water and waste management: status report and...
TRANSCRIPT
--
International Training Network for
Water and Waste Management:
Status Report and
Recommendations for the Future
August 1994
UNDP-World Bank Water and Sanitation Program
Pub
lic D
iscl
osur
e A
utho
rized
Pub
lic D
iscl
osur
e A
utho
rized
Pub
lic D
iscl
osur
e A
utho
rized
Pub
lic D
iscl
osur
e A
utho
rized
Pub
lic D
iscl
osur
e A
utho
rized
Pub
lic D
iscl
osur
e A
utho
rized
Pub
lic D
iscl
osur
e A
utho
rized
Pub
lic D
iscl
osur
e A
utho
rized
I.
1.
II.
v.
v.
Contents
Note
Major Findings, Conclusions, and Re.commendations
Background
Evolution of the ITN: Changes in Concept and Strategy
What Does the ITN Bring to the Centers?
ITN Involvement in the UNDP-WB Program, the World Bank, and Other ESA-supponed Projects
Principal Findings
I. Terms of Reference
ll. Documents on which the Desk Review is Based
ill. SUIIlilW)' of Questionnaires Received from ITN Centers and Responses
What are the Centers Doing? What are the Issues of Focus? .. '
1
8
11
16
19
21
Note
This review was prepared for and funded by the Swiss Development Cooperation (SDC) to assist in determining the nature of future ITN networking and support functions. It was not intended to be an independent evaluation, but rather a review of the status and analysis of possible future directions and priorities by reviewers who are fully familiar with the ITN.
The terms of reference are attached as Annex 1. The review was conducted in three parts:
(a) A desk review, usin-g documents (Annex 2) available at UNDP-WE Program headquarters was completed in Washington.
(h) A questiormaire, sent to the six operating ITN Centers, and a list of questions, sent to the UNDP-WB Program's four RWSGs were used to obt::.in more detailed information, particularly regarding points 3, 4, and 5 of the TOR, for which the desk review information was meager.
(c) During a "brainstorming" session, a workin;; group of four persons reviewed and analyzed the findings, drew conclusions, anc made recommendations.
The working group comprised: James Berna, bdependent Consultant, Chestertown, Maryiand, who also prepared most of the background materi::..l from available documents; Paul Taylor, Director. Institute of Water and Sanita1ion Development, Harare, Zimbabwe; Karl Wehrle, Head, Infrastructure and Construction Section, SKAT, St. Gallen, Switzerland; and Bruce GrO"....s, Senior Technical Assistance Officer, UNDP-World Bank Water and Sa."li~tion Program. The report;:.~ fi:-.zliz-=d by the UNDP- WB Program.
Major Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations1
The International Training Network for Water and Waste Management (ITN) was conceived in the early 1980s as a way to assist countries to build their capacity to deliver water supply and sanitation services through the establishment of a network of ITN Centers. Development and operation of a network of institutions, though not in itself an objective, was the primary means to achieve the overall objective. The creation of the ITN was endorsed and funded by the international donor community and responsibility for its promotion and support given to the UNDP-World Bank Water and Sanitation Program (hereafter, the UNDP-WB Program).
The ITN has evolved into a complex collection of counrry centers (Ghana·, Zimbabwe), national networks (India, Philippines) and sub-regional networks (West Africa, East Africa), only loosely linked together in a global network (See Figure 1, p 2). The ITN Centers have grown along different lines, developed different specialties, and established different kinds of ties with host and other national institutions, donors, and associated institutions in dev_eloped countries. The UNDPWB Program's inputs have varied over time and by region and country.
The past nine years have produced a rich set of experiences no one anticipated when the ITN was launched. They have also produced questions about the future of the network. The purpose of this review is to examine the present status of the ITN and the relevance of the "networking" aspects of the ITN program as it presently exists to determine how an international network could meet ITN centers' needs for certain external supports, and to recommend ways in which this support could best be provided.
Information available from a desk review of documents was supplemented by a questionnaire sent to ITN centers and to the UNDP-WB Program's Regional Groups (RWSGs). A working group comprising four persons familiar both .... ~ me ITN and rhe water and sanitation sector reviewed these materials, and, on the basis of the findings, came to conclusions and formulated recommendations.
1.
Major Fmdings and Conclusions .. '
· Capacity building will be one of the highest priority issues on the sector development agenda for the foreseeable future. The network of institutions was clearly envisaged as playing a significant, ongoing role in each participating country's capacity building effort even ·after the external funding ceased. There is a need and an at least implicit intent to continue an ITN in some form. It could consist of a number of national and sub-regional centers, as indicated by the review of documents; the UNDP-WB Program's 1992 strategy, endorsed by its parmers; and demand, as expressed in center evaluations, center work plans, and the UNDP-WB Program's RWSGs.
1Chapter V contains the principle findings.
1
Fun
ding
Agen~
" A
;· '
' .
''-1
/ ,·
i'
••
~~;
~~I
r,·
,. ~j
~!· . ·'"'
: "·' I
:. •
• • A~~n~·
•
• • •
Wes
t A
fric
a
• • ··. ·. ·.
• • • · .. ·· ...
• • •
Fig
ure
l. I
TN
Net
wor
k
;Ass
~l~t
ed In
stit
utio
n n
. 2
.~
-~:
' -~-
. .
. N
nlin
nall
nsti
tuti
ons
· ~
··· ..
....
::·~
' .. · ...
•
. . · ..
• •
'•. •.
. . . . . . . • • . . . . . .
. • • •
. . . . . . . . . . . • • . . ' '
' . . . t . "'· ' . t . . I j
.i:
• . . ...
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
.
~.~; ; (:.
•;
:"'
~· ·~
:·
~ I
•I
··: .. •.
'
. . . • I
o.'
::~
... ,"'!
; . ..
IRC
WD
an
d ot
hers
. . . . .· . .
.. ..
' '
.· .
' :
.· .··
: .··
.·· .
·. :
.· ...
t I
I I
,•
I I
··.. ··
o ....
···········
.. r_;
:j ... ···
Eas
t Afr
ica
• j
~ c, ·' '.
,_
;-, ' .,
:t
,, '· .. :·
. . . . . .
• f
,',
I
.· '
. .... ·
,'' @
wsc
' SA
~
/ ~
WE
DC
Sou
th A
sia
Eas
t A
sia
.. "--
=~ nu
r\ti
n~ P
aso.
Cam
eroo
n, C
had,
Cot
e d'
Ivoi
re, C
ongo
, Mal
i, M
auri
tani
a, N
iger
, Rep
ubli
c of
Cen
tral
Afr
ica,
Sen
egal
, and
Tog
o
2. Networki·.g involves exchange of infonnation and joint work programming. Experience shows rl1at successful networking requires clear objectives and strategies, shared by all network members; strong and enlightened leadership; and a strucrure that provides for adequate guidance and governance. The present strategy and objectives of the ITN have not been reviewed and updated since 1986, when establishment of centers and expansion of the network were its primary objectives. The ITN program now lacks clear direction and leadership, and presently functions only weakly as a network (except for the centers' own country and sub-regional networks).
. 3. There is no focal point for leadership. Interaction and collaboration among centers is largely non-existent, except in the area of information exchange through newsletters, reports, and annual ITN Center meetings in Africa. A number of the ITN centers receive support from associated institutions abroad. The UNDP-WB Program, while very active in the build-up of the ITN in the early years, has recently de-emphasized the support available from Washington, though the Program's RWSGs have generally been active in supporting individual centers. ESA interest has been confmed largely to individual centers.
4. · The lack of external direction and leadership has resulted in centers' needs for external support and direction not having been adequately met from the network. This has also created confusion and uncertainty among ESAs as to the value of and their relationship to u.'le ITN program.
5. The leadership role should be built up at the regional level, with individual centers taking the lead in areas where each has a particular interest and a comparative advantage. Given the differences between regions, networking should focus on building linkages within Africa and within Asia, and only to a lesser extent across regions.
6. ··Though suppon from the u"NDP-WB Program decreased substanrially with the deparrure and non-replacement of the ITN Coordinator in Washington, the Program is still well-positioned to take a lead role in supporting the development of the ITN program and to involve the ITN centers in the Program's learning agenda (through cross analysis). The Program has a history of involvement with the ITN, its RWSGs are already providing substantial support, its location in the World Bank brings linkages to Bank lending work, and it has strong ties to the bilateral donor community. . r
7. The activities of the individual centers include documentation and information dissemination, capacity building (mostly in the form of !raining), applied research, and advisory and consultancy services. Of these, capacity building is -the most significant service for all centers. The low level of research and documentation activity means there ·has been little substantive information to share and little opportUnity to build joint work programs around substantive topics.
8. The centers have been preoccupied with getting themselves established and funded, in building their own client relationships, and, in several cases, in establishing their own country and regional networks. They have had little time or resources to invest in networking with other ITN centers.
3.
. . :
9. The ITN centers indicated in their questionnaire replies that they would welcome grea:er exchan~e and collaboration with other ITN centers, the RWSGs, UNDP-WB Pro1;ram Headquarters, and associated instirutions that provide technical support. The working gr0up's analysis of benefits of networking are shown in Table 1 below. Many cent~ activities could be substantially strengthened by an efficiently functioning internation2J network linking the centers and tieing into other support agencies. Such a network could also
· meet many of the centers • other demands for support .
.. Table 1: Benefits of Networking
Question: What are the potential benefits to a center by being part of a network?
Activities Benefits Capacity
building lnformalion Research
A void duplication
New ideas
·Funding
Improve materials and services
Improve strategies
Access to more infon:la!ion
L = low, M = moderate, H = high
M
M
L
H
L
L
M
H ..
H
H
M
L
L
Consultancy Documentation
L M
L L
L
H H
H
M M
/
10. · · The network centers must be strengthened both to improve their own capacity and to assist them to move in the direction of sustainability. Contracts with individual ITN centers to undertake su[?stantive work. such as on the learning agenda, could assist centers
· · .. to develop their own capacity to provide leadership in a substantive area as well as benefit ·V ·the UNDP-:WB Program and ESA-supported projects .
4
Recommendations
1. Need for the ITN Program
The ITN program should continue, but it should also have a clear demand orientation and more of a business-like organization and management system. This will ensure the sustainability and the relevance of both the nen.vork and its elements (the centers) to the capacity building needs of the water and sanitation sector.
This. should be achievea through:
(a) the formulation of program objectives and strategy, using the principles of ,balanced development, as proposed below;
(b) the emphasis on market orientation in business plans;
(c) focusing ESA fmancial support on capacity building and non-commercial activities, allowing activities such as consulting to generate income; and
(d) ensuring that the centers retain a balanced program incorporating :commercial and non-commercial activities in the interests of sector development.
2. Redefinition of the ITN Program
A new ITN program strategy should be developed in consultation with the major ·stakeholders. This strategy should take into account current sector needs, market analyses, and the lessons learned from the ITN experience. It is expected to be completed by December 1994. ·
This strategy should include: ..
(a) clear objectives for the ITN program using the principles of balanced development (see sample objectives in Table 2 following this page);
(b) identification of mechanisms to promote networking;
(c) principles by which agencies can and should support the ITN, such as the types of activities requiring external support;
(d) a timetable and monitoring system for the review and updating of the ITN program to ensure a pragmatic, flexible, and incremental approach; and
5
--- -------···
t11.il
.~;1JR
~' ·:.
' J
fitlf:
·3Q·:
. :!it
}'':·: "
<'t:'~
•!
.: r::
,·.r
:: ···;:
. ·:
:· '
. '
Tab
le 2
. S
ampl
e O
bjec
tlve
s fo
r th
e IT~ a
mi
Net
wor
k C
ente
rs
Dev
elop
men
t O
bjec
tive
.
To s
tren
gthe
n or
est
abiis
h or
gani
zatio
ns a
t co
uniry
and
reg
iona
l !e
ve!
that
can
ass
i!!l c
ount
ries
to b
uild
the
ir c
apac
ity t
o eJ
tpan
d w
ater
and
san
itatio
n de
liver
y on
a
sust
aina
ble
basi
s.
·. '
ITN
PR
OG
RA
M O
BJE
CT
IVE
S IT
N C
EN
TE
R O
BJE
CT
IVE
S
POL
ITIC
AL
To
cre
ate
awar
enes
s of
inte
rnat
iona
l co
nsen
sus
on w
ater
and
san
itatio
n is
sues
.re
gard
ing
e.g.
pol
icy
and
regu
lato
ry f
ram
ewor
ks.
Dev
elop
a c
omm
on a
ppro
ach
amon
g ES
A '.s
tow
ard
capa
city
bui
ldin
g ut
co
untry
lev
el.
rNST
ITU
TIO
NA
L I
OR
GA
NIZ
ATI
ON
AL
To
crea
te a
net
wor
k of
col
labo
ratin
g in
stitu
tions
in
deve
lopi
ng c
ount
ries
for
ca
paci
ty b
uild
ing
In t
he w
ater
and
san
itatio
n se
ctor
. T
o V1
'"'"'M
:. ~JW
.in:
.hk,
rn:
ut.e
t ori
mkd
app
r<Y.
e(;h
to c
aJY.
tCity
bui
ldin
t in
part
icip
atiu
g in
lititu
ticm
s. To
ena
ble
part
icip
atin
g in
stitu
tions
to
deve
lop
the
orga
niza
tiona
l, te
chni
cal
and
man
agem
ent c
apac
ity r
equi
red
to a
chie
ve t
he o
bjec
tives
.
