1. Identify some of the materials that are transported around the body by the blood. (Slide 4)

2. Define the following: (Slide 7)

Components of BloodName if Blood component Material Carried

Plasma

Transports Oxygen

Phagocytes (eat up pathogens)Lymphocytes (B and T Cells)

Plateles

6.2 U.1 Arteries convey blood at high pressure from the ventricles to the tissues of the body. AND 6.2 U.2 Arteries have muscle cells and elastic fibers in their walls. AND 6.2 U.3 The muscle and elastic fibers assist in maintaining blood pressure between pump cycles.

3. Draw the three types of blood vessels. (Slide 8)

Artery Vein Capillary

6.2 U.1 Arteries convey blood at high pressure from the ventricles to the tissues of the body. AND 6.2 U.2 Arteries have muscle cells and elastic fibers in their walls. AND 6.2 U.3 The muscle and elastic fibers assist in maintaining blood pressure between pump cycles

4. Explain why the walls of the arteries need to be thick with a lot of elastic tissue (Slide 9)

6.2 U.5 Veins collect blood at low pressure from the tissues of the body and return it to the atria of the heart. AND 6.2 U.6 Valves in veins and the heart ensure circulation of blood by preventing backflow

5. How are the structures of arteries and veins similar and how are they different? (Slides 8-11)

6. Describe how blood travels back to the heart from extremities (feet and hands) with pumping (Slide 11)

Nature of Science: Theories are regarded as uncertain - William Harvey overturned theories developed by the ancient Greek philosopher Galen on movement of blood in the body. (1.9)

7. Galen said that blood was made in the liver, and got into the arteries through holes in the septum of the heart. He said that blood was continually being made to make up for the fact that it was used up by the body. How long were Galen’s idea accepted? Watch the video in the PowerPoint and explain how William Harvey idea was different? (Slide 15)

8. William Harvey refused to accept doctrines without evidence. Are there any academic disciplines where doctrines can be accepted on the basis of authority rather than evidence gathered from primary sources? Identify criteria that might be used when deciding whether to accept evidence provided by authority.

6.2 U.7 There is a separate circulation for the lungs

9. Describe why the flow of blood is considered a double circulation. (Slides 16-17)

10. Identify the Circuit that contains deoxygenated blood. (Slides 16-17)

6.2.S.2 Recognition of the chambers and valves of the heart and the blood vessels connected to it in dissected hearts or in diagrams of heart structure

11. Label the vessels, chambers and valves in the heart on the chart provided: (Slide 21)

Blood vessels Chambers of the heart Valvesa. e. i.b. f. j.c. g. k.d. h. l.

6.2 U.8 The heart beat is initiated by a group of specialized muscle cells in the right atrium called the sinoatrial node. 6.2 U.9 The sinoatrial node acts as a pacemaker. 6.2 U.10 The sinoatrial node sends out an electrical signal that stimulates contraction as it is propagated through the walls of the atria and then the walls of the ventricles

12. Label the location of the SA node and the AV node and the steps leading to contraction of the atria and ventricles. (Slides 24-25)

6.2 U.11 The heart rate can be increased or decreased by impulses brought to the heart through two nerves from the medulla of the brain.

13. What causes the human heart to increase it rate of beating? (Slide 27)

14. Other than gas concentrations in the blood is there any other way to increase a human’s heart rate? (Slide 28)

15. Outline the cardiac cycle. (Slides 29-31)

6.2 A.2 Pressure changes in the left atrium, left ventricle and aorta during the cardiac cycle

16. When is ventricular pressure highest? (Slide 33)

6.2 A3 Causes and consequences of occlusion of the coronary arteries. 6.3 A1 Causes and consequences of blood clot formation in coronary

17. Outline a cause for a blocked artery? Outline the result of a blocked coronary artery? (Slide 34)

Risk Factors in Coronary Heart Disease (Slide 36)

Family history of high cholesterol/blood pressure

Age

Increases in fat intake lead to higher levels of cholesterol and increase formation of plaque

Exercise

Increase in blood pressure which leads to increase plaque formation in the arteries

1. What is a ventilation system needed for in lining organisms (Slides 40-41)

6.3 U.4 Air is carried to the lungs in the trachea and bronchi and then to the alveoli in bronchioles.

2 a. Label this diagram of the human ventilation system. (Slides 44-46)

a. Trachea

b.

c.

d.

e.

