Water, Land, and Water, Land, and Air; LandformsAir; Landforms

Simrin Khan, Ariel Rocio, Michael Simrin Khan, Ariel Rocio, Michael ChungChung

70% of the Earth is made up of water, 70% of the Earth is made up of water, which is why astronauts see it as a deep, which is why astronauts see it as a deep, blue color from space.blue color from space.

About 30% of the Earth’s surface is land- About 30% of the Earth’s surface is land- including continents and islands.including continents and islands.

The air is part of Earth’s atmosphere, a The air is part of Earth’s atmosphere, a layer of gases extending about 6,000 layer of gases extending about 6,000 miles above the planet’s surface.miles above the planet’s surface.

By Simrin Khan

Layers of EarthLayers of Earth

Land makes up the part of the Earth called the lithosphere. The lithosphere also included the ocean basins, or the land beneath the oceans.

ElevationsElevations

The highest point on Earth is Mt. Everest. It is said to be 29,035 feet high.

The lowest point on land on earth is at the Dead Sea, on the border of Jordan and Israel. The Dead Sea lies at 1,312 feet (400 meters) below sea level. The lowest point in the sea on earth is the Pacific Ocean's Marianas Trench. It's near Guam and is 35,840 feet (10,924 m) deep.

Types of LandformsTypes of Landforms

ValleysValleys

A valley is a hollow or surface depression of the earth bounded by hills or mountains, a natural trough in the earth's surface, that slopes down to a stream, lake or the ocean, formed by water and/or ice erosion.

Plateaus Plateaus

A plateau is a large highland area of fairly level land separated from surrounding land by steep slopes

Colorado Plateau

GlaciersGlaciers

A glacier is a large mass of ice that flows slowly over land. 75% of Earth’s fresh water is locked into glaciers.

MountainsMountains

Over long periods of time, mountains are created by tremendous forces in the earth with a steep top usually shaped up to a peak or ridge. Mountains occur more often in oceans than on land; some islands are the peaks of mountains coming out of the water.

PlainsPlains

• Plains are broad, nearly level stretches of land that have no great changes in elevation. Plains are generally lower than the land around them.

• There are 2 main types of plains.

By Michael Chung

Importance Importance

The atmosphere is what protects all animals The atmosphere is what protects all animals on land from most of the harmful rays that on land from most of the harmful rays that come from the sun.come from the sun.

Air also has the essential gasses such as Air also has the essential gasses such as oxygen that all animals have to breath.oxygen that all animals have to breath.

ExosphereExosphere

From 640 to 64000 km (400 to 4000 mi) From 640 to 64000 km (400 to 4000 mi) above the earths surfaceabove the earths surface

The air is very thin here because the The air is very thin here because the molecules are drifting off into space.molecules are drifting off into space.

ThermosphereThermosphere

80 to 640 km (50 to 400 mi) above earths 80 to 640 km (50 to 400 mi) above earths surfacesurface

The air here absorbs solar radiation The air here absorbs solar radiation Can reach temperatures of 230C(440F) Can reach temperatures of 230C(440F) It is made up of two layers ionosphere and It is made up of two layers ionosphere and

the magnetosphere which mess with the the magnetosphere which mess with the radio signals radio signals

FactsFacts

The air is made up of 78% nitrogen The air is made up of 78% nitrogen 21%oxygen and 1% other gasses.21%oxygen and 1% other gasses.

The composition of the air changes The composition of the air changes constantly depending on the season, constantly depending on the season, weather, time of day, latitude, longitude, and weather, time of day, latitude, longitude, and elevation.elevation.

