wbm and ashrae 90-1 - cz 3-handout form · ashrae rule 1978 1980 the 70s –“the insulation...
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ASHRAE 90.1‐2013
Key Changes You Should Know About
d
ASHRAE 90.1‐2013
Key Changes You Should Know About
dandA Few Interesting Trends
Impacting the Built Environment
andA Few Interesting Trends
Impacting the Built Environment
R. Christopher MathisMC2 ‐Mathis Consulting Company
The End in MindThe End in Mind
Buildings Matter!More than we know
Trends Impacting the Built EnvironmentEnergy Power Water Population GreenEnergy, Power, Water, Population, Green
What’s New With ASHRAE 90.1‐2013 Implications for building industry professionals
Who Am I?Who Am I?
Building Scientist for 30+ yearsResearcher, Author, Educator
Standards Developer and UserASHRAE Member – 30+ years90.1, 90.2, 189.1, CTTC, Distinguished Lecturer
ASTMMember – 30+ yearsASTM Member 30+ yearsE06, E60, C16
Chairman of BETEC – 2014‐15
Code Developer IECC, IGCC, ASHRAE, State Codes, etc.
Beekeeper
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Buildings Matter: US Energy UseBuildings Matter: US Energy Use
BuildingsTransportation
41%31%
18%Commercial
22%
Industry28%
Source: USEIA ‐ 2012
Residential
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U.S. Energy ConsumptionU.S. Energy Consumption
Source: USEIA ‐ 2012
46%21%
12%
U.S. Energy Production ‐ 2011U.S. Energy Production ‐ 2011
Coal
Nuclear
Renewables
20%1%
Natural Gas
OilSource: USEIA ‐ 2012
U.S. Energy ProductionU.S. Energy Production
67%21%
12%
2/3=2/3=Fossil Fossil FuelsFuels
Source: USEIA ‐ 2012
Projections on the Future?Projections on the Future?
World Energy Consumption by FuelWorld Energy Consumption by Fuel
Btu
1990 – 2035
Quadrillion B
Source: USEIA – 2012
Increasing demand
Supply challenges
Peak power
The Energy MegatrendThe Energy Megatrend
p
National security
Economic security
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Utility Concerns Utility Concerns
The “Timing” of our DemandBase LoadPeak DemandCooling Driven Lighting Driven
1400
1600
1800
2000kW
70
80
90
100Peak Demand
$$$$
Peak Demandsurcharge
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 h
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Base Load - ¢
$
$$
$$$
Another kind of pain…
Ottawa
Responsible for over HALF of the carbon emissions…
Climate Change? Buildings Matter!Climate Change? Buildings Matter!
Our buildings pollute almost twice as much as our cars…
Source: USEIA
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Population Doublesin 30 Years
Population Doubles in 40 Years
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Population Doubled in 50 Years
We Are Here
Energy and WaterEnergy and Water
US News, 11/22/2012
Water Implications…Water Implications…
US Geological Survey 2012
14‐day Below Normal Stream Flow14‐day Below Normal Stream Flow Power and WaterPower and Water
US thermoelectric facilities use over 200 billion gallons of water a day.
Over half of the withdrawn
Sources: Union of Concerned Scientists 2011, USGS 2012
water in the US…
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Niagara FallsNiagara Falls
The volume of water flowing through America’s electric utilities is 3 TIMES the amount flowing over Niagara Falls!
Niagara Falls State Park and USGS
Water and Power Connection…Water and Power Connection…
Coal and Nuclear Plants use
30 – 50 gallons of water to produce just
1 kWh of electricity
41,298
50,803
66,344
190,894
Georgia
Nevada
Arizona
Florida
Annual Net Migration 2000 ‐ 2004Annual Net Migration 2000 ‐ 2004
13,354
16,634
18,576
20,535
36,566
39,137
Washington
Tennessee
South Carolina
Virginia
Texas
North Carolina
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US Commercial BuildingsUS Commercial Buildings
74%
19%
7% Before 1989
1990 to 1999
74% was built before
1989!
Source: USEIA , 2003 CBECS
74%2000 to 2003
93% of our commercial building stock was built
before 2003!
1989!
New
1%
U.S. Residential BuildingsU.S. Residential Buildings
99%
Existing
Source: USEIA – 2009 RECS
Age of U.S. Homes…Age of U.S. Homes…
Source: USEIA – 2009 RECS
U.S. Commercial ConstructionU.S. Commercial Construction
25
45
65
85
105
re Feet
Over 50% new since
2010
‐75
‐55
‐35
‐15
5
25
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
Billion Squar
Total New Retired Source: USEIA, 2013
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Market Transformation…Market Transformation…
Education, Marketing, Incentives, etc.
