weather stations and disease warning systems for apple and grape
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Weather Stations and Disease Warning Systems for Apple and Grape. What are they and what can they do for you?. Patty McManus and Steve Jordan. What are we talking about?. Disease warning system Disease risk advisory system Disease forecasting system Disease prediction system. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Weather Stations and Weather Stations and Disease Warning Systems for Disease Warning Systems for
Apple and GrapeApple and Grape
What are they and what can they do for you?
Patty McManus and Steve Jordan
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What are we talking about?What are we talking about?
• Disease warning system
• Disease risk advisory system
• Disease forecasting system
• Disease prediction system
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What are we talking about?What are we talking about?
Disease model– Mathematical formula that you plug
environmental data into– Can be very simple (e.g., degree days) or more
complex requiring a computerModels use quantitative data (e.g., amount of rain,
temperature, % RH, number of hours of leaf wetness)Disease warning systems usually include qualitative
information (e.g., cultivar, growth stage, disease history)
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Disease Warning SystemsDisease Warning Systems
Based on sound science, validated in real orchards, but not foolproof
Environmental conditions vary across an orchard or vineyard and even within a canopyIndividuals in a fungal population vary in their optimal temperature/wetness requirements for germination and growthDifferent cultivars differ in susceptibility
IPM tool to be used with other IPM tools
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Main ObjectiveMain Objective
Improve your understanding of environmental monitoring equipment and disease warning systems so that you can use the technology to your best advantage.
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Collecting Environmental DataCollecting Environmental Data
• On-site instruments (e.g., Spectrum, Hobo, Metos, Campbell); most require computer software to run models.
• Remotely sensed data (e.g., Skybit), advisory e-mailed or faxed daily.
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Purchasing a Weather StationPurchasing a Weather Station
• Number of makes and models available
• Spectrum, Hobo, Metos, Campbell
• What suits your needs and budget (and disease models)
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• temperature sensor• Relative humidity
sensor• Typically housed
within a radiation shield
Necessary ComponentsNecessary Components
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Necessary ComponentsNecessary Components
• Leaf Wetness Sensor– Measures the duration of
water on the surface of “leaves”
– Northern exposure is optimum (last to dry out)
– Necessary for most models
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• Rain Gauge– Number of different
types
– Tipping bucket most common
Necessary ComponentsNecessary Components
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Other Useful ComponentsOther Useful Components
• Anemometer – used for measuring
wind speed– Avoid spray drift
• Weather vane– Wind direction
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Powering your Weather StationPowering your Weather Station• Number of options depending on your weather station
– Small batteries (AA, 9 Volt, etc..)• Cheap, reliable?
– Marine battery• Relatively affordable, but must charge or change out
batteries periodically– Solar panel
• Self-sustaining, can be unreliable depending on weather and energy needs of the weather station
– Direct line from a power grid • Ideal, but requires close proximity to a power source and
wiring compatiblity to the weather station
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Communicating with your Communicating with your Weather StationWeather Station
• “Read-out” display on station– Simplest way– Can limit the amount of information available– Requires interacting directly with the station
• Data shuttle or laptop computer– Download data to a small data shuttle or laptop– Requires interacting directly with the station
• Permanent cable link to a computer– Buried computer cable from you desktop to the weather station– Great if vineyard is next to your house
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Communicating with your Weather Communicating with your Weather StationStation
• line-modem link– Weather station is linked to a phone line– Uses a modem to download and send data to your computer– mains power supply and telephone point necessary
• Cellular modem link– Uses a cellular modem (think cell phone) to send data to your
computer– Does not require a main power supply or telephone point, so
good for a remote station– Requires good cellular reception– Can be expensive
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• Major diseases, especially eastern North America
• Warning systems commercially available
Apple scab Fire blight Sooty blotch-flyspeck
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For scab and fire blight:For scab and fire blight:• Biology as it relates to warning systems
• Origin and development of the systems
• How to make them work for you
• Take-home message
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Fall
Secondary infections
Scab BiologyScab Biology
Spring
Ascospores
Degree-day model estimates % of ascospores mature Primary
infections
LWD and temp to identify infection periods
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Origin and Development ofOrigin and Development ofScab Warning SystemsScab Warning Systems
• Degree-day model for estimating percentage of ascospores mature
• Leaf wetness- and temperature- based model for identifying infection periods (Mills)