Mesosphere Mesosphere

50 to 80 km (31 to 50 mi) above earths 50 to 80 km (31 to 50 mi) above earths surfacesurface

The space debris that falls to earth start to The space debris that falls to earth start to burn up hereburn up here

Temperatures can reach as low as -90C(-Temperatures can reach as low as -90C(-130F)130F)

Stratosphere Stratosphere

16 to 50 km (10 to 30 mi) above earths 16 to 50 km (10 to 30 mi) above earths surfacesurface

The ozone layer is in the stratosphereThe ozone layer is in the stratosphere As you rise in the stratosphere the As you rise in the stratosphere the

temperature risestemperature rises

TroposphereTroposphere

16km (10mi) above earths surface at the 16km (10mi) above earths surface at the equator 8km (5 mi) at the polesequator 8km (5 mi) at the poles

Weather such as rain, snow, sleet, hail… Weather such as rain, snow, sleet, hail… forms hereforms here

75% of earths atmosphere is in the 75% of earths atmosphere is in the tropospheretroposphere

The temperature can get as cold as -75C (-The temperature can get as cold as -75C (-103F)103F)

By Ariel Rocio

The Geography of WaterThe Geography of Water

Geography effects where water is found in places where Geography effects where water is found in places where water collects important geographic features are formed. water collects important geographic features are formed. Also, the geography of water has an effect on the Also, the geography of water has an effect on the environment and ecosystem.environment and ecosystem.

  There are many geographic water features. Salt water There are many geographic water features. Salt water features are harbors, seas, sounds, straits and bays.features are harbors, seas, sounds, straits and bays.

Fresh water features are rivers, streams, tributaries, Fresh water features are rivers, streams, tributaries, reservoirs and ponds.reservoirs and ponds.

Ground WaterGround Water

Earth has forty times more water underground than is Earth has forty times more water underground than is found in lakes, rivers, and streams as surface water.found in lakes, rivers, and streams as surface water.

Ground water is a result of precipitation falling on porous Ground water is a result of precipitation falling on porous ground spacesground spaces

Between the soil particles allows water to seep and then Between the soil particles allows water to seep and then flow beneath Earth's surfaceflow beneath Earth's surface

Zone of SaturationZone of Saturation

The zone of saturation is a layer of porous fractured The zone of saturation is a layer of porous fractured rock, sands, and gravels that become saturated with rock, sands, and gravels that become saturated with waterwater

The upper layer of the zone of saturation is also called The upper layer of the zone of saturation is also called the water table.the water table.

Within the zone of saturation is an area where water can Within the zone of saturation is an area where water can be delivered to the surface called the aquiferbe delivered to the surface called the aquifer

Confined AquiferConfined Aquifer

The Confined Aquifer has an impermeable AquitardThe Confined Aquifer has an impermeable Aquitard The aquitard covers the aquifer with a confining layer of The aquitard covers the aquifer with a confining layer of

earth materialearth material Clay, shale, and igneous or metamorphic rocks are Clay, shale, and igneous or metamorphic rocks are

layers of earth’s materiallayers of earth’s material

Unconfined AquiferUnconfined Aquifer

Unconfined Aquifer has no impermeable layer restricting Unconfined Aquifer has no impermeable layer restricting the upper surface of the zone saturationthe upper surface of the zone saturation

Water can be delivered to the surface from an Water can be delivered to the surface from an unconfined aquifer.unconfined aquifer.

The amount of water in an aquifer depends on several The amount of water in an aquifer depends on several factors.factors.

PorosityPorosity

Porosity is how much space is available Porosity is how much space is available between the fractured rocks and soil where between the fractured rocks and soil where water might saturate the area.water might saturate the area.

When you pack soil loosely it can hold more When you pack soil loosely it can hold more water than tightly packed soil.water than tightly packed soil.

Permeability Permeability

Permeability is how well water flows through the Permeability is how well water flows through the rock and soil.rock and soil.

Ground water is primarily replenished by Ground water is primarily replenished by precipitation.precipitation.

In areas where its too much real estate , to In areas where its too much real estate , to replenish because the soils are covered with replenish because the soils are covered with concrete and asphaltconcrete and asphalt

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