SOC
IAL
T
o as
sist
par
ticip
atin
g in
stitu
tions
add
ress
maj
or s
ecto
r so
cial
con
cern
s of
se
rvic
e de
liver
y, g
ende
r is
sues
, co
mm
unity
par
ticip
atio
n an
d be
havi
or
chan
ge.
TIJ
CII
NIC
AL
T
o fa
cilit
ate
the
prov
isio
n of
doc
umen
tatio
n su
ppor
t to
par
ticip
atin
g in
stitu
tions
. T
o en
cour
age
the
deve
lopm
ent
and
adap
tatio
n of
trai
ning
mat
eria
ls a
t ce
nter
le
vel.
To f
acili
tate
the
pro
visi
on o
f te
chni
cal
supp
ort n
eeds
to
cent
ers.
(R
esea
rch
met
hods
, tr
aini
ng m
etho
ds e
tc.)
.
FIN
AN
CIA
L
To
assi
st i
nstit
utio
ns d
evel
op b
usin
ess
plan
s w
ith t
rans
pare
nt f
inan
cing
m
echa
nism
s.
To
assi
st w
ith f
und
rais
ing
for
a) e
stab
lishm
ent
of c
apac
ity a
nd b
) no
n co
mm
erci
al s
ervi
ces.
T
o pr
omot
e th
e ro
le o
f IT
N c
ente
rs a
s se
rvic
e pr
ovid
ers
to p
oten
tial
cust
omer
s in
the
sec
tor.
To
influ
ence
and
ass
ist
in p
olic
y de
velo
pmen
t re
gard
ing
wat
er a
nd s
anita
tion
at n
atio
nal
and
regi
onal
lev
el.
To
sens
itize
and
tra
in (
retr
ain)
hig
her
leve
l de
cisi
on a
nd p
olic
y m
aker
s w
ithin
go
vern
men
t an
d ES
A 's
.
To
prom
ote
man
agem
ent
of s
ervi
ces
at t
he l
owes
t ap
prop
riate
lev
el.
'To
llim
(O
J ce
nter
sus
tain
abili
ty.
To
assi
st o
ther
sec
tor
inst
itutio
ns w
ith i
nstit
utio
nal
refo
rm a
nd s
treng
then
ing.
To
assi
st i
n th
e es
tabl
ishm
ent
of n
ew c
ente
rs w
here
app
ropr
iate
.
To
prom
ote
part
icip
ator
y ap
proa
ches
at
all
leve
ls w
hich
als
o ad
dres
s th
e ro
les
o m
en a
nd w
omen
.
To
enco
urag
e us
e of
ara
nge
of o
ptio
ns (
inst
itutio
nal,
finan
cial
, te
chni
cal)
in
deve
lopm
ent
proj
ects
.
KN
OW
LE
DG
E A
ND
SK
ILL
S T
o im
prov
e co
mpe
tenc
y of
trai
ners
.
To
impr
ove
acce
ss ~o
info
rmat
ion.
To
carr
y ou
t ap
plie
d re
sear
ch o
n im
porta
nt i
ssue
s.
To
prov
ide
tech
nica
l se
rvic
es t
o go
vern
men
t an
d ES
A 's
. T
o do
cum
ent
and
diss
emin
ate
less
ons
and
best
pra
ctic
es.
(e) Relationships between members of the network, between members and UNDP-WB Program, and with other stakeholders.
This should be achieved through the following:
(a) production of a preliminary draft strategy and a proposal for its implementation (by · UNDP-WB Program); and
(b) convening a consultative meeting with major stakeholders to review and finalize the new strategy and_proposal (by the UNDP-WB Program and SDC).
Expected impacts of implementing this recommendation would be:
(a) clear direction for the ITN;
(b) greater transparency and common purpose;
(c) documentation of new approaches to sustainable delivery of capacity building;
(d) greater likelihood of building sustainable centers through a more market oriented approach; and
(e) business-like organization and management system, including a clear distinction between activities in non-commercial areas (likely to require on-going external support) from those suitable for revenue generation.
3. Strenmening the Network
A strategy should be established to strengthen and support the networking elements of the ITN program.
In particular the elements of this strategy could include: ...
' f
-(a) the development of intercenter activities funded by ESA or World Bank as clients to address research, documentation, or learning issues in the sector;
(b) the use of centers as focal points and managers of specific intercenter activities;
-.. (c) the support of improved communication systems for centers such as Internet
connections;
(d) contiriilation of the Africa annual ITN workshops and introduction of an Asia ~ual workshop;
(e) promotion of the ITN among international agencies and fora, as a means to deliver capacity building support nationally, regionally, and internationally; and
~-
7
~
...
;-: •. ':.. · .. ~~:~.~.: ~- . :· . ....... :~.::_· ..
4.
: _ .. , · ..
~i}ij:.
(f) a review by nerwork centers of the type of management arrangements needed to ensure the necessary leadership and direction to maintain a functioning network (this might be through the designation of specific centers to lead on specific areas such as. research or information).
Expected impacts of implementing this recommendation would be:
(a) the improved capacity of centers;
(b) coinmon puf!!oses among centers in specific areas;
(c) greater contribution of the centers to the international. learning agenda; and
(d) better communication among centers and strengthening of the network.
Strengthening the Centers
Existi.Iig ITN centers require. strengthening in specific areas if they are to become efficient and sustainable market-oriented organizations capable of delivering professional services in support of sector development objectiv~s. ·
'
This strengthening should occur through implementation of the following: ..
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
adapting objectives for the centers which explicitly or implicitly include those listed in Table 2; ·
conducting a market analysis and developing business plans (including an effective marketing strategy) for centers; . ·
establishing management systems for monitoring and evaluation which allow continued analysis and feedback into the planning and work program of the center;
short term capacity building support to centers in terms of organization, management, technical capacity, and infrastrucrure (specific evaluation reports exist for many centers identifying areas where capacity building is required);
(e) promoting the use of centers as consultants for the exeeution of tasks rather than as recipients of aid;
(f) engaging centers to document lessons from the field;
(g) using the centers as focal points for information into and out of the country; and
(h) ~-.• .·.:: ...
ensuring the balance between commercial and non-commercial services. through appropriate financing mechanisms.
8
Expected impacts of these measures would be:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
the improved capacity of centers;
a more business-directed center;
the move toward a complement of experienced and professional staff in support of the market-oriented approach; and
sustainable support to capacity building, contributing to a lasting impact on sector development objectives. ·
5. The Time Component
During development of the ITN strategy, the changes in the roles and responsibilities of the stakeholders over time need to be carefully elaborated and negotiated.
(a) At the global level: the share of leadership in the form of enabling, facilitating. and providing direction by UNDP-WB Program will be most significant in the start up phase, while this will diminish toward the end of the consolidation phase when centers should be playing an increasingly dominant role.
(b) At the regional level: regional centers should play an active role in the start up of new centers. Capacity in instirution building will be in high demand during this phase.
(c) At n2tional level: centers will receive external support to build up their technology and capacity in approaches, organization, and management during the start-up phase. In later stages this should be less necessary as they become more market oriented.
6. Next Steps
Implementation of the recommendations in this report entails the following major .steps: r
(d) distribution of this report to a wider audience, in particular ITN program stakeholders;
(e) preparation of a draft strategy and proposal for the further developm~~t of the ITN program using this report as a basis to the extent possible;
(f) planning, organizing, and conducting a workshop of the major stakeholders to review the draft strategy and proposals and reach decisions on the way forward; in this, the working group that produced this report should be used as a resource until after the workshop. ·
9
I. Ba~around
. The International Training Network for Water and Waste Managemem OtJ.S established in.l984 as a joint initiative of UNDP, the World Bank, and a number of bilateral E.-\s in support of the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (IDWSSD). The oi:re.:rive was to establish specialized centers in selected countries and regions for training, research, and inf.:rnution dissemination on appropriate water supply and sanitation technologies suitable for low-income pq;:Wation groups .in rural and urban fringe areas of developing countries. The idea was that centers would :unction not as ISolated entities in their countries or-regions, but as a global network for exchange of infoz:nation and experience and mutual collaboration with the support of the UNDP-WB Program in Washing:;:m and its RWSG field teams in Africa and Asia.
- :" .... ·- ~ ;. .
As described in the Project Document INT/86/027 the specific objectives of the ITN were:
(a)
(b)
To increase the capacity of developing countries to deliver wat-<>r supply and sanitat.ion services to low-income groups, using primarily low-cost technologies and commuruty-: based approaches (the long-term development objective); and
More specifically, the immedhite objective was to strengthen the capacity of sector and educational institutions within developing countries to carry om training programs and other human resource development activi~ies on low-cost water supply and waste management;
The activities to be undertaken in support of the objectives were:
(a) To inform decision makers and to educate and train practicing and student engineers and other field staff, in the use of low-cost appropriate technologies and approo.ches:
(b) To promote the introduction of a multi-disciplinary approach emphasizing sociocultural and health considerations in the planning, implementation, and rnainteil3llCe of water supply and sanitation systems; ·
(c) To support the collection and dissemination ofi.nformation on low-cost tecll.oologies and their successful applications; and
(d) To undertake research leading to further improvements in the cost-effecti,~. large. scale implementation, and replication of basic water supply and sanitation prcgrams.
,.··-·:-~ ,~ rf:: ~ .·l
. The above tasks were to be undertaken by ITN centers, established in developing coo:mies within carefully selected existing sector agencies or educational institutions. The original concept en\is:a~ed both
./ national and regional centers,· each with· its own network of local participating Ub,.....;rnrions. A : ,_ Coordination Unit was established Bank headquarters under the management of the UNDP-""'B Program .: ,·:.to provide technical support to sponsoring organizations in the establishment of centers mi subsequent
. ·support in planning, implementing, monitoring, and evaluating the activities. Fina.nc.ill .Di program . Support for the centers was to be provided by bilateral or multilateral agencies with te:.J;=ii:d support provided by Associated Institutions in developed countries under twinning arrangements..
~~jJ.::·:~r~~::~· .. : ·, .... ·.~ fif~~i~,-:~f~1~/;~-\~:·>: ~ .. , ;.
10
The network includes six active Centers:
Network for Water and Sanitation (NETW AS): Regional Center for East Africa Mr. Mathew Kariuki, Director · NETWAS AMREF Wilson Airport P.O. Box 30125 Nairobi, Kenya
Institute of Water and Sanitation Development (IWSD) Dr. Paul Taylor, Director IWSD Department of Civil Engineering University of Zimbabwe P. 0. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant Harare, Zimbabwe
Center Regional Pour l'eau Potable et l'assainissement a faible cout (CREPA): Regional Center for West Africa Francophone countries Dr. Cheik Toure, Director CREPA B.P. 369 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
Training NetWork Center (TNC) Dr. Eugene Larbi, Director TNC/Ghana Department of Civil Engineering University of Science and Technology Kumasi, Ghana
ITN- India National Network Prof. Kumar J. Nath, Director All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health Dept. of Sanitary Engineering and Environmental Sanitation 110 Chittaranjan A venue Calcutta 700 073, India
11
• '
ITN - Philippines National Network Mr. Bienvenido Baquirin, Director Training Network Center, !TN Philippines LWUA-MWSS Complex P.O. Box 319 AC Balara, Quezon City Philippines
Two ITN centers were established in Indonesia, one within Cipta Karya and another at the Institute of TechnologY. in l3andung, but they have not been active due to lack of funding. A new center in Bangladesh, at the Bangladesh University of Education and Training, is pending final funding approval from DANIDA. Other centers are in various stages of conception or planning in Pakistan, Bolivia, and Ecuador.
-·~. : ·.~.
Associated Institutions providing support for some of the centers are:
IRCWD (Switzerland) WEDC (U.K.) lliE (Netherlands) CEFIGRE (France) IRC (Netherlands)
- associate for NETW AS - associate for. India !TN - associate foi; Philippines [and possibly Indonesia] - provide support to the Network in the area of training; and - provide sup~ort to ·the Network in· the area of documentation.
12
II. Evolution of the ITN: Changes in Concept and Strategy (Point 6 of the TOR)
Three overlapping phases can be identified in the development of the ITN:
(a) Phase I 1982-1986, actually a pre-ITN phase, was devoted to the preparation of training materials on low-cost technologies and approaches based on R & D of the World Bank. These materials consisted of 47 slide-sound shows, 3 films and selected other materials. The materials were heavily oriented toward low-cost technologies and less so on "software" elements of sector development.
(b) Phase II from 1985, concentrated on establishment of new centers and the expansion of the network, with the ultimate goal of 15 centers. This task-identifying and helping to plan and fmd financing for centers-was conducted primarily from the Headquarters Coordination Unit. Since the departure of the ITN Coordinator in mid-1993, support from Washington has been minimal. Phase II also encompassed the efforts of several centers to establish .links with institutions in neighboring countries to form regional networks (CREPA in West Africa and NETW AS in East Africa); or with other institutions in their own countries (ITN- India and ITN- Philippines).
(c) Phase III from 1989, aimed at closer collaboration and exchange among the centers, began in 1989 with the first !TN Directors meetings. Since that time five regional meetings of the Africa centers have been held (the latest in November-December 1993). In 1992, a meeting of the Asia centers was held. Originally conceived as Director's Meetings with a small number·ofpanicipants, the Africa meetings have recently brought together large numbers of organizations, institutions, sector agency personnel, donors and the Program and have served as vehicles for exchange of information and ideas .
