water issues at focal point print
DESCRIPTION
This presentation deals with some of the issues related to water management in Indian context. This is slide show is developed as awareness generation material in context to general peopleTRANSCRIPT
Dr. Gunwant Joshi Chief Chemist
Central Laboratory, Bhopal
Though Earth is a Watery Planet
Where is the water?If the world’s total water supply were in a 200 L drum. . .
•Ocean Water: 97.2%
•Glaciers and ice caps: 2.11%
• Groundwater: 0.62%
• Lakes: 0.009%
• Atmospheric moisture: 0.001%
• Rivers: 0.0001%
With Rising Population,the water availability is going down
Source: World water resources at the beginning of the 21st century” prepared in the framework of ihp unesco
• Drinking• Bathing• Municipal Water Supply• Navigation• Irrigation• Aquaculture• Industrial Use• Waste disposal
"If the Wars of this Century were fought on Oil,
the Wars of the Next Centurywill be fought over Water"
Ismail Serageldin, 1995, Vice President, WORLD BANK
Because of Continued scarcity of good quality of fresh waters in sufficient quantity there are conflicts
USA & Mexico : R. Rio Grande, R. Colorado & R. Pecos USA & Canada : Great Lakes[Erie, Huron, Michigan,Ontario &
Superior]
Argentina & Brazil : R.Parana Ecuador & Peru : R. Cenepa•
R. Blue Nile Waters :Ethiopia [86% Flow], Sudan, Egypt, Uganda,Kenya,Tanzania,Eritrea.R.White Nile Waters :Burundi, Rwanda, Republic of Congo,
Present Population in the region : 245 MillionProjected Population in 2025 : 859 Million
R.Tigris & Euphrates :Turkey, Syria, Iraq & the Kurds in all these countries
R. Jordon : Israel [3% Basin ,82% Water], Jordon, Syria, Lebanon & West Bank
Not only the River Waters, But even the Ground waters are also a potent cause of Conflicts
• R. Indus Waters : With Pakistan• R. Jhelam Waters : With Pakistan• R. Chinab Waters : With Pakistan • R. Rawi Waters : With Pakistan• R. Ganga Waters : With Bangladesh • R. Brahamaputra Waters : With Bangladesh• R. Brahamaputra Waters : With China• R. Gandak Waters : With Nepal• R. Ghagghar Waters : With Nepal
• R. Sutlej : Punjab – Haryana,Rajasthan• R. Yamuna : Haryana, Delhi• R. Ganga : Uttaranchal,UP,Bihar,Bengal• R. Indravati : Orissa, Chattisgarh• R. Mahanadi : Orissa, Chattisgarh• R. Krishna : Andhra [Rayalseema] , Karnataka• R. Kaweri : Karnataka, Tamilnadu• R. Narmada : M.P.,Gujrat,36garh,Maharashtra
The Water, that was earlier a Common Community Resource
accessible to all the user groups in justifiable quantities
for centuries, because of excessive exploitation
turned in to a scarce & unsustainable commodity
Most rivers in India have hardly any
water left in summer
Groundwater depletion in India
With almost 70 percent, Agriculture is the largest abstractor of
Water resources
With increasing Population, Cash crop farming and use of energy
intensive practices, Water demands are increasing
Immediate steps are necessary to reduce the water use
in Farming Practices
More People : More Resources
Africa : 1.36 (Mozambique:0.47 & Burundi : 0.48)China : 1.54, India : 1.5; UK: 5.35, US : 9.7
With advent of GlobalizationThere is increasing Industrial demand on Water Resources
(Rees’2K)
(Hoekstra’2K8)
(Willam Rees & Wackernagel’96)
Water foot-print of common foods items
• 1 cup of coffee needs 140 litres of water.1 litre of milk needs 1000 litres of water.1 kg of wheat needs 1350 litres of water.1 kg of Barley needs 1300 litres of water 1 kg of rice needs 3000 litres of water.1 kg maize needs 900 litres of water1 kg of Sorgham needs 650 litres of water.1 kg of Chicken needs 3900 litres of water1kg of Beef needs 22,000 litres of water
While Tube-well use is increasing,Tank irrigation is declining
Groundwater is the major source of water in our country catering 85% of the total population demands.
Groundwater water table decline is at the rate of 33 centimeters per year.
How efficient is the present paradigm?– Irrigation efficiency is 36 per cent; i.e, 64 per cent water is lost in
transit and due to bad management practices.
– Cost recovery is 2 to 3 per cent;
– Farmers at the tail end of a canal depends on the mercy of those at the head end to get even life saving irrigation
• Heavy use of surface water – some rivers have no flow left in summer season
• Heavy use of groundwater without recharging leading to falling water table all over the country
• ADD on• Pollution of ground and surface waters from urbanization,
industrialization and agricultural modernization.
• The Large stretches of almost all our rivers are severely polluted[Yamuna:clinically dead at Delhi, Ganges River of dead bodies]
• SURFACE WATER• Submergence & Displacement • Relocation and Rehabilitation• Compensatory Afforestation• Water Logging• Salinity• Siltation
• GROUND WATER• Depletion due to Over
Exploitation• Wasteful Use• Pollution• Sea Water Intrusion
• Cities are water stressed;
• Many get water once in 3 days;
• What we have is fast
getting polluted.
