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1 NOKIA WCDMA_overview.PPT/ 4.4.2002 Kari Heiska, TLI361-WCDMA radioverkkosuunnittelu - luentosarja Jyvaskyln yliopistossa(Reproduced by permission of John Wiley & Sons Limited)

Noise in WCDMA system+ WCDMA-GSM Co-Planning

Kari Heiska 4.4.2002


Contents

Radio Frequency Issues

Noise Measurements

Radio Network Planning Issues

Narrowband-WCDMA Co-operation


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Frequency allocations for UMTS

1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 MHz

MSS MSS

A B C A B CD EF D FE

PCS

MSS

1850 1870 1895 1910 1930 1950 1975 1990

MSSMDS

MSS MSSDECTGSM1800downlink

1880 19001980 2010

2025 2110 2170 2200

1885 1980 2010 2025 2110 2170

PHS

1893.8

JAPAN

EUROPE

USA

ITU/RRS5.388

MSSMSS 3G

3G3G

3G(FDD, downlink)

3G

3G(FDD, uplink)

3G

3G

3GTDD

3GTDD

Frequency plans of Europe, Japan and Korea are harmonized

US plan is incompatible, IMT-2000 spectrum used for the US 2G standards

IMT-2000 in Europe: FDD 2x60MHz, TDD 20MHz+15MHz

Note: GSM band is close to the UMTS band in uplink (Interference!)


Basic UMTS spectrum in Finland(core band )

1920,3 - 1935,3 MHz Suomen 3G Oy.

1935,3 - 1950,1 MHz Oy Radiolinja Ab.

1950,1 - 1964,9 MHz Telia Mobile Ab:n sivuliike

1964,9 - 1979,7 MHz Sonera Oyj.

MSS MSS

19002025

3G(downlink)

3G(FDD, uplink)

3G

TDD

3G

TDD

200019801920 21702110

60 MHz UL and in DL

Table from http://www.ficora.fi/suomi/radio/Taulukko3.htm 2110,3 - 2125,3 MHz Suomen 3G Oy.

2125,3 - 2140,1 MHz Oy Radiolinja Ab.

2140,1 - 2154,9 MHz Telia Mobile Ab:n sivuliike

2154,9 - 2169,7 MHz Sonera Oyj.

UL 1920DL 2110

UL 1980DL 2170

soneraRadiolinjaSuomen3G

Telia

Each operator can use 1-3 carriers

Suomen 3G has 5 MHz per channel, other have only 4.93 MHz/ channel. Well it has notmuch effect on performance


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Radio Frequency Issues

Thermal Noise Caused by random movement of atoms in material

Pn=kTB=-108.1 dBm

Sensitivity =minimum needed Rx power:

PRx,min=Pn+F+Eb/N0-10log10(W/R)

=-108.1dBm+3dB+4dB10log10(3.84106/12.2103)=-127.1dBm

Man Made Noise Interference from

radio transmitters like radars, mobile networks and broadcast systems Motor traffic, industrial equipments, consumer products, lighting

Level depends on the environment and the time of day


Radio Frequency Issues Interference Scenarios

Total interference power at the WCDMA BS: Own cell interference from WCDMA system Other cell interferenceThermal noise power from WCDMA system Adjacent channel power (own, adjacent operator, WCDMA, other system) Man made noise Harmonic distortion Intermodulation distortion (especially 3rdorder IMD-products)

Interference Reduction Methods RF methods (Radio Frequency)

Rx and Tx filtering Maximum out-of band emission levels have been set in system specifications Special spec. requirements for WCDMA-GSM co-siting

Base-band methods (in digital domain) Interference Cancellation

Installations Antenna placement


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Radio Frequency Issues WCDMA Specifications are in http://www.3gpp.org

WCDMA Specification documents can be found from: ftp://ftp.3gpp.org/specs/archive/

For example BS radio specifications (BS Radio Transmission and Reception (FDD)): ftp://ftp.3gpp.org/specs/archive/25_series/25.104/ If we consider the out-of-band emissions, the specs gives the

emission mask:2.5 2.7 3.5

-15 0

Frequency separationf from the carrier [MHz]

Powerdensityin30kHz[dB

m]

fmax

-20

-25

-30

-35

-40

Powerdensityin1MHz[dB

m]

-5

-10

-15

-20

-25

7.5

P = 39 dBmP = 39 dBm



Illustrative diagram of spectrum emission mask


Noise Measurements

Acceptable RF environment WCDMA spectrum has to be clear enough. Background noise above

the thermal noise level decreases the coverage and capacity 1 dB average rise in BG noise decreases the cell area by 11%