13
.. •
In general, the development of the ITN has followed the pattern illustrated in the following diagram.
Figure 2: Schematic View of Network Linkages2
{a) (b)
(a) Represents a hub-and-spoke network in which support and information radiate largely from a hub to panicipants. :
(b) Illustrates the rim effect in which participants collaborate with each other as well as with the hub.
(c) Represents a funher state in which sub-networks at the national or regional level are generated by an international network.
Diagram (a) corresponds to Phases I and II of the ITN development, during which the ITN Coordination Unit, staffed by a full-time coordinator~ served as "Hub" of the growing network. Headquarters involvement and support during this period consisted primarily of promotion of the ITN concept; assistance in the establishment of new centers, including the identification of host institutions and fundraising from cooperating ESAs; and provision to the centers of the training modules and other materials developed during Phase I.
Diagrams (b) and {c) depict the expanding growing cooperation and exchange among centers during Phase rn and the trend toward the development of regional and country networks. During this phase inv<;>lvement of the Coordinating Unit gradually diminished, particularly after the post of coordinator fell vacant .. leaving the Network with no central hub. The vacuum has been filled to some extent by the Program's RWSGs in East and West Africa and South and East Asia, but only to a limitee extent and on an intermittent basis. The relationship between the RWSGs and the ITN centers i: described in the next section of this report. Support to several centers has also been provided througl twinning arrangements with associated agencies in developed countries .
. ~ Pluck:nett, Donald L., Nigel J .H. Smith, and Selcuk Ozgediz. 1990. Networking in lnrematioru. Agriculture Rese~rch. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. P. 28.
14
In the light of the above, what can be said regarding changes in the ITN concept and strategy since the Network was initiated? The first thing that needs to be emphasized is that there have been no clearly defined objectives for the ITN as a whole, no clear strategy for achieving the objectives, and no mechanisms for monitoring and adjusting as the ITN developed and evolved. In the initial stages the entire emphasis was on establishing centers and expanding their number to the ultimate goal of 15. It was expected that the individual centers would become largely autonomous over time, and in some cases spin-off sub-networks. There was no clear idea, however, as to how the Network should be utilized and operated, or about what its relation to the UNDP-WB Program should be.
. Similarly, no serious thought was given to the question of Network organizational structure and management. As Nerworking in International Agriculture Research makes clear, any network is a form of organization, albeit a loose form, and as such requires management, direction, and leadership. The only ITN organization component put in place was the Coordinating Unit, and its functions were largely limited to promotion and fundraising as mentioned above. What its functions and responsibilities should be after the establishment phase was over, and what "coordination" of a complex entity like the ITN really meant, were not defined.
At some centers significant shifts have taken place in the operational strategies as well as in their activities - largely as a result of clearer knowledge of sector development needs as the IDWSSD progressed, and eventually ended. These shifts have included the following:
IV.
(a) Less emphasis on training in the narrow sense of improvement of individuals' skiils (the original thrust of the program) toward a broader concept of capacity building, including institutional development, but with limited capacity for the latter.
(b) Within the areas of training, promotion, and information dissemination, less emphasis on technology as such (the initial fo~us) and more attention to panicipatory approaches to project organization as a means ofpromoting sustainable development.
(c) Increasing reservations concerning the relevance of the original ITN training modules, which are heavily focussed on low-cost technology. As the NETW AS evaluation team noted, these materials are currently ten years old and not country specific. To some extent they also reflect a "Wiong image" in some countries as promoting older, unsophisticated technologies. As a consequence, a number of centers have embarked on programs to adapt the original materials to present conditions, and to develop :new ones --clearly a welcome trend. Approaches now being suggested seem to be less prescriptive, offering a variety of options to meet demand rather than promoting sing~e solutions.
(d) The growing recognition of the ·value of country and regional networks, and corresponding efforts of some centers to build up such networks. This does not necessarily mean that the concept of an international or global network has lost its validity. It may mean, however, that as national and regional networks become better developed, the ITN as a global entity may become of secondary imponance to the centers, and will need to redefme its purpose and functions.
The specific activities in which the various centers are currently engaged are described in Arulex
15
.·· ·.·.:.:·: .
. .. ... ·:
h-_ .• ~ ... -•.• it .. · .. i"··.' ·;- . . · . .- . . ., - '_.-.. ~ .. ·: •. ::.
lli. 'What Does the ITN Contribute to the Centers? (Point 3 of the TOR)
In a narrow sense, the Network consists only of the ITN centers themselves, together with the linkages they have established with other institutions at the regional or country level. In a broader; sense, the ITN network also includes the RWSGs, the Program headquarters and the associated agencies. This
··.section discusses the benefits that the centers are receiving from the broader network.
Linkages with Program Headquarters
. Headquarters sup-e_ort to the ITN was important, indeed critical, during the 1980s when the ITN was being organized ("the Hub-and-spoke phase"). This support took the form of preparation and distribution of the training modules, identification of appropriate host institutions, and fund-raising. While Headquarters involvement has diminished, as noted above, it still continues to some extent.
The ITN/Philippines has reported the following assistance from Headquarters:
(a) back-stopping support during the preparations for the NGO consultation on water held in the Philippines;
(b) assistance in the preparation pf an ITN/Philippines-based PROWWESS proposal; . .
(c) provision of resource persons~ for several workshops on WID issues and the development of Information Education and Communication (IEC) materials; . .
(d) provision of World Bank publications.
Both CREPA and NETW AS report having received useful documentation from Headquarters. : The IWSD cites significant financial support and assistance in acquiring equipment. The ITN center in
India reported that there has been no active collaboration with headquarters except for the initial support provided, which consisted mainly of training modules, and the exchange of newsletters, annual reports, etc.
Linkages with the RWSGs
Information on RWSG/ITN Center linkages provided by the RWSGs, ITN centers, and the Ghana ·center show .close and continuing collaboration.
The most common assistance provided by the RWSGs in the different regions has included:
(a) assistance in the preparation of Centers' annual work plan;
(b) monitoring and advisory visits;
(c) assistance in the planning and implementation of ITN-sponsored workshops; and
. (d) promotion of ITN services with potential clients.
16
.. -\
In addition to the above, the East Africa RWSG arranged for the secondrnent of a PROWWESS participatory training specialist to NETW AS. NETW AS also reportS that the RWSG participates in all the NETW AS ZOPP planning workshops and NETW AS advisory board meetings. NETW AS participates in the RWSG annual conference.
In Zimbabwe, the RWSG helped involve the ITN in various sector activities such as the World Bank Water Sector Review and Emergency Drought Recovery Project. There has been regular exchange of RWSG and ITN staff to participate in each other's meetings. The RWSG arranged for the training of a participatory specialist recruited by the IWSD.
CREPA reports that they attended a reorientation meeting organized by RWSG West Africa. RWSG-W A participated in the CREPA mid-term assessment (1992) and the RWSG participated in a solid waste management project in Guinea. One obstacle to closer collaboration cited by CREPA is lack of information on RWSG activities.
The RWSG-WA has assisted the TNC/Ghana in recruinnent of staff, and administrative support, technical support to projects in which the TNC has been involved; promotion of the TNC with dients; and itelecommunication links to the outside world.
In India, the RWSG for South Asia played an active role in the establishment of the ITN center through contacts with the concerned government agencies and donors and assistance in course preparation. More recently, the RWSG reports that it has played a less active role, in order to allow more inhiative by the Ministry of Rural Development. In the Philippines, the East Asia RWSG assisted in arranging ITN budget support through a UNDP country project. Conversely, several ITNs have collaborated in RWSG activities in various regions. This collaboration is described in Section IV.
Collaboration with Other International Institutions
The ITN Philippines collaboration with IHE (Netherlands, its associate .center), UNICEF, and ·with IRC (Canada), AIT/ADB (Bangkok} WEDC (UK), CIDA, and UNDP .. Assistance provided by thes'e institutions and agencieS has included technical and financial support, training and information ~aterials, support for workshops, and technical advice.
The ITN India reports collaboration only with its associate center, WEDC in the U.K., which provided support for training courses, course material, and development and assistance in ip.troducing innovative teaching methods (through resource fellows and staff provided by WEDC.) NETW AS reports collaboration with IRCWD, IRC, AIT, UNICEF, and SKAT.
The TNC in Ghana has received substantial financial support from Danida; the IRC in the Hague (documentation and technical support for library expansion), and the British Volunteer Service Overseas,
·which has provided an audio-visual expert.
Collaboration amone- the ITN Centers Themselves
Networking involves interaction and exchange among the network members for their mutual benefit. In principle, collaboration among ITN centers could include:
(a) exchange of information and experience;
17
(b) joint development or exchange of training materials;
(c) collaboration in research; and
(d) staff exchange.
The available information indicates that collaboration and exchange among the centers is practically non-existent, except in the area of information exchange, which also appears to be sporadic. There are a few examples of collaboration in other areas. The ITN-Philippines reports having received training materials from th_e IWSD in Zimbabwe. CREPA and NETW AS collaborated in developing a video on ferrocement tanks and a manual for the construction of latrines. The India ITN noted that possible joint development of course curricula and training materials was discussed at the first meeting of the Asia ITN centers in 1992, but the matter was not followed up. TNC/Ghana has made available to and received training materials from other centers. These have included manuals on hand-dug well construction made available to CREP A; and artisan-focussed manuals received from CREPA.
The main vehicles for exchange of information on the various centers' activities and sector issues appear to be (a) newsletters published periodically by the centers; and (b) occasional regional meetings. The first meeting in Africa· was held in 1989, and the most recent (the fifth) in November-December 1993. ·Originally consisting of ITN directors and a small number of other participants, the meetings have been progressively enlarged and most recently included a cross-section of key water and sanitation sector collaborating organizations and institutions. There have also been visits to other centers, usually on the occasion of an ITN meeting. Precisely how much benefit the individual centers derive from one another's newsletters and the regional meetings is not clear. The ITN Philippines considers that it is poorly informed regarding other center's experiences. The India ITN, on the other hand, considers itself well informed. Toe N"ETW AS Evaluation Team in its report (page 26) quotes Daniel Gubler in his ITN Africa Meetings Report (Annex 2) as saying "t.i.e ITN Africa meetings have not yet enabled the exchange of experiences and they thus h.ardly had any impact after the meeting."
· With regard to the reasons why there is little collaboration among the Centers, the ITNPhilippines cites "little or no felt need;" inadequate information on other center's activities; and insufficient staff or financial resources to pursue linkages. It should be added that the ITN-Philippine5 has been heavily engaged in building up links with other institutions in the Philippines to create ar expanding national network which appears to have absorbed most of the center's time and resources.
The India ITN cites insufficient staff or resources as the primary obstacle, plus "lack of initiativ1 by international agencies to develop inter-center collaboration and lack of funding." The TNC/Gharu cites difficulties of conununication as a major obstacle.
18
IV. ITN Involvement in the UNDP-VVB Program, the World Bank, and Other ESA-supported ProjectS
(Points 4 and 5 of the TOR)
The UNDP-WB Program and the ITN have the same basic mandate, namely to improve sustainable access to water and supply and sanitation in poorer communities primarily using low-cost technologies and community-based approaches. With respect to this objective, the activities of the RWSGs (as the operational arms of the Program in Africa, Asia and Latin America) and the activities of the ITN complement one another at least in principle: the !TN, through training research and capacitybuilding activities; the RWSGs through sector studies, project promotion, and development, etc. Together, the two sets of activittes constitute an integrated strategy in support of the common objective.
In East Africa, the ITNs have been involved in seyeral key RWSG country program activities, e.g., the HRD assessment in Uganda and various sector activities in Zimbabwe. The ITNs have also forged a close working partnership with PROWWESS, and have been co-sponsors or organizers of most of the PROWWESS participatory methodology workshops. More recently the ITNs have assumed a central role in the monitoring and documentation of the PROWWESS and WHO-initiated regional Panicipatory Hygiene and Sanitation Promotion learning initiative. RWSG activities in Zimbabwe have been coordinated with the IWSD, and joint activities have included the preparation of country level collaboration papers for the WSS Collaborative Council, and Regional Country Level Collaboration Workshop held in Zimbabwe in June 1994.
Involvement of the Ghana TNC has included: training activities for the RWSG-assisted Kumasi Sanitation Project and documentation of project activities for replicatiop. in other cities; and training of staff for the Volta Region Water and Sanitation Project (UNDP) and the UN'TIP supported projects in the Eastern and Volta regions.
The ITN Philippines reports that it has collaborated with the South Asia RWSG in the following activities:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
the first HRD Asia Conference was organized/co-hosted by ITN/Philippines in 1992;
a workshop on SARAR Participatory Development Techniques was held in June 1992in Bulacan, the Philippines; ..
I
the first National NGO Consultation Workshop on Water and Sanitation was co-organized _by ITN/P and Approtech Asia in the Philippines in May 1993. This activity was supported by the UNDP and the ISW (International Secretariat for Water); and
a training program was organized for Indonesian CWSP trainees in April 1993 sponsored by the Program.
In India, the !TN reports that it provided assistance for project preparation, trammg, and consultancy for the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation project in West Bengal. No collaboration in project activities has been reported by the RWSG for South Asia. The !TN India cites iittle involvement· with Program activities in India for the following reasons: it was not requested to become involved; the center has inadequate resources to assist; and the role of the RWSG in relation to the ITN is not well defmed or institutionalized.