Regulations, Laws, Codes
Note: The primary “friction” in the system is resistance to change…
Buildings Matter: US Energy UseBuildings Matter: US Energy Use
BuildingsTransportation
41%31%
Industry28%
Source: USEIA ‐ 2012
But we’ve got the building codes gto handle these
problems… right?
What is the Code?What is the Code?
Least safe…
Least strong…
Least energy efficient…
…building allowed by law.…building allowed by law.
We’re not allowed to build it any crappier…
Disaster Breeds CodesDisaster Breeds Codes Disaster Breeds Codes…Disaster Breeds Codes…
Code of Hammurabi –1750 BC 6th King of Babylonia Over 3750 years ago... Contains five key elements designed to protect the occupantsprotect the occupants
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“Regulatory Simplicity”“Regulatory Simplicity”
“If a builder build a house for a man and do not make its construction firm and the house which he has built collapse and cause the death of the owner of the house, the builder shall be put to death…”
Disaster Breeds Codes…Disaster Breeds Codes…
The Burning of Rome – 64 ADNero didn’t like the slums and stenchEstablished fire safety and sanitation requirements for all buildings following the fire
Europe Learns…Europe Learns…
The Great London Fire – 1666Black Plague, raw sewage, tightly spaced buildingsTwo‐thirds of the city destroyed “London Building Act” adopted after the fire
US Code Milestones…US Code Milestones…
The Chicago Fire – 1871
Mrs. O’Leary’s cow…
Destroyed 17,000 buildings
Killed 250 people
Left 100,000 homeless
Bankrupted the insurance industry
New code adopted in 1875 regulating building construction and fire prevention.
More US Code MilestonesMore US Code Milestones
The San Francisco Earthquake – 1906What the earthquake didn’t get, the fire didOne of the major influencers of today’s structural, fire and life safety codes
First Energy Code MilestoneFirst Energy Code Milestone
Arab Oil Embargo – 1973‐4President Carter’s Fireside Chat (“Turn your thermostat down to 65 and wear a sweater” and “Drive 55”)
Precipitated the first energy codes for buildings –ASHRAE 1975
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What Did We Do After 1973?What Did We Do After 1973?
Tried to Save EnergyDeveloped Standards and Ratings Insulation, Appliances, Cars
Innovated (developed new technologies) Insulation Glazing Technologies HVAC Lighting Insulation, Glazing Technologies, HVAC, Lighting
Adopted our FIRST Energy Codes
New Market Forces EvolvedUtility Programs, Rebates, etc.
Why Standards?Why Standards?
AppliancesAppliances
Consumer Signals About Energy!A Means of Comparison…
AutomotiveAutomotive
What’s Possible?What’s Possible? Energy Code Evolution…Energy Code Evolution…
Early Energy Code SolutionsEarly Energy Code Solutions
Hurricane Andrew
August, 1992
175 mph wind gusts
$25 billion damage
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Recent Code MilestonesRecent Code Milestones
Hurricane Andrew – 1992 AD
90% of all homes in Dade County Florida had roof damage
117,000 homes were destroyed or had major damage
Primary driver of today’s hurricane protection codes
More Recently…More Recently…
Katrina’s Legacy…Katrina’s Legacy…
Hurricane Katrina – 2005
Costliest hurricane in history – est. $80 billion
Over 1300 confirmed deaths
3200 still missing
Louisiana and Mississippi just adopted their first codes…
Disaster in NC…
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“Superstorm” Sandy
August 31, 2012 –Before the Storm…
After…
August 31, 2012 –Before the Storm…
After…
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Photo taken by Iwan Baan
Hurricane Sandy110 mph wind gusts (Category 1)
Estimated $20-$30 billion damage
>6 million people without power
Moore, Oklahoma…Moore, Oklahoma…
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Category 5 Event Sustained winds of over 96 mph for several hoursWind speeds in excess of 260 mph
Storm surge estimated to be responsible for over 10,000 deaths
Tropical Cyclone HaiyanTropical Cyclone Haiyan
Possibly the strongest storm in recorded history
Some of these same areas experienced 7.1 magnitude earthquake less than a month before…
What lessons will we learn?
We Wait for DisasterWe Wait for Disaster
History has shown that we WAIT for disaster, THEN we react.
There are consequences to waiting…
Built Environment TrendsBuilt Environment Trends
More severe climate events “Superstorms”, Extreme cold, Extreme heat, etc.
Increased expectations for building performanceEnergy Durability Health IAQ Resilience etcEnergy, Durability, Health, IAQ, Resilience, etc.What is “sustainable”?For how long?
ASHRAE 90.1ASHRAE 90.1
The Nation’s Model Energy Code
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1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 ????
