WATER CONSERVATION STORAGE AND APPLIANCES

BUILDING SERVICES

 Standard toilets use siphoning action, a method that employs a siphoning tube, to evacuate waste. A high volume of water entering the toilet bowl when the toilet's flushed fills the siphon tube and pulls the waste and water down the drain. When air enters the tube, the siphoning action stops. Dual flush toilets on the other hand employ a larger trapway (the hole at the bottom of the bowl) and a wash-down flushing design that pushes waste down the drain. Because there's no siphoning action involved, the system needs less water per flush, and the larger diameter trapway makes it easy for waste to exit the bowl.

Dual Flush Toilets

 It relies on gravity to remove waste from the toilet. In addition to its dual flush feature, the lack of siphoning also results in it requiring less water to operate.[3]

 The lack of siphoning also means that it is similar to an aeroplane toilet; the water line is considerably lower than that of siphon-flush toilets. The main feature of the toilet is that it has two buttons for releasing water. It outputs water in both 0.8-gallon (3 litre) and 1.6-gallon (6 litre) capacities.[4]The smaller level is designed for liquid waste, and the larger is designed for solid waste. It also uses a larger 4-inch (10 cm) trapway in the bowl, allowing for water to come out faster and clear the bowl efficiently.[4]

Combined with the savings from using only half-flushes for liquid waste, the dual flush toilet design can save up to 68 percent more water than a conventional low flow toilet.Disadvantage:  Dual flush units are a little more expensive than other low flow toilet designs. There is also the problem of aesthetics.

Dual Flush Technology

• use no water • rely on a mix of human waste and other compostable organic matter• Proper maintenance is• required to maintain aerobic decomposition and prevent odours

Composting toilets

During composting, your excrement and the organisms in it are transformed by the temperature, moisture, oxygen, nutrients and bacteria in the compost pile into mature compost, a fertilizer containing microbes different from those that left your digestive tract. Different systems accomplish composting differently. For example, most commercial toilets are set up for slow, low-temperature composting (below 98.6 F or 37 C), which kills most disease-causing organisms in months, giving you fertilizer that's safe for ornamental gardens. For fertilizer that's safe for food-producing gardens, you'd need a high-temperature composting system where the compost cooks at a temperature from 131 F to 140 F (55 C to 60 C) for several hours so that it basically kills all human pathogens 

The main components of a composting toilet are:1. a composting reactor

connected to one or more dry or micro-flush toilets;

2. a screened exhaust system (often fan-forced) to remove odors, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and the by-products of aerobic decomposition;

3. a means of ventilation to provide oxygen (aeration) for the aerobic organisms in the composter;

4. a means of draining and managing excess liquid and leachate;

5. process controls, such as mixers, to optimize and manage the process; and

6. an access door for removal of the end-product.

 Air is constantly circulated inside the composting chambers of this toilet until saturated and is then exhausted through the ventilation system. The compost is periodically mixed by two blades in order to provide extra aeration for faster decomposing.The combination of an efficient and quiet fan with a thermostat controlled heating element guarantees an energy efficient and complete composting process; the patented and award-winning air recirculation system results in a very low energy cost.

BioLet – a type of a compost toilet…….

The Toilet Lid Sink takes water that would normally go straight down into our toilet and first routes it through the sink spout at the top so we can wash our hands after we flush.  When we flush the toilet, the waste goes down the drain and then the clean water from your reservoir tank refills the bowl.  With the sink add-on, the clean water from the reservoir first goes through the sink and then goes down into the bowl.  This extra step doesn’t reduce the amount of water our toilet is flushing but it allows us to use that water twice, cutting out the use of our sink all together after taking care of business.

The Toilet Lid Sink

A famous Japanese toilet that utilizes waste water from basins for flushing…….

Microbiological Waterless Urinal SystemsUrine comes into contact with a block, often housed within a dome inserted into the urinal waste outlet . Once taken down into the trap with the urine, the spores become active beneficial bacteria that 'feed' upon the urine and then multiply. By breaking down the urine into components, the bacteria from the block prevent the build-up of sludge and crystals that are a major contributing cause to blockages. Most importantly, the microbes cannot break down hair, grit and other debris that inevitably finds its way into the urinal trap and thence the waste runs. Therefore to push the debris down to the main drain before it can collect and cause a blockage, it is essential to pour some fluid down each urinal at regular intervals, usually once per week. This "dosing" process is most effective when a mixture of warm water and an appropriate chemical is used.

Barrier Waterless Urinal SystemsUrine and debris passes through an oil-based barrier fluid  which forms the seal to prevent odours reaching the washroom . In some systems, the barrier fluid is contained within a replaceable cartridge that also captures debris  which would otherwise fall into the waste pipes. Cartridges typically need to be replaced every 2 to 5 months, dependent on usage. The barrier fluid can be swiftly degraded if the correct cleaning chemicals are not used. Otherwise, barrier systems work very well, although those that use replaceable cartridges can be expensive to run for busy washrooms. 

Valve Waterless Urinal SystemsUrine passes through a one-way 'plastic' valve that, when closed, prevents odours from being emitted into the washroom. These generally require some regular maintenance to clear urine crystals and debris, including hair.  It is important not to allow the valve to become stuck open, especially if the urinal trap the previously prevented odours has been replaced with a "right-angled" straight-through connection. The idea of removing the trap is that the flow of urine alone will carry the hair and other debris in to the main drain. Valve systems can work very well if properly maintained and they are available to retrofit most types of standard urinal bowls. Some models include a scented or microbiological block to complement the valve. The main problem is that the valve can be left open due to hair and debris clogging the outlet.