19
.;
ITN center involvement in regular projects and programs of the World Bank appears to have been "minimal, with only a few cases reponed. These include:
(a) in India, suppon by the ITN to some components of the Calcutta Urban Development Project;
(b) in the Philippines, the ITN is panicipating in the implementation of the Bulacan Pilot Demonstration Project, included in the Bank's First Water Supply, Sanitation and Sewerage Project (FW4SP; and training of trainers and project staff for the Project). Basic library and training materials were also provided to the FW4SP project management offices;
(c) in Zimbabwe, the IWSD has been involved in the World Bank-funded Water Sector Review and Emergency Drought Recovery Project; and
(d) in Ghana, the TNC has provided training and institutional development support to the World Bank-assisted Community Water and Sanitation Project.
All the ITNs have been involved in projects and programs supported by other ESAs as well as their. national governments through their consultancy, training and technical support activities. Details are given in Annex IV describing the activities of the indi~idual centers .
20
V. Principal Findings
· The Present Status of the ITN
Since its establishment in 1984, the ITN has evolved into a complex collection of country centers (Ghana and Zimbabwe), national networks (India and the Philippines), and regional networks (NETW AS and CREPA), only loosely linked together in a global network, very similar to stage (c) in Figure 2 on page 14. Most of the active networking, defined as exchange of information and joint work programs among member institutions, takes place within the country and regional networks. Figure 1 on page 2 shows the ITN as it presently exiSts. ' ·
At the global/interregional level, interaction and collaboration among centers is largely nonexistent, except in the area of information exchange through newsletters, reportS, and annual ITN center meetings in Africa. There has also been some collaboration between CREP A and NETW AS in the development of training materials.
Reasons for Present Weaknesses
Experience with networks in agricultural development programs shows that successful networking requires the following3 :
(a) clear objectives and strategies, shared by all members;
(b) strong and enlightened leadership;
(c) a structure that provides for adequate guidance and governance; and
(d) active information exchange and cooperation with one another on matters of common interest.
In the case of the ITN, the following weaknesses have been identified:
(a) There are no clear objectives and strategies with resp~ct to how networking is:to occur: . The present objectives of the ITN date from 1986, at which time the thrust was establishment of network centers rather than operation of the network. This has resulted in lack of clarity, on the part of both centers and other stakeholders, about how the network is to function. ·
(b) There is no focal point for leadership. Program Headquarters, while. very active in the build-up of the ITN in the early years, has been largely out of the picture for several years, and particularly since the post of ITN coordinator fell vacant. Some centers have reported limited contacts with headquarters, mainly in the field of information and documentation. Lack of leadership also led to insecurity and lack of direction at the
· 3Plucknett, Donald L., Nigel J.H. Smith, and Selcuk Ozgediz. 1990. NetWorking in International
Agriculrural Research. Ithaca, NY: Cornell_ University Press.
21
.····.
. _·.,
- ·- _-_,
center level. Without leadership, the ESAs' have been somewhat confused about what to do and, in most cases, confined their interest to individual centers.
(c) Research and documentation activity on the part of the centers has been low, with the result that there has been little information to share and little opportunity to build joint
(d)
· work programs around substantive topics.
The centers have been preoccupied with getting themselves established and funded, in building their own client relationships, and in several cases in establishing their own country a1\d regional networks. They have had little time or resources to invest in networking with ITN centers in other regions.
(e) Communications remain a problem. The centers claim to have inadequate information on other centers' work programs. The costs and difficulty of communicating, particularly across Africa are high, and, in some cases, there is little or no perceived benefit from cross-regional linkages.
Analysis shows that the reasons for these weakness rest with various parties:
· (a) With respect to unclear objectives and lack of leadership (4a and 4b above), the responsibility rests with the UNDP-WB Program and its ESA partners who initiated the ITN program.
(b) The lack of research and documentation activities (4c above) rests first with the centers, who are accountable for their own work programs, but also with the UNDP-WB Program and the ESAs, who could. have engaged them to carry out these types of activities .
. ·
· (c) The reasons iisted under 4d above clearly fall within the centers' rea.lrns of responsibility.
(d) With respect to 4e, the high costs of communication often stem from inadequate infrastructure, especially in Africa. Centers, however, might be expected to take the initiative to learn more about each others' work programs. And the perception of litth benefit from cross-regional linkages no doubt arises from a combination of all these factor-s .
~~-· RelationShips between ITN Centers and the Program
At the regional level, there is active (but intermittent) collaboration between the RWSGs and th ITNs located in their region. The RWSGs provide support in the form of assistance in the developmer
· of center workplans, technical advice and support, participation in workshops, etc. Conversely, the IT1 ·-~centers participate in some UNDP-WB Program activities organized by the RWSGs, but this appears t :· · be infrequent. Collaboration between the ITN centers and the RWSG appears to be most developed i - ··Ghana, -East Africa and in the Philippines. Center involvement in regular World Bank projects ar
· programs is limited, but appears to be growing, for example, in the Philippines.
22
Relationships between ITN Centers and Other Agencies
Several of the ITN centers (NETW AS, India, and the Philippines) receive support from Associate Institutions abroad, in the form of technical advice, resource persons, funding for workshops, etc., which adds an international hub dimension to the ITN. They are also involved in projects supported by various bilateral ESAs, UNICEF, and some other agencies through the consulting and training services they provide. These relationships could be expanded to bring more benefits to the sector, for example, the Collaborative Council and its working groups might enlist the centers to disseminate their reports.
Center Activities
The activities of the individual centers fall into the following four categories:
(a) documentation and information dissemination; (b) capacity building (largely through training); (c) applied research; and (d) advisory/consultant se.rvices to donors and their own governments in project organization.
Training is the most significant for all centers; applied research appears to be marginal (except in the case of the India ITN, which has provided a long list of studies in which the center is engaged with UNICEF and other organizations. It is not clear, however, to what extent these are normal program activities of the host institution rather than activities of the ITN as such.)
For the Future
The six ITN centers that replied to the questionnaire (CREPA, India, IWSD, NETW AS, and the Philippines) indicated that they would welcome more exchange and collaboration with other ITN Centers, the RWSGs and Program Headquaners.
With regard to inter-center exchange:
(a) All six agree that exchange of information on substantive issues and experience gained in sector work would be very useful. ..
' (b) Three agree that joint research on technologies, collaboration in development/exchange
of training materials, and exchange of information on centers' activities would be useful..
The centers generally consider that they could play a more active role in Program activities in their countries in the areas of: ·
(a) Facilitator of contacts with officials/organization (4 of 6);
(b) Project identification and planning (3 of 6);
(c) Training of project personnel (4 of 6);
(d) Monitoring and evaluation (6 of 6); and
23
~ ::- -.
(e) Research support, both hardware and software; and consultancy services. The TNCGhana believes it could play a more active role in information support during project preparation; documentation of project activities; and information dissemination . .
:
With regard to involvement in learning approaches to sector development now being emphasized by the Program, all the ITNs expressed interest in collaborating with the Program in this area. To do so, however, would require additional center staff and resources which the India ITN estimates as two or three project officers and logistical support for mobility and communications (E-mail). The India ITN believes that some of their experiences, while not identical with the learning process as defined, would be useful. The ITN PhiJippines has gained some experience in learning approaches through the Bulacan Pilot Demonstration Project. CREPA cites experience in two projects in Burkina Faso; NETW AS in several projects in Kenya. JWSD lists a decentralization project and drought lessons and its work on country level collaboration as relevant. TNC Ghana reports that it has had some experience in this area in the :Kumasi Sanitation Project; the Volta Rural Water and Sanitation Project; and the Rural Water and Sanitation Project in the Eastern and Volta Regions. Additional support needed to expand activities in this area include: improved information management system; additional technical staff; and basic logistics
support.
With regard to future RWSG support, the ITN Philippines is most interested in fun~-raising assistance and technical assistance. The India ITN would like to see the RWSG use the Center for Applied Research, consultancy services, training programs, and sector work. For this purpose the center recommends that relations between the ITN and the RWSGs be put on a more formal, institutional basis. IWSD feels that both it and the RWGS will benefit from maintaining a high level of contact.- NETW AS seeks RWSG assistance in information exchange and dissemination and promotion of NETW AS activities, especially training, with donors and clients. CREPA merely mentions joint collabor.:.tion in program acthities of common interest.
TNC/Ghana would like RWSG assistance for:
training of trainers in participatory methods and tools;
promotion of regional level exchanges between 5 prominent national training institutions
setting up of a national documentation center;
developing of national capacity to do information documentation (production of marke oriented literature and audio visual material); and
setting up of a. national level monitoring and evaluation system for documentatio: dissemination of water and sanitation sector information.
,·
. With regard to the future role of UNDP-WB Programs Headquarters, four centers place highe~ priority on assistance in fund-raising. The India ITN would like to see headquarters more active i promoting international collaboration, promotion of joint applied research, and "more committed .throug funding and T A." IWSD suggests that headquarters could assist in collaboration and center developmen Other areas mentioned are assistance in cross-regional information exchange (NETW AS). TNC/Ghar considers that headquarters could help in· the production of ITN Newsletter; improvement i communications among centers at the regional level particularly; and assistance in setting up new center
24
From other international instirutions, including their Associated Institutions, the India ITN wants assistance in creating capacity for development monitoring and evaluation of course materials and teaching methods. The Philippines ITN wants technical assistance and collaboration in joint projects (type of projects not specified). CREPA wants greater information exchange. IWSD sees the potential for expanded access to expertise.
25
... '
. · .. ·.: ~·.; ~-.. :--
Page 1 of 3 .
Terms of Reference
REVJEW OF ITN :r-."ETWORKING AND SUPPORT NEEDS
Objectives
1. To review the relevance of the existence of the International Training Network, i.e., assess the relevance of Jletworking among the various regional or country-level training and information initiatives ("!TN Centers").
2. To determine what external support needs the !TN Centers have that could be met through a network, through a centralized support unit, or both.
. . 3. To recommend ways in which this support can best be provided, in particular, how the networking aspects could be further developed, and whether the source of the support should be
.. the global or regional level, and within the UNDP-V{orld Bank Water and Sanitation Program or outside.
Methodology
. . '
1. The review will involve three separate steps:
(a) a desk review
(b) a questionnaire to the TIN Centers and the RWSGs
(c) a forward-looking brainstorming session, bringing in additional outside expertise, and drawing upon the information collected and analyzed in (a) and (b)
2. The desk stu~y will, at minimum, consider the following:
(a) The 1991 UNDP-WB Program assessment (1991)
(b) Recent evaluations of CREPA, NE1WAS, TNC Ghana, and Philippines
(c) Reports of the December 1993 ITN Africa meeting
(d) Workplans and progress reports from all centers
The data should be analyzed from the Centers' pers.pective. The desk study will be carried out at the headquarters of the UNDP-WB Program in Washington DC, where the consultant will be able to have discussions with key Program staff members .
- 2 -
Annex 1 -Page 2 of 3
3. Much of the information on networking may need to be collected directly from the Centers and possibly the Program's RWSGs. Questionnaires will be designed to collect this missing information.
4. The brainstorming session should be forward looking i.e., focus on "What should we do now?" rather than on "Did we do the right thing?" ...
Tasks
1. Determine what the areas of focus are (target groups and subsectors) of each Center. In which of the following areas is each center strong/not so strong/inactive: training, information dissemination and documentation, research, and consulting.
2. 'What does the ITN bring to the centers? Assess the support received Oogistic and operational) in terms of extent and usefulness. What expectations have been expressed for the future?
A "Network" links many actors together (see Fig.l). Where are. for each center, the major areas of collaboration (i.e., point out the essential links of the ne~·ork)?
(a) Projects of the UNDP-WB Program (b) RWSGs (c) Coordination Unit in Washington DC (d) Regional meetings (e) Others Figa.f'e l. - 'rhe Net..ork
·-- I
3. Summarize the evolution of the ITN concept and strategy. The Network was originally intended to augment the existing training system (capacity building), with the specific purpose of promoting adoption of low-cost water supply and sanitation technologies. Som~ Centers are now moving toward autonomy. To what extent do the present concept and directions fit with the UNDP-World Bank Water and Sanitation Program strategy (consider especially the RWSGs)? What is the level of commitment of the Program management towards the ITN? ·
4. 'What collaboration has there been with the regular World Bank operations? Is there a potential for such collaboration in the future?
5. The World Bank is getting progressively more concerned about learning through implementation. The Program. and the Water and Sanitation Division have made learning approaches to sector development a priority for their work. At the project level learning
Page_-3 of 3
- 3 -
requires flexible project designs, process-oriented approaches to implementation, monitoring, and feedback from the early stages into the later stages of project implementation. Local organizations will be needed to help with design and implementation, to train project staff, and to serve as "repositories" for the lessons learned. Do the ITN centers have the potential to take on learning tasks? How might this affect networking, staffing, and funding?
6. Based on the findings made under items 1 to 5 above, assess the relevance of there being = an !TN in the coming five to ten years.
7. Assuming that the answer to item 7 above is positive, recommend ways that this support might best be provided, in particular in terms of:
(a) Geography (global, regional, otherwise)
(b) Scope (operational support, logistic support, both)
(c) Role that should be assigned to the UNDP-WB Program
The recommendations will take into account the fact that only limited resources can be made available for ITN coordination. ·
...
