Water Conservation, Plumbing & High Performance DesignHigh Performance Design

Zach F. Gallgher, P.E. , LEED® APManaging Engineerg g g

Alliance Environmental LLC

ll h @Alli E i t lLLCzgallagher@AllianceEnvironmentalLLC.com

www.AllianceEnvironmentalLLC.com

Agenda• Introduction

– Sustainability, Integrated Systems & High Performance Design

• Water Conservation– Standards / Guidelines

Practices

We must not complacently accept the problems associated with traditional – Practices

• Water Reuse– Performance Standards

water resource management methods when better solutions already exist

– Case Studies

• Economics

Water Resource Management as a Component of Sustainability Planning and ImplementationSustainability Planning and Implementation

Ecology

Regenerative – restore functionTriple Bottom Line

Sustainable – address future needs

Green –exceed regulationGreen exceed regulation

Status Quo - meet regulation

Systems Segregation and Fragmentation Creates Inadequate FunctionCreates Inadequate Function

4 quads + 4 quads = 8 quads US (Mark Shannon 2008)

Linear Segmented Approach

Energy

•Adds energy at each step

Stuff Solid Waste

Community

Energy

• Depletes resources on supply side

y

• Contaminates environment on disposal sidep

http://www.storyofstuff.com/

Functional System Integration to Achieve Higher Sustainability LevelsAchieve Higher Sustainability Levels

Integrated Systems N t bl W tIntegrated Systems Reduce and Reuse•Add less energy at each step and extract

Nonpotable Water Reuse

Energy

each step and extract energy post consumer use Natural Resource

RecyclingStuff Solid Waste

Community

Energy

• Use less natural resources on production side• Release less contaminants to environment on post

idconsumer side Nutrient Recycling

Dynamic Balance Sheet for Water

Inputs (Income) Storage (Assets) Discharge (Expense)

Stream Flow

Stream FlowSurface Water

Public Storm Water

Inputs (Income) Storage (Assets) Discharge (Expense)

Public Storm Water Discharge

Soil Water

Storm Water

Precipitation EvapotranspirationSoil Water

Infiltration

Percolation

Groundwater Flow

Groundwater FlowAquifer Storage

tion

Public WastewaterIrrigation

Irrig

at

Wel

l

Public Water Supply

Public Wastewater DischargeDistribution Collection

American StandardThe quintessential dual flush toilet – What’s in Your Tank?

• If given the choice would you flush your toilet with bottled water?

• So why is this our current standard?

rico,

200

7C

opyr

ight

Ed

Cle

C

Water Reuse Is Environmental Transformation That Begins With A Simple Change In Perspective

Our current perspective dates back to 500 BC when the Roman Goddess of the sewers, Cloacina, carried wastes to th i S b d ti f tthe river. So began our modern perspective of waste management , dilution is the solution. With 319 million trillion gallons of water on earth the natural water cycle will purify and protect us

.

will purify and protect us.

1,200 GPD per capita to operate US economy, but less then 1 GPD per capita is actually consumed, in h h h 1 199 GPD ld dil btheory the other 1,199 GPD could readily be reuse water

Using potable water to flush toilets, irrigate lawns and wash clothes is rather uncivilized and uncaring ggiven the fact alternatives are available. “Problems can not be solved at

the same level of awareness that created them.” Einstein

New Perspective / Reality

• Actual age of reuse water is often days instead of hundreds of years – this is a time frame that we can fully appreciate - Ohio River during low flow period is 50% wastewater effluent near Louisville50% wastewater effluent near Louisville

• Surface water flow is flashy during rainfall events and quick to diminish during dry periods due to reduced rechargereduced recharge

“U S G l i l S (USGS) i ti t f d 12 f th 22 (55 t)“U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists found 12 of the 22 (55 percent) pharmaceuticals, and 32 of the 47 (77 percent) organic wastewater chemicals looked for in the watershed. Many of the water samples contained a complex mixture of pharmaceuticals, wastewater chemicals, pesticides, and trace p p , , p ,metals”

Water Conservation / Guidelines & Standards

•BREEAM

•LEED (USGBC)LEED (USGBC)

