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis kanonier aRsrulebas, xolo xelmwifes anu magistrats – adamians an korpuss, visac es Zalaufleba ekisreba.

mmarTvelobaSi Tavmoyrilia is Sualeduri Zalebi, romelTa mimarTebebic qmnian mTelis mimarTebas mTelTan an suverenisas – saxelmwifosTan. es bolo mimarTeba SeiZleba warmovidginoT uwyveti proporciis kidur wevrTa mimarTebis saxiT, rolis saSualo proporciulic gaxlavT mmarTveloba. mmarTveloba suverenisgan iRebs gankargulebebs, romelTac xalxs gadascems. imisaTvis, rom saxelmwifo kargad iyos gawonasworebuli, saWiroa, nebismier pirobebSi arsebobdes Tanafardoba or qmilebas Soris; erTia mmarTvelobis Zalaufleba, rogorc aseTi da meore – Zalaufleba moqalaqeebisa, romlebic erTi mxriv suverenebi arian da meore mxriv – qveSevrdomebi. garda amisa, SeuZlebelia Tanafardobis sami wevridan romelime SevcvaloT da amiT Tanafardoba ar davarRvioT. Tu suvereni moisurvebs mmarTvelobas, anda magistrati – kanonebis gamocemas, Tu qveSevrdomebi uars ityvian morCilebaze, maSin wesrigis nacvlad uwesrigoba daisadgurebs, Zala da neba TanxmobiT qmedebas Sewyvets da aseTnairad dacemuli saxelmwifo an despotizmSi an anarqiaSi gadaizrdeba. da bolos, iseve rogorc nebismier mimarTebaSi mxolod erTia saSualo proporciuli, aseve saxelmwifoSic SesaZlebelia mxolod erTi kargi mmarTveloba. magram vinaidan aTasgvar SemTxvevas SeuZlia nebismier xalxSi arsebuli mimarTebebis Secvla, sxvadasxvagvari mmarTvelobebi SesaZloa vargisi iyos ara mxolod sxvadasxva xalxisTvis, aramed erTi da imave xalxisTvisac oRond sxvadasxva dros. . . .

. . . terminTa damabneveli simravlis Tavidan asacileblad, imiT davkmayofildebiT, rom mmarTvelobas ganvixilavT rogorc xalxisa da suverenis gansxvavebul, maT Soris Sualedurad arsebul axal korpuss saxelmwifoSi.

* veneciaSi amitom uwodeben kolegias uganaTlebules xelmwifes maSinac ki, rodesac mas doJi ar eswreba.

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am or korpuss Soris Zireuli sxvaoba gaxlavT is, rom saxelmwifo arsebobs TavisTavad, mmarTveloba ki mxolod suverenis wyalobiT. amgvarad, xelmwifis upiratesi neba aris an unda iyos mxolod saerTo neba, anu kanoni. misi Zala mxolod da mxolod missave pirovnebebSi koncentrirebuli sazogadoebrivi Zalaa. rogorc ki igi sakuTari nebiT moisurvebs, raime absoluturi da damoukidebeli aqti wamoiwyos, mTelis kavSiri dasustebas iwyebs. da bolos, Tu xelmwifes eqneba ufro aqtiuri kerZo neba, vidre suverenis nebaa da Tu igi am kerZo nebis interesebisTvis gamoiyenebs misdami daqvemdebarebul sazogadoebriv Zalas ise, rom ase vTqvaT, aRmoCndeba ori suvereni, erTi – kanoniT, meore realuri, maSin sazogadoebrivi mTlianoba myisve gaqreba da politikuri korpusi daiSleba.

Tqmulis mixedviT, imisaTvis rom mmarTvelobis korpusma iarsebos da saxelmwifo korpusisagan ganmasxvavebeli realuri sicocxle hqondes; imisaTvis, rom yvela mis wevrs SeeZlos TanxmobiT moqmedeba da upasuxos im mizans, risTvisac Seqmnilia mmarTveloba, saWiroa mas hqondes gansakuTrebuli “me”, yvela misi wevrisaTvis saerTo mgrZnobeloba, Zala, sakuTari neba, romelic mis SesanarCuneblad iswrafvis. es misTvis damaxasiaTebeli gansakuTrebuli arseboba gulisxmobs krebebs, sabWoebs, msjelobis uflebas, dadgenilebis miRebas, wodebebs, privilegiebs, rasac mxolod saxelmwifo ganagebs da rac magistratis moRvaweobas miT ufro sapatios xdis, rac ufro metad mZimea igi. sirTules iwvevs is, Tu mTelis sazRvrebSi myof daqvemdebarebul mTels rogor miscen iseTi wyoba, rom am daqvemdebarebulma mTelma sakuTari konstituciis ganmtkicebiT saerTo konstitucia ar Sescvalos, raTa mudam ganasxvavebdes Tavisave arsebobis SesanarCunebel kerZo Zalas da saxelmwifos SesanarCuneblad gankuTvnil sazogado Zalas. erTi sityviT, igi mudam mzad unda iyos xalxisaTvis mmarTveloba msxverplad gaiRos da ara piriqiT – xalxi mmarvelobisaTvis. . .

III TavimmarTvelobaTa dayofa

. . .suverens SeuZlia mmarTvelobiTi funqcia daakisros mTel xalxs, an mis udides nawils ise, rom rigiT moqalaqeebs moqalaqe-magistratebi sWarbobdnen. mmarTvelobis aseT formas demokratias uwodeben.

meore, suverens SeuZlia mmarTveloba SezRudos da miandos mcirericxovan adamianTa jgufs, ise, rom ubralo moqalaqeebi sWarbobdnen magistratebs. mmarTvelobis am formas aristokratia hqvia.

da bolos, suverens SeuZlia mTeli mmarTveloba moaqcios erTi magistratis xelSi, visganac mTeli Tavisi Zalaufleba sxva magistratebs mieqceva. mmarTvelobis es mesame forma yvelaze metad aris gavrcelebuli da mas monarqia anu mefis mmarTveloba ewodeba.

unda SevniSnoT, rom mmarTvelobis yvela es forma an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, pirveli ori mainc, met-naklebad vargisia da maT moqmedebis sakmaod didi Tavisuflebac aqvT; vinaidan demokratias ZaluZs moicvas mTeli xalxi, an misi naxevari. aritokratias, Tavis mxriv, SeuZlia xalxis umciresi raodenobiT Semoifarglos. mefis mmarTvelobac ki erTgvarad eqvemdebareba dayofas. konstituciiT spartas mudam ori mefe hyavda, romis imperiaSi erTdroulad rva imperatoric hyoliaT (16), magram ver ityodiT, rom imperia (17) daqucmacebuli iyo. amgvarad, arsebobs iseTi zRvari, romlis iqiTac mmarTvelobis yoveli forma Seerwymis momdevno formas; SeiZleba mxolod sami saxelwodebis mmarTvelobam realurad imdeni gansxvavebuli forma miiRos, ramdeni moqalaqecaa saxelmwifoSi.

ufro metic: vinaidan mmarTvelobis erTi da igive forma garkveuli mimarTebiT SeiZleba kidev daiyos sxvagvarad marTul nawilebad (romelTagan erTi garkveuli formiT iqneba marTuli, meore - sxvagvariT), amgvarad, sami dasaxelebuli formis SexamebiT SesaZloa Seiqmnas mmarTvelobis uamravi Sereuli forma, romelTaganac TiToeulma, Tavis mxriv, sxva martiv formebTan SerwymiT SesaZloa, kidev mogvces axali formebi.

yvela droSi bevrs kamaTobdnen mmarTvelobis saukeTeso formis gamo, magram ar iTvaliswinebdnen, rom TiToeuli am formaTagani, zog SemTxvevaSi saukeTeso, sxva droSi yvelaze uaresia.

Tu sxvadasxva saxelmwifoSi umaRles magistratTa raodenoba ukuproporciul damokidebulebaSi unda iyos moqalaqeTa raodenobasan, maSin, aqedan gamomdinare, zogadad demokratiuli mmarTvelobis forma Seesabameba patara saxelmwifoebs, aristokratiuli – saSualoT, xolo monarqiuli _ did saxelmwifoebs. es wesi uSualod principidan

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momdinareobs. magram rogor gaviTvaliswinoT mTeli rigi garemoebebi, romelTac ZaluZT gamonaklisebi gamoiwvion?

IV Tavidemokratia

kanonis Semdgenelma yvelaze ukeT icis, rogor unda Sesruldes da ganimartos igi. aseT SemTxvevaSi TiTqos saukeTeso is konstitucia unda iyos, romelSic aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba sakanonmdeblosTan aris SeerTebuli. magram xelisuflebaTa aseTi SeerTeba, garkveuli mimarTebiT, naklovans xdis mmarTvelobas, vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi daculi ar aris sxvaoba, romelic garkveul sagnebs Soris unda arsebobdes; aseT dros xelmwife da suvereni, vinaidan erTi da igive pirovneba aRmoCndebian, Seqmnian ase vTqvaT, mmarTvelobas mmarTvelobis gareSe.

ar varga, rodesac kanonTa Semdgeni Tavadve axorcielebs maT an rodesac xalxi Tavs aridebs saerTo sakiTxebs da mTeli yuradReba kerZo sagnebze gadaaqvs. kerZo interesebi sazogadoebriv saqmeebze zegavlenas rom axdenen, amaze ufro saSiSi araferia; mmarTvelobis mier kanonTa borotad gamoyeneba ufro naklebi borotebaa, vidre kanondeblis korufcia – kerZo interesTa garduvali Sedegi. Tu saxelmwifo Tavis arsSivea gaxrwnili, yovelgvari reforma amaoa. xalxi, romelic arasodes gamoiyenebs borotad mmarTvelobas, arc Tavis damoukideblobas gamoiyenebs borotad. xalxma, romelsac SeeZlo mudam kargad emarTa, ar dasWirdeboda Tavad yofiliyo marTuli.

Tu termin “demokratias” am sityvis zusti mniSvnelobiT gavigebT, maSin WeSmariti demokratia arasodes arsebula da arc iarsebebs. bunebrivi rigis sawinaaRmdegoa, rom xalxis umravlesoba iyos mmarTveli, umciresoba ki – marTuli. SeuZlebelia imis warmodgena, rom xalxi dausruleblad ikribebodes sazogadoebriv saqmeTa aRsasruleblad; isic advili gasagebia, rom mmarTvelobis formis Seucvlelad, saqmeTa Sesasruleblad igi ver SeZlebda TviT komisiaTa Seqmnasac ki.

marTlac, me SesaZleblad mimaCnia aseTi principi, rodesac mmarTvelobis funqcia ganawilebulia ramdenime dawesebulebas Soris, maTgan mcirericxovanni adre Tu gvian, ufro met avtoritets moipoveben, Tundac imitom, rom bunebrivia maTTvis ufro iolia saqmeTa gaZRola.