. --· ·""'~ . . . ~
Annex 2
ANNEX 2 Documents on which the Desk Review is Based
General
1. An Assessment of the UNDP-World Bank Water and Sanitation Program (May 1991), Chapter IX. International Training Network (ITN).
2. Report on the Fifth ITN ,t..frica Region Meeting: Executive Report, December 8, 1993. 3. Network Experiences in Development Research Education and Training, by J .A.N. Walles.
(World Bank/EDI Working Paper, 1990). 4. Improving services for the Poor: A Program Strategy for the 1990s - UNDP-World Bank
Program, July 1992. 5. Annual Report- UNDP-World Bank Program (July 1992- June 1993).
NETWAS
1. NETWAS report to the ITN Meetings and NETWAS Advisory Board (November 1993). 2. Evaluation of NETWAS (2 volumes) prepared by SKAT for Swiss Development Cooperation
(February/March 1994). 4. AMREF Memorandum: Options for NETWAS (May 6, 1994).
CREPA
1. Evaluation Intermediare du CREPA by COGESUL T, Inc, for the Sv;iss Development Corporation and Canadian CIDA (February 1993).
2. Report of CREPA to the Fifth Africa Region Meeting (November 29- December 2, 1993).
TNC- Ghana
1. Stanis report (January - December 1993) - prepared for the ITN Managers' Meeting, Kenya, Nov. 29- 30, 1993.
TCWS - Zimbabwe
1. Terminal Report (ZlM/88/006)- December 17, 1993.
1. Annual Report- April 1992- March 1993.
.. r
2. Report on Recent Activities - All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, Department of Sanitary Engineering, February 1993.
ITN - Philippines
1. Mid-term Evaluation Report by IW ACO for the Government of the Netherlands, February 1993. 2. Development Plan for a Water and Sanitation Netwoik (1995-2001), Second Draft- ITN Center,
September 1993.
I. Inter-center Linkages
ANNEX 3 Questionnaire Section I -The Present Situation
A. Information and Experience Exchange
Annex 3 Page 1 of 18
1. How well are you informed regarding what other ITN centers are doing, and their experiences in dealing with common problems?
(a) Other ITN centers in your region
1: We are the only center in the region.
(b) ITN centers in other region~ I
well informed
moderately well poorly informed
well informed moderately well
_I they are only center in region
CNZG E
J_.
poorly informed N C P Z G N: In the case of Asia or Latin America TINs, our link is only with the Philippine ITN. There has been an occasional
letter from the fiN in Calcutta.
2. Do you have any regular exchange of information and experience with any other JTN centers? ;'. Yes P N i T G No _Q_
3. If yes with which centers and by what mechanisms? 1: The ITN centers in the Africa and East Asia regions through newsletters, annual reports, etc. N: In the case ofiTN centers in Africa we are well informed of the centers activities through the annual ITN meetings.
In addition we get occasional communication through letters or newsletters from the Africa 11N centers. There is also information through the RWSG in Nairobi.
P: Newsletter exchange with NETW AS and the ITN in India and CREP A. Z: Annual managers meeting for Africa. Exchange of reports. Closer contacts with NETW AS due to R WSG presence
in Nairobi, plus similar interests. G: The annual ITN Regional meetings provides a useful forum for sharing experiences and infonn~tion. Annual
overviews and development reports which often includes workplans for the following year are distributed. In addition, TNC regularly receives newsletters from NETW AS and CREPA.
4. ·Do you have access to Internet?
5. If so, what is your address? N: [email protected] P: Indirectly through Pis. UP College of Engineering. Z:. [email protected]
Yes N P Z No _l_Q_G
I=ITN,lndia C==CREPA. Burkina Faso N=}.'ETWAS, Kenya P=ITN, Philippines Z=IWSD, Zimbabwe G=TNC, Ghan
6. Do you publish a Newsletter or periodic reports on your center's activities?
Annex3 Page 2 of 18
Yes I C N P Z G No
7. If yes how often and how widely distributed (e.g. only in the region or internationally?) I: Quarterly. Widely distributed internationally. C: Two to four per year to CREPA country units, RWSG Abidjan, donors, and partners in our countries. N: International distribution. Newsletter published 3 times a year. It is intended to publish it 4 times a year from 1995. P: Produced quarterly, circulated internationally. Z: Regionally, annual reports literature about the center (courses, etc.) to mailing list of several hundred. G: Produced three times a year for national sector personnel. Issues are also sent to the RWSGs, other regional ITN centers, IRC, and WEDC. Annual progress reports are also produced.
8. Do you receive follow-up inquiries regarding your newsletter from other centers requesting more detailed information? Yes I C N P Z No _lL
9. If yes: Often .J..Z_ Occasionally C N P Rarely_
10. Do you request more detailed information on activities conducted by other centers?Yes I C N Z No
11. If yes: Often _ Occasionally _l_Q_ Rarely N Z P:once
12. Have your center staff visited projects or programs assisted or promoted by other ITN centers? Yes I C N P Z No _Q_
13. If yes, please indicate: country and project visited and when.
I: Visited the ITN center in the Philippines in 1992. Also visited Nepal and Bangladesh (1989-90) in connection with the: proposed centers. Visit to Nepal in 1992 for a joint training program, for district engineers of the Department of W;uer Supply and Sewerage ofRoyal Gov. ofNepal, in collaboration with RWSG and WEOC. ·
C: Ghana (UNDP-WB WSS project in Bolgatanga) in 1992. .. N: During the ITN Africa annual meetings. Burkina Faso, Zimbabwe and Ghana · ' P: Two staff members visited the All India Instirute in Calcutta during the ITN global meeting held after the Delhi
Cctnference in 1991. Z: In connections with annual managers meetings each year. In 1992 in Nairobi: RWSG and NETW AS. In 1991 in
Ouagadougou: TNC, Kumasi. ·
14. Was the visit useful? 'Nhy or why not?
1: The: visit was useful and provided the opportunity ·for exchange of ideas and experiences: C: Very useful. We learned more about rural sanitation and water supply management including women. N: Yes. The experience gained assisted 1\TETW AS to reflect on its experience and possible areas of adjustment in its
approach. Z: One staff member was familiarizing herself with participatory techniques and benefited a great deal - however most
frt:>m Ron Sawyer at RWSG. Always a useful and valuable experience.
I=ITN, India C=CREPA. Burkina Faso N=:NETWAS, Kenya P=ITN, Philippines Z=IWSD, Zimbabwe G=TNC, Ghana
··:-·. ;.•
B. In the Area of Training
Annex 3 Page 3 of 18
1. Has there been any collaboration between your center and other !TN centers in the joint development of course curricula or training materials?
Yes C N No PZG I: Joint development of course curricula and training materials were generally discussed at the fJ.rSt Asia ITN centers
meeting in Manila in 199~ but were not followed up. At the country level (India) the course materials were developed and submitted to the Ministry of Rural Development.
2. If yes •. please indicate collaborating center, curriculum or subject area.
C~ TNC, NETW AS, and TCWS. Training material and slide and film on building latrines in Africa. N: CREPA - Development of a video on ferrocement tanks. A NETW AS staff member went to Ouagadougou in
1990, and exchange of slides on development ofVIP construction module. TWSD - Evaluation of hygiene materials. Rose Lindode who is seconded by RWSG has been involved in this
activity on behalf ofNETW AS.
3. Has your center made available to ~other ITN centers course curricula or training materials developed by your center? · Yes I C Z G No ..tL.E:. or received materials developed by· other centers? Yes C N P G No lZ._
4. If yes, please indicate to or from which center, subject matter, and terms on which the material was made available.
1: The materials were prepared and given to the National Government for dis!nbu6?D to other proposed ITN centers. C: From TNC-manual on latrine construction (free). N: No curricula sent to other centers. Course curricula for short courses are now under development at NETW AS.
These shall be distnbuted when ready. Training material has been provided to Africa ITN centers during the annual ITN meetings. A ZOPP training manual was sent to ITN Philippines. Curricula has been received from IWSD.
P: From Zimbabwe training center. Z: No terms. Material on a) communications skills, and b) evaluation was circulated. . G: A package ofTNC manuals was given to CREPA during a visit by CREPA staff in 1992. The package included
a manual on hand-dug well construction. TNC also received a number of artisan-focused manuals when TNC staff visited CREPA in December 1990. These were however not very useful since the material was mostly in French.
5. Has your center collaborated in any joint training exercise with other ITN centers? Yes lL No I C P Z G
6. If yes, please indicate collaborating center, subject matter, and number of exercises .
. N: Yes with CREPA and IWSD. CREPA: Development of a ferrocement training module. NETW AS sent a staff member. IWSD: Hygiene evaluation. NETW AS sent staff member.
J=ITN. India C=CREPA, BurkinaFaso N=NETWAS, Kenya P=ITN, Philippines Z=IWSD, Zimbabwe G=TNC, Ghana
Annex 3 Page 4 of 18
7. Has your center provided staff to participate in activities of other centers or received staff from other centers? Yes L No I P G Z
8. If yes, please indicate type of activity for which staffers exchanged, whether you received. staff or provided staff, and on how many occasions.
I: No. But the chief training instructor who was playing a pivotal role has recently been recruited by the EA region. C: CREPA received in 1990 a senior artisan who trained CREPA staff on RWCS. Z: One occasion is mentioned above: Plans are in progress for NETW AS staff to come to Harare for a couple of weeks.
One for exchange on training approaches, one for management experience/exchange.
C. Apolied Research
1. Have you collaborated with other ITN centers in any joint applied research projects?Yes _ No . ..LQ.
2. If yes, please indicate collaborating center, research subject, and when.
D. Other Collaborative Activities
I: None C:None N:None P:None
Please describe any additional collaborative activities carried out with other ITN centers, indicating the nature of the activity, the collaborating partners and year co!"lducted.
G: TNC has in recent months received a request from CREPA to help in the organization of specialized stUdy tours for see1tor personnel from Burkina Faso. TNC has also requested IWSD for information that could help in current efforts at restruC1tUring the institutional setting of the TNC, with a view to learning from the experiences ohhe IWSD in operating as a flexible and self-sustaining unit within a university environment . '
E. Obstacles
If you consider that exchange/collaboration among the various ITN centers have not been adequate to date, what do you consider the obstacle to be? (please ~heck)
1. Little or no felt need on the part of the individual center _e_z
2. Inadequate information on other centers' activities P G C: non-african
3. Insufficient staff or financial resources to pursue ~nkages I C p T
I=ITN, India C=CREP A. Burkina Faso N=NETW AS, Kenya P=ITN, Philippines Z=IWSD, Zimbabwe G=TNC: Ghana
4. Other (please specify):
I: Lack of initiative by international agencies to develop inter-center collaboration and Jack of funding. N: Communication is expensive and sometimes difficult especially between East and West Africa. P: Exchange not in work plan; focus on building up the national network.
Annex 3 Page 5 of 18
Z: A priority has been to establish the program of the center locally and addiess the identified needs. This major task has left little line or opportunity for regional collaboration. Although I must mention the valuable annual meetings which serve to keep us adequately informed of other countries.
G: Language differences with CREPA and poor communication facilities.
II. ITN Center Collaboration with the UNDP-:WB Water and Sanitation Program
A. Collaboration with the RWSGs
1. Has the RWSG based in your region proyided any assistance to your center during the past 2-3 years? Yes I C N PZ .. No
. 2. If yes, please describe the kind of assistance, how often, and the year provided. I: 1brougb holding ofnatiomil workshops (1991) to. facilitate discussions and drawing up ofacrion plans to expand the
network; providing a useful forum like regional workshop (1992) for exchange of ideas and experiences; ITN . training material developed by HQ (1993); facilitative role for assistance from WEDC, Lough borough ( 1992 to date). ·
C: Consultancies -latrinisaticin in 10 schools in Guinea, solid waste management in PADEULAC project in Guinea Participation to CREPA mid-term assessment (1992). Invitation to attend RWSG reorientation i993 in Abidian L-lvitation to attend P ADEULAC workshop in Guinea-
N: Secondment of a participatory trainer, Joint activities in countries ofNETW AS operation, especially training, where relevant.
P: In the last 2 - 3 yrs. (since 1991 ), the following have been provided annually: Preparation of annual work plans. Review of annual accomplishment. report monitoring and advisory visits
In I 992, RWSG assisted in arranging for support to investment projects through the preparation ofBulacan Pilot Project for FW4SP support Likewise, ITN budget support was included through PHI/93/010. RWSG also participated in the joint mid-project ITN evaluation. In 1991, RWSG provided resource person in initial policy
. seminars. Z: Continuously- advice and support while we were a project of the RWSG and more recently, further support in
institutional development. G: RWSG has acted as the executing agency for the "Low-cost Human Waste Management Project" under which the
TNC was originally funded. In this role as executing agency, the assistance received has included the following: staff recruitment and training; management and administrative support; technical support in sector programs; formulation of a development strategy and business plan; supply of sector information and literature; served as the main communication link to the outside world; served as an important link to prospective clients; and has always played an advocacy role especially on negotiation with the authorities at the Univ. of Science and Tech. (See attachment 2 for more details). ·
I=I1N,India .C=CREPA. Burkina Faso N=NETWAS, Kenya P=ITN, Philippines Z=IWSD, Zimbabwe G=TNC, Ghana
3. Has your center provided any assistance to or collaborated with the RWSG on activities/projects supported by the UNDP-WB Program in your region?
