water storage for food security

8/6/2019 Water Storage for Food Security

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WATER STORAGE FOR FOOD

SECURITY IN NEPAL

Presented By:-

Bishal Bhari(02)

Sunil Bhattarai(03)

Prakash DC(04)


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Introduction

The need of water is universal

Water is essentially used for drinking, irrigation,hydropower generation and for industrial use in

Nepal In Nepal more than 80% of the population are

involved in agriculture and 41% of GDP of nationcomes from agriculture

Nepal dont receives rainfall through out the yearand it receives its 80% of rainfall in monsoon(june september)


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Out of total 14,27,000 hectares of irrigated area,

41% of irrigated land has year-round irrigation

In such case water storage is the only method to

intensify agricultural production

Irrigation can only boost agriculture to provide food

security to the nation


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Need of water storage system

Only 72% of population have access to basic drinkingwater services

225 billion cubic liters of water is available annually andonly 15 billion cubic liters of water have been

utilized so far An estimate suggest that by the year 2025/26 Nepal

population will be 41 million and the grain requirement willbe 11.45 million ton.

Present Nepal population is 28 million and current

production in 7.14 million tons Expansion of land for agriculture is not the solution being a

small nation with limited land


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Intensifying the agriculture is the only solution which canonly be achieved in present of efficient water storagesystem

Climate change is projected to have adverse effects onwater availability with overall change in precipitationpattern

Monsoon in south-asia results for shorter time withincreased intensity

This has resulted in higher incidence with higher intensityof flood in the river basin and higher proportion ofrunoff


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It can further worse to reduction in groundwater

recharge and then underground water storage

Ground water is used for many purposes like for

agriculture, drinking

Absence of ground water can create water scarcity

and then food scarcity in absence of water storage

system


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Hydrograph for non-raining month is very low than rainingmonth

Nepal receives 80% of its precipitation within July toSeptember and for the rest month water level is very low

Thus farmer in the absence of irrigation system can onlygrow crop once a year

While in present of irrigation system, 3 crops in a year canbe grown

High value cash crop can also be cultivated in presence ofirrigation system

Thus water storage system is necessary to increase foodproduction


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Storage system

Storage system are meant for impounding water

and creating reservoir for several usage

It can serve for raising water level, diverting water

into a conduit or canal, creating hydraulic head to

generate power, improving river navigability and

retaining sediment

The storage system can include simple indigenousstructure to large reservoirs with small and large

dams


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Drip irrigartion system


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It can store harvested rainwater or water piped from other sources, depending on

water availability and usage. It can be used for agricultural purpose.

Ferro cement lined tank


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It provides water security to meet all household needs domestic and productive.

It can also store rain water.

Modified Thai Jar


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Irrigation in Nepal

The total irrigable land of the country is estimated

to be 2,178,000 ha

Only 1,091,000 ha receive irrigation water supply

The year-round irrigation coverage is still only

about 38% of the potential irrigable land

About 75% of the total irrigated area is under

these FMIS(Farmer Managed Irrigation System) Rest is AMIS(Agency Managed Irrigation System)


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about 200,000 ha of the irrigated area is undergroundwater schemes.

. Shallow Tubewell(STWs)-FMIS

. Deep Tubewells-AMIS The Agriculture Perspective Plan (APP) estimated the

water use for irrigation with a total of 17,000 millioncubic meters which is less than 8% of the countrys total

water resource potential The irrigation efficiencies is around 30% in the absence

of proper management


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priority of the current Ninth Plan and the APP is to

develop groundwater through low cost STWs and

farmers surface irrigation systems which will be

managed by the users themselves.


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Irrigation status of Nepal(000 ha)

Area and use Mountain Hill Terai Total

Geographical area 5170 6140 3410 14720

Cultivated area 227 1055 1359 2641

Irrigable area (including forest land) 61 373 1744 2178

Irrigable area (exclusing forest land) 60 368 1338 1766Irrigable area (infrastructure

developed)

52 253 786 1091

Year-round 20 110 288 418

Monsoon 20 98 232 350

Area under agency managed systems 1 15 251 267

Area under agency assisted farmer

managed systems

10 48 274 322

Area under farmer development and

farmer managed systems

41 190 261 492

Source: Nepal Agriculture Perspective Plan, 1995; and Department of Irrigation Documents, 1997.