•Green Globes

•Living Building Challengeg g g

•Sustainable Sites Initiative

•ASHRAE 189.1 •Being developed by ASHRAE, USGBC, IESNA

•Out in draft form, published early 2010

•First code intended commercial green building standard

•A Good Indicator of Future Direction for Water Conservation

Draft ASHRAE 189.1 - Mandatory• In Building Plumbing

• Toilets – 1.28 gpf flushometers, Tank Type meet WaterSense• Urinals - 0.5 gpf

y

gp• Public lavatory faucets - 0.5 gpm max., 0.25 gpu self closing• Lavatory faucets residential – 1.5 gpm max• Kitchen faucets residential – 2.2 gpm max• Showerheads residential 2 0 gpm max (incl rain & waterfall) for every• Showerheads residential – 2.0 gpm max (incl. rain & waterfall) for every 3,000 SI (20.8 SF) of shower area• Clothes washer residential – 6 gal/CF drum capacity• Clothes washer commercial – 7.5 gal/CF drum capacity• Dish Washer – 5.8 gal/cycle

LEED Design Case  Fixture Flows 

E P li A t f 1992 Fl

LEED Design Case  Fixture Flows 

E P li A t f 1992 FlFixtures  Units 

Energy Policy Act of 1992 Flow Requirement 

Water Closets   gpf  1.6 

Urinals  gpf  1 

Fixtures  Units Energy Policy Act of 1992 Flow 

Requirement 

Water Closets   gpf  1.6 

Urinals  gpf  1 

Showerheads  gpm 2.5

Faucets  gpm  2.5 

Showerheads  gpm 2.5

Faucets  gpm  2.5 

Draft ASHRAE 189.1 - Mandatoryy• HVAC

• Once through cooling prohibited M k & bl d t• Make-up & blow-down meters

• Conductivity controllers• Overflow alarms• Condensate reuse (>65 000 BTU/hr)• Condensate reuse (>65,000 BTU/hr)

• Landscaping / Irrigation / Roofs• Metering• Other Prescriptive Items forOther Prescriptive Items for

•Golf courses•Cooling towers•Landscapingp g•Commercial Kitchens•Laboratory•Special Water Features

NYC Water Consumption Trends

33% Reduction over 15 years

Avg and Median = 75 GPCDStandard Deviation = 33 GPCD

Building Type Date of 1st System Water Reuse Water Uses

Direct Reuse / Distributed Water Reuse Systems

Research 1987 95% Toilet flushing

Office 1989 95% Toilet flushing

School 1990 75% Toilet flushing

Commercial Centers 1993 70% Toilet flushing

Stadiums 1996 75% Toilet flushing

Urban Residential High Rise

2000 50% Toilet flushing, cooling, irrigation and laundry

30 Systems 20 Years 80% Reuse NonresidentialNonresidential50% Reuse Residential

3WateReuse Association estimates that 2.6x103 Mgal/day of municipal wastewater are reclaimed and reused currently and reclaimed water on a volume basis is growing at an estimated 15% per year.

Water Reuse Performance Standards (NJ/NYC)

NJDEP Category 1 RWBR NYC Department of BuildingsNJDEP Category 1 RWBRPublic Access Systems

Parameter RWBR Requirement

Sample Type

Flow Rate Continuous

NYC Department of BuildingsPerformance Standards for Reuse

Parameter StandardpH 6.5-8

BOD <10 mg/LFlow Rate ContinuousTotal

Nitrogen<10 mg/L* Grab

Total Suspended

5 mg/L Grab

BOD <10 mg/LTotal

Suspended Solids (TSS)

<10 mg/L

Total Coliform <100 / 100 mLSuspended Solids (TSS)Fecal

Coliform14 col/100 mL

(2 2 weekly avg )Grab

Total Coliform <100 / 100 mLTurbidity <2 NTU (95%) / <5 NTU

(Max)

Coliform (2.2 weekly avg.)Turbidity 2 NTU** Continuous

Disinfection 100 mJ/cm2 (UV) / 1 mg/L (CPO)

Continuous

Notes:

• No federal regulations governing water reclamation & reuse, regulated at the state level.• 26 states with adopted regulations

Notes:* The NJDEP may impose a total nitrogen concentration limitation greater than 10 mg/L if the permittee can demonstrate that a concentration greater than 10 mg/L is protective of the environment.** A statistically significant correlation between turbidity

•16 states have guidelines• 9 states without regulations or guidelines• No states with regulations that cover all potential uses of reclaimed water. A statistically significant correlation between turbidity

and TSS shall be established prior to commencement of the RWBR program. For UV disinfection, in no case shall the level of turbidity exceed 2 NTU while still maintaining the 5 mg/L maximum level for TSS.