Annex 3 Page 6 of 18
Yes I C N P Z G No
4. If yes, please describe the assistance provided by your center (project and country, type of assistance provided, and when).
I: Assistance for project preparation, training and consultancy for the rural wss project in the Birbhum Disnict of West Bengal state in India.
C: CREPA sending 1 annual report, attending RWSG reorientation meeting (1993) N: Participation in RWSG annual conference. Also participation by RWSG in all the NETWAS ZOPP planning
workshops and the NETW AS advisory board meetings. . P: The First HRD Asia Conference was organized/co-hosted by I1N/P in 1992 at Puerto Azul. A workshop on
SARAR Participatory Development Techniques was he!d in June 1992 in Bulacan. The First National NGO Consultation Workshop on Water and Sanitation was coorganized by I1N/P and Approtech Asia in the Philippines in May 1993. This activity was supported by the UNDP and the ISW (International Secretariat for Water). A training program was organized for Indonesian CWSP trainees in April 1993 sponsored by the Program. A training program was organized for Chinese trainees in 1991.
Z: Sector Review - 1992, Drought 1992/93. (These were technical assistance from the center). Country level collaboration 1993 preparation of case study; 1994 facilitation o(regional meeting. 1989-94 Country advice and information. 1991 I1N center proposal for Namibia. Lesotho 1993.
G: Kumasi Sanitation Project: carried out survey. trained managers, documented project. Sector Study: training needs assessment, HRD study, preparation of case S!'.1dy; conducted a survey of sanitation situation in conjunction with Program country office in Accra. (See a.nzc.-..."llent 2 for more details).
5. If your centers involvement in UNDP-WB-RWSG activities in your country or region has been minimal or nn, to what v..-ouid you attribute this?
(a) Lack of information on RWSG activities: _Q_
(b) No request to your center to participate: _I_
(c) Inadequate resources of center to assist: _I_
(d) Other (please specify):
I: The role ofRWSG in ITN is not well defined. The role is not formalized/institutionalized. N: Adequate collaboration. G: Poor communication.
B. Collaboration with Program Headguarters
. '
1. Has the UNDP-WB Program Headquarters in Washington provided any support or assistance to your center during the past 2 or 3 years?
Yes I C N P Z G No_
I=ITN, India C=CREP A, Burkina Faso N=NETW AS, Kenya P=ITN, Philippines Z=IWSD, Zimbabwe G=TNC. Ghana
:~·.:.:";~~~~~·:.;.~ ... ·::. -.
Annex 3 Page 7 of 18
2. If yes, please describe the kind of support/assistance provided, and how useful it was. 1: The ITN training modules. Though the role of HQ was useful in a general sense, its full potential was not realized and
it remained dormant There was no active collaboration except for the initial support and the exchange of newsletters, annual reports, etc.
C: Reception of Program's publications and annual reports N: NETWAS receives regularly new UNDP-WB publications. These publications are useful because (i) they provide
NETWAS with current trends in the sector (ii) they enhance the status of the NETW AS Documentation Centre. P: Program headquarters provided back stopping support during the preparations for the NGO Consultation on Water.
HQ assisted in preparing an ITNIP-based PROWVIESS proposal; resource person support for several workshops including IEC materials development and WID issues. World Bank Publications were received.
Z: Financial - significant Logistics - purchase of equipment
G: Establishment oflinkage with JRC, continuous supply of World Bank publications.
Ill. Center Linkages with Other International institutions
1. Is your center linked with any institution abroad in a twinning/support arrangement? Yes I C N P G No ..z_
2. If yes, which institution (name and loCation). 1: WEDC Loughborough \ C: World Bank N: IRC\\t"D in Switzerland, IRC in the Ha.,aue, SKAT in Switzerland, ENSIC in Bangkok. \VHO, WS Collaborative
CounciL UNICEF. P: lntemationallnstinrte for Hydraulic and EnvironmentaJ Engineering (llffi), Delft, The Netherlands Z: However, discussions are underway on a possible three way link ..,-r.n P.>fF z."ld the University of Zimbabwe. G: IRC, Holland; DANIDA; The British Volunteer Service Overseas; and lJl'<u?.
3. Please describe the kind of support, both financial and technical, which the institution has provided, and how useful it has been.
I: Support for conducting courses, course material development, introducing innovative teaching methods by deputing staff and resource persons.
C: CREPA and its country units are depositories of World Bank publications, consultancies, assessment of project (FEEBA) July 1993.
N: IRCWD: Support in research. Member ofNETWAS Advisory Board. Support in identification of publications on solid waste. IRC: Member ofNETW AS Advisory Board. Joint programs in consultany activities and training. Organizing a joint course in .. Management for Sustainability" in September I 994. To implement a Participatory Action Research project in Kenya in partnership IRC/NETW AS. Support to NETW AS on information including new IRC WSS publications. SKAT: Support in identification of publications in WSS. Recent joint activity was the evaluation ofNETW AS. ENSIC: Information exchange. Advisory service on documentation. WHO: collaboration in the use of W ASAMS, NETW AS receives regularly complementary copies of WHO (WSS) publications. WS Collaborative Council: NETW AS receives publications of Council meetings.
I=ITN, India C=CREPA, Burkina Faso N=NETWAS,Kenya P=ITN, Philippines Z=IWSD, Zimbabwe G=TNC, Ghana
~._,_,__:__ .. --·--·"··-----~·--- ~-~·-·-~----~~ ... - .. ~~ ~---
Annex 3 Page 8 of 18
UNICEF: Collaboration with UNICEF country offices in Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia and Uganda. Degree of collaboration varies. UNICEF is a member ofNETW AS Advisory Board.
P: IHE: Technical and fmancial support; provision of in-house associate experts; technical/management advice through mission. IHE serves are the conduit for the DGIS fund support. UNICEF: Financial support for workshops on development of IEC materials and on sector review. IRC: Training and information materials were procured thru IRC; a documentalist provided to assist in sening up ITN technology information and dis~emination system. AIT/ADB: ENSIC provides training and information materials thru ADB-supported ENSICNET. WEDC: Publications and printed materials CIDA: Supported workshop on gender orientation conducted by ITN/P with the National Commission on the Role of Women. UNDP: The First National NGO Consultation Workshop on Water and Sanitation was co-organized by ITNIP and Approtech Asia in May 1993.
G: IRC: equipped TNC documentation center with sector literature. An invitation has been received from the IRC for provision of technical support to the TNC for the expansion and modernization of the TNC library. DANIDA: Under a contract with DANIDA for the provision of training support to the Volta Water and Sanitation Project, TNC is being provided with equipment, fmance and technical assistance with over US$ 250,000 over the period from 1993 to 1997. The offer includes fmance for short duration courses for six center staff, office equipment and vehicles and the provision of a training advisor for a two year period. BVSO: The VSO has made available, an audio-visual expert who will help the TNC in its effort to develop video documentaries and educational videos for the sector over the period 1994 to 1996. UNDP: TNC was originally sta!ted with UNDP support. This support included provision for S'"..aff:ne:nbers, effie: equipment vehicles and running costs of the center. This support ended in March 1994.
IV. ITN Center Participation in Projects and Programs Supported by The World Bank or Other ESAs
1. Has your center participated in the design implementation or training of personnel for water and sanitation projects supported by any of the above-mentioned organizations?
Yes I C N P Z G:- No_
2. If yes, please indicate the agency, the project, and the nature of your center's involvement. 1: See attachment I. C: ARNET (Topical coordinator for waste removal, waste water stabilization and pot chlorination); Collaborative
Council: CREPA is a member of two working groups: applied research and country collabOration. N: FINNIDA: Evaluation of a project in Western Kenya (with IRC). SID A: Evaluation ofHESA WAin Tanzania (with
IRC). Management for Sustainability Course (Sponsorship of participants by various donors in Eastern Africa) P: ITNIP has provided support to the Bank's First Water Supply, Sanitation and Sewerage Sector Project (FW4SP)
through the implementation of the Bulacan Pilot demonstration project. Likewise, trainers and project staff from FW4SP implementation offices participate in ITN training activities. Basic library and training materials were provided to the FW4SP Project Management Offices. The same staff also implement the Islands I and II project of AOO. .
Z: Many projects here as we provide much of our support to government or ESAs in the form of commissioned training courses, consultancy (project planning or evaluation) and facilitation services.
I=ITN, India C=CREPA, Burkina Faso N=NETW AS, Kenya P=ITN, Philippines Z=IWSD, Zimbabwe G=TNC, Ghana
Ann~x 3 Page 9 of 18
Agencies include: UNDP-WB, UNICEF, WHO, DANIDA, GTZ, NORAD, Save Children Fund, Catholic Development Commission, Govt. of Zimbabwe, and others. Countries include: Zimbabwe, Zambia, Botswana, Lesotho,.Malawi.
G: See attachment 2.
Section II - For the Future
1. Do you consider that closer collaboration with other ITN centers would be useful and beneficial to your center? Yes I C N P Z G No_
2. If yes, in which particular areas (please check, indicating how useful you think the collaboration would be). :
Very Moderate Minimally
(a) Exchange of information on centers' activities ICZG N p
(b) Exchange of information on substantive issues and experience gained in sector.work ICNPZG
(c) Collaboration in joint development or exchange of training curricula and materials ICNG _z_ _E_
(d) Joint research on techno"logies ICP NZG
(e) Joint research on participatory approach CP INTG
(f) Exchange of center staff/experts to strengthen inter-center linkages CP lNG _z_
3 .. · Do you consider that your center could contribute significantly to UNDP-WB Program activities and projects in your.country or region?
Yes I C N PZG No_ Don't know_
4.. . If yes, please indicate in what ways:
(a) Facilitation of contacts with officials/organizations I N P Z · "N: Yes. RWSG and NETW AS normally deal with more or less the same staff in government sector ministries in East
Africa. Thus it is important that each know what the other is doing and, even provide support to each others activities to avoid perceived conflicts by the partner instiwtions.
I=ITN, India C=CREPA, BurkinaFaso N=NETWAS, Kenya P=ITN, Philippines Z=IWSD, Zimbabwe G=TNC, Ghana
(b) Project identification/planning N P G
Annex3 Page 10 of 18
N: Yes. NETW AS can play a key role in project identification because its clientele include govenunent, training institutions, NGOs and community groups. All these are generators of projects. Thus it is easy for NETW AS to be involved with project identification planning.
(c:) Training of project/personnel C N P G N: Yes. This is already happening between RWSG and NETWAS. It should continue.
(d) Monitoring and evaluation I C N P Z G N: Yes. NETWAS has now adequate experience in this area having worked with IRC and others in various evaluation
missions. The Program can therefore effectively use the services ofNETWAS.
(e) Other (please specify): 1: By providing research backup and consultancy services. C: Consultancies N: NETW AS can contribute to UNDP-WB Program in areas where government requests for advisory service in some
areas such as in development of country sector reports. P: HRD assessments, sector srudies, research (hardware and software). Z: Research - learning or piloting ideas from answering critical questions; case srudies; analysis of situations. G: Information support duri."'lg project i::--..?!ementation; docu.1·nentarion of project activities; information dissemination.
5. The Program and the Bank's Water and Sanitation Division have made learning approaches to sector development a priority for their work. At the project level learning requires flexible project designs, process-oriented approaches to implementation, monitoring, and feedback from the early stages into the later stages of project implementation. Local organizations will be needed to help with design and implementation, to train project staff, and to serve as "repositories" for the lessons teamed .
.. (a) Has your center engaged in any field work of this kind, aimed at drawing lessons
and feeding back results? Yes C N P Z G No_
(b) If yes, please Jist the projects you have worked with this way. 1: The center is not exactly involved in the learning that the questionnaire descn"bes. However some of the projects
designed to test out options in order to fmd out suitable ones under different circumstances may qualify as near cousins. Some of the projects: Study on an integrated and ecologically balanced approach for water supply and sanita.tion for the improvement of health, hygiene, and environment of rural communities; water quality surveillance in rural areas development of a model for community based mana.:,oment ( 1991 on-going); production and field testing of newly designed prototype suction pump ( 1991 on-going); monitoring and evaluation of a tara pump based comrnunity water supply program ( 1991 on-going). All sponsored by UNICEF.
C: Assainissement du village de Roumtonga (Burkina Faso), Gestion e~ Revalorisation des proures menageres a Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso).
N: Gelegele Water and Sanitation Project in Kenya, Nyamware Kiunyu Water and Sanitation Project, a jointproject NETW ASIIRC is to start shortly in Kenya. The project is known as "The Role of Communities in the Management
.. oflmproved Rural Water Supplies in Developing Countries" (It c;vers Kenya. Caineroon, Colombia, Guatemala, Nepal and Pakistan). This is a research project based on participatory action research.
P: Bulcan Pilot Demonstration Project.
I=Iru. India C::=CREP A. Burkina Faso N=NETW AS, Kenya P=Iru. Philippines Z=IWSD, Zimbabwe G=TNC, Ghana
Annex 3 Page 11 of 18
Z: Decentralization of management in WS sector of Zimbabwe. Country level collaboration; drought lessons. G: Kumasi Saniation Project, Volta Rural Water and Sanitation Project; and UNDP/GWSC Rural Water and Sanitation
Project (Eastern and Volta Regions). (See attachment 2 for more details).