Solar toilets

The ENVIRO LOO - (ELOO)

In the ELOO, radiant heat is absorbed and conducted through the ultraviolet-protected, black polyethylene plastic of the maintenance cover and vent pipe. The increased internal temperature causes convective airflow which is assisted by the ventilation extraction unit, positioned on top of the outlet vent pipe. This unidirectional, positive ventilation ensures that all odors are extracted through the toilet and container and expelled via the ventilation extractor at the top of the vent pipe and/or by power assisted fans where applicable. 

No odorNo infrastructure required Very low maintenanceNo flies (reduces airborn diseases)

The removal service intervals could range from every 6 months to approximately every 3 years, depending on usage.

Remote hiking areas Cabins and cottagesSports fieldsParks - urban hike & bike trailsGolf coursesCampgrounds and parksMarinas, docks, water areasMinesHighway rest stopsConstruction areasWater shortage areasRanches and farmsBeaches and lakesOffshore/onshore gas/oil rigsConcerts - festivals

Incinerating toilets can be waterless. Instead of breaking down waste biologically, these toilets torch it. They send the waste to an incinerator, where it's burned to sterile ash.The toilet sits in your bathroom and has an electric exhaust pipe that exits through your roof. To run, it needs batteries or can be plugged into a wall outlet. You use the toilet normally, toilet paper and all. But before you flush, you must close the lid, for reasons that will soon be clear. Next, you decide whether to press the "urine" or "[solid] waste" button on the control panel.Like composting toilets, these toilets can be self-contained or remote, putting the incinerator either inside or outside of the toilet. Self-contained models have you practically sitting on the incinerator, which sounds alarming, but the system will shut off if you open the lid to use it.These systems thoroughly insulate you from your excrement. Waste is almost immediately changed into something else. You don't need to inspect the waste, tend to it during its transformation or guess about its progress. It's time to empty the toilet when the indicator light tells you so. In a house of four people, it estimates that you'll empty the ashes every three to six months . And you can throw the sterile ashes in the trash.Then the toilet fires up. Flushing is handled by some type of dry method, like an auger (essentially a large screw) that turns to push the waste into the incinerator. A propane, diesel or natural gas tank feeds into the incinerator.

Low-flow showerheads are designed to incorporate a narrower spray area and a greater mix of air and water than conventional showerheads. As a result, they use less water but there’s no perceptible difference in quality or comfort. Features of these low-flow showerheads include atomizers that deliver water in small but abundant droplets to cover larger surface areas, pulsators that vary spray patterns with pauses between spurts or by pulsating between strong flow and light mist; and aerators that mix water droplets with air to cover the desired surface area. In addition, flow regulators on the shower controls can reduce or stop the water flow when you’re shampooing or soaping. A conventional showerhead is rated to use 14 to 32 litres per minute (lpm) at normal water pressure. At these rates, a five-minute shower uses 70to 160 litres of water. In contrast, a five-minute shower with a water-saving showerhead that delivers 4.5 to11.5 lpm uses only 22.5 to 57.5 litres of water.

Low flow showerheads

Low flow showerheads

Low-flow faucets are use sensors as well as aerators to reduce water consumption.We can select from among several low-flow faucet technologies for kitchens and baths, including a metered-valve faucet that delivers 1.1-litres of water and then automatically shuts off. Self-closing faucets are spring-loaded to shut off the faucet a few seconds after the user turns it on. Ultrasonic, or infrared-sensor, faucets automatically activate the water flow when hands are detected beneath it and automatically shut it off when the hands are removed. Foot controls allow you to activate a faucet at a set temperature by tapping your foot on a pedal. Finally, a conventional faucet can be retrofitted simply and inexpensively by replacing the screw-in tip of the faucet with an aerator.Low-flow faucet aerators can cut the water usage of faucets by as much as 40%.

Low-flow faucets

A new innovation in the field of water conservation and rainwater harvesting is the save water bricks which are eco-friendly and have a waterway which helps direct water in the required direction…….

TYPES OF WATER STORAGE TANKS

Demountable tanks

Bladder water tanks

Bladder fuel tanks

Quick water tanks Onion tanks

DEMOUNTABLE TANKS

Demountable water storage tanks are ideal for long term or temporary use, available with sizes ranging from 8,000 litre to 200,000 litre capacity. they lined, steel tank kits are dispatched complete with assembly instructions and tools. Suitable for the storage of many liquids including 'firewater', 'rainwater', 'drinking water', liquid fertilizer and many special liquids used in manufacturing..

The tanks need no base structure so they can be built on any flat ground.

Suitable for all climates. Erected by 3 personnel within 8 hours.

PORTABLE WATER BLADDER TANKS

These collapsible water bladder tanks, often referred to as layflat or pillow tanks, have been developed especially for use in harsh conditions worldwide. There are two specifications, one for economic water storage and the second for heavy duty multi-site storage applications and water transportation. The water storage tanks are extremely mobile and can be unrolled and used on any area of flat ground which has been cleared of debris. 

BLADDER CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

All bladders are fitted with reinforced corner mouldings with integral tie down holes. All bladders are fitted with automatic pressure relief valves set at 1 PSI (0.007 N m/m²) to prevent bursting through over-filling. All bladders are supplied with instruction manuals and repair kits.

PRESENTED BY:VISHWAJIT DEOGADE BA09ARC015ROHAN ITKELWAR BA09ARC23SHUBHA JAISWAL BA09ARC026AJINKYA JOSHI BA09ARC029SHRADDHA KHONDE BA09ARC031MONISHA BHANGADIA BA09ARC034PRACHI PATIL BA09ARC040DEVYANI SARAF BA09ARC045TRISHA GUPTA BA09ARC052