Znelad SesakavSirebeli ramdeni sagnis erTobliobas gulisxmobs es mmarTveloba! jer erTi, Zalze patara saxelmwifos, sadac ioli iqneba xalxis Sekreba, sadac TiToeul moqalaqes saSualeba eqneba sxva danarCens gaecnos; meore – zneTa uSualobas, rac mraval saCoTiro saqmesa Tu kamaTs aRkveTda; Semdeg sazogado mdgomareobisa da qonebis did Tanasworobas, uromlisodac didxans ver iarsebebda uflebebisa da Zalauflebis Tanasworoba; da bolos, mciredi fufuneba an sulac umisoba, vinaidan fifuneba an simdidris Sedegia, an aucilebels xdis mas. fufuneba erTdroulad mdidarsac xrwnis da Raribsac: erTs qonebiT, meores – misdami swrafviT, fufuneba yvela moqalaqes gancxromasa da amaoebaze ayidinebs samSoblos, saxelmwifos arTmevs maT, raTa erTni meoreT daumonos, yvelani erTad ki – simdidris moxveWis survils.

ai, ratom miiCnevda erTi cnobili avtori* (18) qvelobas respublikis principad. mis gareSe verc erTi es piroba ver iarsebebda. magram aucilebel sxvaobaTa daudgenlobis gamo am didebulma geniosma, romelic xSirad araswor, zogjer ki bundovan azrebs gamoTqvamda, ver SeniSna, rom vinaidan suverenuli xelisufleba yvelgan erTia, amdenad, nebismier kargad mowyobil saxelmwifos erTi da igive principi unda edos safuZvld (cxadia, met-naklebad Sesabamisi mmarTvelobis formasTan).

isic unda davsZino, rom samoqalaqo omebsa da Sina mRelvarebebs mmarTvelobaTagan yvelaze metad demokratia anu saxalxo mmarTveloba eqvemdebareba, vinaidan arc erTi mmarTveloba ar iRwvis ase Zlier da ase gamudmebiT formis

* rusos mxedvelobaSi hyavs monteskieSesacvlelad da ar saWiroebs ufro met sifxizlesa da gambedaobas formis ucvlelad SesanarCuneblad. mmarTvelobis am formaSi moqalaqe gansakuTrebul Zalasa da simtkices unda flobdes da yoveldRe gulSi unda imeorebdes mamaci voevodas* (19) mier

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poloneTis erT-erT seimze warmoTqmul sityvebs: malo periculosam libertatem quam quiqtum servitium**.

rom earseba RmrTis ers, igi demokratiulad unda marTuliyo. aseTi srulyofili mmarTveloba adamianebisaTvis Seuferebelia.

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V Taviaristokratia

aristokratiul mmarTvelobalSi ori, erTmaneTisgan sruliad …gansxvavebuli moraluri piri gvaqvs: mmarTveloba da suvereni. Sesabamisad, gvaqvs ori saerTo neba: erTi – yvela moqalaqeTa mimarT, meore – mxolod mmarTvelobis wevrTa mimarT. mmarTvelobas Tumca sakuTari survilisamebr SeuZlia Tavisi Sida mmarTvelobis mowesrigeba, mas mainc ar ZaluZs sxvagvarad mimarTos xalxs, Tu ara rogorc suverenis, e.i. Tavad xalxis saxeliT; es mudam unda gvaxsodes.………………………………………………………………

pirveli sazogadoebebis marTva aristokratiuli principiT xdeboda. gvaris uxucesebi erTmaneTTan sazogadoebriv saqmeebze bWobdnen. axalgazrdebi Zaldautaneblad morCilebdnen gamocdil avtoritetebs. aqedan warmoiSva qurumTa, uxucesTa, senatis, gerontTa (20) saxelwodebebi. CrdiloeT amerikis velurebi dRemde ase imarTebian da sakmaod kargadac. magram moxda ise, rom uTanasworobis principi sazogadoebrivi institutidan bunebriv yofazec gavrcelda da upiratesoba mieniWa ara asakobriv gamocdilebas, aramed simdidresa da Zalas;*** aman ki is gamoiwvia, rom aristokratia arCeviTi gaxda. da bolos, vinaidan qonebasTan erTad mamidan Svilze Zalauflebac gadadioda, Seiqmna patriciebis ojaxebi da mmarTvelobac memkvidreobiTi gaxda; ase rom, senatorebi oci wlisanic iyvnen.

amgavarad, arsebobs aristokratiis sami saxe: bunebiTi, arCeviTi, memkvideobiTi. pirveli mxolod ganviTarebad xalxebs Seesabameba, aristokratiis mesame forma mmarTvelobaTa Soris yvelaze miuRebelia; meore – yvelaze saukeTeso; kacma rom Tqvas, swored es boloa aristokratiuli mmarTveloba.garda im upiratesobisa, rom igi or Zalauflebas mijnavs erTmaneTisgan, aristokratiuli mmarTvelobis am saxes is dadebiTi mxarec aqvs, rom mis wevrebs irCeven; saxalxo mmarTvelobis dros moqalaqe magistratad ibadeba, aristokratiuli mmarTvelobis es forma ifargleba arCeul magistratTa mcire raodenobiT.**** am saSualebiT, patiosneba, ganaTleba, gamocdileba, Rirsebisa da sazogadoebrivi damsaxurebis sxva motivebi imis Tavdebia, rom saxelmwifos marTva gonivruli iqneba.

garda amisa, ufro mSvidad tardeba saxalxo krebebi, ukeT sjian saqmeebs, meti gulmodginebiTa da dayovnebis gareSe asruleben maT; ucxo qveynebSi pativsacemi senatorebi ucnob da amazrzen brboze ukeT uzrunvelyofen saxelmwifos Rirsebas.

erTi sityviT, saukeTeso da yvelaze gonierni ganageben brbos, rodesac cxadia, rom am brbos misive da ara sakuTari keTildReobisaTvis marTaven. saWiro ar aris mmarTvelobiTi struqturis garTuleba, arc is unda davuSvaT, rom oci aTas kacs vakeTebinoT is, rasac asi rCeuli adamiani gacilebiT ukeT Seasrulebs. magram isic unda SevniSnoT, rom aq sazogadoebrivi korpusis interesebi naklebad warmarTaven saxalxo Zalas saerTo nebis mier dadgenil wesTa dasacavad da iqmneba garduvali swrafva, rac kanonebs aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis raRac nawils arTmevs.

* poznanis voeovoda, poloneTis mefis mama, loTaringiis princi** “monuri yofis simSvides TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebuli mRelvarebebi mirCevnia”.*** cxadia, sityva optimates Zvelad ara saukeTesoebs, aramed uZlieresebs niSnavda.**** aucilebeli, kanonebiT mowesrigdes magistratTa arCevis formebi; Tu am arCevans xelmwifis nebas miandobT, Tavidan ver avicilebT memkvidreobiT aristokratiad gardaqmnis saSiSroebas, rogorc es veneciisa da bernis respublikebs daemarTaT. pirveli, rogorc saxelmwifo, didi xania daSlilia; meore, senatis saocari gonierebis wyalobiT, ganagrZnobs arsebobas; es Zalze sapatio, magram aseve Zalze saxifaTo gamonaklisia.

aristokratiuli mmarTvelobis dros kerZo motivebs rac Seexeba, igi aseTia: saxelmwifo ar unda iyos ise patara, xalxic – ara ise uSualo da alal-marTali, rom kanonTa aRsrulebis

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mimdinareoba pirdapir saxalxo nebidan ar iqnas daSvebuli, rogorc es karg demokratiul mmarTvelobaSia. xalxic ar unda iyos Zalze mravalricxovani, vinaidan aseT SemTxvevaSi saSiSia, sxvadasxva adgilebSi mmarTvelebad gagzavnilma gamgeblebma TavianT mxareebSi Tavi suverenad ar warmoidginon, damoukidebeli ganmgebloba ar daiwyon da bolos Tavadac mefeebad ar iqcnen.

aristokratiul mmarTvelobas saxalxo mmarTvelobasTan SedarebiT Tu ramdenadme naklebi qvelobebi axasiaTebs, samagierod, Tavis mxriv axlavs sxva iseTi sikeTeni, romlebic mxolod misTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli; es gaxlavT mdidarTa zomiereba da RaribTa kmayofileba sakuTari xvedriT; Cans, metismetad zusti Tanasworoba aq uadgilo iqneboda; aseTi Tanasworoba spartaSic ki ar yofila.

erTi sityviT, Tu mmarTvelobis es forma varaudobs garkveul qonebriv uTanasworobas, es mxolod imitom, rom saerTod sazogadoebriv saqmeTa gamgebloba unda evalebodeT imaT, visac ZaluZT, mTeli TavianTi dro am saqmeebs moaxmaron da ara imitom, rom mdidrebs yovelTvis upiratesoba mianiWon, rogorc amas aristotele amtkicebs; piriqiT, friad mniSvnelovania, rom zogjer sapirispiro motivebiT arCevanma xalxs daanaxos, rom damsaxurebebi ufro did upiratesobas aniWebs adamianebs, vidre simdidre.

VI Tavimonarqia

aqamde xelmwifes ganvixilavdiT kanonTa ZaliT gaerTianebul moralur da koleqtiur pirovnebad, saxelmwifoSi aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis damcvelad. axla unda ganvixiloT es Zalaufleba im saxiT, rogoriTac igi gaerTianebulia fizikuri piris, realuri adamianis xelSi, romelsac erTaderTs ZaluZs kanonTa Tanaxmad mas flobdes. aseT pirovnebas, monarqs, anu xelmwifes uwodeben.

sapirispirod mmarTvelobis sxva formebisa, sadac individs koleqtiuri arseba warmoadgens, monarqiuli mmarTvelobis formaSi individia koleqtiuri arseba. ase rom, moraluri erTianoba, xelmwifes rom qmnis, imavdroulad fizikuri erTianobacaa, romelSic yvela Tviseba bunebrivadaa gaerTianebuli. sxva SemTxvevaSi aseT gaerTianebas kanonis didi Zalisxmeva dasWirdeboda.

amgvarad, xalxis neba da xelmwifis neba, saxelmwifos sazogado Zala da mmarTvelobis kerZo Zala – yvelaferi erTi da imave mamoZravebel Zalas morCilebs, erTi da igive xeli marTavs manqanis yvela zambaras; yvelaferi erTi miznisken warimarTeba. sapirispiro, urTirTgamanadgurebeli moZraobebi ar arsebobs da SeuZlebelia warmoidginoT sxva saxelmwifobrivi wyobileba, sadac umciresi Zalisxmeva ufro mniSvnelovan qmedebas gamoiwvevda. mdinaris piras mSvidad mjdari arqimede (21) Zalze iolad rom uSvebda wyalSi did gems, im gawaful monarqad mesaxeba, romelic sakuTari samuSao oTaxidan ganagebs Tavis vrcel samflobeloebs da Tavad TiTqos uZravad myofi, yvelafers moZraobas aniWebs.

magram ufro meti Zalis mqone mmarTveloba Tu ar arsebobs, maSin arc iseTi mmarTveloba aris, romlis drosac kerZo nebas meti Zalaufleba eqneba da advilad gabatondeba yvela sxva danarCen nebaze. marTalia aq yvelaferi mimarTulia erTi da imave miznisken, magram es mizani srulebiT araa mimarTuli sazogadoebrivi keTildReobisaken. radgan mmarTvelobis Zala dausrulebliv sazianod ubrundeba saxelmwifos.

mefeebs surT SeuzRudavni iyvnen. maT imTaviTve CasCiCineben, rom amis misaRwevad saukeTeso saSualebaa _ aiZulo sakuTari xalxi Segiyvaron. es Cinebuli maqsimaa. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT Zalze sworic. samwuxarod, samefo karze mas yovelTvis abuCad aigdeben. xalxis siyvarulze dafuZnebuli Zliereba udavod Zalze didia, magram meryevia da arasaimedo, riTac xelmwifeebi arasodes dakmayofildebian. saukeTeso mefeebsac swadiaT, roca inebeben, borotnic iyvnen da imavdroulad gamgeblebadac darCnen. politikuri moZRvari amaod gairjeba, Tu Seecdeba maT aseTi ram STaagonos: raki xalxis Zala mefis Zalacaa, amdenad, mas uzomod unda ainteresebdes, rom mis qveSevrdomTa cxovreba yvaodes, isini iyvnen mravalricxovanni da Zlierni. mefeebs kargad moexsnebaT, rom es ase araa. monarqis piradi interesi upirveles yovlisa, gaxlavT is, rom xalxi iyos susti da Raribi, raTa man verasodes ver SesZlos mefisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva. Tu davuSvebT, rom qveSevrdomni mudam metismetad morCilni iqnebian, maSin xelmwifisaTvis sasurveli marTlac xalxis Zliereba iqneba, raTa am Zlierebam sakuTar ZlierebasTan erTad mezoblebi daaSinos. magram vinaidan aseTi interesi meorexarisxovani da daqvemdebarebulia, vinaidan es ori ram – xalxis Zliereba da misi upirobo morCileba - erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebelia, amitom, bunebrivia, rom