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Scab Infection Period ModelsScab Infection Period Models
• Mills as modified by Jones– Temperature and leaf wetness duration
(LWD) hours– Established “Light,” “Medium,” and “Heavy”
infection periods• Washington State model requires more LWD
hours at temps below 47 oF• Cornell model requires the fewest LWD hours
at all temperatures and does away with L,M, and H infection periods
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• LWD hours required for infection are approximate, not absolute
• Scab fungus exists as a population of individuals with a range of germination/infection requirements
• Models often developed and validated under “worst-case” scenario:
Highly susceptible cultivar“Abundant” inoculum
Often overlooked points:
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Making the scab infectionMaking the scab infectionmodel work for youmodel work for you
• What it will do:– Identify when conditions have been favorable for
infection (assumes presence of spores and susceptible cultivar)
• What it won’t do:– Predict the amount of scab that develops– Predict when scab will appear
• Amount of scab that develops depends on amount of inoculum, cultivar susceptibility, and tissue age
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• Rely primarily on preventing infection with protectant fungicides
• When spraying post-infection, use appropriate fungicides– Don’t count on 4 days “kick-back” from sterol
inhibitor or strobilurin fungicides
Making the scab infectionMaking the scab infectionmodel work for youmodel work for you
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Making the scab infectionMaking the scab infectionmodels work for youmodels work for you
Scab warning systems are IPM tools that work best if integrated with inoculum reduction and host resistance
Keeping records of weather and infection periods helps you sort out what went wrong when, so that you can do better in the future
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Take-home MessageTake-home Message
• Scab warning systems are IPM tools that work best if integrated with inoculum reduction, host resistance, and a preventative spray schedule.
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Blossom blight
Canker blight
Erwinia amylovora: doubles every 30 minutes on stigma
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Internal movementof bacteria...
…causes shoot infections
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Bacteria spread by rain,wind, possibly insectsto new shoots…
…shoot blight
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Rootstock BlightRootstock Blight
Most deadly form of fire blight
Not accounted for by fire blight warning systems
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Special challenges withSpecial challenges withfire blightfire blight
• Disease development is explosive:– Pathogen grows exponentially– Can infect with just minutes of wetness
• Pathogen can persist asymptomatically, or in hard-to-find cankers, from year to year in apple trees
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• Internal and systemic nature of the pathogen limits the effectiveness of chemicals and pruning
• Streptomycin is the only consistently effective bactericide
• Sporadic disease, so we tend to forget stuff and repeat mistakes!
Special challenges withSpecial challenges withfire blightfire blight
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Origin and Development ofOrigin and Development ofFire Blight Warning SystemsFire Blight Warning Systems
• Two most used systems in North America:
– Maryblyt: P. Steiner, Univ. Maryland
– Cougarblight: T. Smith, Wash. State Univ.
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Maryblyt and CougarblightMaryblyt and Cougarblight
• Both require:• Open blossoms• Accumulation of degree
hours (DH) sufficient for E. amylovora to multiply on the stigma
• Rain or dew to wash the pathogen into nectarthodes
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Maryblyt and CougarblightMaryblyt and Cougarblight
• Key differences:• Maryblyt assumes presence
of pathogen; Cougarblight incorporates fire blight history into the risk assessment
• Maryblyt predicts the onset of symptoms; Cougarblight provides low, marginal, high, or extreme infection risk warning
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Which should you use?Which should you use?
• E. amylovora is VERY sensitive to environment
• Disease warning systems tend to perform best in the region(s) in which they were developed and validated
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MaryblytMaryblyt• Predicts infection and onset of symptoms:
– Canker blight– Blossom blight– Shoot blight– Trauma blight
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Canker BlightCanker Blight
Starting at green tip,196 DD (base 55F)
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1. 198 DH (base 65F) within the last 80 DD (base 40F)
2. Heavy dew or 0.01 inch rain during current day or 0.1 inch rain previous day
3. Current daily average temp 60F or more
Blossom BlightBlossom Blight
INFECTION
103 DD (base 55F)
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Epiphytic Inoculum Potential (EIP)Epiphytic Inoculum Potential (EIP)
• E. amylovora population is building up on stigma, and EIP approaches 100
• EIP = 100 is the infection threshold
• EIP = 100 reached after 198 DH (base 65F) within the last 80 DD (base 40F)
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EIP is dynamicEIP is dynamic
Maryblyt assumes cold weather or streptomycin will reduce E. amylovora to marginal levelsA 3-day cool period reduces EIP to 0, unless EIP had previously exceeded 200After streptomycin application, EIP is reset to zero
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Shoot BlightShoot BlightTrauma BlightTrauma Blight
103 DD (base 55F) anddaily average temp 60F or more
Wind, rainsplash, insects (?)
