Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

Ministry of Popular Power for Education

U.E "GENERAL EZEQUIEL ZAMORA”

8vo Grado Sección “B”

San Félix - Bolívar State

Teacher:

Francis Villarroel

Student:

Oscarina Duerto

Guayana City 15/04/2015

INTRODUCTION

Imagine an experiment with dozens of dependent variables and no controlled

variables. That's a good way to think about a weather forecast. The sun, the source

of all energy on Earth, would be the independent variable, well, sort of. Even

though the sun rises and sets on a steady schedule, and sends out fairly steady

amounts of energy, the Earth keeps turning below it! This causes differential

heating, so the air temperature is constantly changing. Clouds drift in and out of the

scene, and different concentrations of gases affect the weather "experiment". And

don't forget about air pressure, which changes with space and time too.

Forecasting weather is one of the hardest and most complicated things scientists

do on a daily basis. Meteorologists use many tools to tackle the job of weather

forecasting. Many start by looking at images provided by weather satellites. A

single satellite image holds tons of information. A meteorologist looking at this

image could tell where the mild air is, where the cold and warm fronts are, and

even identify stormy weather.

WEATHER FORECASTING:

For thousands of years, people have used countless methods to forecast the

weather. Some of the these methods are not very accurate. For example, if cows

sit down, it will rain. If the sky is red in the evening, it wil be hot next day. And if

cats sit with their backs to a fire, it will snow.

Today, we use technology to forecast the weather. Satellites orbit the Earth and

send information about the weather to all parts of the world. You can find weather

forecasts on television, on the internet and on cell phones.

Scientists say that, in the future, they will make the weather change as people

want. We will never be cold or wet again.

Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the

state of the atmosphere for a given location. Human beings have attempted to

predict the weather informally for millennia, and formally since the nineteenth

century. Weather forecasts are made by collecting quantitative data about the

current state of the atmosphere at a given place and using scientific understanding

of atmospheric processes to project how the atmosphere will change.

Once an all-human endeavor based mainly upon changes in barometric pressure,

current weather conditions, and sky condition, weather forecasting now relies on

computer-based models that take many atmospheric factors into account. Human

input is still required to pick the best possible forecast model to base the forecast

upon, which involves pattern recognition skills, teleconnections, knowledge of

model performance, and knowledge of model biases. The chaotic nature of the

atmosphere, the massive computational power required to solve the equations that

describe the atmosphere, error involved in measuring the initial conditions, and an

incomplete understanding of atmospheric processes mean that forecasts become

less accurate as the difference in current time and the time for which the forecast is

being made (the range of the forecast) increases. The use of ensembles and

model consensus help narrow the error and pick the most likely outcome.

There are a variety of end uses to weather forecasts. Weather warnings are

important forecasts because they are used to protect life and property. Forecasts

based on temperature and precipitation are important to agriculture, and therefore

to traders within commodity markets. Temperature forecasts are used by utility

companies to estimate demand over coming days. On an everyday basis, people

use weather forecasts to determine what to wear on a given day. Since outdoor

activities are severely curtailed by heavy rain, snow and the wind chill, forecasts

can be used to plan activities around these events, and to plan ahead and survive

them.

Ancient forecasting

For millennia people have tried to forecast the weather. In 650 BC, the Babylonians

predicted the weather from cloud patterns as well as astrology. In about 340 BC,

Aristotle described weather patterns in Meteorologica. Later, Theophrastus

compiled a book on weather forecasting, called the Book of Signs. Chinese

weather prediction lore extends at least as far back as 300 BC, which was also

around the same time ancient Indian astronomers developed weather-prediction

methods. In 904 AD, Ibn Wahshiyya's Nabatean Agriculture discussed the weather

forecasting of atmospheric changes and signs from the planetary astral alterations;

signs of rain based on observation of the lunar phases; and weather forecasts

based on the movement of winds.

Ancient weather forecasting methods usually relied on observed patterns of

events, also termed pattern recognition. For example, it might be observed that if

the sunset was particularly red, the following day often brought fair weather. This

experience accumulated over the generations to produce weather lore. However,

not all of these predictions prove reliable, and many of them have since been found

not to stand up to rigorous statistical testing

Modern methods

The Royal Charter sank in an 1859 storm, stimulating the establishment of modern

weather forecasting.