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xelmwifeebi upiratesobas yovelTvis im maqsimas aniWeben, romelic yvelaze ufro xelsayrelia piradad maTTvis. amaze iudevelebs mkveTrad samueli (22) miuTiTebda; es naTlad gviCvena makiavelmac, romelic TiTqosda mefeebs Wkuas arigebda, magram didi gakveTilebi misca xalxs. makiavelis “mTavari” respublikelTa wignia.*

zogadi mimarTebebis safuZvelze Cven davinaxeT, rom monarqia mxolod did qveynebs Sehferis; Tavad monarqiis SeswavliT kidev ufro davrwmundiT am azris sisworeSi. rac ufro mravalricxovania sazogadoebrivi ganmgebloba, miT ufro mcirdeba da Tanasworobas uaxlovdeba mimarTeba xelmwifesa da qveSevrdomebs Soris. demokratiis dros es mimarTeba erTis tolia, anu TviT Tanasworobad iqceva. igive mimarTeba izrdeba mmarTvelobis SemcirebiT da Tavis maqsimums maSin aRwevs, rodesac mmarTveloba erTi adamianis xelSia. am dros xelmwifesa da xalxs Soris manZili Zalze didia da saxelmwifo kavSiris naklebobas ganicdis; mis aRmosafxvrelad saWiroa Sualeduri fenebi – Tavadebi, didebulebi, aznaurebi. yovelive es patara saxelmwifosaTvis xelsayreli ar aris, es rangebi mas gaanadgureben.

didi saxelmwifos kargad marTva Tu Wirs, kidev ufro Znelia, igi kargad marTos erTma adamianma, xolo rodesac mefe Tavis nacvlad moadgileebs niSnavs, amis Sedegi yvelasTvis cnobilia.

monarqiuli mmarTvelobis umTavresi da gardauvali nakli rac mas respublikur mmarTvelobaze dabla ayenebs – is gaxlavT, rom aseTi mmarTvelobis dros sazogadoebrivi azri pirvel adgilze mxolod niWier da ganaTlebul adamianebs ayenebs da isinic Rirseulad asruleben TavianT movaleobebs. es maSin, rodesac monarqiuli mmarTvelobis dros ufro xSirad winaurdebian patara SfoTis Tavebi, cicqna gaiZverebi da intriganebi da isini, rogorc ki maRal Tanamdebobebs miaRweven, TavianTi saSualo niWiT, sazogadoebis winaSe mxolod sakuTari uniaTobis gamovlenas axerxeben. xalxi xelmwifeze nakleb cdeba Tavis arCevanSi. WeSmaritad Rirseuli adamiani saministroSi iseTive iSviaTobaa, rogorc suleli – respublikuri mmarTvelobis saTaveSi. amitom, rodesac raime bednieri SemTxvevis wyalobiT mmarTvelobisaTvis dabadebul adamianTagan erT-erTi xelSi iRebs am monarqiuli mmarTvelobis sadaves, uamravma arxeinma gamgebelma daRupvis piramde rom miiyvana, yvela didad gancvifrebulia, Tu rogor SeZlo man gamosavalis monaxva amgvari mdgomareobidan. aseTi pirovnebis mmarTveloba epoqas qmnis qveynis istoriaSi.

imisaTvis, rom monarqiuli saxelmwifo kargad imarTebodes, saWiroa misi sidide Tu farTobi Seesabamebodes am saxelmwifos mmarTvelis unars. dapyroba ufro iolia, vidre gamgebloba. sakmao sididis berkets Tu flobT, erTi TiTiTac SgiZliaT msoflio SearyioT. magram imisaTvis, rom igi SeinarCunoT, herakles mxrebia (26) saWiro. Tu saxelmwifoa mxolod sakmaod didi, maSin misTvis xelmwife yovelTvis Zalze patara aris. da piriqiT, rodesac saxelmwifo Zalze pataraa gamgeblisTvis (rac iSviaTobaa), igi mainc cudadaa marTuli, vinaidan ganmgebeli mxolod Tavis mizanTa mniSvnelobas iTvaliswinebs, xalxis interesebs ki iviwyebs da uniWo mmarTvelze aranaklebi ubedureba moaqvs xalxisTvis didi niWis borotad gamoyenebiT. kargi iqneboda, saxelmwifo, ase vTqvaT, izrdebodes an mcirdebodes yoveli axali mefis dros TiToeuli maTganis unaris Sesabamisad. es maSin, rodesac niWier adamianTa naazrevi senatSi ufro myari Tavdebia, aseTi mmarTvelobis dros saxelmwifos SesaZloa ucvleli sazRvrebi hqondes da arc Tu urigo mmarTveloba.

* makiaveli patiosani adamiani da kargi moqalaqe iyo. rodesac misi samSoblo iCagreboda, igi, mediCebis (23) kars mijaWvuli, iZulebuli iyo daefara Tavisuflebis siyvaruli. misi uaryofiTi gmiris arCevanic sakmaod (24) naTlad miuTiTebs avtoris farul zraxvebze. mis TxzulebebSi: “mTavari”, “msjeloba titus liviusze” da “florenciis istoria” gamoTqmul azrTa Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegoba mowmobs, rom am Rrma politikoss aqamde mxolod Zalze zerele, anda gaqsuebuli mkiTxvelebi hyolia. romis karma (25) sastikad akrZala misi wigni “mTavari”. me kargad mesmis, rom man swored papis kari aRwera Zalze naTlad.

erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobis yvelaze sagrZnobi nakli gaxlavT misi dausrulebeli memkvidreobiToba, rac or gansxvavebul mmarTvelobas Soris uwyvet kavSirs qmnis. erTi mefe mokvda, saWiroa meore, arCevnebi saxifaTo intervalebs qmnis, arCevnebi mZafrad mimdinareobs; da Tu moqalaqeebi patiosnebiT da uangarobiT ar gamoirCevian, rac am mmarTvlobisaTvis iSviaTia, arCevnebSi intriga da korufcia iCens Tavs; Znelia, visac saxelmwifom Tavi mihyida, Tavis mxriv igi ar gaiyidos da sustTa xarjze ar daibrunos is fuli, Zlierebma ZaliT rom gaaRebines. amgvari mmarTvelobis dros, adre Tu gvian, yvelafris

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yidva xdeba SesaZlebeli da mSvidoba, riTac mefeTa gamgeblobis dros ase tkbebian xolme, umefobis adrindel uwesrigobebze uaresi aRmoCndeba.

ra iRones amgvari borotebis aRsakveTad? garkveul gvarSi gvirgvini memkvidreobiTi gaxades da memkvidreobiTobis iseTi wesi daadgines, mefis sikvdilis Semdeg yovelgvar davas rom gamoricxavda e.i. arCevnebis nacvlad, regentobis SemoRebiT, xalxma gonivrul gamgeblobas garegnuli simSvide amjobina, Rirseul mefeTa asarCevad saWiro msjeloba-kamaTs saxelmwifos gamgeblad balRebis, gonjebis, sulelebis yola; man ar gaiTvaliswina, rom arCevanis riskisagan Tavis daRweviT, sakuTari Tavis sawinaaRmdego yvela SesaZleblobas qmnida. rodesac mamam erTi uRirsi saqcielis gamo Wabuk dionises (27) usayvedura: “nuTu me aseTi magaliTi mogecio”? – Svilma Zalze gonivruli pasuxi gasca: “oh, mamaTqveni mefe ar yofila”.

sxvaTa gamgeblad aRzrdil adamians samarTlianoba da goniereba rom waerTvas, amas yvelaferi uwyobs xels. amboben, did mondomebas iCenen, raTa axalgazrda ufliswulma marTvis xelovneba Seiswavloso. ar Cans, rom am aRzrdas raime sargebeli axldes. gacilebiT umjobesi iqneboda maTTvis morCilebis xelovneba rom eswavlebinaT. istoriis mier didebiT Semosili udidesi mefeebi, samefod ar aRzrdilan; mefoba iseTi mecnierebaa, romelsac rac ufro metad swavlob, miT ufro naklebad euflebi: mas TvinierebiT ukeT iTviseben, vidre mbrZaneblobiT. nam utilissimus idem ac brevissimus bonarum malarumque rerum deleqtus, cogitare quid aut nolueris sub alio principe, aut volueris.* am Tanmimdevrobis ugulvebelyofis Sedegia mefis mmarTvelobis…dros meryeoba. mefisa Tu mis nacvlad gamgebel pirTa gunebis mixedviT xan erTi, xan meore gegmiT xelmZRvanelobis gamo mmarTvelobas ar ZaluZs xangrZlivad SeaCeros yuradReba erT garkveul saganze, mas arc Tanmimdevrulad moqmedeba SeuZlia. meryeoba aiZulebs saxelmwifos, cvalos maqsimebi, gegmebi. sxvagvari mmarTvelobebis dros roca xelmwife uryevia da Tanmimdevrulad moqmedebs, amas ar vawydebiT. zogadad SeiZleba SevniSnoT, rom ramdenadac samefo kari cbierebiT xasiaTdeba, imdenad met gonierebas iCens senati; da respublikebic TavianTi miznebisken ufro Tanmimdevruli da uryevi gegmebis mixedviT midian. maSin rodesac ministrTa kabinetSi momxdari yoveli revolucia, revoluciassave iwvevs saxelmwifoSic, vinaidan yvela ministrisa da mefisaTvis saerTo maqsima aseTia: nebismier saqmeSi TavianT winamorbedTa sapirispiro gadawyvetilebis miReba.amave Tanmimdevrobis darRvevidan momdinareobs erTi sofizmi – mefis karis politikosTaTvis Zalze damaxasiaTebeli msjeloba, kerZod, is rom samoqalaqo mmarTveloba mxolod saojaxosTan ki ar aris Sedarebuli, xelmwife ki ojaxis mamasTan (Secdoma ukve gamoricxulia), aramed isic, rom am magistrats yvela aucilebeli qveloba uxvad aqvs miniWebuli da gamudmebiT mkvidrdeba azri, rom xelmwife aris iseTi, rogoric is unda iyos; rom mefis mmarTveloba nebismier sxva marTvelobaze ukeTesia, vinaidan igi aSkarad bevrad Zlieria da saukeTeso rom gaxdes, amisaTvis mas ar hyofnis mxolod korpusis neba, saerTo nebasTan ufro SeTanxmebuli.

magram, paltonis Tanaxmad, bunebiT boZebuli mefobis unaris mflobeli Tu Zalze iSviaTia, maSin aseTi adamianis mefed kurTxevisaTvis ra zomiT da ramdenjer moxdeba bunebismierisa da bedisweris damTxveva? Tu samefod aRzrdilni aucileblad ixrwnebian, maSin ras unda velodeT arasamefod aRzrdilTa mefobisagan? amgvarad, mefis mmarTvelobis aRreva kargi mefis mmarTvelobasTan mxolod Tavis motyuebaa. imis dasanaxad, Tu ra aris TavisTavad es mmarTveloba, saWiroa

* vinaidan yvelaze swrafi da marjve saSualeba sikeTis borotebisgan gasarCevad, esaa sakuTar Tavs hkiTxo: ras isurvebdi da ras ara, xelmwifed Sen ki ara, sxva rom yofiliyo. tacitusi, istoria w.I 16.ganvixiloT mefoba gonbaSezRuduli an boroti xelmwifeebisa, vinaidan isini taxtze an aseTebi adian, an taxti xdis aseTebad.

es sirTuleebi ar gamohparviaT Cvens avtorebs, Tumca amis gamo srulebiTac ar SeSfoTebulan. maTi azriT, gamosavali usityvo morCilebaSia; RmerTs gavarisxebT da cud mefeebs mogvivlens xolme. Cven isini, rogorc ciuri sasjeli, unda avitanoT. udavod damrigebluri xasiaTis es msjeloba mqadageblis kaTedras ufro uxdeba, vidre politikur wigns. ra gveTqmis im eqimze, saswaulebs rom gvpirdeba, mTeli misi xelovneba ki mxolod avadmyofisaTvis moTminebis STagonebaa? cudi mmarTveloba rom unda aitanos, es yvelas kargad moexseneba, saqme isaa karg mmarTvelobas miagno.