State Reuse Regulations & Guidelines (Unrestricted Urban Reuse)

RWBR Requirement

Parameter New Jersey California Florida Arizona Massachusetts NYC DOH Policy

BOD / CBOD NS NS 20 mg/L CBOD (annual average) NS NS 10

Total Nitrogen <10 mg/L* NS NS 10 NS

Total Suspended SolidsTotal Suspended Solids (TSS) 5 mg/L NS 5 mg/L NS 5 10

Fecal Coliform (FC) / Total Coliform (TC)

FC 14 col/100 mL (2.2 weekly avg )

TC 240 col/100 mL (max 23 col/100 mL in any 30-day period 2 2/100 mL weekly

FC 25/100 mL (75% of samples below detection FC 23/100 mL (No detection

in 4 of last 7 day samples)

14 col/100ml max (median of no

detectable fecal/100 ml <100/100mlTotal Coliform (TC) weekly avg.) period, 2.2/100 mL weekly avg.) limits over 30-day period) in 4 of last 7 day samples) over continuous 7 day

sampling)

Turbidity 2 NTU (Continuous Monitoring)** See Note 3 Limit NS, continous on-line

monitoring required2 NTU (24 hour average), 5 NTU (instantaneous max) 2 NTU < 0.5 NTU (95%) < 5

NTU MaxMonitoring) monitoring required NTU (instantaneous max) NTU Max

Disinfection100 mJ/cm2 (UV) / 1 mg/L

(CPO) - Continuous Monitoring

Required, limit not specified - Continuous monitoring 1 mg/L (CPO) NS NS

pH NS NS 6-8.5 NS NS

Notes:NS = Not Specified, some state parameters are specified on a case by case basis* The NJDEP may impose a total nitrogen concentration limitation greater than 10 mg/L if the permittee can demonstrate that a concentration greater than 10

/L i t ti f th i tmg/L is protective of the environment.** A statistically significant correlation between turbidity and TSS shall be established prior to commencement of the RWBR program. For UV disinfection, in no case shall the level of turbidity exceed 2 NTU while still maintaining the 5 mg/L maximum level for TSS.

*** Natural Soil / Filter Media: 10 NTU (2 NTU max avg. within 24 hr period, 5 NTU no more than 5% of time). Membrane: .5 NTU (.2 NTU no more than 5% of time)

Flush Water

Cooling Tower Laundry WaterCooling Water

ing

Potable Water

Wastewater

Discharge to SewersWastewater Feed Tank

Coo

liWastewater

St t fl1Transfer to treatment

Transfer to treatment

Stormwater Feed Tank

ater

Stormwater overflow

Highly variable

1

Membrane Bio ReactorMembrane Bio Reactor UV/O Di i f ti

Reu

seW

a

2

UV/Ozone Disinfection

Aerobic Membrane FiltersAnoxic

34

Reuse W t

Distributed Water Reuse System SchematicDistributed Water Reuse System Schematic 51 Wastewater collected for treatment 2 Stormwater collected for treatment where appropriate

Water Reservoir

To Irrigation pp p

Biological treatment Final polishing and disinfection Storage for nonpotable reuse 5

43

Decentralized Urban Water Reuse Battery Park City New YorkBattery Park City – New York

BackgroundBackground293 units293 units25 000 GPD WW t t t25 000 GPD WW t t t25,000 GPD WW treatment 25,000 GPD WW treatment plantplantLEEDLEED

TMTMGold CertificationGold Certification

Water Efficiency earns 5 points Water Efficiency earns 5 points under USGBC LEEDunder USGBC LEED™™ rating rating systemsystemsystem system 48% reduction in water use48% reduction in water use56% reduction in wastewater 56% reduction in wastewater di hdi hdischargedischarge

The Solaire Actual Measured Water Use

60,000

70,000y

40,000

50,000

ons

Per D

ay

R W

20,000

30,000

erag

e G

allo Reuse Water

NYC Water

-

10,000

Ave

BaseBldg

2004 2005 2006

Year

Managing micro-watersheds in urban environments – drawing reuse water from multiple sources for multiple end usesreuse water from multiple sources for multiple end uses

Key NYC Drivers for Water ReuseDiminishing water supply and need for repair to Delaware

Aqueduct Tunnel

Wastewater management systems unable to meet stringentWastewater management systems unable to meet stringent environmental protection standards – Combined Sewer Overflows

Storm ater management needs gro ing as ater q alitStormwater management needs growing as water quality protection standards advance

Green Building initiatives

United States Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED®)

B tt P k Cit A th it ’ S t i bl U bBattery Park City Authority’s Sustainable Urban Development Initiative

New York City DEP Comprehensive Water Reuse Incentives

Integrated Water Reuse Systems

Site 19B – Tribeca Green

Site 23 – 24 Millstein PropertiesSite 23 24 Millstein Properties

Site 18A and 18 B- The Solaireand The Verdesian

Site 16-17 – Riverhouse

Site 3 – Albanese Development

Site 2 – Millennium Point

The Helena – 57th Street –Durst Developmentp

The Village at Hawk PointeVillage at Hawk Pointe (Asbury Farms), Washington Twp, Warren County

New England Patriots StadiumF b M h ttFoxboro, Massachusetts

• Applications of reuse are ppgrowing in size and commercial status.68 000 S t St di• 68,000 Seat Stadium represents beneficial reuse at prime public and institutional sites.

