Chapter 7 Review

1. Which of these towns was founded by the Umayyad family?a. Meccab. Medinac. Cairod. Baghdad

2. Which of these men was a cousin of Muhammad and led the opposition to the Umayyads at the Battle of Siffin?a. Alib. Mu’awiyac. Abu Bakrd. Uthman

3. Which of these refers to Muhammad’s flight from Mecca to Medina?a. hijrab. hajjc. ummad. mawali

4. The zakat is a ________.a. tax that is one of the pillars of Islamb. person who has not converted to Islamc. follower of Muhammadd. person of either the Jewish or Christian faiths

5. Which of these titles is given to Muhammad’s successors?a. caliphb. ayanc. shaykhd. mawali

6. The Shi’a were followers of ________.a. Ali and Husaynb. Uthmanc. Mu’awiyad. al-Abbas

7. The dhimmi were originally________.a. Jews and Christiansb. Muslimsc. Jews and Zoroastriansd. Buddhists

8. The chief administrator under the Abbasids was the ________.a. wazirb. ayanc. ummad. mawali

9. The pre-Islamic Arabs closely resembled the Greeks of the classical era in their ________.a. cultural unity but political fragmentationb. transition from polytheism to monotheismc. unity under the leadership of one main city-stated. development of a new system for rational inquiry

10. Jesus and Muhammad differed most markedly in their ________.a. relationship with their godb. ability to gain a followingc. challenges to religious authoritiesd. influence on a developing monotheism

11. Muhammad was initially vehemently opposed by the Umayyads because he ________.a. weakened their position in Meccab. rivaled their position as rulers of Arabiac. denied the importance of the Ka’ba, over which they had authorityd. waged war on them

12. Which of these best summarizes Muhammad’s approach to Judaism and Christianity?a. He felt they were misguided.b. He believed them to be as valid as Islam.c. He was committed to their destruction.d. He called for conversion of Jews and Christians.

13. The division of the Muslim world in the late 600s reflected which of these characteristics of Islam?

a. Succession to Muhammad was a vital component of the Muslim political world.b. Defeat in battle was taken for a sign that a ruler could not become caliph.c. The relatives of Muhammad came to dominate the Muslim world.d. Muslims were united in believing that any ruler must be a blood relative of

Muhammad.

14. Which of these can be considered a religious conflict?a. Ridda Warsb. the Battle of Siffinc. the attack at Karbalad. Battle of the River Zab

15. Which of these facilitated Arab expansion across north Africa?a. division between Byzantine Orthodoxy and the Coptsb. the fall of Rome to the Lombardsc. the fall of Constantinopled. Muhammad’s alliance with the Berbers

16. The term mawali is a reflection of ________.a. Arab dominance in the umma under the Umayyadsb. Muslim tolerance for people of the bookc. forced conversions under the Abbasidsd. the loyalty of Muhammad’s earliest followers

17. The Abbasid victory over the Umayyads signaled ________.a. the end of the Arab monopoly on power in Islamb. a Sunni victory over the Shi’ac. a shift of the center of Islam to the westd. a rejection of cultural borrowing from Persia

18. As with the Mauryans, political centralization under the Abbasids was accompanied by ________.

a. support for religious uniformityb. religious innovationc. support for religious diversityd. a period of religious ferment

19. In terms of the connections of the Arab world with broader world networks, the Abbasid age represented a(n) ________ of these links forged in the Umayyad age.

a. intensification and expansionb. rejectionc. continuationd. slow reversal

20. Pre-Islamic Arabian society differed markedly from other societies discussed in the text because ________.

a. nomads and urbanites formed a single cultureb. nomads and town-dwellers lived in conflictc. the bedouins were pastoral nomadsd. it was divided into pastoralists and town-dwellers

21. Which of these was the greatest threat to the umma under the Umayyads?a. clan rivalriesb. conflict between Arabs and non-Arabsc. Christianityd. invasion from Kush

22. If the Abbasid triumph can be said to have ended the Arab monopoly on power and privilege in Muslim lands, which of these can be said to have helped Arabs hold onto their special position in Islam?

a. the hajjb. the new capital at Damascusc. the Dome of the Rockd. Shi’a support for the Abbasids

