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WATER STORAGE FOR FOOD
SECURITY IN NEPAL
Presented By:-
Bishal Bhari(02)
Sunil Bhattarai(03)
Prakash DC(04)
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Introduction
The need of water is universal
Water is essentially used for drinking, irrigation,hydropower generation and for industrial use in
Nepal In Nepal more than 80% of the population are
involved in agriculture and 41% of GDP of nationcomes from agriculture
Nepal dont receives rainfall through out the yearand it receives its 80% of rainfall in monsoon(june september)
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Out of total 14,27,000 hectares of irrigated area,
41% of irrigated land has year-round irrigation
In such case water storage is the only method to
intensify agricultural production
Irrigation can only boost agriculture to provide food
security to the nation
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Need of water storage system
Only 72% of population have access to basic drinkingwater services
225 billion cubic liters of water is available annually andonly 15 billion cubic liters of water have been
utilized so far An estimate suggest that by the year 2025/26 Nepal
population will be 41 million and the grain requirement willbe 11.45 million ton.
Present Nepal population is 28 million and current
production in 7.14 million tons Expansion of land for agriculture is not the solution being a
small nation with limited land
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Intensifying the agriculture is the only solution which canonly be achieved in present of efficient water storagesystem
Climate change is projected to have adverse effects onwater availability with overall change in precipitationpattern
Monsoon in south-asia results for shorter time withincreased intensity
This has resulted in higher incidence with higher intensityof flood in the river basin and higher proportion ofrunoff
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It can further worse to reduction in groundwater
recharge and then underground water storage
Ground water is used for many purposes like for
agriculture, drinking
Absence of ground water can create water scarcity
and then food scarcity in absence of water storage
system
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Hydrograph for non-raining month is very low than rainingmonth
Nepal receives 80% of its precipitation within July toSeptember and for the rest month water level is very low
Thus farmer in the absence of irrigation system can onlygrow crop once a year
While in present of irrigation system, 3 crops in a year canbe grown
High value cash crop can also be cultivated in presence ofirrigation system
Thus water storage system is necessary to increase foodproduction
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Storage system
Storage system are meant for impounding water
and creating reservoir for several usage
It can serve for raising water level, diverting water
into a conduit or canal, creating hydraulic head to
generate power, improving river navigability and
retaining sediment
The storage system can include simple indigenousstructure to large reservoirs with small and large
dams
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Drip irrigartion system
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It can store harvested rainwater or water piped from other sources, depending on
water availability and usage. It can be used for agricultural purpose.
Ferro cement lined tank
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It provides water security to meet all household needs domestic and productive.
It can also store rain water.
Modified Thai Jar
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Irrigation in Nepal
The total irrigable land of the country is estimated
to be 2,178,000 ha
Only 1,091,000 ha receive irrigation water supply
The year-round irrigation coverage is still only
about 38% of the potential irrigable land
About 75% of the total irrigated area is under
these FMIS(Farmer Managed Irrigation System) Rest is AMIS(Agency Managed Irrigation System)
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about 200,000 ha of the irrigated area is undergroundwater schemes.
. Shallow Tubewell(STWs)-FMIS
. Deep Tubewells-AMIS The Agriculture Perspective Plan (APP) estimated the
water use for irrigation with a total of 17,000 millioncubic meters which is less than 8% of the countrys total
water resource potential The irrigation efficiencies is around 30% in the absence
of proper management
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priority of the current Ninth Plan and the APP is to
develop groundwater through low cost STWs and
farmers surface irrigation systems which will be
managed by the users themselves.
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Irrigation status of Nepal(000 ha)
Area and use Mountain Hill Terai Total
Geographical area 5170 6140 3410 14720
Cultivated area 227 1055 1359 2641
Irrigable area (including forest land) 61 373 1744 2178
Irrigable area (exclusing forest land) 60 368 1338 1766Irrigable area (infrastructure
developed)
52 253 786 1091
Year-round 20 110 288 418
Monsoon 20 98 232 350
Area under agency managed systems 1 15 251 267
Area under agency assisted farmer
managed systems
10 48 274 322
Area under farmer development and
farmer managed systems
41 190 261 492
Source: Nepal Agriculture Perspective Plan, 1995; and Department of Irrigation Documents, 1997.