• System provides reuse capacity to entirecapacity to entire commercial zone within Town of Foxboro.

Co-op City - Example of Water Reuse Retrofit

• Population:45,000 – 55,000

• Residential Use:Residential Use:15,000 residential units35 high-rise buildings7 townhouse clusters

• Commercial Use:3 shopping centers>40 offices40 offices

• Infrastructure & Utilities:NYC Public Water & SewerC li T / P Pl tCooling Tower / Power Plant

Co-op City: Water Usage

• Co-op City Water Usage: Riverbay Corporation

Residential Use (gpd) 3,400,000Commercial Use (gpd) 370,000

C

(gpd) 375,000Total Usage (gpd) 4,145,000

• Cooling Tower Power Plant Average Water Usage

March – June (’07) 270,000 gpdJune – September (’07) 730,000 gpdS t b D b (’07) 300 000 dSeptember – December (’07) 300,000 gpdDecember – March (’07-‘08) 250,000 gpdAnnual Average 375,000 gpd

Co-op City: Water Reuse Diagram

Greenway

50,000 gpd to Greenway

P Pl t

Wastewater Treatment &

Recycling System

100,000 gpd to CT

Power Plant Cooling Tower

150,000 gpd to WTRS

ResidentialBuildings

400 000 d400,000 gpd sewer

250,000 gpd to city sewer

EconomicsRecent NYC Water and Sewer RatesRecent NYC Water and Sewer Rates

66% Increase in user rates in five years with projections of 15% increase per year for next several years.

• Construct tanks as integral part of foundation walls to economize

Preliminary Capital Costs Projections – concrete represents

approximately 35% of costs

• $45/GPD capacity for small

Costs Projections

system of 25,000 GPD = $1 M

• $21/GPD capacity for medium system of 300,000 GPD = $6.3 M

• $16/GPD capacity for larger system of 500,000 GPD = $8 M

• Includes concrete tanks, start-upIncludes concrete tanks, start up and 6 months operations

•Other Costs Factors

Di ib i S•Distribution System

•Stormwater treatment, storage and interconnection

Water Reuse MBR Treatment Plant Base Costs

MBR Basic System Cost

708090

At i hb h d l t

40506070

st $

/GPD

At neighborhood scale, costs competitive with municipal infrastructure

0102030C

o

00 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 1,000,000 1,200,000

Gallons Per Day (GPD)

At smallest sizes, seek alternative lower cost stormwater or grey water reuse systems

Economy of Scale – Direct Operations Cost

MBR Operating Cost 2007

$10,000.00

$12,000.00

$6 000 00

$8,000.00

lion

Gal

lons

y = -2257.1Ln(x) + 31858R2 = 0.8191

$4,000.00

$6,000.00

Dol

lars

per

Mil

$4/1 000gal=$2 99/100CF

$-

$2,000.00

$4/1,000gal=$2.99/100CF

$-- 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 350,000

Gallons Per Day Rated Capacity

500,000 GPD Water Reuse Economics

$6 000 000

$7,000,000Base NYC Cost With NoReuse

$4 000 000

$5,000,000

$6,000,000

ng C

osts B- 25% reuse-25%

incentive

$2 000 000

$3,000,000

$4,000,000

ual O

pera

ti

$

$1,000,000

$2,000,000

Ann

$-2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Date

NYC rates increased 66% in 5 years and are projected to increase 15% per year for the next four years

Co-op City: Preliminary Economic Model

Energy Comparison Between Wastewater Treatment Alternatives– Kadlec, R.H. and Wallce, S.D., Treatment Wetlands, 2nd Edition, 2008, CRC Press

SBR + Polishing

Passive Natural

Passive Mechanical

The key is finding affordable effective systems and practices

Thank you for your time - Questions?

Zach F. Gallagher, P.E., LEED APzgallagher@AllianceEnvironmentalLLC.com

that fit each specific case – “it is not one size fits all”

R d d i i

Carriage Farm• Reduced impervious cover• Reduce water demand 43%•Organic land management – integrated pest managementpest a age e t•Filter surface water runoff• Groundwater recharge at preexisting conditions

Improved biodiversity aspects• Improved biodiversity aspects•51% less energy use•LEED Silver, v2.1