23. The place of the succession dispute in shaping the course of Islam was paralleled in Christianity by ________.

a. debates over the nature of Christb. conflicts over the date of Christ’s deathc. the division between Peter and Pauld. the rivalry between Jerusalem and Rome

24. Which of these best assesses the role of Abbasid scholars in the context of learning in the Middle East?

a. preservationb. innovationc. destructiond. Ignorance

Chapter 8 Review25. Which of these ruled the Abbasid Empire from 1055, in the name of the caliphs?

a. Seljuk Turksb. Buyidsc. the Umayyadsd. Christian crusaders

26. Whose court was reflected in the Thousand and One Nights?a. Harun al-Rashidb. al-Mahdic. Mahmud of Ghaznid. Abu Bakr

27. Which of these was an Islamic philosopher that attempted to reconcile the classical Greek heritage and the Muslim faith?a. al-Ghazalib. Huleguc. Mahmud of Ghaznid. Salah-ud-Din

28. What was the goal of the Crusades?a. to recapture the Christian Holy Landb. to drive the Muslims out of the Middle Eastc. to convert the Muslims of Jerusalemd. to replace the Abbasid emperor with a Christian

29. Which of these established a Muslim realm in northwest India from the early eleventh century?a. Mahmud of Ghaznib. ibn Battutac. Salah-ud-Dind. Chinggis Khan

30. Which of these was a leading Muslim scholar in the area of chemistry?a. al-Birunib. Firdawsic. Harun al-Rashidd. al-Mahmun

31. Which of these was a prominent female bhaktic poet?a. Mira Baib. Kabirc. Krishnad. Omar Khayyam

32. Which of these was at the center of a trading empire that was a smaller successor to Shrivijaya?a. Malaccab. Demakc. Sindd. Brunei

33. Unlike the later Roman Empire, the late Abbasid Empire was strained by ________.a. massive building projectsb. the expense of maintaining an armyc. lack of revenued. flight to avoid taxation

34. The Abbasid Empire resembled the Roman Empire because both relied heavily on ________.

a. slavesb. religious convertsc. conquestd. import duties

35. Of the splinter dynasties that ruled portions of the Abbasid empire, why was the rise of the Buyids most surprising?

a. The Buyids captured and held Baghdad.b. The Buyids were Muslims.c. The Buyids were a branch of the Abbasid family.d. The Buyids ruled as sultans.

36. Which of these best captures the impact of the Crusades?a. increased borrowing from East to Westb. Christian dominance across much of the Middle Eastc. the end of Muslim-Christian animosityd. Persian borrowing from European technology

37. The use of Arabic numerals in Europe is an illustration of the ________.a. role of the Middle East in transmitting culturesb. innovations of Abbasid intellectualsc. spread of mathematical knowledge from Greece to the Middle Eastd. support for learning of all kinds under the Abbasid caliphs

38. The main concern of the ulama in challenging the Greek intellectual heritage in the Abbasid caliphate was the ________.

a. Greek approach to knowledgeb. pagan context in which Greek learning developedc. association of Greek culture with the conquests of Alexander the Greatd. clash between Christian and Muslim doctrines

39. Unlike Attila the Hun, the empire of Chinggis Khan ________.a. was more durableb. was centered on the Middle Eastc. was conquered in one lifetimed. stretched to central Europe

40. Unlike Buddhism, Hinduism could not ________ Islam.a. absorbb. coexist withc. compete withd. adopt elements of

41. Like the Aryans, the Muslim invaders of India ________.a. brought lasting divisions to Indian societyb. came in a campaign of conquestc. were actually migrating pastoralistsd. brought a new culture

42. The invasion of India by Mahmud of Ghazni was part of what larger pattern?a. repeated challenges to Abbasid rule by splinter dynastiesb. the Ottoman invasionsc. the Sunni-Shi’a splitd. the shift from Umayyad to Abbasid rule

43. Like the Aryan invaders, Muslim invaders of India ________.a. placed themselves in the higher orders of the caste systemb. rejected the caste systemc. generally flattened the caste systemd. were absorbed into the caste system without changing it

44. The introduction of Islam probably influence the bhakti cults because of Islam’s ________.

a. belief in equality in religionb. monotheismc. tradition of poetryd. mystic traditions

45. As in China, the spread of Islam was slow in southeast Asia because of the ________.a. earlier spread of Buddhismb. popularity of Hinduismc. isolation of these two regionsd. dominance of Christianity in this region