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Plans, strategy and policy by

government

In order to deal with the water resource

government have taken the following steps

1. Water Resource Strategy (WRS)

2. National Water Plan (NWP)

3. Integrated Water Resource Management


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Water Resource Strategy (WRS) for Nepal

WRS contains following 10 action programs:

management water-Induced disaster

management of watershed and aquatic ecosystem

domestic water supply and sanitation Irrigation facilities for agriculture

development of hydropower for electricity

water-based cultural, recreational, and eco-tourism activities

amendment the existing water resource policy and legal framework

water-related information systems development of regional and bi-lateral co-operation and

revision and modification of exsisting institutional procedural

mechanism.


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National Water Plan for Nepal

(NWP)

In order to operationalize WRS of Nepal, a

National Water Plan was developed and

endorsed by the government (2005).The

following are the action programs contained

in the NWP


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National Water Plan (NWP)

Contd.

Management of major types of water induced

disasters

Improvement of water Quality and watersheds

Provide safe drinking water to 100% people of

Nepal

Provide irrigation facilities to 100% arable land


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Contd.

Develop 4000MW of hydropower

Provide water to 100% industry, navigation and

tourism

Enhance inland fisheries and increase the production

to 87000 MT per year

Establish hydrometric stations to 370 at strategic

places and disseminate the information


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Contd

Establish regional cooperation for water sharing

fully

Revise and refine the existing legal framework,

develop policies, guidelines, norms and standards.

Restructure administrative institutions revise and

improve administrative mechanism.


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IWRM

Integrated Water Resources Management

Nepal has adopted the system of IWRM for the

efficient management of water resources

It can be defined as a process which promotes the

coordinated development and management of

water, land and related resources, in order to

maximize the resultant economic and social welfarein an equitable manner without compromising the

sustainability of vital ecosystems.


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IWRM promotes participatory approach for

development

Sedimentation is a great challenge in water storage

system

Down stream users are affected by the activity of

up stream users

For such cases the approach of IWRM is necessaryto solve the problem relating watershed


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Thus integrated here means the integration of

objectives that are not mutually exclusive

water supply and water demand;

surface water and groundwater water quantity and water quality;

water and land related issues;

different types of water uses: domestic, industrial,agricultural,

navigational, recreational, environmental, andhydropower generation;


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rivers, aquifers, estuaries, and coastal waters;

water, environment, and ecosystems;

water supply and wastewater collection, treatment,

and disposal; macro, meso and micro water projects and

programs;

urban and rural water issues;

water-related institutions at national, regional,municipal, and local levels;


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public and private sectors;

government and NGOs;

timing of water release from the reservoirs to meetdomestic, industrial, agricultural, navigational,

environmental, and hydropower generation needs; all legal and regulatory frameworks relating to water, not

only directly from the water sector, but also from othersectors that have implications on the water sector;

all economic instruments that can be used for water

management;

upstream and downstream issues and interests;

interests of all different stakeholders;


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national, regional, and international issues;

water projects, programs, and policies;

policies of all different sectors that have implicationsfor water, both in terms of quantity and quality, andalso direct and indirect (sectors include agriculture,industry, energy, transportation, health, environment,education, gender, etc.);

intra-state, interstate, and international rivers;

bottom-up and top-down approaches; centralization and decentralization;

national, state, and municipal water policies;


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national and international water policies;

timings of water release for municipal, hydropower,agricultural, navigational, recreational, and environmentalwater uses;

climatic, physical, biological, human, and environmentalimpacts;

all social groups, rich and poor;

beneficiaries of the projects and those who pay the costs;

present and future generations;

all gender-related issues;

present and future technologies; and

water development and regional development.


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Conclusion

Water availability will never be a issue for

development but its potential use will always be the

limiting factor of growth

Only 8% of potential water is used for theirrigation

Water storage is the only method for food security

in Nepal Potential use of water can bring food surplus to the

nation


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Food surplus can raise the GDP of the nation

Assured irrigation will tempt farmer to make

maximum investment and harvest to the maximum

yield

Proper irrigation will raise the scope of farming

and will increase the opportunity cost of farming

against foreign employment


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Politician and planners should be more concerned

about water services

Multipurpose water project should be the national

agenda

Micro-irrigation system like drip irrigation system,

sprinkle irrigation system should be promoted

Incentives should be provided to support micro-irrigation system


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Refrence

K.R.Sharma, July 2010, Water storage for foodsecurity, Hydro-Nepal,n35

WECS, 2002, Water Resource Strategy, 2002,

Kathmandu: Water Energy Commission Secretariat,Government of Nepal

Integrated Management of Water, Forest andLand Resources in Nepal: Opportunities for

Improved Livelihood, Dhruba Pant, Sabita Thapa,Ashok Singh, Madhusudhan Bhattarai and DavidMolden