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VII TaviSereuli mmarTvelobebi

kacma rom Tqvas, martivi mmarTveloba saerTod ar arsebobs; saWiroa saxelmwifos erTaderT gamgebels hyavdes daqvemdebarebuli magistratebi; saWiroa saxalxo mmarTvelobas hyavdes meTauri. ase rom, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis dayofis dros yovelTvis arsebobs gradacia didi ricxvidan mciresken im gamonaklisiT, rom zogjer umetesobaa damokidebuli umciresobaze, zogjer ki – umciresoba umravlesobaze.

zogjer xdeba Zalauflebis Tanabari dayofa, rodesac inglisis mmarTvelobisa ar iyos, Semadgeneli nawilebi mudmiv urTierTdamokidebulebaSi arian, an rodesac, poloneTis msgavsad, TiToeuli nawilis Zalaufleba damoukidebeli, magram arasrulyofilia. mmarTvelobis es bolo forma miuRebelia, radgan araerTiania, saxelmwifo ki – kavSirs moklebuli.

romeli mmarTvelobaa ukeTesi: martivi Tu Sereuli? es kiTxva Zalze aRelvebda politikosebs; masze igive pasuxi unda gavce, rac mmarTvelobis nebismier formasTan dakavSirebiT zemoT mogaxseneT.…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

martivi mmarTveloba, TavisTavad, saukeTeso formaa, Tundac mxolod imitom, rom igi martivia. magram, rodesac xelisufleba garkveulwilad damokidebuli araa sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebaze e.i. rodesac xelmwifesa da suverens Soris ufro meti mimarTebaa, vidre xalxsa da xelmwifes Soris, aseT SemTxvevaSi Tanafardobis nakli mmarTvelobis dayofiT unda gamovasworoT; maSin am dayofiT miRebul mis yvela nawilTa Zalaufleba qveSevrdomebis mimarT ar Semcirdeba, xolo xelisuflebis amgvari dayofiT erTad aRebuli yvela nawili, suverenis mimarT naklebi ZlierebiT xasiaTdeba.

imave Seusabamobis aRmofxvra SesaZlebelia Sualeduri Tanamdebobis dawesebiTac: unarCunebs ra mTlianobas mmarTvelobas, isini mxolod ori xelisuflebis gawonasworebasa da erTmaneTis mimarT maTi uflebebis SenarCunebas emsaxurebian. aseT SemTxvevaSi mmarTveloba Sereuli ki ara, zomieri iqneba.

msgavsi saSualebiT SesaZlebelia sapirispiro Susabamobebis aRkveTac; rodesac marTveloba Zalzed sustia, misi Zalebis koncentrirebis mizniT unda Seiqmnas tribunalebi; es saSualeba gamoiyeneba yvela demokratiul mmarTvelobaSi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi mmarTvelobas yofen, raTa daasuston, meore SemTxvevaSi, raTa gaaZlieron. martiv mmrTvelobas Zalisa da sisustis maqsimumi erTnairad axasiaTebs maSin, rodesac Sereuli formebi Zalis saSualo xasiaTs uzrunvelyofen.

IX Tavikargi mmarTvelobis niSnebi

rodesac risame miuxedavad kiTxuloben – romeli mmarTvelobaa saukeTeso? – gadauWrelsa da ganusazRrl kiTxvas svamen. Tu inebebT, am kiTxvas imdeni swori pasuxi aqvs, xalxTa absolutur da SefardebiT mdgomareobas Soris ramdeni kombinaciac aris SesaZlebeli.

magram Tu ikiTxes: ra niSnis mixedviT SeiZleba imis gageba, kargad imarTeba romelime xalxi Tu cudad – es ki sul sxva ram aris. aseTi sakiTxi SeiZleba faqtobrivad gadaWriliyo kidec.

naTqvamis miuxedavad, am sakiTxs mainc verafers uxerxeben, vinaidan yvelas Taviseburad surs misi gadawyveta. qveSevrdomebi sazogadoebriv simSvides asxamen xotbas, moqalaqeebi – kerZo pirTa Tavisuflebas; erTni qonebis Seuvelobas amjobineben, meoreni – pirovnebisas; erTi irwmuneba, rom saukeTesoa mkacri mmarTveloba, meores surs, igi yvelaze damTmobi iyos; erTi danaSaulTa gamo dasjas iTxovs, meore – maT Tavidan acilebas; erTs eamayeba, mezobels rom misi SiSi aqvs, meore ganze dgomas amjobinebs; erTi, roca fuli brunvaSia, kmayofilia. meore imas sjerdeba, rom xalxs puri hqondes. am uTanxmoebaTa Semdeg, am da msgavs sakiTxebze, Tundac SeTanxmdnen, gana amiT rames saqme eSveleba?! raki zneobriv TvisebaTa zusti sazomi ar arsebobs, niSnis Taobaze SeTanxmeba romc moxdes, Sefasebisas es rogorRa moxerxdeba?

piradad me mudam is maocebs, rom yuradRebas ar aqceven Semdeg ubralo niSans an arakeTilsindisierebis gamo ar surT misi danaxva. ra aris politikuri asociaciis mizani? Tavisi asociaciis wevrebis dacva da maTi keTildReoba. ra aris amis yvelaze utyuari safuZveli? mosaxleobis raodenoba da mateba. am sadavo niSnis Ziebas sxvagan nu daiwyebT. sxva

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Tanabar pirobebSi udavod saukeTesoa is mmarTveloba, romlis drosac gare saSualebebis, naturalizaciisa (28) da koloniebis garSe, mosaxleoba mkvidrdeba da raodenobrivad matulobs. mmarTveloba, romlis drosac xalxi mcirdeba da Ratakdeba, yvelaze uaresia. aRmricxvelebo, axla jeri Tqvenzea! – daTvaleT, daiangariSeT, SeadareT.*

Zalze aRtacebulni iyvnen im saukuneebiT, rodesac mecniereba da xelovneba yvaoda. Tumca am saukuneTa kulturis arc farul mizezebs eZiebdnen da arc damRupveli Sedegebs iTvaliswinebdnen (29). “is, rac ukve damonebis sawyisi iyo, ugunurebi ganaTlebulobad ixsenieben.” (tacitusi, agrikola, XXI) nuTu wignebSi gadmocemul maqsimebidan verasodes ver amovikiTxavT im utifar angarebas, rac maT avtorebs alaparakebs? rasac ar unda ambobdnen isini, qveynis mosaxleoba roca mcirdeba, garegnuli brwyinvalebis miuxedavad, sicruea imis mtkiceba, TiTqos am qveyanaSi yvelaferi rigze iyos; ar aris sakmarisi, romelime poets (30) rentiT (31) asi aTasi livri (32) Semosavali gqondes da amis gamo misi saukune yvelaze saukeTesod CaiTvalos. yuradReba mTeli xalxis, pirvel yovlisa ki yvelaze mravalricxovan fenaTa keTildReobas unda mieqces da ara gamgebelTa moCvenebiT simSvidesa da gularxeinobas. setyva qveynis zogierT mxares aCanagebs, magram igi SimSilobas iSviaTad iwvevs. Tumc ki amboxebebi da samoqalaqo omebi Zalze aSineben saxelmwifoTa maTaurebs, magram arc es gaxlavT qveSevrdomTa namdvili ubedurebis mizezi; maT SeiZleba sulic ki moiTqvan, sanam imaze davoben, Tu vin gaxdes maTi tirani. xalxTa WeSmariti keTildReoba an ubedureba mxolod maTive myari mdgomareobis nayofia. rodesac yvelaferi uRlis qveS aris daTrgunvili, maSin yvelaferi iRupeba – Tanamdebobis pirebi, TavianTi survilisamebr swored aseT dros aCanageben xalxs. “qveynis gaubedurebas, isini mSvidobis aRdgenas uwodeben” (33) (tacitusi, agrikola XXX) rodesac didebulTa qiSpi safrangeTis samefoSi mRelvarebas iwvevda da roca parizis koauditors (34) jibeSi daniT uxdeboda parlamentSi siaruli, amas frangi xalxisaTvis xeli ar SeuSlia yofiliyi bednieri da mravalricxovani, ecxovra rigianad da Tavisuflad. odesRac saberZneTi yvelaze ulmobeli omebis drosac ki yvaoda; sisxli niaRvrebad moedineboda da mTeli. qveyana mainc xalxiT iyo savse. ase gegonebodaT, - ambobs makiaveli (35), – mkvlelobebis, gandevnebis, samoqalaqo omebis dros Cveni respublika ufro Zlierdebodao moqalaqeTa siqveles, zne-Cveulebebs, damoukideblobas ufro didi mniSvneloba hqonda respublikis ganmtkicebisaTvis, vidre maT uTanxmoebebs, rasac maTive qveynis dasusteba mosdevda. mcireodeni mRelvareba adamianTa gulebs aRanTebs xolme, kacTa modgmis keTildReobas, realurad, ufro Tavisufleba uwyobs xels da ara - mSvidoba.