46. In “Ibn Khaldun on the Rise and Decline of Empires,” which of these empires best matches the model created by Ibn Khaldun?

a. the Mongol Empireb. the Roman Empirec. the Hunnic Empired. the Han Empire

47. Unlike the Germanic invasions, the Muslim invasions of the Middle East and India brought no significant change in material culture in these regions. The probable difference is that the ________.

a. Arabs were a civilized peopleb. Germans brought a new, incompatible religionc. Arabs were more adept at conquestd. Germans arrived as migrants, not invaders

48. Like the Aryans, the Muslim invaders of India________.a. remained socially distinct, yet became part of Indian cultureb. destroyed the culture they encounteredc. were absorbed by the culture they encounteredd. brought their culture only to northern India

49. The influence of Sufis on Muslim culture was strongest ________.a. from the ground upb. through court lifec. from rulers to the ruledd. through the ulama

50. Reconciling Hinduism and Islam in India was _______ by the ulama.a. rendered more difficultb. made impossiblec. facilitatedd. achieved

51. What cultural pattern, established in the Abbasid Empire, was seen in the spread of Islam to southeast Asia?

a. Older gender traditions had an important influence on Muslim culture.b. The message of Muhammad concerning women prevailed wherever Islam spread.c. Islam was not capable of changing longstanding gender relations.d. Sufism was tolerant of preexisting traditions.

Chapter 9 Review52. Ifriqiya is the Arabic name for ________.

a. eastern north Africab. central Africac. the Swahili coastd. the Pacific coast of Africa

53. Which of these was a Berber reformist movement that controlled regions into sub-Saharan Africa from the twelfth to the thirteenth centuries?a. Almohadisb. Almoravidsc. Mahdistsd. Dogons

54. Sunni Ali was ruler of ________.a. Songhayb. Malic. Kongod. Great Zimbabwe

55. Which of these was a great trading city of the Sudan and an important center of Islamic learning?a. Timbuktub. Cairoc. Kilwad. Mogadishu

56. The Hausa are peoples of ________.a. Nigeriab. the Saharac. the Swahili coastd. central Africa

57. The demographic transition is marked by ________.a. a falling birth rate and rising infant survival rates b. population growthc. sharp population declined. migration

58. The position of the manikongo is evidence of the importance of ________ in the kingdom of Kongo.a. ironworkingb. herdingc. gold miningd. warfare

59. The Mwene Mutapa was the ruler of ________.a. Great Zimbabweb. Ghanac. Malindid. Songhay

60. Like the pre-Columbian Andean societies, ________ was the key unifying factor in African stateless societies.a. kinshipb. religionc. secret societiesd. commerce

61. Ancestor veneration is an example of elements of African culture that were ________.a. both pervasive and enduringb. profoundly changed by Islamc. most associated with the Bantu migrationsd. confined to coastal regions

62. Which of these was probably the most important factor in the isolated development of Ethiopia?

a. Christianityb. commercec. a tradition of conquestd. geography

63. In the authors’ analysis, the three African “coasts” are characterized by ________.a. lengthy regions of commercial and cultural exchangeb. sea coasts near Arab tradingc. Indian Ocean long-distance networksd. key points of penetration of Islam into the interior of Africa

64. The advent of Islam in Africa, as in India, brought ________.a. new lines of fracture to society thereb. the first civilization in each areac. the first substantial contact with the Silk Roadd. the first writing system

65. Songhay resembled Mali because both empires ________.a. relied on tradeb. had their capitals at Timbuktuc. were founded by Berbersd. controlled the Niger River

66. The place of the Bantu in African history is roughly equivalent to that of the ________ history.

a. Aryans in Euro-Asian b. Persians in Middle East c. Buddhists in Asiand. Romans in Mediterranean

67. Unlike the Shi’a, the Almoravids represent ________.a. a group defined by their theologyb. the product of a succession disputec. Islamd. a division within Islam

68. As in India, Muslims in Africa came to occupy ________.a. elite social positionsb. positions as slavesc. an isolated merchant classd. the role of scholars

69. In Africa, kingship was fostered by ________.a. the Bantu migrations and Islamb. commerce and slaveryc. oral traditions and the gold traded. Indian Ocean trade

Chapter 10 Review70. The term tsar was the Slavic version of ________.