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White apple leafhopper—NO
Potato leafhopper—MAYBE Green apple aphid—NO
Do insects spread E. amylovora and/or facilitate infection?
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Making fire blight warningMaking fire blight warningsystems work for yousystems work for you• What they will do:
– Indicate when blossom infection is likely– Guide timing of streptomycin application during
bloom (best if applied before infection)– Predict the onset of symptoms to guide scouting
early removal of diseased tissues
• What they won’t do:– Predict rootstock blight– Save a lot of sprays in any one year– Substitute for common sense
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Take-home MessagesTake-home Messages
• Sporadic, explosive, systemic nature of fire blight makes it impossible to control in some years despite timely sprays and removal of diseased tissues
• Cost savings of using warning systems will be realized over several years
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Grape Disease ModelsGrape Disease Models
• 5 Models currently available– Powdery mildew – Phomopsis cane and leaf spot– Botrytis– Downy mildew – Black rot
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Powdery MildewPowdery Mildew
• Requires air temperature and leaf wetness• Predicts two infectious stages, an ascospore stage and a
conidial stage– Ascospores are released in the spring from overwintering
structures (primary infections)– Ascospore infection period described as “Heavy”– Condia are released from lesions through the growing season
(secondary infections)– Conidial Index:0 - 30 = Light infection risk40 - 50 = Medium infection risk60 - 100 = Heavy infection risk
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Powdery MildewPowdery Mildew
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Powdery MildewPowdery Mildew
0
1
2
3
May 01 May 29 J un 26 J ul 24
Ascospore
020406080100
Conidial
Vernon W S 2010 - P owdery Mildew - Grape
Ascospore S everityConidial Index
0
1
2
3
May 01 May 29 J un 26 J ul 24
Ascospore
020406080100
Conidial
Vernon W S 2010 - P owdery Mildew - Grape
Ascospore S everityConidial Index
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Phomopsis Cane and Leaf SpotPhomopsis Cane and Leaf Spot
• Requires air temperature,leaf wetness, and rain data • Developed using two different varieties, Catawba and
Seyval– Risk calculated as expected number of lesions per leaf– 1 – 30 = light infection risk
31 – 90 = medium infection risk90 + = heavy infection risk
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Phomopsis Cane and Leaf SpotPhomopsis Cane and Leaf Spot
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Phomopsis Cane and Leaf SpotPhomopsis Cane and Leaf Spot
0
10
20
30
40
May 01 May 29 J un 26 J ul 24
Wet Hours
0
100
200
300Lesions per Leaf
Vernon W S 2010 - P homopsis Cane+Leaf S pot - Grape
W et H oursCatawba IntensityS eyval Intensity
0
10
20
30
40
May 01 May 29 J un 26 J ul 24
Wet Hours
0
100
200
300Lesions per Leaf
Vernon W S 2010 - P homopsis Cane+Leaf S pot - Grape
W et HoursCatawba IntensityS eyval Intensity
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BotrytisBotrytis
• Model requires air temperature and leaf wetness data
• Three levels of infection risk; light, moderate and high
• U.C. Davis recommends spraying when risk is above 0.5
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BotrytisBotrytis
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BotrytisBotrytis
0
5
10
15
20
May 01 May 15 May 29 J un 12 J un 26 J ul 10 J ul 24
Hours
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0R isk
Vernon W S 2010 - Botrytis - Grape
W et HoursHours R H >95R isk Factor
Vernon W S 2010 - Botrytis - Grape
W et HoursHours R H>95R isk Factor
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Downy MildewDowny Mildew
• Model requires leaf wetness, relative humidity, and temperature data
• The model estimates three levels of infection likelihood• Level 1, or “Possible Infection”, infection can occur but