X TavimmarTvelobis borotad gamoyeneba da misi

midrekileba dacemisaken

rogorc kerZo neba ewinaaRmdegeba ganuwyvetliv saerTos, mmarTvelobac Tavis Zalebs suverenitets aseve ganuwyvetliv upirispirebs. rac ufro matulobs es Zalebi,

* amave principiT unda vimsjeloT im saukuneebze, adamianTa modgmis keTildReobis TvalsazrisiT xotbas rom imsaxureben. miT ufro uaresdeba saxelmwifo wyoba; da vinaidan aseT SemTxvevaSi ar arsebobs korpusis sxva neba, romelic SeewinaaRmdegeba xelmwifis nebas an gaawonasworebs mas, amitom adre Tu gvian xelmwife sabolood daZlevs suverens da sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebasac daarRvevs. swored es gaxlavT is gardauvali da Tandayolili nakli, politikuri korpusis SeqmnisTanave ganuwyvetliv misi dangreviskn rom iswrafvis. es zustad iseve xdeba, rogorc sibere da sikvdili uRebs bolos adamianis sxeuls.

arsebobs ori zogadi gza, romlic nebismieri mmarTvelobis gadagvarebas iwvevs: rodesac mmarTveloba izRudeba an rodesac saxelmwifo iSleba.

mmarTveloba izRudeba, rodesac igi raodenobrivad mcirdeba, e.i. rodesac igi demokratiuli mmarTvelobidan aristokratiulze, aristokratiulidan ki samefo mmarTvelobaze gadadis;…es misi bunebrivi midrekilebaa*. pirukve svlis SemTxvevaSi e.i. rodesac SezRuduli marTveloba raodenobrivad izrdeba, SeiZleboda gveTqva, rom mmarTveloba sustdeba, magram aseTi ukusvla SeuZlebelia.

romulusis (38) pirveli politikuri instituti Sereuli mmarTveloba gaxldaT, romelic swrafad gadaizara despoptizmSi. gansakuTrebulma mizezebma saxelmwifo, rogorc axalSobili,

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naadrevad daRupes. tarkviniusebis (39) gaZeveba iyo mTeli epoqa, romelmac dasabami misca respublikas. magram Tavdapirvelad mas myari forma ar hqonia, vinaidan patriciatis SeucvlelobiT saqme sanaxevrod gasrulda. amrigad, memkvidreobiT aristokratias, kanonier mmarTvelobaTagan yvelaze uares formas, uTanxmoeba hqonda demokratiasTan; amitom mmarTvelobis am gaurkvevelma da meryevma formam, rogorc es makiavelim daadgina, mxolod tribunatis dawesebiT miiRo gansazRvruli saxe, mxolod maSin Seiqmna WeSmariti mmarTveloba da namdvili demokratia. marTlac, maSin xalxi ara mxolod suvereni iyo, aramed magistratic da mosamarTlec. senati daqvemdebarebuli tribunali iyo, mis movaleobas mmarTvelobis koncentrireba da misTvis zomierebis miniWeba warmoadgenda. Tavad konsulebi, romlebic Tumca patriciebi, pirveli magistaratebi, mxedarTvmTavrebi iyvenen da omis dros absoluturi ZalauflebiT sargeblobdnen, romSi mxolod xalxis mier arCeul meTaurebs warmoadgendnen.

amis Semdeg marTvelobam bunebrivad iwyo swrafva aristokratiuli mmarTvelobisaken. rodesac tribunebma Tavis sasargeblod iwyes realuri Zalauflebis uzurpacia, patriciarti, ase vTqvaT, TavisTavad uqmdeboda. aristokratia, veneciisa da genuis (40) msgavsad, patricTa fenaSi ki ar imyofeboda, aramed patriciebisa da plebeebisagan Semdgar senatsa da TviTYtribunTa fenaSic, rodesac tribunebma Tavis sasargeblod iwyes realuri Zalauflebis uzurpacia. saxelwodebebi ar cvlian saganTa arss; da Tu qveyanas xalxis nacvlad gamgeblebi marTaven, am gamgeblebs rac ar unda erqvaT, es mmarTveloba yovelTvis aristokratiulia.

aristokratiuli mmarTvelobis dros Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebiT dasabami mieca samoqalaqo omebsa da triumvirats (41). sula, iulius keisari (42), avgustusi (43), namdvili monarqebi iyvnen da bolos, tiberiusis (44) despotizmis dros saxelmwifo daiSala. amgvarad, romis istoria Cemeul princips ar uaryofs, igi mas adasturebs.

marTlac, mmarTveloba mxolod maSin icvlis formas, rodesac misi mamoZravebeli zambara yvela SesaZleblobas amowuravs da imdenad sustdeba, rom aRar ZaluZs Tavisi Zveli saxis SenarCuneba. gafarTovebiT igi kidev ufro sustdeba. misi Zala araraobamde dadis da arsebobis droc iwureba. amrigad, saWiroa xelaxali Zalisxmeva da mmarTvelobis moSvebuli zambaris SekumSva; sxvagvarad, saxelmwifo, romelic am mmarTvelobas emyareba, daingreva.

saxelmwifos daSla SesaZloa orgvarad moxdes: jer erTi, rodesac xelmwife

* veneciis respublikis auCqarebeli Camoyalibeba da ganviTareba missave lagunebs SigniT, am Tanmimdevrobis Cinebuli magaliTia; saocaria, rom ukve aTas oras welze meti xania, rac venecielebi 1198 wels serrar di consiglio-Ti (36) dawyebuli ganviTarebis mxolod meore stadiaSi imyofebian, Zvel hercogebs rac SeexebaT, romelTa gamoc maT sayveduroben, squittinio della liberta veneta (37) rac ar unda Tqvas, damtkicebulia, rom isini suverenebi ar yofilan. SeiZleba mimiTiTon romis respublikaze, romelic bevris azriT sapirispiro gziT viTardeboda–monarqiulidan aristokratiulze gadavida da aristokratiulidan – demokratiulze. me Zalze Sors var amgvari mosazrebisagan.kanonebiT aRar marTavs saxelmwifos suverenuli xelisuflebis uzurpacias eweva. aseT dros mniSvnelovani cvlileba xdeba: izRudeba ara mmarTveloba, aramed saxelmwifo. imis Tqma minda, rom iSleba didi saxelmwifo da mis wiaRSi axali saxelmwifo iqmneba; igi mmarTvelobis wevrebisganRa Sedgeba da danarCeni xalxis mimarT mxolod gamgebeli da tirania. amrigad, im dros, rodesac mmarTveloba suverenitetis uzurpacias eweva, sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba darRveulia da yvela rigiTi moqalaqe, kanoniT ubrundeba ra bunebrivi Tavisuflebis mdgomareobas, valdebulebis nacvlad iZulebiT morCilebs.

igive SemTxveva SeiniSneba maSinac, rodesac marTvelobis wevrebi TiToeuli cal-calke eweva im Zalauflebis uzurpacias, romelsac erTad unda axorcielebdnen. aseTi uzurpacia kanonis aranaklebi darRvevaa da kidev ufro met areulobas iwvevs saxelmwifoSi. am dros, SeiZleba iTqvas, ramdeni magistraticaa, imdeni xelmwifea. mmarTveloaze aranakleb danawevrebuli saxelmwifo iRupeba an formas icvlis.

rodesac saxelmwifo iSleba, mmarTvelobis nebismieri boroti qmedebani zogadad anarqiad iwodeba, cal-calke Tu ganvixilavT, demokratia oqlokratiaSi (45) gadaizrdeba, aristokratia – oligarqiaSi (46) SemeZlo isic meTqva, rom monarqia tiraniad gadagvardeba. es ukanaskneli orazrovani sityvaa da ganmartebas saWiroebs.

Cveulebrivi mniSvnelobiT, tirani esaa mefe, romelic mmarTevlobisas Zaladobas mimarTavs da sruliad ugulvebelyofs samarTlianobasa da kanonebs. zusti mniSvnelobiT ki tirani kerZo piria, romelic ukanonod iTvisebs mefis Zalauflebas. berZnebs swored am mniSvnelobiT esmodaT sityva tirani

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da am sityviT ganurCevlad moixseniebdnen rogorc karg, ise cud mefeebs, romelTa Zalauflebac arakanonieri iyo.* amgvarad tirani da uzurpatori sinonimebia.

Tu yvelafers Tav-Tavisi saxeli daerqmeva, tirans mefis Zalauflebis uzurpators vuwodebdi, xolo despots – suverenuli Zalauflebis uzurpators. tirani is aris, vinc arakanonierad iTvisebs ganmgeblobis uflebas, raTa kanonTa Tanaxmad ganmgeblobdes. despoti ki aris is, vinc Tavs kanonze maRla ayenebs. amgvarad, SesaZloa tirani ar iyos despoti, magram despoti yovelTvis tirania.

XI Tavipolitikuri korpusis kvdoma

aseTi gaxlavT saukeTesod mowyobili marTvelobis bunebrivi da gardauvali dacema. Tu spartac daiRupa da romic, maS romel saxelmwifos SeiZleba hqondes imedi, rom maradJams iarsebebs? Tu mtkice saxelmwifo institiutis Seqmna gvsurs, misi maradiulobis uzrunvelyofaze nu vimedovnebT. warmatebis misaRwevad SeuZlebels ar unda vecadoT. nurc imiT daviimedebT Tavs, rom adamianTa Semoqmedebis nayofs iseT simtkices mivaniWebT, rac adamianis mier SeqmnilisaTvis uCveuloa.

politikuri korpusi, iseve rogorc adamianis sxeuli, dabadebisTanave iwyebs kvdomas da sakuTar TavSi atarebs ngrevis mizezebs. erTmac da meoremac, SesaZloa, met-naklebi siZlieris wyalobiT, xangrZlivad SeinarCunos Tavisi aRnagoba. adamianis sxeuli bunebis qmnilebaa, saxelmwifos wyoba – xelovnebis nimuSi. adamianebze ar aris damokidebuli sakuTari sicocxlis gaxangrZliveba, samagierod maTzea damokidebuli saxelmwifos arsebobis rac SeiZleba metad gaxangrZliveba misTvis SeZlebisdagvarad saukeTeso wyobis miniWebiT. aseTi wyobis mqone saxelmwifosac aqvs Tavisi dasasruli, magram es ufro gvian moxdeba, vidre sxva saxelwifoebSi (cxadia, Tu raime gauTvaliswinebeli SemTxveva droze adre ar daRupavs mas).

* omnes enim et divuntur tyranni, qui potestate utuntur perpetua in ea civitate quae libertate usa est-yvela isini, visac mtkice Zalaufleba hqonda saxelmwifoSi, vinc TavisuflebiT tkbeboda, tiranebad iTvlebodnen da iwodebodnen. kornelius nepoti (47), “miltiade” (48). marTalia aristotele tiransa da mefes erTmaneTisgan imiT asxvavebs, rom pirveli saxelmwifos piradi sargeblis safuZvelze ganagebs, meore – mxolod Tavis qveSevrdomTa sasikeTod. magram, imas garda, rom yvela berZen avtors, saerTod, sityva “tirani” sul sxva mniSvnelobiT esmoda, rasac gansakuTrebiT qsenofotes “hierone” (49) adasturebs, aristoteles mier mocemul sxvaobas Tu daveTanxmebiT, maSin gamodis, rom kacobriobis dasabamidan dRemde arc erTi mefe ar arsebula.

politikuri cxovrebis principi suverenuli ZalauflebaSi mdgomareobs. sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba saxelmwifos gulia, aRmasrulebeli – misi tvini,romelsac qveynis yvela nawili moZraobaSi mohyavs. SesaZloa, tvins dambla daeces da pirovneba mainc cocxlobdes. adamiani rCeba Wkuasusti da cocxlobs, magram rogorc ki guli Sewyvets muSaobas, cocxali arseba kvdeba.

saxelmwifo arsebobs ara kanonebiT, aramed sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebiT. guSindeli kanoni dRes arafers gvavaldebulebs. dumili usityvo Tanxmobad aRiqmeba da hgoniaT, rom suvereni dausruleblad amtkicebs kanonebs, romelTa Secvlac mas ZaluZs, magram ar cvlis. yvelaferi, rac suverenma erTxel Tavis survilad gamoacxada, aseTad rCeba manamde, sanam igi mas ar Secvlis.

maS ratom ekidebian aseTi pativiT Zvel kanonebs? – swored imis gamo, rac zemoT mogaxseneT. unda virwmunoT, rom mxolod Zveli drois srulqmnilma nebam ganapiroba kanonTa aseTi xangrZlivi arseboba. suverens es kanonebi maradJams vargisad rom ar mieCnia, maT aTasjer Secvlida. ai, ratomaa, rom yovel kargad mowyobil saxelmwifoSi kanonebi araTu ar kargaven TavianT Zalas, aramed gamudmebiT iZenen axal mniSvnelobas. ganwyoba TviT am kanonTa siZvelisadmi, Zvel kanonebs sul ufro sapatios xdis. da es maSin, rodesac yvelgan, sadac kanonebi Zveldeba, sustdeba kidec; es imas mowmobs, rom iq sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba aRar arsebobs, rom saxelmwifo aRar cocxlobs.