a. Caesarb. Tatarc. boyard. Mostar

71. An icon is an image of a ________.a. religious figureb. crossc. kingd. holy site

72. Constantinople was captured by the Turks in what century?a. fifteenthb. eleventhc. thirteenthd. seventeenth

73. Which of these was Catholic by about 1000?a. Polandb. Serbiac. Russiad. Greece

74. The traders who founded Kiev were from ________.a. Scandinaviab. the Slav homelandc. Constantinopled. Persia

75. The leader of Kievan Rus’ who first converted to Christianity was ________.a. Vladimir Ib. Yaroslavc. Rurikd. Michael

76. The boyars were Russia’s________.a. noblesb. peasantsc. military leadersd. church leaders

77. Which of these led to the idea that Russia was the third Rome?a. the fall of Constantinopleb. the baptism of Vladimirc. the Mongol conquest of Russiad. the schism between Catholicism and Orthodoxy

78. From about 500 to 1000, compared to western Europe, the Byzantine Empire was ________.a. more stableb. more vulnerable to invasionc. fragmentedd. more Christian

79. The choice of Greek as the official language of the Byzantine Empire was  ________ split between Rome and Constantinople.

a. a stage in the growingb. the final act in thec. the first step in thed. a move that healed the

80. Belisarius’s campaigns in western Europe indicated that ________.a. political power there was too fragmented to revive Roman ruleb. the Germanic kingdoms were too stable to be dislodgedc. hostility towards Christians was strongd. the military power of the Byzantine Empire was declining

81. The Arab conquests of the seventh and eighth centuries had what impact on the split between the two halves of the former Roman Empire?

a. increased itb. made it irreparablec. began itd. temporarily ended it

82. What did the defeat of Bulgaria mean for Constantinople?a. a stronger northern boundaryb. the hostility of Kievan Rus’c. a great expansion of territory to the northd. vulnerability to Arab expansion

83. Hagia Sophia was like Justinian’s law code in that both signified ________.a. a shift in direction for Roman cultureb. the end of the Roman Empirec. a sharp break with Roman traditionsd. the new role of Christianity in the Roman world

84. In the schism that developed between the eastern and western churches, the debate over communion bread can be characterized as  ________.

a. a triggerb. a profound difference in doctrinec. an excused. irrelevant

85. The Fourth Crusade, in 1204, _______ the division between eastern and western Christianity.

a. deepenedb. lessenedc. inauguratedd. ended

86. The mission of Cyril and Methodius had the effect of ________.a. extending the influence of the Byzantine churchb. driving a wedge between Russia and Constantinoplec. separating Russia from the rest of Europed. making Russia vulnerable to the Mongol assault

87. In what sense were the kingdoms of eastern Europe borderlands?a. They were an area were western and eastern traditions mingled.b. They prevented the Huns and Mongols from invading western Europe.c. They were the traditional division between the eastern and western Roman Empire.d. They were the boundary between Christianity and Islam.

88. The conversion of Vladimir differed markedly from the conversion of Constantine because ________.

a. Vladimir’s conversion was key to the conversion of Russiab. Constantine converted to Orthodoxyc. Constantine converted only for political convenienced. Vladimir converted only after most of Russia was already Christian

89. The relationship between Kiev and Constantinople was very similar to the relationship between ________.

a. Japan and Chinab. the Abbasids and Persiac. Rome and Greeced. Macedonia and the Persian Empire

90. The growth and dominance of Kiev was largely dependent on ________.a. tradeb. territorial expansionc. an alliance with Constantinopled. the Mongol invasion

91. The decline of Kiev proved that city’s close connection to ________.a. Constantinopleb. central Europec. Scandinaviad. Rome

92. Which of these provides the best explanation of the survival of the Byzantine Empire, long after Rome itself had fallen?

a. a long and unbroken history of Greek civilizationb. the end of the threat of invasionc. the spread of Christianity in the eastern Roman Empired. the spread of Latin in the 500s

93. The role of Justinian in the history of the Byzantine Empire was most similar to the role of ________.

a. Augustus in the Roman Empireb. Shi Huangdi in the Qin Empirec. Asoka in the Mauryan Empired. Muhammad in the Arab Empire

94. The spread of Christianity to Russia most resembles the spread of ________.a. Buddhism to Japanb. Buddhism in Indiac. Islam in Arabiad. Christianity in the Roman Empire

