water resources ap environmental science the amount of water in the earth is constant
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WATER RESOURCESWATER RESOURCESAP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCEAP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
The amount of water in the earth is constantThe amount of water in the earth is constant
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Imporantant ResourceImporantant Resource• Water is essential and Water is essential and
maintains all life and maintains all life and ecosystemsecosystems
• It regulates the It regulates the temperature of the temperature of the planetplanet
• Redistributes heatRedistributes heat• Cycles essential Cycles essential
nutrients through land, nutrients through land, air and all living things.air and all living things.
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Renewable ResourceRenewable Resource• Fresh water is a renewable resource because of the
hydrologic cycle which returns water to both surface and groundwater sources from the atmosphere.
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Earth’s Earth’s Distribution Distribution
of Waterof Water
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Natural Capital: Surface WaterNatural Capital: Surface Water• Fresh water that
exists above ground– Streams– Rivers– Ponds– Lakes– Wetlands
• Watershed– Area of land drained
by a river system– Drainage basin
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Natural Capital: Surface WaterNatural Capital: Surface Water
• Almost ¾ of all water used in the U.S. comes from surface water and is used for electric power generation, municipalities, industrial use, and irrigation
South Platte River, Colorado
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Natural Capital: Surface WaterNatural Capital: Surface Water
• Productivity classification
– Oligotrophic• Low nutrients • High oxygen
– Eutrophic• High nutrients• Low oxygen
• Eutrophication usually results from human-caused excessive nutrient pollution.
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Natural Capital: WetlandsNatural Capital: Wetlands• Surface water systems
in which the soil is saturated with water
• Generally feature shallow standing water with lots of vegetation
• Marsh• Swamp• Bog
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Natural Capital: WetlandsNatural Capital: Wetlands• Vernal Pool
– Seasonal wetlands containing water only at a specific time of the year.
• Wetlands are extremely valuable as habitat for wildlife
• Wetlands provide important ecosystem services
– Slowing runoff– Reducing flooding– Recharging aquifers– Filtering pollutants
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Natural Capital: WetlandsNatural Capital: Wetlands• Extensive damage of
wetlands has occurred throughout the U.S.
• Less than half of all wetlands remain
• Ramsar Convention on Wetlands (1971)
– Seeks protection of wetlands worldwide
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Natural Capital: Natural Capital: Ground Water SystemsGround Water Systems
• Water beneath Earth’s surface, held within the pores of soil and/or rock.
• Account for ¼ of all water used in the U.S.
• Supplies almost ½ of all drinking water
• Important source of irrigation for Midwest
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Natural Capital: Natural Capital: Ground Water SystemsGround Water Systems
Evaporation and transpiration
Evaporation
Stream
InfiltrationWater tableInfiltration
Unconfined aquifer
Confined aquifer
Lake
Well requiring a pump
Flowingartesian well
Runoff
Precipitation
ConfinedRecharge Area
Aquifer
Less permeable materialsuch as clay Confirming permeable rock layer
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Natural Capital: Natural Capital: Ground Water SystemsGround Water Systems• Aquifers
• Underground reservoir contained in porous, sponge-like formations of rock, sand or gravel.
• Largest know aquifer is the Ogallala, located under 8 U.S. Great Plains states
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Natural Capital: Natural Capital: Ground Water SystemsGround Water Systems
• unconfined aquifer unconfined aquifer is an aquifer with a permeable water table.
• confined aquifer confined aquifer is bounded above and below by less permeable beds of rock where the water is confined under pressure.
• Some aquifers are replenished by precipitation; others are not.
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Natural Capital: Natural Capital: Ground Water SystemsGround Water Systems
• As aquifers are withdrawn, they recharge VERY slowly; average rates are only about 1 m per day.
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Natural Capital: Natural Capital: Ground Water SystemsGround Water Systems
• Water Table• The upper limit of
groundwater held in an aquifer
• Drops when aquifers are overdrawn
• Result= becomes more difficult and expensive to extract.
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Natural Capital: Natural Capital: Ground Water SystemsGround Water Systems
• In parts of Mexico, India, China and many Asian and M.E. nations, water tables are falling 3-10 feet per year.
• In coastal areas, saltwater can intrude, making the water undrinkable and land can subside, creating sinkholes
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SustainabilitySustainability• ONLY if water is used and
managed sustainably can water be realized as a renewable resource.
• Currently, in many industrial nations, concerns over water quantity dominate
• In developing countries, concerns over both water quantity and quality persist
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Where Does It Rain?Where Does It Rain?• Humans are not distributed across the globe in Humans are not distributed across the globe in
accordance with water availability.accordance with water availability.
