Constant Flow Community Constant Flow Community Water Supply in South Water Supply in South

AfricaAfrica

Community Water Supply in Community Water Supply in South Africa pre-1994South Africa pre-1994

South Africa divided into South Africa divided into homelands, townships homelands, townships and white areas.and white areas.

DWAF responsible for DWAF responsible for water supply to formal water supply to formal sector.sector.

Water supply in Water supply in homelands and homelands and townships responsibility townships responsibility of under-resourced and of under-resourced and unrecognised unrecognised ‘Banthusthan’ ‘Banthusthan’ governments.governments.

Community Water Supply in Community Water Supply in South Africa post-1994South Africa post-1994

12 million with 12 million with inadequate supply.inadequate supply.

DWAF now has DWAF now has responsibility of supply responsibility of supply to all.to all.

New National Policy:New National Policy: Basic service provision a Basic service provision a

right.right. ““Some for All” rather Some for All” rather

than “All for Some”.than “All for Some”. Water has economic Water has economic

value.value. The user pays.The user pays.

Basic Level of ServiceBasic Level of Service Minimum of 25 litres Minimum of 25 litres

of potable per person of potable per person per day.per day.

Supply point to be Supply point to be within 200 metres of within 200 metres of each household.each household.

Reliability of 98%.Reliability of 98%. Minimum flow of 10 Minimum flow of 10

litres per second.litres per second. Infrastructure to be Infrastructure to be

subsidised with O&M subsidised with O&M cost recovery.cost recovery.

Problems with Conventional Problems with Conventional Basic Level of ServiceBasic Level of Service

Culture of non payment Culture of non payment due to historical due to historical subsidisation.subsidisation.

Low reliability.Low reliability. Inappropriate levels of Inappropriate levels of

service.service. Demand levels lower Demand levels lower

than design supply.than design supply. Poverty.Poverty. Lack of community Lack of community

participation in participation in planning.planning.

Lack of planning for Lack of planning for O&M.O&M.

Communities gave high Communities gave high priority to water supply priority to water supply access.access.

Lack of capacity to Lack of capacity to provide and manage provide and manage conventional full conventional full pressure household pressure household supply system.supply system.

Significant demand for Significant demand for low capital cost low capital cost household water supply household water supply with low energy with low energy demand.demand.

Free basic level of Free basic level of supply made policy in supply made policy in 2000.2000.

Constant Flow SystemsConstant Flow Systems Reticulation networks Reticulation networks

that supply water at a that supply water at a constant rate to constant rate to distributed household distributed household tank storages.tank storages.

Constant rate Constant rate maintained by maintained by constraint mechanisms.constraint mechanisms.

Flow independent of Flow independent of consumption patterns.consumption patterns.

Design for peak flows Design for peak flows not required.not required.

Reticulation pipe sizes Reticulation pipe sizes and main storages can and main storages can be reduced.be reduced.

Constant Flow System Constant Flow System OptionsOptions

Trickle feed systems.Trickle feed systems. LW tank system.LW tank system. Manual operated system.Manual operated system. Flow control valve systems.Flow control valve systems.

Mechanical flow constraint valves.Mechanical flow constraint valves. Mechanical constant flow valves.Mechanical constant flow valves. Electronic flow control valves.Electronic flow control valves.

Trickle Feed SystemsTrickle Feed Systems

LW Tank SystemsLW Tank Systems

Manually Operated Manually Operated SystemsSystems

Yard Tank OptionsYard Tank Options

Plastic tanksPlastic tanks

Concrete tanksConcrete tanks

Concrete TanksConcrete Tanks

Concrete TanksConcrete Tanks

Plastic TanksPlastic Tanks

International ExperienceInternational Experience

Australia and New ZealandAustralia and New Zealand utilised for more than 40 years in utilised for more than 40 years in

scattered rural communities.scattered rural communities. recently subject of WSUD research and recently subject of WSUD research and

utilised in new developments.utilised in new developments. Kiribati, South PacificKiribati, South Pacific

pilots in water scarce environmentspilots in water scarce environments

KiribatiKiribati

South African Pilot South African Pilot ProgrammeProgramme

Implementation in 13 communities Implementation in 13 communities (peri-urban to deep rural) to assess (peri-urban to deep rural) to assess feasibility.feasibility.

Objectives:Objectives: Describe and document technology.Describe and document technology. Monitor and evaluate implementation and Monitor and evaluate implementation and

1 year of operation and maintenance.1 year of operation and maintenance. Economic, technical and social.Economic, technical and social.

Assess feasibility and document lessons Assess feasibility and document lessons learnt.learnt.

Pilot ProjectsPilot Projects

Financial M&E ResultsFinancial M&E Results

Technical M&E ResultsTechnical M&E Results

Increased consumption (average of 14 Increased consumption (average of 14 l/cap./day compared to national average l/cap./day compared to national average of 7 l/cap./day).of 7 l/cap./day).

Decrease in system losses (average of Decrease in system losses (average of 12% compared to national range of 30-12% compared to national range of 30-60%).60%).

Low maintenance requirements.Low maintenance requirements.

Social M&E ResultsSocial M&E Results

Tampering and illegal connections Tampering and illegal connections reduced to almost zero.reduced to almost zero.

High cost recovery (up to 90%).High cost recovery (up to 90%).

Feasibility AnalysisFeasibility Analysis

Benefits:Benefits: Low cost of high level of Low cost of high level of

service.service. Increased health and Increased health and

hygiene benefits.hygiene benefits. Simple administration Simple administration

requirements.requirements. Options for yard tanks.Options for yard tanks. Low maintenance Low maintenance

requirements.requirements. Low losses.Low losses. Equitable distribution.Equitable distribution. Increased supply security.Increased supply security.

Feasibility AnalysisFeasibility Analysis

Constraints:Constraints: Limited daily flow.Limited daily flow. Community acceptance.Community acceptance. Bureaucratic acceptance.Bureaucratic acceptance. Reduced tolerance to Reduced tolerance to

suspended matter.suspended matter. Hot water and algae Hot water and algae

growth.growth. Perceived risk of Perceived risk of

tampering and illegal tampering and illegal connections.connections.

Further Research Further Research RequiredRequired

Increase information dissemination.Increase information dissemination. Concrete tanks.Concrete tanks. M&E of consumption and loss M&E of consumption and loss

patterns.patterns. Options for upgrading level of Options for upgrading level of

service at household level.service at household level.

The EndThe End