95. Looking at Map 14.3, “East European Kingdoms and Slavic Expansion,” which of these is illustrated by the position of Kiev?

a. Russia’s orientation towards the Byzantine Empireb. the role of trade in linking Kiev to other major citiesc. the expansion of Russian civilization from Kiev outwardd. the historic link between Kiev and Moscow

96. Like the Mongol influence elsewhere, the Tatars in Russia can be said to have been ________.

a. more disruptive than destructiveb. a positive influence on Russian culturec. of little impactd. the end of Russian culture

Chapter 11 Review97. Which of these was the first Frankish monarch to convert to Christianity?

a. Clovisb. Charlemagnec. Charles Marteld. Lothair

98. Which of these was a Frankish king best known for his defeat of a Muslim army in 732?a. Charles Martelb. Charlemagnec. Charles the Baldd. Louis the Fat

99. About what percent of the European population was urban in the 1200s?a. 5 percentb. 15 percentc. 25 percentd. 35 percent

100. The Magna Carta was signed by ________ in 1215.a. Johnb. Urban IIc. Charlemagned. Gregory VII

101. The Hundred Years’ War was fought by ________.a. France and Englandb. France and the papacyc. England and the Holy Roman Empired. the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire

102. Which of these men was the most important of the scholastic philosophers?a. Thomas Aquinasb. Jacques Coeurc. Urban IId. Ibn-Rushd

103. Which of these was a code of behavior of Europe’s upper class?a. chivalryb. manorialismc. scholasticismd. Cluny

104. Over most of Christian Europe, between 500 and 700, ________ nearly came to an end.a. civilizationb. the Roman Empirec. the Catholic Churchd. farming

105. Unlike slaves, serfs ________.a. were nominally freeb. were free to travelc. had an easier lifed. were usually well educated

106. Which of these had the same effect on rural life as the moldboard?a. the three-field systemb. the Black Deathc. the investiture controversyd. manorialism

107. Which of these areas was most urbanized by about 1000?a. Italyb. Germanyc. Englandd. Ireland

108. Which of these helped free kings from dependence on the nobility?a. a monetary economyb. the Viking invasionsc. manorialismd. frequent warfare

109. Which of these was achieved with the Magna Carta?a. legal limits on royal powerb. the notion of equality under the lawc. legal guarantees for all English peopled. limits on nobles’ privileges

110. Unlike the early Arab expansion under Muhammad, the Crusades can be characterized as ________.

a. holy warb. successfulc. aggressived. warfare

111. Like the earlier Germanic migrations into the Roman Empire, the Viking raids ended ________.

a. with settlement in western Europeb. when defensive walls were erectedc. in violent battlesd. when the raids were turned towards Constantinople

112. Which of these was the main goal of Gregory VII in his struggle with Henry IV?a. freeing the church from secular controlb. asserting the authority of the popes over kingsc. ending church taxesd. reforming religious doctrine

113. Why was the work of Arab scholars so useful to men such as Thomas Aquinas?a. Arab scholars had already tried to reconcile faith and the Greek rational approach to

knowledge.b. Arab scholars had made much greater progress in the sciences than Europeans.c. The geographic knowledge of Arab scholars was useful in developing trade routes.d. The work of Arab scholars provided new translations of Augustine and other church

fathers.

114. Popular literature of the Middle Ages was more likely to be written in ________.a. French than Latinb. Latin than Greekc. Greek than Frenchd. English than French

115. Medieval cathedrals and Umayyad mosques were most similar in ________.a. their prominent place in the urban landscapeb. being pilgrimage destinationsc. serving as educational centersd. their use of innovative architectural techniques

116. The guilds and the Hanseatic League were alike in being ________.a. organizations formed to increase cooperation and promote businessb. defensive alliancesc. primarily motivated by spiritual goalsd. associations organized by occupation

117. Which of these patterns was illustrated by the results of the Hundred Years’ War?a. Kings generally gain from a weakened nobility.b. The growth of towns challenges royal authorityc. A strong centralized church limits royal power.d. Religious division adds to royal power.