Change Happens…Change Happens…
1970
Oil Embargo FTC R-Value Rule 1978ASHRAE
1980
The 70s – “The Insulation Decade”The 70s – “The Insulation Decade”
g1973
Rule 1978ASHRAE 1975
1980
ASHRAE 1989
1990
The 80s – “The Appliance Decade”The 80s – “The Appliance Decade”
1989NAECA 1985
1990 2000
Energy Policy Act
ASHRAE 1999
The 90s – “The Window Decade”The 90s – “The Window Decade”
Policy Act of 1992
1999
2000 2010
ASHRAE 2001
ASHRAE 2010ASHRAE
2000-2010 – “The 30% Decade”2000-2010 – “The 30% Decade”
2001 2010ASHRAE 2004 ASHRAE
2007 30% more efficient than
2004
2000 2010
IECC2009
“The 30% Decade” - Residential“The 30% Decade” - Residential
IECC 2003
Recovery Act
IECC 2006
2009
30% more efficient than IECC 2006?
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2010 2012
G C d
2011
901.-2010 is
Recent Regulatory LandscapeRecent Regulatory Landscape
Green Code development dominated regulatory landscape
30% more efficient than
2004**
IECC 2012 is 30% more
efficient than 2006****17.3%
without addenda
Everybody Wants to be Green…Everybody Wants to be Green…
ASHRAE 189 Must be better than 90.1
ICC International Green Construction Code
“It ain’t easy…” Standards Ratings Metrics Boundary Conditions How long?
Example Problems with “Green”Example Problems with “Green”
LEED
Measured vs.
Proposed Energy Savings
Source: Source: New Buildings Institute/USGBC’s energy performance of LEED for new construction buildings
2013 20152014
Future Regulatory LandscapeFuture Regulatory Landscape
2016
New NAECA Equipment IECC Code
ICC Final Action
Hearings
ASHRAE 90.1-2013
q pStandardsDevelopment
Hearings
IECC 2015:
New Residential Energy Code
Includes ASHRAE 90.1-2013
ASHRAE 90.1-2016
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2004
90.1-2007
Where is Your State?Where is Your State?
IECC 2012(30%)
20052006
20072008
20092010
20112012
IGCC (10%)
2013
ASHRAE90.1-2004
IECC 2006
IECC 2009
ASHRAE 189.1
90.12010
( )(10%)
ASHRAE 90.12013
Recap: What is the Code?Recap: What is the Code?
Least safe…
Least strong…
Least energy efficient…
…building allowed by law.
We’re not allowed to build it any crappier…!
ASHRAE 90.1ASHRAE 90.1
The Nation’s Model Energy Code
Standard 90.1Standard 90.1
The nation’s model energy codeReferenced in the Energy Policy ActThe Standard against which all state codes are evaluated
Defines Minimum Energy Efficiency for buildings covered under the standardcovered under the standardCommercial buildingsHigh‐rise residentialSemi‐conditioned
On “Continuous Maintenance”Updated every 3 yearsCurrent edition ‐ 2013
Good News/Bad News: 90.1‐2013Good News/Bad News: 90.1‐2013
Published October 2013
Goal was to be 50% more efficient than 2004Won’t get there most placesSome improvements in each climate zone
A few big changes…Many will impact your architect friendsEnvelopes, Air sealing, Lighting
Pay particular attention to building envelope changes
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Structure of the Standard ‐ 1Structure of the Standard ‐ 1
Section 1 ‐ Purpose
Section 2 ‐ Scope
Section 3 ‐ Definitions
Section 4 ‐ Administration and Enforcement
Section 5 ‐ Building Envelope Section 5 Building Envelope
Section 6 ‐ Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning
Structure ‐ 2Structure ‐ 2
Section 7 ‐ Service Water Heating
Section 8 ‐ Power
Section 9 ‐ Lighting
Section 10 ‐ Other Equipment
Section 11 ‐ Energy Cost Budget Method Section 11 Energy Cost Budget Method
Section 12 ‐ Normative References
AppendicesAppendices
A – Rated R‐Value of Insulation and Assembly U‐Factor, C‐Factor, and F‐Factor Determinations
B – Building Envelope Climate Criteria
C – Methodology for Building Envelope Trade‐Off Option in Subsection 5.6
D – Climatic Data D Climatic Data
E – Informative References
F – Addenda Description Information (Informative)
G – Performance Rating Method (Informative)
Compliance ApproachesCompliance Approaches
Building Building SystemSystem
Compliance Compliance OptionsOptions
Prescriptive Prescriptive OptionOption
Envelope
HVAC
Mandatory Mandatory ProvisionsProvisions(Required for
most compliance
options)
Energy Energy CodeCode
ComplianceComplianceEnergy Cost Energy Cost BudgetBudget
Trade Off Trade Off OptionOption
SimplifiedSimplifiedApproachApproach
HVAC
Lighting
SWH
Power
Other
Building EnvelopeBuilding Envelope
So… where is theCurrent Minimum Code
(90.1‐2013)(90.1 2013)in comparison to
90.1‐2004?