11% more BSs needed to cover the same area Performance Uplink limited as shown below:

-1 07 -1 06 -1 05 - 10 4 -1 03 -1 02 -1 01 - 10 0 -9 9 -9 8 -9 70

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Background Noise Level (dBm)

CellSize/AreaReduction(%)

Cell Size ReductionCell Area Reduction

-1 07 -1 06 -1 05 - 10 4 -1 03 -1 02 -1 01 - 10 0 -9 9 - 98 -9 70

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Background Noise Level (dBm)

Capacityreduction(%)

Lav/Lmax=-10dB

Lav/Lmax=-20dBLav/Lmax=-30dB

uplink coveragedownlink capacity


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Conducting Measurements in a RealEnvironment

Laptop for data collection (withcustomized software)

GPIB (General Purpose InterfaceBus)

SA (Spectrum Analyzer)

Cables to connect the antennato the SA

Adaptors and connectors

LNA (Low Noise Amplifier),

power source for the LNA Filter

Receiving antenna

LNA

Antenna

Cable

Laptop

GPIB

SpectrumAnalyzer

FilterDirectly afterthe antenna

LNAFilter

Cable

Filter

LNAFilter

GAtt

NF

Att

FNFF

+

+=

11

F2.2 dB

Pmin=-104.8 dBm


Measurement Results

The purpose of the measurements:To determine the background noise level in the UMTS-uplink bandTo search for and if present identify interference and its sourcesTo look for the time behavior of the noise and identify typical

patternsTo assess the suitability of the location for carrying an UMTS-

antenna from the noise level point of view

The measurements were conducted in Austria for probable locations ofUMTS BS antennas during the peak traffic hours of a working day

The GSM900 and 1800 were already present

UMTS measurement antenna were pointed towards 4 directions

The data was collected for one hour into each direction


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Measurement Results

1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980-104.8

-104.3

-103.8Mean Background Noise Powers

Frequency [MHz]

dBm

ruralsuburbanurban

1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980

-104.5

-104

-103.5

Mean Background Noise Powers

Frequency [MHz]

dBm

rooftop levelground level

1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980

-104.5

-104

-103.5

-103

-102.5

-102

Mean Background Noise Powers

Frequency [MHz]

dBm

rooftop levelground level

Effect of area type

Effect ofantennalocation insuburban area

Effect ofantennalocation inurban area


Measurement Results

The changes of the meannoise power within 0,5seconds in each 5 MHz-band are analyzed

These graphs show that thechanges of the mean noise

values measured in realenvironment do not differfor different morphologicaltypes and match almostperfectly with the changespredicted by applying thetheoretical Gaussian noisemodel.

-2 0 20

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

PDF

Change of av. noise power (dB)

Urban

-2 0 20

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

PDF


Suburban

-2 0 20

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

PDF


Rural

-2 0 20

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

PDF


Theory


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RNP Issues

Typical case: Operator already has aGSM network and license for a WCDMAnetwork.

Cost reduction: using existing sites andco-locating GSM with the WCDMA

The quality of the GSM network putslimits to the quality of the WCDMAnetwork in the case of one-to-one co-siting

The problem areas should be identifiedand taking into account in the WCDMAplanning process

Evaluate the Quality of the Existing 2G Network

Run Combined 2G and WCDMA Analysis

Define Traffic Distributions Rules between Systems

Accept Plan

Analyse the Results

Acceptable

Not Acceptable

Assure the Coverage for All WCDMA Services

Space Available for One-to-One Reuse

Define Handover Rules between Systems

co-planning process


RNP Issues

Site re-use Re-using the sites would decrease the site acquisition costs Antenna reduces the number of antennas needed and saves space in

the mastThe electrical bearing and tilting not maybe possible Isolation between co-located radios has to ensured Practical limitations in many cases

Site solutions Co-locating

base stations share the same site but not the antenna feeders and the antennas Usually the best solution from the performance point of view because in this case we

are able to install different antenna line solutions for each systemThese solutions might be six sector solution, mast head amplifier, etc.

Co-siting Co-located sites, antennas and antenna feeders Different kind of sharing situations: antenna sharing Needs additional Diplexerin order to combine WCDMA Tx and GSM Tx and WCDMA

Rx and the GSM RxThe base stations can also be dual mode or triple mode


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RNP Issues

Site solutions Antenna configuration

The isolation between GSM Tx and the UMTS Rxhas to be >30 dB in order to avoid interferencefrom GSM to UMTS

Additional interference would decrease thecoverage (and the capacity ) of the WCDMA UL

If possible GSM and UMTS should be located indifferent antennas without line-of-sight

GSM Tx/Rx

UMTS Tx/Rx

GSM & UMTS

Rx div.