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Plans, strategy and policy by
government
In order to deal with the water resource
government have taken the following steps
1. Water Resource Strategy (WRS)
2. National Water Plan (NWP)
3. Integrated Water Resource Management
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Water Resource Strategy (WRS) for Nepal
WRS contains following 10 action programs:
management water-Induced disaster
management of watershed and aquatic ecosystem
domestic water supply and sanitation Irrigation facilities for agriculture
development of hydropower for electricity
water-based cultural, recreational, and eco-tourism activities
amendment the existing water resource policy and legal framework
water-related information systems development of regional and bi-lateral co-operation and
revision and modification of exsisting institutional procedural
mechanism.
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National Water Plan for Nepal
(NWP)
In order to operationalize WRS of Nepal, a
National Water Plan was developed and
endorsed by the government (2005).The
following are the action programs contained
in the NWP
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National Water Plan (NWP)
Contd.
Management of major types of water induced
disasters
Improvement of water Quality and watersheds
Provide safe drinking water to 100% people of
Nepal
Provide irrigation facilities to 100% arable land
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National Water Plan (NWP)
Contd.
Develop 4000MW of hydropower
Provide water to 100% industry, navigation and
tourism
Enhance inland fisheries and increase the production
to 87000 MT per year
Establish hydrometric stations to 370 at strategic
places and disseminate the information
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National Water Plan (NWP)
Contd
Establish regional cooperation for water sharing
fully
Revise and refine the existing legal framework,
develop policies, guidelines, norms and standards.
Restructure administrative institutions revise and
improve administrative mechanism.
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IWRM
Integrated Water Resources Management
Nepal has adopted the system of IWRM for the
efficient management of water resources
It can be defined as a process which promotes the
coordinated development and management of
water, land and related resources, in order to
maximize the resultant economic and social welfarein an equitable manner without compromising the
sustainability of vital ecosystems.
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IWRM promotes participatory approach for
development
Sedimentation is a great challenge in water storage
system
Down stream users are affected by the activity of
up stream users
For such cases the approach of IWRM is necessaryto solve the problem relating watershed
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Thus integrated here means the integration of
objectives that are not mutually exclusive
water supply and water demand;
surface water and groundwater water quantity and water quality;
water and land related issues;
different types of water uses: domestic, industrial,agricultural,
navigational, recreational, environmental, andhydropower generation;
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rivers, aquifers, estuaries, and coastal waters;
water, environment, and ecosystems;
water supply and wastewater collection, treatment,
and disposal; macro, meso and micro water projects and
programs;
urban and rural water issues;
water-related institutions at national, regional,municipal, and local levels;
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public and private sectors;
government and NGOs;
timing of water release from the reservoirs to meetdomestic, industrial, agricultural, navigational,
environmental, and hydropower generation needs; all legal and regulatory frameworks relating to water, not
only directly from the water sector, but also from othersectors that have implications on the water sector;
all economic instruments that can be used for water
management;
upstream and downstream issues and interests;
interests of all different stakeholders;
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national, regional, and international issues;
water projects, programs, and policies;
policies of all different sectors that have implicationsfor water, both in terms of quantity and quality, andalso direct and indirect (sectors include agriculture,industry, energy, transportation, health, environment,education, gender, etc.);
intra-state, interstate, and international rivers;
bottom-up and top-down approaches; centralization and decentralization;
national, state, and municipal water policies;
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national and international water policies;
timings of water release for municipal, hydropower,agricultural, navigational, recreational, and environmentalwater uses;
climatic, physical, biological, human, and environmentalimpacts;
all social groups, rich and poor;
beneficiaries of the projects and those who pay the costs;
present and future generations;
all gender-related issues;
present and future technologies; and
water development and regional development.
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Conclusion
Water availability will never be a issue for
development but its potential use will always be the
limiting factor of growth
Only 8% of potential water is used for theirrigation
Water storage is the only method for food security
in Nepal Potential use of water can bring food surplus to the
nation
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Food surplus can raise the GDP of the nation
Assured irrigation will tempt farmer to make
maximum investment and harvest to the maximum
yield
Proper irrigation will raise the scope of farming
and will increase the opportunity cost of farming
against foreign employment
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Politician and planners should be more concerned
about water services
Multipurpose water project should be the national
agenda
Micro-irrigation system like drip irrigation system,
sprinkle irrigation system should be promoted
Incentives should be provided to support micro-irrigation system
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Refrence
K.R.Sharma, July 2010, Water storage for foodsecurity, Hydro-Nepal,n35
WECS, 2002, Water Resource Strategy, 2002,
Kathmandu: Water Energy Commission Secretariat,Government of Nepal
Integrated Management of Water, Forest andLand Resources in Nepal: Opportunities for
Improved Livelihood, Dhruba Pant, Sabita Thapa,Ashok Singh, Madhusudhan Bhattarai and DavidMolden