water usage in us. water usage in us (2) types of available water
TRANSCRIPT
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Water Usage in US
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Water Usage in US (2)
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Types of Available Water
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% of Water Types Used for All Sectors
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Water Usage by User in US
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Water Uses in Energy Production
• Cooling water for steam turbine condenser (largest user)
• Makeup water treatment plant (second largest user; remaining in no particular order)
• Boiler makeup water • NOx control for gas turbines• Auxiliary plant cooling water• Makeup water to flue gas desulphurization• Ash handling and disposal• General domestic use
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Water Used for Cooling Purposes
Open Loop System Closed Loop System•H20 withdrawn directly from source
•Lake/river•Heated H20 returned to source
•Thermal pollution•Entrainment problems
•Generally only used at coastal facilities
•Uses tower to transfer heat to ambient air•Withdrawal <5% of open systems
•Overall greater consumption
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Types of Cooling Systems
• Once through with cooling ponds/canals• Freshwater once through• Saline once through• Recirculating systems with cooling ponds/canals• Recirculating systems with forced draft cooling towers• Recirculating systems with induced draft cooling towers• Recirculating systems with natural draft cooling towers
(Yang)
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Types of Water Used by Thermoelectric Plants
Current Sources• Fresh Groundwater• Surface Freshwater• Surface Saline water• Public Delivery • Sewage• Mixed water sources
(Water Use, Yang)
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Cooling Water Sources
rivers
lakesmunicipal
wells
treatment system
cooling pond
sewage reservoir
waste water effluent
Ocean
aquifer mill supply
groundwater
industrial wastewater
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Treatment of Water• Impurities present in surface/groundwater sources that must
be addressed• Total dissolved solids
– For many processes, it is unnecessary to reduce except in substantial evaporation losses
• Suspended solids/particulate matter– Treatment depends on level of solids present– Can cause silting/fouling problems in cooling towers/circuits
• Colloidal species– Can’t be removed by ion exchange technology– Must use membrane separation technology
• Dissolved organic matter– Can cause corrosion in turbine cylinders if not treated
Water Treatment for Fossil Fuel Power Generation, Paton
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• Research for new sources …• Mine pool water• geological carbon sequestration & coal bed methane
produced water• Industrial/municipal wastewater
• ...and research for water reuse & recovery• reuse power plant cooling water• recover water from plant flue gas
NETL
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New Sources
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Water Usage in Hydroelectric Power
•Consumptive Uses•Increased sfc. area of reservoir causes faster evaporation
•Non-consumptive Uses
•Water flowing through turbine
•Evaporation = 18gal/kWh consumed by end user
(NREL “Consumptive Water Use for US Power Production”)