water & wastewater

1 Water and Wastewater 1.1 HYDROLOGICAL C YCLE Water, one of the abundant compounds found in nature, is covering approximately three- fourths of the surface of the earth. Over 97% of the total quantity of water is in the oceans and other saline bodies of water and is not readily available for our use. Over 2% is tied up in polar ice caps and glaciers and in atmosphere and as soil moisture, which is inaccessible. An essential element for livelihood, domestic, industrial and agricultural activities, we have to depend upon only 0.62% of water found in fresh water lakes, rivers and groundwater supplies, irregularly and non-uniformly distributed over the vast area of the globe. Solar radiation causes evaporation. Through evaporation from surface waters or by evapotranspiration from plants, water molecules convert into atmospheric vapour. Atmospheric water condenses and falls to the earth as rain and snow. Once on the earth’s surface, water flows into streams, lakes and eventually oceans or percolates into the soil and into aquifers. Water in nature is most nearly pure in its evaporation state. Gases as SO 2 , NO x may find their way into it at the very moment of condensation causing acid rain. Impurities are added as the liquid water travels through the remainder of the hydrological cycle and comes into contact with materials in the air and on or beneath the surface of the earth. Human activities contribute industrial and domestic wastes and agricultural chemicals to water. The impurities accumulated by water throughout the hydrological cycle and as a result of human activities may be in both suspended and dissolved form. Suspended material consists of particles larger than molecular size that are supported by buoyant and viscous forces within water. Hence it is more common in water bodies in motion as river waters at flood time. Dissolved material consist of molecules or ions that are held by the molecular structure of water. They will be present in higher concentrations in ground waters due to the prolonged contact of percolating water with various beds. Colloids are ve ry small particles that technically are suspended impurities but often exhibit many of the characteristics of dissolved substances. 1.2 WASTEWATER Water is an essential ingredient of life. House as well as industry consume water and give out wastewater. Sanitary sewage is of domestic origin and its quantity depends on the number of people and nothing to do with the weather. Hence it is called Dry We ather Flow (DWF) . On the other hand runoff from catchments (particularly from roofs and roads) because of heavy rainfall is called Storm Water and is directly dependent on the intensity and duration of rainfall.

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