(c) Is your center interested in collaborating with the Program in this area? Yes I C N P Z G No_
... (d) If so, do yqu presently have the staff and other resources needed?
Yes _z_ No I C P G N: NETWAS' primary objective is to build its capacity and the capacity of its partner institutions. Thus staffwithin the
parttler institutions is considered by NETW AS as a resource which can be tapped. NETW AS therefore considers it has the resources necessary. For instance PALNET whose membership is mainly comprised ofNGOs is a useful T!esource on community managed projects and participatory methods. In addition NETW AS would expect such a new program to come up with resources of some type including funds for running and hiring additional staff as necessary.
P: ITN/Phils is a network; staff and resources may be made available from among the Participating Institutions. This · has to be planned in advance.
(e) If no, what is your estimate of the additional staff or other resources you think you would need?
I: \\'ill depend on the extent of involvement. However 213 project officers and logistic support for mobility and communication (Email) would be required to begin with.
N: This is not possible to determine. You need to study the nature ar1d requirements of the project(s) on individual basis in order to determine. Otherwise NETWAS currently has a well rounded core ofprofessional staffwhich can be expanded as necessary. (engineers, sociologists, public health, information staff).
Z: The staff will be recruited according to the demand. G: Additional resources/support requirements will be modernization of information management system including the
setting up of a computerized database and recruitment/training of an information management export. As well as additionalteclmical staff, the number of which will depend on type and magnitude of assignment, and basic logistics support.
6. In what ways do you think the RWSG in your region could be of Mure assistance to your center?
1: RWSG should use the ITN center for applied research, consultancy services, training programs, and sector work. The . rctle ofRWSG should be formalized/institutionalized in the HRD programs ofthe Ministry ofRural Development
and other key institutions. · C: Exchange ofProgram and joint collaboration of activities of common interest. N: Information exchange/dissemination. Promotion ofNETW AS activities especially training activities to donors and
clients. Participation in NETW AS advisory and management boards. Inviting NETW AS to participate in regionaVcountry meeting organized by RWSG.
P: Sustainabilty is the current issue. ITN/P recently constituted itself into an NGO and is about to embark on a major fu.nd raising and services marketing initiative. Its advocacy function may be adversely affected as it may have to go "where the funds are". Assistance in the following will be needed:
funds generation from international sources advise on fund generating activities teclmical assistance
I=ITN. India C=CREPA, Burkina Faso N=NETWAS, Kenya P=ITN, Philippines Z=IWSD, Zimbabwe G=TNC. Ghana
Annex 3 Page 12 of 18
Cost estimate are: operating cost ofFJ30,000/month (fixed); For training activities, an allocation of Pesos P600 per participant per day is needed.
Z: At present, J feel that we can be of considerable mutual benefit where R WSG maintains high level contacts and we support at implementation levels.
G: TNC has strengthened communication with R WSG-W A and has held joint discussions on possible areas for future cooperation. Based on current needs of the TNC, we have started a process of designing a project which will see the RWSG providing assistance in the foll&wing areas:
Training of trainers in participatory methods and tools ProTflotion of regional level exchanges between 5 prominent national training institutions Assistance with setting up of a national documentation center Developing of national capacity to do information documentation (production of market oriented literature and audio visual material) Setting up of a national level monitoring and evaluation system for documenation and dissemination of water and sanitation sector information.
7. In what ways could UNDP-WB Headquarters be of further assistance?
I: HQ role to be more active in international collaboration, promotional in joint applied research, more committed through funding and T A.
C: Support ot ITN funding by the Program. N: As in question 6. Information on other ITN cen~ in Asia and Latin America. Generating an interest in the donors
to provide funding for ITN activities. P: Same as question 6. Z: IfRWSG is important than so is the ITN. Capa .... ;Li buildL;g, especially promising the right environment for decision
making, is critical to the future of the sector. ITN can provide a network for research, info. dissemination. Headquarters could also assist in center development and collaboration.
G: ProduC1jon of the ITN newsletter; support for improving communication network between the ITNs especially at regiom1llevel. And together with RWSGs, headquarters can help with setting up new centers (providing consultants and resource persons, providing resources, and linking to institutions.)
.. '
8. In what ways could a linkage with some other international institution be useful to your center?
I: In creati:og capacity for development of course materials, teaching methods, and for conduct of courses and their monitoring and evaluation of the expatri~e institution (in the case WEDC) can play a useful role.
C: Exchange of information. N: None identified currently. Usefulness of any institution would depend on the nature of the organization and an
evaluation of its activities vis-a-vis NETW AS activities and objectives. P: Technical assistance and joint projects. Z: Expanding access to expertise. G: TNC is currently in a period of transition-moving from an institution within a rigid university environment and a
period of government/donor support to that of a flexible, marketable self-sustaining institution. There are already · success stories in similar efforts in Zimbabwe which our center can learn from. We are making efforts to link up with sl.llch institutions with the expectation that we can learn from tht;ir experiences. Recently the TNC completed a project document which, if implemented from 1995 as scheduled, will see the TNC working closely with.IHE in the
I;,.ITN, India C=CREP A. Burkina Faso N=NETW AS, Kenya P=ITN, Philippines Z=IWSD, Zimbabwe G=lliC, Ghana
Annex 3 Page 13 of 18
areas of applied research and conducting specialized courses for sector professionals in a manner similar to that. done at IWSD. This effort will be a fulfillment of an important objective which the center has been trying to : achieve.
9. Please add any other comments you would like to make regarding ITN-center linkages and cooperation.
I: A meeting ofJTN centers shoura be organized in 1995 at the global level. Prospective centers and likely donors to be invited. The purpose would be to discuss the future role ofi1N in the context of recent developments in the sector.
C: The Prograni should pursue its support to JTN program which is its own initiative. N: UNDP-\VBprogram should continue to. enhance collaboration among the ITN centers especially the
· Asia/Africa/America JTN centers. It is noted that theWS Collaborative Council meets every two years. The Program can secure invitation to all the 11N centers to attend the WAS SAN CO meeting. Funds can easily be raised from requests to donors to sponsor one or two staff from each of the JTN centers. The Program could ensure that a mini-sum it of 11N centers is held at the same venue as the Collaborative Council meeting.
P: This evaluation misses completely the point about 11N/P being a network; about I1N/P providing support to other organizations in-country to help them do a better job (according to their mandate).
G: From ourpointofview, TNC has been able to collab?rate quite appreciably with the RWSG-WA. The same cannot be said of our association with the I1N centers. Poor communication has been the bane in our effort to seek closer ties, and language differences with CREPA has limited collaboration and has prevented any joint efforts. However, we think that closer ties to a family of institutions wi$ the same ideals and objectives is a good way to ensure sharing of experiences and resources and to strengthen the capabilities of the different centers. We shall therefore welcome any efforts to boost closer ties with the different centers.
I=ITN. India C=CREPA. Burkina Faso N=NETWAS, Kenya P=ITN, Philippines Z=IWSD, Zimbabwe G=TNC, Ghana
Attachment 1 to Annex 3: India
Section I Part IV Question 2
Applied operational research Sponsored by International Agencies (World Bank, UNDP, UNICEF, WHO):
Annex3 Page 14 of 18
Water quality surveillance in rural areas: Development of a model for community based management (1991-ongoing) sponsored by UNICEF. Monitoring and evaluation of a tara pump based community water supply program (1991-ongoing), sponsored by
UNICEF. Production and field testing of newly designed prototype suction pump ( 1991-ongoing), sponsored by UNICEF. Socio-economic and health aspects of recycling of urban solid waste through scavenging (informal sectorj{1989), sponsored by WHO. Study on time/energy savings resulting from improved and ready access to water supply in rural areas ofNepal (I 992-93), sponsored by UNICEF. Study on an integrated and ecologically balanced approach for water supply and sanitation for the imp:ovement of health, hygiene and envirorunent of rural communities (1993-ongoing), sponsored by UNICEF.
Research projects sponsored by national agencies: Conservation and utilization of traditional surface water sources in rural Bengal (1988-1991 ), sponson:d by ilie Ministry of Rural Development, Goverrunent of India; and UNICEF. Poll·.r.ion of g:-o:.:ndw~r sources from on-site sanitation facilities (1983-90), sponsored by UNDPIBARC/Sulabh International. Investigation on the cause of arsenic pollution in ground water (1988-91), sponsored by the Miriistry or Rural Development, Goverrunent of India. Impact 2S.SeS.Srnent o: Ga.~ga action plan on public health (1989-ongoing), sponsored by Ganga Project Directorate, Ministry ofE::·.7or;.;-nent and Forests, Government of India; and the Indian Council of Medical Research. Evaluation of the impact on community health and environment on the Kangsabati River Valley Project (1988-92), sponsored by Central Board of Irrigation and Power, Ministry of Water Resources, Goverrunent oflndia. Quanti1tative and qualitative assessment of cotton mill effluent and development of an appropriate treatment method ( 1990-91 ), sponsored by General Industrial Society, Ltd. A feasibility study on treatment of municipal waste water in pilot-scale laboratory and field model duckweed ponds (1991-93), sponsored by CPHEEO, Ministry ofUrban Development, Goverrunent of India. ;-Air pollution survey for Calcutta traffic islands (1992-ongoing), sponsored by West Bengal Pollution Board
Consultancy services: Evaluation of gravity fed water supply schemes in India (1990), sponsored by UNICEF. Water quality assessment for West Bengal RWSS demonstration project (1991 ), sponsored by RWSG-SA, UNDP-W~B~ . -
Pre-feasibility study on time/energy savings resulting from improyed and ready access to water supply in rural areas of Sudan and Nepal (1990-91), sponsored by UNICEF. Chemical and bacteriological analysis of water samples in the districts of West Bengal in connection with survey of status of drinking water supply in rural habitation (1992), sponsored by the Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India and Public Health Engineering Directorate, Government of West Bengal. Evaluation of iron removal plants (1988-91 ), sponsored by the Ministry of Rural Development, Government oflndia.. Execution of SWM program of CMDA for the municipal areas outside Calcutta and Howrah but within Calcutta Metropolitan District ( 1984-91 ), sponsored by CMDA under the World Bank Project, CUDP-III.
I=ITN, India C=CREPA, Burkina Faso N=NETWAS, Kenya P=ITN, Philippines Z=IWSD, Zimbabwe G=TNC, Ghana
. .... -.. :
Annex 3 Page 15 of 18
Monitoring and evaluation of the performance and efficiency of sewage treatment plants (1989-ongoing), sponsoq:d by CMW&SA, CMDA and Public Health Engineering Directorate (Government of West Bengal). Monitoring and performance evaluation of the effluent treatment plant of Daruami Coal Complex (1991-92), sponsored by Coal India, Ltd. (Dankuni Coal Complex). Improvement of performance of existing effluent treatment plant of consolidated fibers and chemicals limited at Haldia (1 994-ongoing), sponsored by Consolidated Fibers and Chemicals, Ltd. Improving the performance of effluent treatment plant at Bengal Distilleries, Bhadrakali, West Bengal (1993-ongoing), sponsored by Shaw Wallace and Company, Ltd.
Attachment 2 to Annex 3: Ghana
Section I Part II Question 2 11. Staff Recruitment and Training
The RWSG local office in Accra has been involved in the identification, screening and recruitment of most of the TNC core staff since the inception of the Center, including three Project-specific personnel who have been recruited over the past two years. Organization of training support has been minimal in the last two years due to a cutback in UNDP support during that period, but before then the RWSG (Accra) was heavily involved in providing (i} resource persons (included Letitia Obeng from RWSG, Abidjan, ~on Sawyer from RWSG, Nairobi and Sue Laver from Zimbabwe) for specialized training ofTNC staff in such ~as as workplanning, participatory medlods and development of artisan-focused manuals; and (ii) organ~tion of study tours (in-country and external) for Center staff.
ii. Management and administra.tive s-.:ppo:t in area.S such as logistics, workplanning, and budgeting and financial management and procurement
iii. Technical Support in Se::or Programs e.g. "Six S:econdary Cities Sanitation study which was conducted 1992/93 and two National Human Resource Development Studies in 1990 and 1992 respectively.
iv. Formulation of a Developing Strategy and Business Plan for the TNC in 1992/93.
v. Supply of Sector informationlliterature through its Country office in Accra- The TNC routinely receives sector information from the RWSG (Accra and Abidjan) since the Center's inception.
vL With the poor telecommunication facilities in Kumasi where the TNC is located, the RWSG (Accia) has seJrved as the main communication linkage to the outside world since the inception of the TNC.
vii. . On an informal level, the RWSG has served as an important linkage to prospective clients, for example (i) the RWSG was involved in ensuring that the TNC is involved in a formulation mission for the DANIDA-sponsored Volta WateJr and Sanitation Project, a step that ultimately contributed to the 1NC's role as the training consultant for the project (ii) the World Bank was involved in getting TNC involved in the National HRD study in 1992 which ultimately led to our involveJment as the main institution for training and institutional development in the World Bank sponsored Community Water Supply and Sanitation Project.
viE.·. The RWSG has always played an advocacy role especialJy on negotiations with the authorities of the University of Science and Technology who are our host institution, on the issue of granting a level of flexibility and semi-autonomy within the University framework
I=ITN, India C=CREPA, Burkina Faso N="li.'ETW AS, Kenya P=ITN, Philippines Z=IWSD, Zimbabw~ G=TNC, Ghana
Section I Part I Question 4 The center has been involved in the following activities and projects with the R WSG
I. Kumasi Sanitation Project (KSP)
Annex 3 Page 16 of 18
Conservancy system in Kumasi study (1990)- TNC carried out this survey, the outcome of the which was used in the Project Design
Training of line Managers within the Kumasi Sanitation Project (1991) TNC conducted an orientation workshop for this group of peoples as pan of effort to establish a competent Waste Management Division within the Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly.