wigni IV226

I TavisaerTo nebis daurRvevloba

vidre adamianTa garkveuli erToblioba Tavs erT korpusad miiCnevs, maT aqvT erTi neba, romlis mizani am mTelis SenarCunebasa da saerTo keTildReobaze zrunvaa. aseT SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos mamoZravebeli Zalebi Zlieri da martivia, maqsimebi – naTeli da mkafio. bundovan da winaaRmdegobriv interess adgili ar aqvs, saerTo keTildReoba yvelgan naTlad igrZnoba da mxolod saRi gonebaa saWiro mis dasanaxad. mSvidoba, erToba, Tanasworoba politikuri fandebis mteria. gulubryvilo da ubralo adamianTa motyueba maTive ubraloebis gamoa Zneli: satyuarebi, rafinirebuli saameblebi, maTze ar moqmedeben. isini arc ise briyvebi arian, rom ankesze wamoegon. rodesac xedavT qveynad yvelaze bednier xalxSi rogor wyveten saxelmwifo saqmeebs muxis Ziras Sekrebili glexebi da dReniadag rogor gonivrulad iqcevian, nuTu SeiZleba siZulviliT ar ganimsWvaloT sxva xalxTa sinatifis mimarT, amdeni mondomebiTa da idumalebiT saxeli rom mouxveWiaT da Sesabralisi gamxdaran?

ase marTuli saxelmwifo Zalze cota kanonebs saWiroebs da axali kanonebis Seqmna Tu aucilebeli xdeba, es aucilebloba yvelgan igrZnoba. pirveli, vinc xalxs axal kanonebs SesTavazebs, mxolod imas ganacxadebs, rasac isedac yvela grZnobs; amdenad, arc politikuri xrikebia saWiro da arc mWevrmetyveleba, raTa kanonad aqcion is, risi qmnac yvelas gadauwyvetia, oRond TiToeuli unda darwmundes, rom sxvebic masaviT moiqcevian.

rezoniorebi SecdomaSi Sehyavs Semdeg garemoebas: maT Tvalwin udgaT mxolod dasabamidanve cudad mowyobili saxelmwifoebi da amitom gaocebulni arian msgavsi sazogadoebrivi wyobis SenarCunebis SesaZleblobiT. maT ecinebaT imis warmodgenisas, Tu marjve TaRliTi an urcxvi ybedi rogor daajerebs yvelas uazrobaSi parizis an londonis mkvidrT. maT ar ician, rom kromveli (50) bernis mcxovreblebma dasajes, xolo boforis hercogi (51) Jeneveleba gaSoltes.

rodesac sazogadoebrivi kavSiri moeSveba da saxelmwifo dauZlurebas daiwyebs, rodesac SeimCneva kerZo intersebisa da patara sazogadoebebis zegavlena did sazogadoebebze, saerTo interesi icvleba da mowinaaRmdegeebi uCndeba; arCevnebSi aRar aris erTsulovneba; saerTo neba yvelas neba aRaraa; iwyeba winaaRmdegobebi, debatebi da saukeTeso azrs gasamarjveblad didi kamaTi sWirdeba.

da bolos, rodesac daRupvis piras misuli saxelmwifo arsebobs mxolod iluzoruli da fuWi formis wyalobiT, rodesac sazogadoebrivi kavSirebi yvelas SegnebaSi gawyvetilia, rodesac yvelaze mdabali interesi utifrad iniRbeba sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis wminda saxeliT, saero neba munjdeba. yvelas faruli motivebi eufleba da moqalaqeebiviT aravin msjelobs, TiTqos odesme arc maTi saxelmwifo arsebula da kanonis saxeliT TaRliTurad atareben usamarTlo dekretebs, romelTac mxolod kerZo interesi aqvT.

yovelive es saerTo nebis gauqmebasa da gaxrwnaze xom ar miuTiTebs? ara, saerTo neba yovelTvis ucvleli, mtkice da wmindaa, magram igi eqvemdebareba sxva nebebs, romlebic mas aRematebian. TiToeul moqalaqes kargad esmis, rom saerTo interesisagan sakuTaris gamoyofiT, mainc ar ZaluZs absoluturad gamoacalkeos Tavisi interesi; magram saerTo borotebaSi Tavisi wili mas umniSvnelod eCveneba im gankerZoebul keTilReobasTan SedarebiT, risi dasakuTrebac mas swadia. garda piradi keTildReobisa, igi, Tavisave piradi interesidan gamomdinare, iseve Zalumad iltvis saerTo keTildReobisaken, rogorc nebismieri sxva; sakuTari xmis fulze gayidviTac ki ar axSobs Tavis TavSi saerTo nebas, igi mxolod Tavs aridebs mas. misi Secdoma is gaxlavT, rom cvlis kiTxvis arss da Tavs aridebs swor pasuxs; nacvlad imisa, xmis micemiT ganacxados: saxelmwifosaTvis xelsayrelia, igi ambobs: ama Tu im kacisa Tu partiisaTvis aseTi azris gamarjveba xelsayrelia. amgvarad, sazogadoebrivi interesidan gamomdinare, krebebis dros kanonis mizani unda iyos ara saerTo nebis mxardaWera, aramed is, rom mudamJam am nebas ekiTxebodnen da isic mudamHamas pasuxobdes.

aq SemeZlo mravali mosazreba gamomeTqva suverenitetis yoveli aqtis dros xmis micemis ubralo uflebis Sesaxeb, romelsac veraferi CamoarTmevs moqalaqeebs. aseve SeiZleba iTqvas azris gamoTqmis, winadadebis Setanis, gayofis, kamaTis uflebis Sesaxeb, razec mmarTveloba yovelTvis zrunavs, raTa igi mxolod mis wevrebs hqondeT. magram am mniSvnelovani Temis ganxilvas calke kontraqti dasWirdeboda, yvelafris aq Tqma me ar ZalmiZs.

III TaviarCevnebi

227

rogorc ukve mogaxseneT, xelmwifisa da magistratTa arCevnebi rTuli aqtebia, misTvis ori saSualeba gamoiyeneba: arCeva da kenWisyra. zogierT respublikaSi erTic gamoiyeneboda da meorec. orive am saSualebis Zalze rTul nazavs dResac vxvdebiT veneciis doJis (52) arCevisas.

“arCevnebi kenWisyriT – ambobs monteskie, - ufro demokratias eTanadeba.” veTanxmebi, magram ranairad? “kenWisyra, - ganagrZobs monteskie – arCevanis iseTi formaa, romelic aravis Seuracxyofs. igi nebismier moqalaqes sakmao imeds utovebs samSoblosaTvis samsaxuris gasawevad” es safuZvlebi ar gaxlavT.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom magistratTa arCeva mmarTvelobis movaleobaa da ara – suverenitetisa, davrwmundebiT, demokratiuli mmarTvelobis bunebas ufro metad ratom eTanadeba kenWisyriT arCevnebi, romlis drosac, rac ufro Semcirebelia mmarTvelobiTi aqtebi, miT ukeTesia gamgebloba.

WeSmaritad demokratiul yvela qveyanaSi Tanamdeboba upiratesoba ki ara, mZime tvirTia; SeuZlebelia erTs meoreze ufro metad daakisroT igi. mxolod kanons ZaluZs daakisros es valdebuleba kenWisyriT arCeuls. aseT SemTxvevaSi pirobebi yvelasTvis Tanabaria da arCevani aravis adamianur nebaze damokidebuli ar aris; gamoricxulia yovelgvari kerZo, kanonis sayovelTaobis damrRvevi gadaxra.

aristokratiuli mmarTvelobis dros xelmwifes xelmwife irCevs; mmarTveloba TavisTavad SenarCunebulia, amdenad, arCevnebi aq savsebiT marTebulia.

veneciis doJis arCevnebi am sxvaobas ki ar abaTilebs, umal adasturebs; es Sereuli forma mmarTvelobis Sereul formas esadageba.

Secdoma iqneboda, veneciis mmarTveloba WeSmaritad aristokratiul mmarTvelobad migveCnia. xalxi Tu araviTar monawileobas ar Rebulobs mmarTvelobaSi es imitom, rom iq Tavad Tavadaznaurobaa xalxi. Ratak barnabotTa (53) brbos arasodes Rirsebia Tanamdeboba. maT aznaurobas mxolod fuWi upiratesobis gamomxatveli tituli da did sabWoze daswrebis ufleba eniWeba. es didi sabWo iseve mravalricxovania, rogorc Cveni generaluri sabWo JenevaSi; mis saxelovan wevrebs Cvens rigiT moqalaqeebze meti privilegiebi rodi aqvT. cxadia, orive respublikas Soris arsebul udides sxvaobas Tu ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi, maSin Jenevis burJuazia zustad veneciis patriciats hgavs, Cvens qveyanaSi dabadebulebi da mcxovrebni – veneciis moqalaqeebs da xalxs, aqauri glexoba – veneciaSi, materikze mcxovreb qveSevrdomebs. ra kuTxiTac ar unda ganvixiloT es respublika (mis sidideze rom araferi vTqvaT), misi mmarTevloba Cvensaze ufro aristokratiuli ar aris. mTeli sxvaoba is gaxlavT, rom vinaidan Cven saxelmwifo meTauri ar gvyavs, arc kenWisyriT arCevnebs vsaWiroebT.

kenWisyriT arCevnebs naklebi Seusabamobebi eqneboda WeSmarit demokratiul mmarTvelobaSi, sadac rogorc zneTa da niWTa, ise maqsimaTa da qonebis sayovelTao Tanasworobis pirobebSi arCevani TiTqmis ganurCeveli iqneboda. magram, rogorc ukve mogaxseneT, WeSmariti demokratia arasodes arsebula.

rodesac erTdroulad arCevnebsac mimarTaven da kenWisyrasac, maSin pirvelis meSveobiT is Tanamdebobebi unda Seivsos, gansakuTrebul niWs rom saWiroeben (kerZod, samxedro Tanamdebobebi); meoris meSveobiT – is Tanamdebobebi, romelTa damkavebelTaTvis saRi goneba, samarTlianoba da uangarobac kmara (aseTia samarTlis Tanamdebobebi). vinaidan kargad marTul saxelmwifos yvela moqalaqes aseTi Tvisebebi axasiaTebs.

monarqiul mmarTvelobaSi arc arCevnebs mimarTaven da arc kenWisyras. monarqi kanonierad aris saxelmwifos erTaderTi mefe da magistrati; amdenad TanaSemweTa arCevani mis nebazea damokidebuli. rodesac sen-pieris abatma (54) mefes safrangeTis sabWoebis gazrda da misi wevrebis kenWisyriT arCeva SesTavaza, ver mixvda, rom amiT mmarTvelobis formis Secvlas iTxovda.

isRa mrCeba saxalxo krebebze xmaTa micemisa da daTvlis formebsac Sevexo; SeiZleba romis mmarTvelobis istoriam am mimarTebiT yvela maqsimis axsna ufro naTlad SeZlos, vidre maT dadgenas me SevZlebdi. yuradRebiani mkiTxvelisaTvis sasargeblo iqneba ufro dawvrilebiT gaecnos, Tu rogor wyvetda sazogadoebriv da kerZo saqmeebs ori aTasi kacisagan Semdgari sabWo.

