Chapter 11Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution Begins- 1700s – Most people were farmers.

o Cloth, tools, and furniture were made by hand- 1800s – People began to make cloth and other goods in factories

o Inventors created machines for the British TEXTILE (cloth or fabric) industry Spun cotton faster than a hand-powered spinning wheel 1790 – British mechanic, Samuel Slater, open the first cotton-spinning mill in the US

Set on a river in Rhode Island Water power drove the machines in

the millo Eli Whitney

1793 - Invented a cotton gin. Helped clean the cotton Helped to make cotton the nation’s

largest export Due to his success, Whitney was hired to

make 10,000 guns for the US government a few years later.

To make them quickly and at less cost, he used interchangeable parts.

o Any part could fit into a gun of similar design. Used a system of MASS PRODUCTION (making many parts at once)

o Increased PRODUCTIVITY (amount of goods and services produced by workers in a certain amount of time)

o 1814 – Francis Cabot Lowell, an ENTREPRENEUR (a person who takes risks to start a business), built a mill that had both cotton-spinning machines and power looms to weave cloth.

First in the world to turn raw cotton into finished cloth under the same roof

Many others soon followed Employed many people

Girls and young women from the New England countryside

Some as young as 10 years old Lived in Boardinghouses

o Workday began at 5:00AM and ended at 7:00PM (with one hour of free time)

o Still found time to take classes, learn new languages, and write- New forms of transportation moved people and goods faster than ever

o Before now, travel over land took a long time and was difficult. Early roads were very narrow dirt paths

barely wide enough for a horse and carriage Rain turned roads into mud Snow and ice blocked roads in the winter

o 1811 – Federal government began the National Road to connect Ohio with the east.

1833 – stretched from Cumberland, Maryland to Columbus, Ohio

Wide and paved with flat stones

Became the most heavily traveled road in the US. Towns and businesses were built alongside the roads.

o Roads were still poor to drive on, so rivers and canals were the fastest and cheapest ways to ship goods. 1807 – Robert Fulton’s new steam-powered boat made a trip from New York City to Albany,

New York in 32 hours. Until then, boats needed oars, wind, or a water current

1825 – Erie Canal opened. Connected the Hudson River and Lake Erie

Many more canals were built. o Steam locomotives created even bigger changes

Trains pulled by locomotives were fast. They moved on hills effortlessly.

A trip from New York City to Albany, New York took 32 hours on Steamboat, but only 10 hours by train.

By 1850, the nation had 9,000 trains and more were being built every day!

- Industrial Revolution changed life on the farmso Cyrus McCormick built a horse drawn reaper

Sharp blades that cut grain Harvesting an acre of wheat by hand took 20 hours. By the reaper, it took an hour.

o John Deere invented a steel plow Could cut through tough soil that would break a regular, wooden plow

Immigrants and Reformers- People had been coming to North American from European countries since 1500s. - Between 1840 and 1860, the number of IMMIGRANTS (people who move to another country to live) rose

sharply. - 4 million Europeans came to the US during this time.

o ½ Irish, 1/3 German, and the rest came from other parts of Europe.

Germans were leaving Europe because of war and crop failures

Many settled in the Midwest

Those with money, education, and skills bought land and started farms

Some found work in Midwestern cities

The Irish Potato FAMINE (widespread shortage of food) caused many Irish people to leave their country

When a disease destroyed Ireland’s potato crop, more than a million Irish people died. When they arrived in the US, most didn’t have enough money to buy land or leave the

port city where they landed. o Men and women settled in the cities of the NE to work in factories, as servants,

or as builders of canals and railroads. - Some people disliked immigrants because their customs seemed unusual to them. - Many immigrants worked for very little money because they needed jobs.

o People thought immigrants were taking the jobs from them. - Many people were losing jobs.

o Blacksmiths, weavers, and other crafts people were being replaced by machinesMaking a Better Society

- 1820s – a rise in religious feeling spread throughout the USo Thousands joined Christian churcheso Called Second Great Awakening

Many people were inspired to change SOCIETY (all the people living in the same country)

People worked to improve through REFORM (an action that makes something better)

TEMPERANCE (controlling/cutting back of alcohol)

- Women worked for reformo Antislavery movemento Realized that they faced INJUSTICE (unfair treatment

that abuses a person’s rights) Never spoke to audiences that included men Expected to stay silent in public meetings Could not vote Small number of low-paying jobs were available to

women Everything a woman had belonged to her

husband (even if she earned it)o 1848 – group of women held a convention in Seneca

Falls, NY to discuss rights 300 people attended Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Leader of the Convention “all men and women are created equal”

Susan B. Anthony Traveled across the country, giving powerful speeches and working to change the laws.