118. Which of these was a sign of the transformation of medieval culture in the fourteenth century?

a. the election of rival popesb. the arrival of the Black Deathc. the life of Clare of Assisid. the rise of guilds

119. In the document “European Travel: A Monk Visits Jerusalem,” which of these is illustrated?

a. Muslim respect for dhimmisb. the First Crusadec. the isolation of medieval Europed. Christian hostility towards Muslims

120. The writings and approach of Peter Abelard drew criticism because of his critique of ________.

a. accepted religious doctrineb. scripturec. the pope’s authorityd. the role of monks

121. In medieval Europe, women arguably had ________ than women in contemporary Asia.a. more freedom of movementb. more legal rightsc. more equality in religiond. a lower social status

122. The impact of the Black Death can best be assessed as ________.a. catastrophic but without permanent resultsb. devastating enough to transform European culturec. bringing about the end of medieval civilizationd. not important enough to have damaged medieval culture

VocabularyChapter 7

bedouin: nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats. shaykhs: leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually possessed large herds, several wives, and many children. Mecca: Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam. Umayyad: clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty. Quaraysh: tribe of bedouins that controlled Mecca in the 7th century C.E. Ka’ba: revered pre-Islamic shrine in Mecca; incorporated into Muslim worship. Medina: town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad’s flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar. Muhammad: (570–632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh. Khadijah: the wife of Muhammad. Qur’an: the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam. Ali: cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi’ism. umma: community of the faithful within Islam. zakat: tax for charity obligatory for all Muslims. five pillars: the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims: confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca). Ramadan: Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset.

hajj: a Muslim’s pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca to worship Allah at the Ka’ba. caliph: the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community. Ridda wars: wars following Muhammad’s death; the defeat of rival prophets and opponents restored the unity of Islam. jihads: Islamic holy war. Copts, Nestorians: Christian sects of Syria and Egypt; gave their support to the Arabic Muslims. Uthman: third caliph; his assassination set off a civil war within Islam between the Umayyads and Ali. Battle of Siffin: battle fought in 657 between Ali and the Umayyads; led to negotiations that fragmented Ali’s party. Mu’awiya: first Umayyad caliph; his capital was Damascus. Sunnis: followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads. Shi’a: followers of Ali’s interpretation of Islam. Karbala: site of the defeat and death of Husayn, the son of Ali. Damascus: Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate. mawali: non-Arab converts to Islam. jizya: head tax paid by all non-Muslims in Islamic lands. dhimmis: “the people of the book,” Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus. hadiths: “traditions” of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur’an; form the essential writings of Islam. Abbasid: dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad. Battle of the River Zab: 750; Abbasid victory over the Umayyads, near the Tigris. Led to Abbasid ascendancy. Baghdad: Abbasid capital, close to the old Persian capital of Ctesiphon. wazir: chief administrative official under the Abbasids. dhows: Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants. ayan: the wealthy, landed elite that emerged under the Abbasids

Chapter 8

KEY TERMS lateen: triangular sails attached to the masts of dhows by long booms or yard arms; which extended diagonally high across the fore and aft of the ship. al-Mahdi: third Abbasid caliph (775–785); failed to reconcile Shi’a moderates to his dynasty and to resolve the succession problem. Harun al-Rashid: most famous of the Abbasid caliphs (786–809); renowned for sumptuous and costly living recounted in The Thousand and One Nights. Buyids: Persian invaders of the 10th century; captured Baghdad; and as sultans, through Abbasid figureheads. Seljuk Turks: nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th century in the name of the Abbasids. Crusades: invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291. Saadin: (1137–1193); Muslim ruler of Egypt and Syria; reconquered most of the crusader kingdoms.

Ibn Khaldun: great Muslim historian; author of The Muqaddimah; sought to uncover persisting patterns in Muslim dynastic history. Shah-Nama: epic poem written by Firdawsi in the late 10th and early 11th centuries; recounts the history of Persia to the era of Islamic conquests. ulama: Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking. al-Ghazali: brilliant Islamic theologian; attempted to fuse Greek and Qur’anic traditions. Mongols: central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph. Chinggis Khan: (1162–1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms. Hulegu: grandson of Chinggis Khan; continued his work, taking Baghdad in 1258. Mamluks: Rulers of Egypt, descended from Turkish slaves. Muhammad ibn Qasim: Arab general who conquered Sind and made it part of the Umayyad Empire. Mahmud of Ghazni: ruler of an Afghan dynasty; invaded northern India during the 11th century. Muhammad of Ghur: Persian ruler of a small Afghan kingdom; invaded and conquered much of northern India. Qutb-ud-din Aibak: lieutenant of Muhammad of Ghur; established kingdom in India with the capital at Delhi. bhaktic cults: Hindu religious groups who stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the gods or goddesses—especially Shiva, Vishnu, and Kali. Mir Bai: low-caste woman poet and songwriter in bhaktic cults. Kabir: 15th-century Muslim mystic who played down the differences between Hinduism and Islam. Shrivijaya: trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam. Malacca: flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya.