V Tavitribunati

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rodesac saxelmwifos Semadgenel nawilTa Soris zusti proporciis dadgena SeuZlebelia, anda rodesac mizezebi, romelTa aRkveTasac ver axerxeben, aRniSnul nawilTa Soris mimarTebebs dausruleblad cvlian saxelmwifoSi, specialuri magistratura maSin iqmneba. mas sxva magistraturebTan araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs. igi icavs Tanafardobas Tavis yovel wevrs Soris da qmnis kavSirs anu proporciis saSualo wevrs an xelmwifesa da xalxs, an xelmwifesa da suverens Soris an, Tu aucilebelia, erTdroulad orive mimarTebas Soris.

es korpusi, romelsac tribunats vuwodeb, kanonTa da sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis damcveli gaxlavT. romis saxalxo tribunebis msgavsad, igi zogjer suverens mmarTvelobisagan icavs, zogjer xalxis winaaRmdeg mmarTvelobas uWers mxars, rogorc aTTa sabWo dRevandel veneciaSi, zogjer rogorc erTs, ise meores Tanasworobas unarCunebs, rogorc amas spartaSi eforebi (55) akeTebdnen.

tribunati samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Semadgeneli nawili ar gaxlavT da araviTar monawileobas ar unda Rebulobdes arc sakanondeblo da arc aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi. magram swored amitom aris misi Zalaufleba orive zemoT xsenebul xelisuflebaze farTo. arafris maqnisi tribunati yvelas xels SeuSlida. rogorc kanonTa damcveli, igi ufro wminda da pativsacemia, vidre xelmwife, romelic xelisuflebas axorcielebs da suvereni, romelic kanonebs iRebs. es naTlad Canda romSi, sadac mudamJams xalxis moZule, qedmaRali patricebi iZulebuli iyvnen damorCilebodnen ubralo mdabio moxeles, romelic arc iurisdiqcias flobda da arc raimes ganWvretis unari hqonda momadlebuli.

gonivrulad Serbilebuli tribunati kargi mmarTvelobis yvelaze myari sayrdenia; Tu igi mcirediT mainc aris imaze ufro Zlieri, vidre es saWiroa, yvelafers gadalaxavs. xolo sisustes rac Seexeba, igi mis bunebasTan SeuTavsebelia. Tu tribunati raimes warmoadgens, imitom rom igi mudam is aris, rac unda iyos.

tribunati tiraniad maSin gadagvardeba, rodesac igi aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis gazomierebis magier mis uzurpacias eweva da lamobs saxe ucvalos kanonebs, romelTa dacvac evaleba mxolod. eforTa udidesi Zalaufleba spartas safrTxes ar uqmnida vidre igi Tavis zne-Cveulebebs inarCunebda., magram mogvianebiT swored eforTa Zalauflebam daaCqara maTi (zne-CveulebaTa) xrwna. am tiranebis mokluli agisis (56) sisxli misma mamkvidrem aiRo. eforTa danaSaulma da dasjam Tanabrad daaCqara respublikis dacema. kleomenes (57) Semdeg spartam Tavisi mniSvneloba dakarga. romic zustad aseve daiRupa; Tavisuflebis dasacavad Seqmnili kanonebis daxmarebiT tribunTa uzomo Zalauflebis TandaTanobiTma uzurpaciam sabolood imperatorTa nebis Seuvaloba ganapiroba; maT Tavisufleba mospes. veneciis aTTa sabWos rac Seexeba, rogorc patricebis, ise xalxisTvis erTnairad sazareli es sisxliani tribunali imis nacvlad, rom kanonebs mtkiced icavdes, sinamdvileSi maT amdablebs da es xdeba ise, TiTqos kanonebs sibneleSi ayenebdes dartymebs, romelTa SemCnevasac ver bedaven.

tribunati iseve sustdeba, rogorc mmarTveloba; amas wevrTa raodenobis zrda iwvevs. Tavdapirvelad romael xalxs ori tribuni hyavda, Semdeg xuTi; rodesac am cifris gaormageba ganizraxes, senats winaaRmdegoba ar gauwevia, vinaidan darwmunebuli iyo, rom erTs meSveobiT meoris Sekavebas SeZlebda; asec moxda – wevrTa raodenobis gazrdam tribunati daasusta.

aseTi sazareli korpusis mier Cadenil uzurpaciaTa aRsakveTad saukeTeso saSualeba, romlisTvisac dRemde arc erT mmarTvelobas ar miumarTavs, is iqneboda, rom ar daeSvaT am korpusis mudmivoba da wesrigi daemyarebinaT drois im SualedebSi, rodesac igi arsebobas Sewyvetda. es Sualedebi xangrZlivi ar unda yofiliyo, raTa am drois borotad gamoyeneba ar damkvidrebuliyo; aseTi Sualedebis gansazRvra kanoniTac SeiZleboda, Tanac ise, rom aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi ioli yofiliyo maTi Semcireba sagangebo gankargulebiT.

Cemi azriT, es uxerxuloba uxerxulobas ar unda iwvevdes, vinaidan rogorc mogaxseneT, tribunati ar Sedis saxelmwifos struqturaSi da, amdenad, SeiZleba ise Seicvalos, rom saxelwifoSi arsebiTi cvlileba ar gamoiwvios. aseTi saSualeba qmediTad mesaxeba imitomac, rom axali magistrati Tavis movaleobas daiwyebs ara im ZalauflebiT, romelsac misi winamorbedi flobda, aramed kanoniT miniWebuli ZalauflebiT.

VI Tavidiqtatura

kanonTa mouqnelobam, rac movlenebTan maT misadagebas uSlis xels, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, roca krizisis Jami dgeba, SeiZleba damRupveli saxe miiRos da saxelmwifos bolo mouRos kidec. wesrigi da dayovnebuli formebi garkveul dros iTxovs, rasac zogjer movlenebi ar iTmens. SesaZloa Tavi iCinos mravalma iseTma SemTxvevam, romelTa

229

gaTvaliswineba kanonmebels arc SeeZlo. amdenad, yvelafris winaswar gaTvaliswineba rom SeuZlia, es aris yvelaze saWiro windaxeduleba.

amrigad, politikuri institutebis ganmtkiceba ise ar unda vcadoT, rom maTi moqmedebis SeCereba veRar SevZloT. kanonebs zogjer spartac ki ugulvebelyofda.

mxolod did safrTxeebs ZaluZT sazogadoebrivi wyobis Secvlidan momdinare saSiSroebis gawonasworeba; kanonTa wminda Zalmosileba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi unda SeCerdes, roca saqme samSoblos xsnas exeba. am iSviaT da mkafiod gamovlenil SemTxvevebSi sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis dacva gansakuTrebuli aqtiT yvelaze Rirseuls evaleba. am movaleobis dakisreba safrTxis xasiaTis mixedviT ori saSualebiT xdeba.

Tu safrTxis aRsakveTad sakmarisia mmarTvelobis qmediTunarianobis gazrda, maSin mmarTvelobas erTi an ori wevris xelT uyrian Tavs da amgvarad icvleba ara kanonTa Zalaufleba, aramed mxolod maTi gamgeblobis forma. Tu safrTxe iseTia, rom kanonTa aparati mis aRkveTas ewinaaRmdegeba, maSin niSnaven umaRles gamgebels, romelic yvela kanons iZulebiT daadumebs da suverenul Zalauflebas garkveuli droiT SeaCerebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi saerTo neba eWvs ar badebs da sruliad naTelia xalxis umTavresi miswrafeba – ar dauSvas saxelwifos daRupva. amgvarad, sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis SeCereba saxelmwifos ar auqmebs. magistrati, romelic aiZulebs am xelisuflebas dadumdes, ver aiZulebs mas ilaparakos. igi masze (am Zalauflebaze) batonobs, magram ar ZaluZs mas warmomadgenlobdes; mas yvelaferi ZaluZs garda kanonebis Seqmnisa.

pirvel saSualebas romis senati iyenebda maSin, rodesac igi specialuri formuliT avaldebulebda konsulebs, respublikis xsnaze ezrunaT. meore saSualebas mimarTavdnen maSin, rodesac erT-erTi konsuli diqtators* niSnavda. romi am adaTs albas (58) daesesxa.

respublikis arsebobis pirvel xanebSi diqtaturas sakmaod xSirad mimarTavdnen, vinaidan saxelmwifo jer kidev ar iyo ise myari, rom mxolod Tavisi wyalobiT SeenarCunebina arseboba.

drois zne-CveulebaTa wyalobiT, maSin zedmet sifrTxiles arc iCendnen imis imarT, rac sxva dros erTob aucilebeli iqneboda; arc is aSinebdaT, rom diqtatori borotad gamoiyenebda Tavis Zalauflebas, arc is, rom igi daSvebul vadaze meti xniT Seecdeboda mis SenarCunebas. piriqiT, aseTi didi Zalaufleba TiTqos imdenad samZimo iyo, rom misi mpyrobeli Zalze Cqarobda misgan Tavis daxsnas; TiTqos kanonTa piriT laparaki Zalze samZimo da saxifaTo movaleoba iyo.

amgvarad, ara boroti qmedebebis, aramed gaufasurebis safrTxe maiZulebs gavkicxo aseTi umaRlesi magistraturis yovlad mouridebeli gamoyeneba respublikis arsebobis pirvel xanebSi; arCevnebis, dResaswaulebisa Tu sxva formalobebis gamo diqtatorebis uTavbolo daniSvna saSiSi iyo, vinaidan am gaiafebul saSualebas saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi saTanado Zliereba aRar SerCeboda da amao ceremoniebisaTvis gamoyenebul am Tanamdeobas sazogadoeba ise dauwyebda yurebas, rogorc fuW tituls.

. . .rogoradac ar unda eboZos es mniSvnelovani movaleoba pirovnebas, aucilebelia igi ganisazRvros mokle vadiT, romelic araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar gaxangrZlivdeba. krizisebis dros, roca diqtatura aRorZindeba, saxelmwifo an swrafad ingreva, an Tavs aRwevs mas; amis mwvave saWiroeba rogorc ki gaivlis, diqtatura tiranuli an usargeblo gaxdeba. romSi diqtatorebi mxolod eqvsi TviT iniSnebodnen, maTi umravlesoba vadis gasvlamde ambobda uars Tanamdebobaze. es vada ufro xangrZlivi rom yofiliyo, SesaZloa ecadaT misi gaxangrZliveba, rogorc es decemvirebma moisurves erTwliani vadis mimarT. diqtators dro hqonda micemuli mxolod im movaleobaTa Sesasruleblad, risTvisac iyo arCeuli da ara sxva zraxvaTa ganxorcielebaze.

IX Tavidaskvna

mas Semdeg rac dadginda politikuri samarTlis WeSmariti principebi da mis safuZvelze iyo cda saxelmwifos dafuZnebisa, saWiro gaxda igi sagareo urTierTobebiT ganmtkicebuliyo; amaSi unda CarTuliyo saerTaSoriso samarTali, kavSirebi, molaparakebebi, xelSekrulebebi da a.S. magram yovelive es ki axali, metismetad vrceli Temaa, romelsac Cemi SezRuduli mzera veRar swvdeba. amitom mudam imiT unda SemovisazRvro, rac CemTvis aris axlobeli.

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* TiTqos kanonebze maRla adamianis dayeneba rcxveniaTo, dasaxeleba RamiT farulad xdeboda.

SeniSvnebi

1. ruso gulisxmobs Txzulebas “politikuri institutebi”, romlis werac man daaxloebiT 1752 wls daiwyo.

2. laparakia Jenevis respublikaze3. yoveli xelisufleba RmerTisgan momdinareobs _ axali aRTqmis erTi frangmetis

perifrazi (ix. pavles epistole romaelTa mimarT, 13. -1)4. bodeni Jan (1530-1596) _ frangi ekonomisti, werda politikazec. avtori Txzulebisa

“eqvsi wigni saxelmwifo Sesaxeb”. Jan bodens saxelmwifo gadatrialebis mTavar mizezad qonebrivi uTanasworoba miaCnda.

5. d’ alamberi jan le ron (1717-1783) _ frangi mwerali, filosofosi, maTematikosi. sxva frang ganmanaTlebelebTan gansxvavebiT, igi amtkicebda, rom zneoba ar aris ganpirobebuli sazogadoebrivi garemoTi.