Newspapers attacked Stanton and Anthony. People did not feel that a woman’s role should be changed.

Texas and the Mexican War- 1821 – First settlers from the US arrived in Texas in

search of inexpensive lando Texas was a part of Mexicoo Within 10 years, there were more Americans

than Mexicans in Texaso Mexico passed laws to stop settlers from

moving to Texas, but they continued to come Settlers did not obey Mexican laws

Settlers brought slaves, even though slavery was illegal in Mexico

- Breaking awayo Texans (Americans who had settled in Texas) wanted to break away from Mexico o Many Tejanos (Mexicans who lived in Texas) wanted to break away from Mexico

Did not like the laws made by Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna (Mexico’s President)o Tejanos and Texans rebelled against Mexico to gain Independence

1836 – Santa Anna led a large army to San Antonio to stop the rebellion Goal was to capture the Alamo Fewer than 200 Texans and Tejanos defended the fort

o Most of them were killed Texan leaders voted to officially declare independence from Mexico and form the Republic of

Texas Sam Houston was chosen as the leader of the army

o Experienced soldier who fought beside Andrew Jackson in the War of 1812o Led a surprise attack on Santa Anna’s army at San Jacinto

Texans shouted, “Remember the Alamo!” as they defeated the troops and captured Santa Anna.

To gain his freedom, Santa Anna gave Texas its independence. - Republic of Texas

o Held its first election in September 1836 Sam Houston elected President Made slavery legal Voted to join the US

Texans did not want to be part of Mexico, but they were in favor of ANNEXATION (act of joining two countries or pieces of land together) by the US.

Martin Van Buren (current US President) was against annexation Feared it would lead to war with Mexico Did not want to add a new state that allowed slavery because many Americans were

against it. Supporters of annexation

argued that it was the nation’s destiny to expand west. This belief was called the Manifest Destiny.

Manifest means obvious. Destiny means it will happen in the future.

1845 – President James Polk and Congress voted to annex Texas.

- War with Mexicoo When Texas joined the US, Mexico

wanted the border to be at the Nueces River.

o President Polk wanted it to be the Rio Grande River. Pole sent soldiers into Texas. Asked Congress to declare war with Mexico on May 13, 1846

o Fought on 3 FRONTS (where the fighting takes place) Northern Mexico New Mexico

American soldiers captured Santa Fe and then headed west to help the US Navy to take control of California

Southern Mexico US soldiers invaded Mexico by sea and marched inland to capture Mexico City

o After the capture of Mexico City, leaders agreed to discuss a treaty Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed in 1848

Mexico agreed that the Rio Grande River would be the border Mexico was also forced to turn over a large area of land called the Mexican CESSION

(something that is given up) US Paid Mexico $15 million for the cession

Mexicans living on the land were allowed to become US citizensMoving West

- South Passo 1824, Crow Indians

showed a way through the Rocky Mountains that was wide enough for wagons to pass

o By the 1860s, thousands of people had traveled through the pass

o Became known as the Oregon Trail

2,000 miles long Started in Missouri and ended in Present-day Oregon Passed across the Rocky Mountains

o Marcus and Narcissa Whitman were two of the first pioneers to travel the Oregon Trail Missionaries who wanted to teach Native Americans about Christianity Their place became a place where travelers could rest.

o John Fremont helped to make maps of the Oregon Trailo 1,000 people set out on the Oregon Trail in 1843

Came from Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee Traveled in a WAGON TRAIN (a

line of covered wagons that moved together)

Travelers on the trail faced injuries, diseases, and bad weather

Sometimes ran out of food and water

o Many settlers settled in Oregon President Polk believed in

Manifest Destiny. He wanted Oregon to belong to the US.

Oregon was claimed by both US and Britain

1846 – Signed a treaty with Britain to set the border between the Western US and Canada. - California Gold Rush

o 1849 – gold was discovered in California Thousands of people from the US, Mexico, China, Europe, and South American rushed to dig for

gold These people became

known as the forty-niners 250,000 people poured into

California BOOMTOWNS (a town

whose population booms, or grows, very quickly) sprang up near the gold mines.

Merchants and traders in boomtowns sold food and clothing to the miners People published newspapers, opened banks, and inns. Lawyers found

work settling arguments.

Only lasted 5 years Some did find

gold, but most did not.

Some forty-niners went back home, but thousands stayed.

o The gold rush changed California. Miners and farmers killed

Native Americans and took their land

Newcomers also forced many California property owners off their land. By 1850 (two years after becoming a US territory), California had enough people to become a

state.