Chapter 9

KEY TERMS stateless societies: societies of varying sizes organized through kinship and lacking the concentration of power found in centralized states. Ifriqiya: Roman name for present-day Tunisia. Maghrib: Arabic term for northwestern Africa. Almohadis: a later puritanical Islamic reform movement among the Berbers of northwest Africa; also built an empire reaching from the African savanna into Spain. juula: Malinke merchants who traded throughout the Mali Empire and west Africa. Sundiata: created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260. griots: professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali Empire. Ibn Batuta: Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world.

Timbuktu: Niger River port city of Mali; had a famous Muslim university. Songhay: successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao. Hausa: peoples of northern Nigeria, formed states following the demise of Songhay Empire that combined Muslim and pagan traditions. Muhammad the Great: extended the boundaries of Songhay in the mid-16th century. Sharia: Islamic law, defined among other things the patrilineal nature of Islamic inheritance. Zenj: Arabic term for the east African coast. Benin: powerful city-state (in present-day Nigeria) that came into contact with the Portuguese in 1485 but remained relatively free of European influence; important commercial and political entity until the 19th century. demography: the study of population. demographic transition: shift to low birth rate, low infant death rate, stable population, first emerged in western Europe and United States in late 19th century. Kongo: large agricultural state on the lower Congo River; capital at Mbanza Congo. Great Zimbabwe: with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa.

Chapter 10

KEY TERMS Hagia Sophia: great domed church constructed during reign of Justinian. Belisarius: (c. 505–565); one of Justinian’s most important military commanders during the attempted reconquest of western Europe. Greek fire: Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople. Bulgaria: Slavic kingdom in Balkans; constant pressure on Byzantine Empire; defeated by Basil II in 1014. icon: images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians. Cyril and Methodius: Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic. Kiev: commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th century; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until the 12th century. Rurik: legendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of Kievan Rus’ in 855. Kievan Rus’: the predecessor to modern Russia; a medieval state that existed from the end of the 9th to the middle of the 13th century; its territory spanned parts of modern Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia. Vladimir I: ruler of Kiev (980–1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity. Russian Orthodoxy: Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire. Yaroslav: (975–1054); Last great Kievan monarch; responsible for codification of laws, based on Byzantine codes. boyars: Russian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts. Tatars: Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th century; left Russian church and aristocracy intact.

Demak: most powerful of the trading states on the north Java coast; converted to Islam and served as a dissemination point to other regions.

Chapter 11KEY TERMS Middle Ages: the period in western European history between the fall of the Roman Empire and the 15th century. Vikings: seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th centuries; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America. Formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily. manorialism: rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection. serfs: peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system. moldboard: adjunct to the plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils. three-field system: practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage—an improvement making use of manure. Clovis: King of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496. Carolingians: royal house of Franks from 8th to 10th century. Charles Martel: first Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732. Charlemagne: Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800. Holy Roman emperors: political heirs to Charlemagne’s empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy. vassals: members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty. William the Conqueror: invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England. Magna Carta: Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy and the supremacy of law. parliaments: bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects. three estates: the three social groups considered most powerful in Western countries: church, nobles, and urban leaders. Hundred Years War: conflict between England and France (1337–1453). Pope Urban II: organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control. Gregory VII: 11th-century pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops. investiture: the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV. Peter Abelard: Author of Yes and No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine. St. Bernard of Clairvaux: emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities. Thomas Aquinas: creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God. scholasticism: dominant medieval philosophical approach; so called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems. gothic: an architectural style that developed during the Middle Ages in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external supports on main walls.

Hanseatic League: an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance. guilds: associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities. Black Death: bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th century; significantly reduced Europe’s population; affected social structure.