2 b. Draw and label a magnified alveolus next to human ventilation system

6.4 A.3 External and internal intercostal muscles, and diaphragm and abdominal muscles as examples of antagonistic muscle action. AND 6.4 U.5 Muscle contractions cause the pressure changes inside the thorax that force air in and out of the lungs to ventilate them.

6.4 U.1 Ventilation maintains concentration gradients of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air in alveoli and blood flowing in adjacent capillaries.

6.4 U.2 Type I pneumocytes are extremely thin alveolar cells that are adapted to carry out gas exchange.

6.4 U.3 Type II pneumocytes secrete a solution containing surfactant that creates a moist surface inside the alveoli to prevent the sides of the alveolus adhering to each other by reducing surface tension.

6.4 U.4 Air is carried to the lungs in the trachea and bronchi and then to the alveoli in bronchioles.

6.4 U.5 Muscle contractions cause the pressure changes inside the thorax that force air in and out of the lungs to ventilate them.

6.4 U.6 Different muscles are required for inspiration and expiration because muscles only do work when they contract.

6.4 A.1 Causes and consequences of lung cancer.

6.4 A.2 Causes and consequences of emphysema.

6.4 A.3 External and internal intercostal muscles, and diaphragm and abdominal muscles as examples of antagonistic muscle action.

6.4 S.1 Monitoring of ventilation in humans at rest and after mild and vigorous exercise. (Practical 6)

2. Define the following:

Ventilation Movement of air into and out of the lungs. (1)Gas exchangeCell respirationDeoxygenatedOxygenated

3. Explain the need for ventilation in humans.

Size Humans are large, land-based organisms that cannot exchange gas sufficiently with the air through diffusion alone. A central ventilation system allows gases to be exchanged with the blood and carried around the body to the cells that require it.

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

Concentration gradient

4. Deduce the number of membranes an oxygen molecule must pass through in order to enter an erythrocyte.

5. Label the features of the alveoli and describe how they are adapted for their function.

a.

b. Many invaginations and millions of alveoli – large surface area

c. Moist membranes.

d. Membranes only one cell thick.

6. Label this diagram of the human ventilation system.

f. Trachea

g.

h.

i.

j.

Also don’t forget to be able to draw and label a magnified alveolus.

Practice these drawings on paper – you might need them in the exam!

7. Explain the method of ventilation of the lungs.

Feature Inhalation ExhalationExternal intercostal muscles

Contract, pulling ribcage up and out.

Internal intercostal muscles

Diaphragm

Abdominal muscles

Lung volume

Pressure in lungs Decreases, sucking air into the lungs.

Data-based question practice, from the IB Biology QuestionBank CDRom.

8. A major requirement of the body is to eliminate carbon dioxide (CO2). In the body, carbon dioxide exists in three forms: dissolved CO2, bound as the bicarbonate ion, and bound to proteins (e.g. haemoglobin in red blood cells or plasma proteins). The relative contribution of each of these forms to overall CO2 transport varies considerably depending on activity, as shown in the table below.

CO2 Transport in Blood Plasma at Rest and During Exercise

Rest Exercise

Form of transport Arterial Venous Venous

mmol I–1 blood mmol I–1 blood mmol I–1 blood

dissolved CO2 0.68 0.78 1.32

bicarbonate ion 13.52 14.51 14.66

CO2 bound to protein 0.3 0.3 0.24

Total CO2 in plasma 14.50 15.59 16.22

pH of blood 7.4 7.37 7.14

[Source: Geers and Gros, Physiological Reviews (2000), 80, pages 681–715]

(a) Calculate the percentage of CO2 found as bicarbonate ions in the plasma of venous blood at rest.

(1)

(b) (i) Compare the changes in total CO2 content in the venous plasma due to exercise.

(1)

9. (ii) Identify which form of CO2 transport shows the greatest increase due to exercise.

(1)

10. (c) Explain the pH differences shown in the data.

(3)(Total 6 marks)

k.