conditions are not optimal• Level 2, or “Medium Risk of Infection”, possible light infection,
low risk• Level 3, or “High Risk of Infection”, conditions are optimal for
infection
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Downy MildewDowny Mildew
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Downy MildewDowny Mildew
0
5
10
15
20
May 01 May 15 May 29 J un 12 J un 26 J ul 10 J ul 24
Hours
0
1
2
3Risk
Grant W S 2010 - Downy Mildew - Grape
W et Hours95%R H 43-8695%R H 66-77R isk
Grant W S 2010 - Downy Mildew - Grape
W et Hours95%R H 43-8695%R H 66-77R isk
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Black RotBlack Rot
• model uses temperature and leaf wetness period to estimate the onset of an infection period
• The model uses a risk rating system to determine the likelihood of infection• Value of 1 = shortest possible period for successful infection• As values go up, the “window” for infection increases
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Black RotBlack Rot
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Black RotBlack Rot
0
5
10
15
20
May 01 May 15 May 29 J un 12 J un 26 J ul 10 J ul 24
Hours
0
2
4
6Risk
Grant W S 2010 - B lack R ot - Grape
W et HoursDaily R isk
Grant W S 2010 - B lack R ot - Grape
W et HoursDaily R isk
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Black RotBlack Rot
0
5
10
15
20
May 01 May 15 May 29 J un 12 J un 26 J ul 10 J ul 24
Hours
0
2
4
6Risk
Grant W S 2010 - B lack R ot - Grape
W et HoursDaily R isk
Grant W S 2010 - B lack R ot - Grape
W et HoursDaily R isk
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Black Rot ScenarioBlack Rot Scenario
• You have had black rot troubles in previous years, but are “on top of it” this year
• Last application of fungicide (Mancozeb and Rally) on June 1st
• Its now the 10th, and its rained several times in the last week with lots of dew and relatively warm temperatures at night. No rain is forecasted until the 15th
• Do you spray now, wait until your next “scheduled” spray date (the 14th) and what product(s) do you apply?
![Page 64: Weather Stations and Disease Warning Systems for Apple and Grape](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815d8b550346895dcb9761/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
Jun 01 Jun 03 Jun 05 Jun 07 Jun 09 Jun 11 Jun 13 Jun 15 Jun 17 Jun 19 Jun 21 Jun 23 Jun 25 Jun 27 Jun 29
*F
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
IndexGrant WS 2010
TMP RNF WET
0
5
10
15
20
J un 01 J un 08 J un 15 J un 22 J un 29
Hours
0
2
4
6Risk
Grant W S 2010 - B lack R ot - Grape
W et H oursDaily R isk
• Last application of fungicide (mancozeb and rally) on June 1st
• Its now the 10th, and its rained several times in the last week with lots of dew and relatively warm temperatures at night. Rain is forecasted for the 15th with warm days and nights expected
• Do you spray now, wait until your next “scheduled” spray date (the 14th) and what product(s) do you apply?
Grant W S 2010 - B lack R ot - Grape
W et HoursDaily R isk
70
60
80
0
5
10
15
20
J un 01 J un 08 J un 15 J un 22 J un 29
Hours
0
2
4
6Risk
Grant W S 2010 - B lack R ot - Grape
W et H oursDaily R isk
Risk
![Page 65: Weather Stations and Disease Warning Systems for Apple and Grape](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815d8b550346895dcb9761/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
0
5
10
15
20
J un 01 J un 08 J un 15 J un 22 J un 29
Hours
0
2
4
6Risk
Grant W S 2010 - B lack R ot - Grape
W et H oursDaily R isk
Grant W S 2010 - B lack R ot - Grape
W et H oursDaily R isk
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
Jun 01 Jun 03 Jun 05 Jun 07 Jun 09 Jun 11 Jun 13 Jun 15 Jun 17 Jun 19 Jun 21 Jun 23 Jun 25 Jun 27 Jun 29
*F
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
IndexGrant WS 2010
TMP RNF WET
70
60
80
![Page 66: Weather Stations and Disease Warning Systems for Apple and Grape](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815d8b550346895dcb9761/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Questions?