6. ruso gulisxmobs grociuss, barbeiraks da burlamaks. maTi azriT, suvereniteti unda gayofiliyo calkeul pirovnebebs an dawesebulebebs Soris.

7. igulisxmeba grociusis Txzuleba “omisa da mSvidobis ufleba”8. lui XIII (1601-1643) – metsaxelad “samarTliani”, safrangeTis mefe, anri IV-isa da

maria mediCis vaJi.9. jorj I (1660-1727) – inglisisa da irlandiis mefe 1714-1727 wlebSi. hanoverTa

germanuli dinastiis warmomadgeneli. man ar icoda inglisuri. 10. jeimz II (1633-1701) – inglisis mefe, stiuartebis dinastiis Camomavali. jeimz II-is

reaqciulma politikam ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. mis winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebma 1688 wels taxtze misi siZe, uiliam III oraneli, dasves; mas niderlandelTa flotis daxmarebiT daamarcxa jeimz II.

11. uiliam III (1656-1702) _ inglisis, Sotlandiisa da irlandiis mefe (1689-1702), protestantizmis damcveli.

12. tlaskalas respublika – erT-erTi Stati meqsikaSi. meqsikis dapyrobis Semdeg espanelebma cnes tlaskalas respublika.

13. tvirosi – finikielTa uZvelesi navsadguri xmelTaSua zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze; tvirosma komerciiT gaiTqva saxeli.

14. rodosi – mcire aziis erT-erTi didi kunZuli egeosis zRvaSi, Zlieri komerciiT saxelganTqmuli respublika, elinisturi kulturis mZlavri kera.

15. aq monteskies gavlena igrZnoba “Tumca zogadad saxelmwifos erT da igive mizani – TavisTavis SenarCuneba aqvs, mainc TiToeul saxelmwifos mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli mizanic gaaCnia. romis mizani gafarToeba iyo, lakedemonisa – omi, iudevelTa kanonebisa – religia, marselisa – vaWroba, CineTis kanonebisa – zRvaosnoba,

231

velurTa Temobisa – bunebrivi Tavisufleba”. – monteskie, “kanonTa goni”, wigni XI, Tavi V

16. rva imperatori – igulisxmeba krizisis ukiduresi gamwvaveba romis imperiaSi (ax. w. III saukune).

17. romis imperiis saboloo dayofa, rogorc cnobilia, ax. w. 395 wels moxda.18. igulisxmeba monteskie: “saxalxo saxelmwifo saWiroebs damatebiT

mamoZravebels, es mamoZravebeli ki qvelobaa”. monteskie, “kanonTa goni”, wigni III, Tavi III.

19. mamaci voevoda – ruso sqolioSi aseT ganmartebas iZleva: “poznanis voevoda, poloneTis mefis, lotaringiis hercogis mama”. igulisxmeba: poloneTis mefe stanislav leSCinski (1705-1709), Sveciis mefis karlos XII-is kaci.

20. gerontebi – Zvel saberZneTSi gerusiis (uxucesTa sabWo) wevrebi.21. arqimede (Zv.w. 287-212) _ berZeni maTematikosi da fizikosi. igi II punikuri omis

dros (Zv. w. 218-201) sami wlis ganmavlobaSi winaaRmdegobas uwevda romaelebs, romelTac alyaSi hyavdaT moqceuli misi qalaqi sirakuzi. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, arqimede meSveobiT xanZars uCenda romaelTa xomaldebs. mokles sirakuzis aRebis dros.

22. samueli _ israelis didi winaswarmetyveli da bolo msajuli. samuelis winaswarmetyveleba axda _ israelma filistimelebs sZlia. winaswarmetyveli mefed samuelma akurTxa farulad. samueli miiCneva msajulTa, ruTis, mefeTa pirveli da meore bibliuri wignebis avtorad.

23. mediCebi – sagvareulo, romelic XV-XVI saukuneebSi mefobda florenciaSi.24. sazareli gmiri – makiaveli mTavarSi gvixatavs amazrzeni borotmoqmedebiT cnobil

Cezare borjias (daax. 1476-1507), romelic arafers ar iSurebda Zalauflebis xelSi Casagdebad.

25. romis kari – fiqroben, rom sinamdvileSi aq unda igulisxmebodes vatikani, romelmac ama Tu im wignis akrZalvis ufleba miiTvisa. imavdroulad aq papis, rogorc saero xelisuflis, karsac gulisxmoben.

26. herakle – berZnuli miTologiis erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli gmiris, zevsisa da alkmenes Zis, herkulesis laTinuri saxeli: heraklem delfos samisnos davalebiT aRasrula Tormeti sagmiro saqme.

27. dionise umcrosi (gard. Zv. w. 344) – sirakuseli saxelmwifo moRvawe, Zv. w. 367-357 sirakusis tirani

28. naturalizacia – saxelmwifos mier ucxoelis Tavis moqalaqed, qveSevrdomad miReba.

29. rusos mier moxmobili fraza gvxvdeba tacitusis “agrikolaSi”, XXI. tacitusi publius kornelius (55-120) romaeli istorikosi

30. ruso gulisxmobs mari fransua arue volters (1694-1778) – frang mwerals, filosofoss, istorikoss, franguli ganmanaTleblobis erT-erT TavlsaCino warmomadgenels.

31. renta – regularuli Semosavali, romelsac iZleva kapitali, qoneba an miwa ise, rom mis mflobels ar sWirdeba samewarmeoo saqmianoba.

32. livri – Zveleburi franguli vercxlis fuli, frankis SemoRebamde33. rusos mier moxmobili fraza gvxvdeba tacitussis “agrikolaSi”, XXX34. koadiutori – episkoposis TanaSemwe, damxmare. ruso gulisxmobs parizis

arqieskoposis koadiutors pol de gondis (Jan de res) (1613-1679); pol d gondi, opoziciuri partiis lideri, didad ambiciuri pirovneba iyo. 1648 wels rogorc amboxebis moTave daapatimres.

35. es aris makiavelis “florenciis istoriis” Sesavlis erTi monakveTis perifrazi.36. Serrar di Consiglio – “sabWos daxurva” (ital.) aqti, romliTac gaformda veneciis

aristokratiul-oligarqiuli wyobileba da dawesda am sabWos privilegirebul ojaxTa e.w. nobileTa, mamkvidreobiToba. SemdgomSi maTi saxelebi gansakuTrebul oqros wignSi iqna Setanili.

37. Squiittinio della liberta veneta. “veneciis TavisuflebisaTvis micemuli xmebi” (ital) anonimuri pamfleti; gamoica 1612 wels. igi miznad isaxavda veneciis respublikaze imperatorTa uflebebis damtkicebas.

38. romulusi (Zv. w. 753-715) – romis legendaruli damaarsebeli, misi pirveli mefe.39. tarkviniusebi _ igulisxmebian: Zveli romis mexuTe mefe – tarkvinius lucius priskusi

(mefobda Zv. w. 616, 615 – 578,577) da Zveli romis meSvide, ukanaskneli mefe _ tarkvinius lucius superbusi (amayi), mefobda (Zv.w. 534,533 – 510,509)

40. genua – XII-XIV saukuneebSi italiis erT-erTi uZlieresi qalaq-saxelmwifo, aristokratiuli respublika.

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41. triumvirati – Zvel romSi sami politikuri da samxedro moRvawis kavSiri (Zv. w. I s.), romlis mizani iyo umaRlesi Zalauflebis miTviseba.

42. iulius keisari – gaius iulius cezari (Zv. w. 101-44) – romis erT-erTi udidesi saxelmwifo moRvawe, saxelganTqmuli mxedarTmTavari.

43. avgustusi – avgustusis oqtaviane (Zv. w. 63-14) romis imperatori. misi mefobis xana erT-erTi brwyinvale periodia romis istoriaSi. mmarTvelobis centralizaciis mizniT avgustusma Seqmna saxelmwifo sabWo, daarsa prefeqtTa instituti.

44. tiberiusi – tiberius klavdius neroni (Zv. w. 42 – ax. w. 37) – romaeli imperatori, axorcielebda sisxlian diqtaturas, gaixizna kunZul kaprze, sadac gaatara sicocxlis ukanaskneli wlebi.

45. oqlokratia – berZnuli warmomavlobis sityvaa; niSnavs mdabioTa, brbos mmarTvelobas. fiqroben, rom es termini pirvelad berZeni istorikosis, polibiosis (Zv. w. 200-125) mier unda yofiliyo gamoyenebuli.

46. oligarqia – aristoteles Tanaxmad saxelmwifo, romelSic Zalaufleba mxolod SezRuduli raodenobis ramodenime gvars ekuTvnis.

47. Corn.ner. – kornelius nepoti (Zv. w. 99-24) – romaeli istorikosi, avtori Txzulebisa “De viris ilustribus” (gamoCenili adamianebi).

48. miltiade umcrosi (Zv. w. 540-489) – aTeneli mxedarTmTavari da saxelmwifo moRvawe. 490 w. maraTonTan berZnebma miltiades mxedarTmTavrobiT daamarcxes sparselebi.

49. hierone – berZeni istorikosis, qsenofontes (Zv. w. 430-355) dialogi “hierone”, romelSic aRwerilia is saSualebebi, riTac xelmwifes SeuZlia bedniereba moutanos Tavis qveyanas. TviT hieron ufrosi (Zv. w. 478-467) sirakusis (qalaqi siciliaSi) tirani iyo.

50. kromveli oliveri (1599-1658) – inglisis, Sotlandiisa da irlandiis lord-proteqtori; opoziciis lideri. mis mier daarsebulma uzenaesma sasamarTlom inglisis mefe Carlz I 1649 wels sikvdiliT dasaja. lord proteqtori kromveli diqtatorulad axorcielebda Zalauflebas.

51. boforis hercogi – fransua de burboni (1616-1669) mefe anri IV – is SviliSvili, “frondas” erT-erTi meTauri (es amboxeba lui XIV-is mefobis dros, 1648-52 wlebSi moxda).

52. doJi – Zvelad veneciisa da Jenevis respublikaSi arCeuli gamgebeli.53. Rataki barnabotebi _ ase eZaxdnen veneciaSi gaRaribebul didgvarovnebs,

romlebic wm. barnabis saxelobis ubanSi cxovrobdnen. 54. sen pieris abati _ Sarl irenee kasteli (116-27) _ romaeli advokati, rusos

nagulisxmevi aqvs misi Txzuleba “msjeloba polisidonis Taobaze” (1718)55. eforebi _ xuTi magistrati, romelTac spartaSi erTi wlis vadiT irCevdnen. gadmocemis

Tanaxmad es Tanamdeboba likurges SemouRia. 56. agisi IV _ 244-241 (w. Zv. w) spartis mefe. man ganizraxa aRedgina likurgeseuli

saxelmwifo instituti, magram 241 w. eforebma igi sikvdiliT dasajes.57. kleomene III (mefobda 235-222 w. Zv. w.) spartis mefe. misi brZanebiT gauqmda

eforTa magistarati. kleomenes surda aRedgina Zveli wyobileba, samefo xelisufleba, magram misi mcdeloba warumateblad dasrulda. kleomone egvipteSi gaiqca da 220 wels Tavi moikla. eforTa magistarati kvlav aRdga.

58. alba _ apeninis nexevarkunZulze mdebare erT-erTi mxris – laciumis _ qalaqi.

teqsti Targmna da SeniSvnebi daurTo dodo labuCiZe-xoferiam ibeWdeba SemoklebiT,

wignidan „sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba“, Jan Jak ruso, Tb., 1997,

mSvidobis, demokratiisa da ganviTarebis kavkasiuri instituti

G

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