>2 m

>2 m

MSSDECTGSM1800downlink

1880 19001980 2010

2025

EUROPE

3G(FDD, uplink)

3GTDD

3GTDD

(dual band antennas)

One possible implementation:

interference


RNP issues

Traffic and Service Distribution between the systemsTraffic between GSM and WCDMA can be separated according to typeof

service (voice, low speed, high speed data)Traffic sharing between layers: high-speed data to micro and pico cell layers,

low speed data and voice to macroThe handovers can be triggered with loading: If the loading is 10% the

incoming voice calls will be directed into 2G system (GSM) Another possible way of separation is the priority: The user with lower

priority will be directed into 2G system with lower data speeds.

Coverage and Capacity When both system have coverage the traffic balancing can be donewith

Idle mode parameters Idle mode means the mode of the terminal which has power ON but has

not the connection ON (=not in a connected mode)The idle mode mobile will be camped to a certain system if the triggers

are fulfilled by using Idle mode parameters If GSM and WCDMA are co-sited the blind handover from one system to

another can be utilized without going to the compressed mode


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RNP issues Coverage and Capacity

The load sharing of two systems will introduceTrunkinggain

The following table shows the trunking gain ofcombined GSM WCDMA system for various bit-rates

WCDMAWCDMA WCDMAWCDMA WCDMAWCDMA

GSMGSM GSMGSM GSMGSM GSMGSM GSMGSM GSMGSM

Handover WCDMA GSMfor coverage extension

Handover GSM WCDMAfor capacity extension or

service optimization

Urban area Rural area

Number of

Channels

WCDMA or

EDGE

WCDMA +

EDGE

Combined

Capacity

Trunking

Gain

Speech 60 49.6 Erl 99.3 Erl 107.4 Erl 8.2%

64 kbps 10 5.1 Erl 10.2 Erl 13.2 Erl 29.7%

144 kbps 5 1.7 Erl 3.3 Erl 5.1 Erl 53.4%

384 kbps 2 0.2 Erl 0.4 Erl 1.1 Erl 145.2%

WCDMA GSM

WCDMA&GSM

trunking gain = (7-4)/4=75%

in this case


RNP issuesJoint Optimization

The 2G and WCDMA resources can be fully utilized if the network management and deploymentcan be jointly optimized

This means that the parameters of GSM and WCDMA systems can be tuned based on thegathered performance data from both systems

As an example the handover as well as the Idle mode parameters can be tuned to balance theload between the systems

Transmission planningThe transmission connects the BS to BSC (in GSM) and to RNC (in WCDMA) Media can be copper wire, coaxial cable, microwave links or fiber optical lineThe transmission network has to be planned to fulfill the capacity demands

throughput the networks life spanThe WCDMA-GSM co-locationing effects to the changes in transmission network:

its topology, site configuration and media upgradesTransmission topologies: chain, star, tree, loop, mesh One WCDMA site with one carrier can deliver data of about 5 Mbps: three cells

with about 1.5 Mbps throughput. This is addition to GSM throughput that thetransmission has to carry


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NB and WCDMA co-operation

The WCDMA can be also utilized also other band than the core band

As an example: PCS band in US. and refarming of GSM band

However, in those cases the interference scenarios are quite differentand in some cases there should be guard band between WCDMA carrierand NB carriers

The downlink direction is usually the limiting one

fg

f

WNB WWCDMA

f

2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.50

5

10

15

20

25

30

channel separation (MHz)

capacityreduction(%) 20sites/km

2

10.3sites/km2

3.3sites/km2

Example of capacity reduction in WCDMA in the case of DL

NB interference


NB and WCDMA co-operation

Studies about the item: Kari Heiska, H. Posti, P. Muszynski, P. Aikio, J. Numminen and M. Hmlinen: Capacity Reduction of

WCDMA Downlink in the Presence of Interference from Adjacent Narrowband System, IEEETransactions on Vehicular Technology

Kari Heiska, H. Posti, T. Rautiainen, and J. Numminen,WCDMA Downlink Coverage Reduction due toAdjacent Channel Interference, Wireless Personal Communications

Kari Heiska, Effect of Adjacent IS-95 Network to WCDMA Uplink Capacity, Wireless PersonalCommunications, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology

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