Drought is becoming more or less permanent
Even in “good” rainfall years, there is water stress
Even after a flood there is a drought
Nearly 13% of total land area declared drought prone.
1994 – 2004 : 20,000
2001-2004 : 10,000 May 2004 to July 2004 : 950
Out of Which 650 only from Andhra In 1972 : 1,50,000 Villages were Water Deficient
- 94,000 Tube Wells sunk
In 1980 : 2,31,000 Villages became Water Deficient - 94,000 more Tube wells sunk
In 1985 : 1,61,722 Still faced shortage 1994 : 1,40,975 still left with Water Problems
We are Not only mismanaging our Surface Waters
We are also Mining Ground Water Unsustainably
• Believe it or not, Cherrapunji which gets 11000 mm rainfall suffers from serious drinking water shortages
• In 2003 Kerala received 2000 mm, yet there were farmer suicides
• Kalahandi (Western Orissa)-in News for Extreme Poverty and deprivation- often under drought and sometimes under flood
Another Disastrous Aspect of Water problems isDevastating Floods
in Eastern India specially Bihar & Assam
In Bihar Alone
Several hundred million rupees have been spent
But flood affected area increased from
1977 : 2.93 Million hectares
2004 : 7.1 Million hectares Despite several hundred cror rupees spent for Flood control each year the extent of area inundated and the damage caused is steadily rising
Abstracting nearly 07 percent Water Industry sector demands are quite high
With Recent estimates at nearly 13 %, Water demands are only increasing
A liter of Waste water renders another 07 liter unfit for any other use
Hence, the actual Environmental demands are much more, and given the
in-efficient use in Indian Industry situation is really alarming
Industry pays a pittance for the water it uses, and causes wastes
Major Water Issues
• Water Scarcity
• Bacteriological Pollution
• Oxygen Depletion
• Salinity
• Eutrophication
• Toxicity
Domestic: 423 class I cities and 499 class II towns harboring population of abt 22 Crore generate about 33,000 mld of wastewater of which only 6955 mld is treated.
Industrial: About 57,000 polluting industries in India generate about 15,500 mld of wastewater out of which nearly 60% (generated from large & medium industries) is treated.
Non-point sources also contribute significant pollution loads mainly in rainy season. Pesticides consumption is about 1,00,000 tonnes/year of which AP, Haryana, Punjab, TN, WB, Gujarat, UP and Maharashtra are principal consumers.
Major Factors Responsible for WQ Degradation
Domestic sewage is the major source of pollution in India in surface water which contribute pathogens, the main source of water borne diseases along with depletion of oxygen in water bodies.
Sewage along with agricultural run-off and industrial effluents also contributes large amount of nutrients in surface water causing eutrophication
A large part of the domestic sewage and industrial effluents are not even collected. This results in stagnation of these wastewaters within Towns & Cities, a good breeding ground for mosquitoes and contamination of the groundwater, the only source of drinking water in many cities.
Major Factors Responsible for WQ Degradation
All the religious texts world over, consider water as Devine gift of the Gods bestowed on all living beings
to sustain their life.
To an Ecologists Water is a Renewable Natural Resource
capable of self- replenishment through Hydrological Cycle
Hydrological Cycle
If
the Resources could be freely moved from the Regions of Abundance to that of Scarcity,
the needs of the people shall be met
Basic Conflict in Water Management is due to a paradigm shift
In most Indigenous Communities Collective Water Rights & Management practiced
and therefore All the Traditions and Cultural values in use and Management of an Ecological Resource Were therefore Planned & Practised recognizing Ecological Limits of the Area
The major Natural water quality
components
Out of 4000 BCM rainfall received,
only about 600 BCM is put to use so far
rest goes to the sea.
Water Quality
Chemical properties (composition, partitioning,
solubility of gases and other materials, osmosis,
Diffusion, dispersion and otherprocesses
Physical properties(Thermal stability,
viscocity, stratification,Transpirancy, vepour pressure
and other other processes
Biological processes(Photosynthesis, respiration,
Nature and density of biologicalCommunities Other biological
processes
Hydrological processesFlow regime, velocity, bed
characters, periodicity,Advection, convection,
Mixing, turbulence,Meandering, scouring,
depositing
Dated as far back as 5000 years. Dholavira of the Indus Valley Civilisation was harvesting runoff in Thar desert of Rajasthan a technique still being practiced in most parts of Rajasthan state
60% of the world’s available fresh water supply is located in: • Brazil, Russia,
• China ,Canada,• Indonesia, U.S India, Columbia, and
Democratic Republic of Congo. and still if we do not have enough water
means there is something grossly
lacking in our water managementWhere is our Traditional Wisdom?
If the Resources could be freely moved from the regions of abundance to that of Scarcity, the needs of the people shall be met and Higher prices at the same time will lead to it’s conservation
• Physical infrastructures
(dams,pipes/canals) at huge cost often on borrowed funds
• Most state governments have projects in the pipeline to bring water to cities from distant rivers or digging deep wells
• These are funded by World bank/ADB
• India has spent till date Rs. 2,92,767 crore (Planning commission) on water supply projects
• Can such investments be sustained?
Both these paradigm are Contrary to each other
The Communities throughout the World Consider Water as Common Property and thus managed their Water Resources as Commons,
[ in Democratic way]
ECOLOGICAL DEMOCRACY
Increase water productivity in
rain-fedagriculture
Make better use of ‘green water’