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Improvements in EUI: 1975 to PresentImprovements in EUI: 1975 to Present
Code minimum is still a long way from
“Net Zero”
Climate Zones (Current)Climate Zones (Current)
Climate Change?Climate Change? Climates Changing?Climates Changing?
90.1‐201390.1‐2013 Table 5.5‐3Table 5.5‐3
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2004 versus 2013: Roofs2004 versus 2013: Roofs
R‐15
R‐20
R 25R‐25
2004 2007 2013
Insulation Entirely Above Deck
R‐15 R‐20 R‐25
Opaque Comparison – RoofsOpaque Comparison – RoofsCZ3
Metal Building R‐19 R‐19 R10 + R19FC
Attic and Other R‐30 R‐38 R‐38
2004 versus 2013: Walls2004 versus 2013: Walls
U ≤ 0.077 (R‐13 + R‐5ci)
2004 2007 2013
Mass R‐5.7ci R‐7.6ci R‐7.6ci
Metal Building R‐13 R‐13 R‐0 + R‐9.8ci
Opaque Comparison – Walls Above GradeOpaque Comparison – Walls Above Grade
CZ3
Steel Framed R‐13 R‐13 + R3.8ci R‐13 + R‐5ci
Wood Framed R‐13 R‐13 R‐13
2004 2007 2013
Mass R‐6.3ci R‐6.3ci R‐10ci
Steel Joist R‐19 R‐19 R‐30
Opaque Comparison – FloorsOpaque Comparison – FloorsCZ3
Steel Joist R 19 R 19 R 30
Wood Framed R‐19 R‐19 R‐30
2004 2007 2013
Unheated NR NR NR
Heated R‐7 5 for 12” R‐10 for 24” R‐15 for 24”
Opaque Comparison – Slab‐on‐GradeOpaque Comparison – Slab‐on‐GradeCZ3
Heated R 7.5 for 12 R 10 for 24 R 15 for 24
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*up to 40% 2004 2007 2013
Fixed 0.57
Operable 0.67
Fenestration Comparison – U‐factorFenestration Comparison – U‐factorCZ3
Non‐Metal 0.65 0.35
Curtain Wall/Fixed 0.60 0.50
Metal Operable 0.65 0.60
*up to 40% 2004 2007 2010
SHGC North 0.39
SHGC All 0 25 0 25 0 25
Fenestration Comparison – SHGCFenestration Comparison – SHGCCZ3
SHGC All 0.25 0.25 0.25
Controlling Envelope Air LeakageControlling Envelope Air Leakage
2004 – General language about minimizing air leakage, specific reference to window and door leakage
2007 – Same language as 2004
2010 – A FOCUS on controlling and limiting air leakageRequires a continuous air barrier Lists approved materials and assembliesRevised vestibule requirements
Other Major ImprovementsOther Major Improvements
Lighting Power Densities
Lighting and Daylighting Controls
Equipment Efficiencies
Equipment ControlsDeadbands, setbacks, off‐hour, damper controls, etc., , , p ,
Economizers
Heat Recovery
Refined Energy Modeling Rules
Commissioning of Critical Systems
What’s The Future?What’s The Future?
Better envelopesASHRAE 90.1‐2013 tables look very differentSame as Approved Addenda to 2010Should already be familiar
More daylighting and daylighting controlsBetter management of fenestration heat gain Greater visible light availability and utilizationMore sophisticated controls
More efficient HVAC equipmentFederal minimums likely to continue to improveNext increment set for 2014‐15!
The Road to “Net Zero”The Road to “Net Zero”
50% Better than Code?
Net Zero
How far?
Minimum Energy Code
30% Better than Code?
40% Better than Code?
50% Better than Code?
Next Steps?
How far?
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What the Code is NOTWhat the Code is NOT
Not leading edge
Not superior performance
Not exemplary
Not green
Not sustainableNot sustainable
Not differentiating
It is the starting point for all differentiation…
The Starting Point forThe Starting Point for
Energy Star
LEED
Green Globes
Building America
Houses That WorkHouses That Work
And every other “beyond code” program…
What About Those Other Objectives?What About Those Other Objectives?
Green?
Sustainable?
Water Management?
Energy Star?
LEED 4? LEED 4?
189?
Net Zero?
What About The Road to “Green”?What About The Road to “Green”?
Trends?Trends?
Better buildings?
Retrofit?
Remodel?
Reclaim?
Reuse? Reuse?
Energy?
Power?
Water?
IEQ? March 13, 2011
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Recent Scary NumbersRecent Scary Numbers
World energy consumption will increase by 53% between 2008 and 2035 Source: USEIA, IEO 2011
Chi ’ ti ill d bl i th China’s energy consumption will double in the next 10 years Source: McKinsey 2009
Thank you!