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Where Does It Rain?Where Does It Rain?• A growing number of heavily populated countries are A growing number of heavily populated countries are
located in arid landslocated in arid lands
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Global Water ConflictsGlobal Water Conflicts
Two main factors for water shortage: dry climate and too many people. Many people live in hydro poverty – can’t afford clean water.
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Sharing Water Resources Sharing Water Resources Among Countries Among Countries
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Potable WaterPotable Water
Safe Drinking Water•Nearly 1 billion people do not have access to safe drinking water•80% of human illness result from poor drinking water•Increasing populations put additional stress on water supplies
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What is the Trend?What is the Trend?• Over the last centuryOver the last century
• Human population has Human population has increased 3xincreased 3x
• Global water withdrawal has Global water withdrawal has increased 7xincreased 7x
• Per capita water withdrawal Per capita water withdrawal has increased 4xhas increased 4x
• About one-sixth of the About one-sixth of the world’s people don’t have world’s people don’t have easy access to safe watereasy access to safe water
• Most water resources are Most water resources are owned by governments and owned by governments and are managed as publicly are managed as publicly owned resourcesowned resources
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Usage?Usage?
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Annual Precipitation of the Continental U.S.Annual Precipitation of the Continental U.S.
• A person needs about 1 gallon water/day for hydration
• In the US each person uses about 188 gallons/day
• An additional 657 gallons/person/day are used for irrigation, industrial use.
• Total per capita use is about 2000 gal/person/day
• US has highest per capita water withdrawal, followed by Canada, Australia, Russia, Japan
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Too Little WaterToo Little Water
• Problems in the • West
• Dry climate• Drought • Desiccation
Acute shortage
Adequate supply
Shortage
Metropolitan regions with population greater than 1 million
US has plenty of water.Much of it is in the wrongplace at the wrong time.Most serious problems are flooding, pollution, and occasional urban shortages
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Too Little WaterToo Little Water
• Growing Problem
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Population GrowthPopulation Growth• Supply & demand are in
growing conflict – – supply is finite– water management driven
by values and needs• In the western US, irrigation
makes up 85% of all water use– 50% to grow food for livestock– 35% to grow crops
• Not sustainable…cost of water is heavily subsidized by the federal government
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Supply and DemandSupply and Demand• Agriculture uses
approximately 70% of the Earth’s annual fresh water withdrawn from our streams and rivers
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Supply and DemandSupply and Demand• Amount of land currently being irrigated has
doubled in the last 50 years to meet the demand for food.
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Supply and DemandSupply and Demand
• Most irrigation remains highly inefficient
• Crops end up using only 40% of the water applied by “flood and furrow” methods
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Supply and DemandSupply and Demand• Over-irrigation
leads to waterlogging and the salinization of agricultural lands
• World-wide, about 15-35% of water withdrawals for irrigation are thought to be unsustainable.
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Supply and DemandSupply and Demand
• Industry– Accounts for
approximately 20% of Earth’s annual fresh water use
• Residential– Accounts for
approximately 10% of Earth’s fresh water use.
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Bottled WaterBottled Water• Bottled drinking water
production now represents a significant groundwater extraction and depletion problem
• Nestle, Pepsi-Cola, Coca-Cola have begun extracting ground water, bottling and selling it for a profit, and then moving on , leaving the community from which the water was taken with a degraded resource base.
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Bottled WaterBottled Water• Bottled water exerts
substantial ecological impact because it is heavily packaged and transported long distanced using fossil fuels.
• Bottled water is not demonstrably safer or healthier than tap water
• In fact, often the source is not as strictly regulated as drinking water by the EPA
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Supply and DemandSupply and Demand• Change in land use changes permeability• Areas with 15 to 75 percent impervious surface are Areas with 15 to 75 percent impervious surface are
characterized as moderately developed.characterized as moderately developed.• Areas with greater than 75 percent impervious surface are Areas with greater than 75 percent impervious surface are
considered urban or highly developed. considered urban or highly developed.
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Supply and DemandSupply and Demand• Areas with greater than Areas with greater than
10% impervious surface 10% impervious surface have been proven to have have been proven to have a negative affect on a negative affect on groundwater and storm groundwater and storm water.water.
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Water RightsWater Rights• Water collectively belongs Water collectively belongs
to the publicto the public– Cannot be owned by Cannot be owned by
individualsindividuals• Individuals or groups may Individuals or groups may
be granted rights to use be granted rights to use waterwater– Legal authorization to Legal authorization to
use a predefined quantity use a predefined quantity of public water for a of public water for a designated purpose.designated purpose.
• Irrigation, domestic Irrigation, domestic water supply, power water supply, power generationgeneration
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Water RightsWater Rights• State law requires certain
users of public waters to receive approval from the state prior to using water.
• Any use of surface water which began after 1917 requires a water-right permit.
• Withdrawals of underground water from 1945 requires a water-right permit.
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