It was not until the invention of the electric telegraph in 1835 that the modern age

of weather forecasting began. Before that, the fastest that distant weather reports

could travel was around 100 miles per day (160 km/d), but was more typically 40–

75 miles per day (60–120 km/day) (whether by land or by sea). By the late 1840s,

the telegraph allowed reports of weather conditions from a wide area to be

received almost instantaneously, allowing forecasts to be made from knowledge of

weather conditions further upwind.

NEW MOON:

New Moon is the second movie based on the famous series of books written by

Stephenie Meyer, iwilight in new moon, the incredible love story between Bella and

Edward ends up.

Bella spends more time with her friend jake and all change.

Like in the first movie, the locations were fantastic, specially the scenes filmed in

the forest. The characters clothes and the soundtracks were cool, too we’re looking

forward tto seeing next movie.

commonly referred to as New Moon, is a 2009 American romantic fantasy film

based on Stephenie Meyer's 2006 novel New Moon. It is the second film in The

Twilight Saga film series and is the sequel to 2008's Twilight. Summit

Entertainment greenlit the sequel in late November 2008, following the early

success of Twilight. Directed by Chris Weitz, the film stars Kristen Stewart, Robert

Pattinson, and Taylor Lautner, reprising their roles as Bella Swan, Edward Cullen,

and Jacob Black, respectively. Melissa Rosenberg, who handed in a draft of the

film script during the opening weekend of Twilight, returned as screenwriter for

New Moon as well.

Filming began in Vancouver in late March 2009,[5][6][7] and in Montepulciano, Italy

in late May 2009. The film was released on November 20, 2009 in most countries,

and set domestic box office records as the biggest midnight screening, grossing

$26.3 million, which was superseded by its sequel, The Twilight Saga: Eclipse.

This led to the highest single day, domestic gross on an opening day, with $72.7

million, until it was beaten in 2011 by Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part

2, which made $91.1 million, by nearly $20 million. Furthermore, New Moon

opened with the third highest domestic opening weekend since 2002 grossing a

total of $142,839,137. The film also became the highest grossing film released by

Summit Entertainment, and was the widest independent release, playing in over

4,100 theaters in its theatrical run, until it was surpassed by The Twilight Saga:

Eclipse.

New Moon was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on March 20, 2010 through

midnight release parties. As of July 2012, $184,916,451 in North American DVD

sales, selling more than 8,835,501 units, 4 million of which were sold within its first

weekend, beating Twilight's 3.8 million units sold in its first two days. The film was

well received by fans, but received mixed to negative reviews from critics.

FINDING

Weather forecasting has come a very long way since the Babylonians and the

Greeks started observing the skies, and it was the pioneering work of Vilhelm

Bjerknes and Lewis Fry Richardson at the beginning of the 20th century that kicked

off the development of modern weather forecasting. But without the invention and

subsequent improvement of computers, numerical weather prediction would still be

in its infancy. Understanding chaos and developing new and better weather

observation methods also contributed to improving forecast accuracy. A six-day

forecast nowadays is now as accurate as a one-day forecast in 1968 Current one-

day forecasts are accurate in 9 out of 10 cases, and three-day forecasts still have a

hit rate of 70%. Current research suggests that these percentages will continue to

increase in future. Apart from normal weather forecasts, weather services also

issue specialised forecasts for a variety of domains, such as agriculture, aviation

and shipping, which help save lives and money. Still, meteorologists at the

ECMWF estimate that the global economic loss due to inaccurate weather

forecasts amounts to up to a billion Euros per year so meteorologists hope that

improved forecast quality will reduce this number.

The two different types of forecasting models, one of them based on finite

differences, the other one based on the spectral method, are currently competing

as to which one of them yields more accurate forecasts for a given computational

cost. But at the end of the day, each model has its strengths and weaknesses; so

using both models side by side will probably give the best results.

In the future, weather forecasts will be even more accurate and more detailed than

forecasts nowadays. And who knows, maybe one day mathematicians will find a

way to overcome the two weeks forecasting limit, so that long-range forecasts can

be produced.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

https://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/satmet/modules

www.wikipedia.com

ANEXO