Documentation of Project activities for replication in other cities (on-going); the KSP is testing technologies and implementation approaches. Lessons learned would be disseminated in other cities and countries. TNC has been active in documenting activities with the R WSG, organized a national workshop to disseminate the lessors learnt from the KSP to national and regional level sanitation planners in February 1992.
2. Sector Studies
National level training needs assessment for the Sector ( 1990) HRD study and preparation of working paper on training as pan of studies towards the formulation of a
National Sector Strategy. Preparation of case study on the sanitation component of the UNDP-Sponsored Community Water and
Sanitation Project in the Volta Region (1993) Six secondary Cities Sanitation Project (a survey of sanitation situation) done in conjunction with RWSG
(Accra) in 1992/1993.
Section I Part IV Question 2 Details of Support to ESA-sponsored Projects include the following:
1. The Kumasi Project:
The ThlC was involved in the formulation of this Project and has to a limited extent been involved in its monitoring and evaluation. Outputs in this regard have included: · ;-
Planning studies workshops to support institutional strengthening monitoring and evaluation, preparation of audio-visual documentaries organization of a national workshop to disseminate lessons l~t from the project
2. Volta Region water and Sanitation Project
TNC was involved in a formulation mission for this Project. Subsequently it was contracted. to provide pre-service training support to two levelS of extension officers on the Project Currently TNC is implementing a contract involving the provision oftraining and project information support Details of the contract which spans from 1993 to 1997 include~;:
Evaluation of the impact of project training, the curricula and training materials used on the project Retraining and on-the-job coaching of Project staff Design and development of a participatory tool kit for the Project extension team
Development and refmement of training materials for Projeq team and community groups including audio ~als ·
I=ITN, India C==CR.EPA. Burkina Faso N=NETW AS, Kenya P=ITN, Philippines Z=IWSD, Zimbabwe G=TNC, Ghana
Design and development of project information support materials logos project information brochures visual communication support e.g. posters video documentaries
institutional development of pre-service training institutions in the Volta Region.
Annex 3 Page 17 of 18
3. UNDP/GWSC Water and Sewerage Corporation (Water and Sanitation Projects in Eastern and Volta Regions) TNC served as training consultant fcrr the UNDP Volta Region Project and is acting in that same capacity on the UNDP Eastern Region Project, the scope of activities include:
Development of training programs, materials arid actual conduct of training programs for the following groups of people
project extension officers district Project Management team district managers handpump mechanics latrine construction artisans con1munity groups, including water and sanitation committees, women groups, handpump caretakers
Project Information Support design of logos production of project information book!~ etc . .
4. UNICEF (Ghana) Water and Sanitation Project
TNC is providing support to District Level Project managers and service providers in its Water and sanitation project in the Eastern Region of Ghana. ':,
5. · World Bank/GWSC Community Water and Sanitation Project
TNC has since February this year been involved in an on-going project which covers four out of Ghana's ten regions in provision of:
institutional development support to the newly established Community Water and Sanitation Division (CWSD) of the Ghana Water and Sewerage Corporation Provision of training support to the newly established CWSD and Project staff Development of training materials, curricula and methods to support the national Community Water and Sanitation Program.
6. Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)
TNC has provided training support to line managers on the CIDA-sponsored GWSC "General Assistance Project" in basic skills including the use of participatory techniques during a workshop in May 1994.
Section I Part IV Question Sb List of Projects include:
i. . Kumasi Sanitation Project in which TNC has been involved in:
..... .-·} l=ITN,)ndia C=CREP A. Burkina Faso N=NETW AS. Kenya P=ITN. Philippines Z=IWSD, Zimbabwe G=TN~. Ghana
planning studies training audio-visual documentation of Project activities monitoring and evaluation applied research information dissemination of lessons learnt to other sector players
ii. Volta Rural Water and Sanitation Project in which TNC has been involved in: Project formulation pre-service training of project staff
Annex 3 Page 18 of 18
design and implementation of in-service training for project staff including on the job coaching of extension Staff documentation of project activities dissemination of lessons learnt
iii. UNDP/GWSC Rural Water and Sanitation Project (Eastern/Volta Regions)
Design of training module for the project Preparation of case studies and audio-visual documentation of Project Dissemination of lessons learnt
.. '
I=ITN, India C=CREP A, Burkina Faso N=NETW AS, Kenya P=ITN, Philippines Z=IWSD, Zimbabwe G=TNC, Ghana - -
A~'EX 4 \Vhat are the Centers Doing? What are the Areas of Focus? (Points 1 (c) and 2 of the TOR)
I. NET\VAS
NETW AS activities have focused on following:
Documentation, information, and co~unication;
Annex 4 Page 1 of 12
Training, both in (i) technologies and (ii) approaches and methodologies; Advisory (consultancy) services in the areas of hardware and software; and NETW AS has not been active in the area of research.
Documentation and Information Dissemination
1. NETW AS has assembled an impressive collection of books, articles, handbooks, training materials etc. on conununity water supply and sanitation at its headquarters. The Evaluation Team reports that the library is in demand and considered to be of a high quality. .
2. Numerous books have been donated by NETW AS to other institutions, including AUREFIEHL and several schools of hygiene (see lists, SKAT Evaluation - Vol. 2, Annex 15).
3. Four Documentation Centers hav·~ been improved, namely: ..
(a) -Water Deveiopment Deparonent, Kampala, Uganda (b) School of Hygiene, Kampala, Uganda (c) School of Hygiene and Enviromnental Studies (d) Muhimbile Health Officers School
Assistance provided by NETW AS has included: training of staff; donation of books!ITN training modules and other training materials; and provision of equipment, furniture and repair of facilities.
4. NETW AS continues to send them books, articles from periodicals, reports, newsletters, brochures etc. A newsletter is issued three times a year. The Evaluation T~ reports that the documentation centers are reasonably well organized and that a fairly high percent of concerned persons (40%) are receiving the materials.
s. A weakness of the Centers is that most do not have their own full-time secretary or typist, .which makes it difficult for staff to compile and send their accession lists to NETWAS.
~~~;i.ii+¥~D;-._~., s.··~::·':":_; - .·
Trainim!IHRD Activities
Annex 4 Page 2 of 12
1. Training activities have been focussed mainly on dissemination of low-cost technologies and improvement of staff skills, but not systematically on institution-building to strengthen national capacities. More recently, there has been a shift away from technology to training in participatory methodologies.
2. A total of 104 workshops and seminars were conducted between 1985 and 1994, attended by 1,319 participants, or an average of 13 per workshop. [Evaluation, Vol. 1, p-34]. NETW AS also sponsored three candidates for post-graduate training in Public Health and Public Health Engineering.
3. Participants in the workshops/seminars included policymakers, librarians, medical-clinical officers; public health officers/technicians; water committee members from self-help groups; researchers; and trainers [see Evaluation Report, Vol. II, Annex 14 for a complete list of workshops and categories of participants].
4. Training was organized in six countries served by NETW AS, but mainly in Kenya and to a lesser extent in Uganda and Tanzania. When possible, training has been conducted in conjunction with demonstration projects organized by NETW AS.
5. Weaknesses cited by the Evaluation Team
(a) Training has been based more or less on top-down ad hoc decisions rather than on a syst.err.atic assessrnelli of training needs/market analysis.
(b) Insufficient attention to the quality of the trai:".ing and evaluation- of the workshops/seminars.
(c) Not focussed sufficiently on the development of indigenous training capacity in the countries of the region.
(d) Not much emphasis on promoting skills of women per se, but the participation of women in participatory methodology workshops has been- on the infrease.
Advisorv/Consulting Services
1. Eight consultancies were carried out by NETWAS between 1991 and 1993.
2. These included: [see complete list- Eva!. Vol. II, Annex 16]
(a) Evaluation of three water supply and sanitation projects, funded respectively by FINNIDA, SIDA and the International Red Cross (IRC);
(b) Three construction workshops for the IRC and Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent;
(c) Workshop on women's involvement in WSS projects for the IRC; and (d) Evaluation of the UNICEF-supported child survival and development program
in Kenya. · ~
Annex 4 Page 3 of 12
ll. CREPA
CREPA activities have been concentrated in the following fields:
Training, principally in low-cost appropriate technologies (AT); Information and exchange of experience; and Applied research and demonstration.
Training
· 1. Approximately 1 ,000 persons have been provided with AT training through seminars and workshops organized by CREPA and its various local antennae according to a mid-term evaluation.
2. Participants have included decision-makers, engineers, technicians, trainers, artisans, communication specialis.ts, and WID specialists, as well as students of the Regional Rural Engineering College (EIER) and the Regional Water Resources and Rural Works Technical College (ESTHER). No detailed list of the training exercises held is available, and it is not clear where the progiams were held, or which countries sent participants. The subject of training is described as generally on appropriate technology, which is stated in the Evaluation Report to 'include both "appropriate technology and community base approaches.· . The acrual mix of technology elements versus participatory approaches has not been determined; but it appears that the main focus has been on technology usinf! the ITN-develooment IIla!eria.!s and modules. - -
' .· 3. Beginning in 1993, following re.Commendations of the mid-term evaluation, more
emphasis is being placed on training in participatory methods. Specific activities in this area include:
(a)
(b)
(c)
A workshop in participatory approaches was organized for CREP A staff in November 1993; A unit for the training of WSS engineers and technicians in such approaches has also been organized; and Similar units are said to be planned for national decision-makers, school trainers, representatives of national CREPA units and NGOs.
4. Weaknesses/Questions 'cited by the Evaluation Team
(a) It is not clear who ultimately benefits from the AT promotion policy. Are they the poorer, largely unserved groups? .
(b) The approach 1to training appears to have been largely ad hoc and top-down, ·without adequate HRD needs assessment and market analysis.
Annex 4 Page 4 of 12
Information and Exchange of Experience
To date, only limited efforts have been made in this field.
1. A documentation center has been established at CREPA headquaners, but there is little information dissemination.
2. Four issues of Imo-CREPA have been published, but distribution is limited. Content is devoted largely to meeting reports and research results.
3. The National Antennae are also weak in this area. TV and radio programs air occasionally, but public debates and similar events are seldom held.
4. The Evaluation Team attributes inaction in this field to lack of relevant experience among CREP A staff and inadequate financial resources.
Applied Research and Demonstrations .
1. In this area, CREPA has initiated micro-projects aimed at the testing, adaptation, and dissemination of reliable low-cost technologies, with emphasis on demonstrations rather __ than experimentation (which had been carried out in other regions).
2. The main topics have been:
3.
(a) on-site sanitation (VIP latrines; pour-flush toilets; oxidation ponds; wastewater treattnent (at EIER); groundwater contamination; and septic tanks;
(b) groundwater purification (de-ironing plants and continuous well chlorination); and (c) rainwater collection and storage (rainwater catchment tanks).
Weaknesses cited by the Evaluation Team: .. '
(a) CREPA's efforts in sanitation are "more convincing" than those in drinking water supply; and
(b) the research activities have involved panicipation by the end-users only marginally.
m. TNC - Ghana
Note: No independent evaluation report on this center is available. The following summary of its activities is drawn from the Status Report for the year 1993 prepared for the· ITN Managers' Meeting held in Kenya November 29-30, 1993. TNC activities have been concentrated in the following fields:
.. :··· :. -:
training and training support activities; documentation and information dissemination;
Annex 4 Page 5 of 12
advisory services in the areas of institutional development and sector work; and applied research, which, however, was relatively minor during the year.
Training
Note:
1.
Training activities were carried out mainly in conjunction with the center's involvement with three field projects: (1) the UNDP/GWSC Water and Sanitation Project; (2) the DANIDA/GWSC Volta Rural Water and Sanitation Project; and (3) a UNICEF Project in the Eastern Region of Ghana. Activities during 1993 include:
training needs assessments; curriculum development; training materials development; and organization of training workshops.
2. Eleven workshops were held, most of them for three to four days, with several lasting 10-15 days and one for 25. The total number of persons participating were 421 (see list attached to the Status Report). ·
l
3. Participants in the workshops included: project extension officers; members of zonal water and sanitation management committees; community groups, women's groups; private artisans; and handpump mechanics community based handpump caretakers; and urban waste management personnel.
4. In addition, lectures on low-cost technological options were delivered to civil engineering students of the Department of Ci~ Engineering.
·'
5. Several in-house wcrkshops were held to improve staff skills in tr •• uw.J.g material preparation· and consultancy management. Newly recruited staff were provided with onthe-job coaching.
Documentation and Information Dissemination
1. The Center's documentation center is said to have an impressive stock of training materials and literature produced in Ghana as a result of an HRD survey undenaken in January 1993.
2. The year also saw a sharp rise in the number of sector personnel and university community members who use the library, and in the number of NGO representatives who visited the Center.
3. As a result of the HRD survey, a computerized data base of resource persons in the water and sanitation sector in Ghana has been initiated. The aim is to identify candidates for future participation in training events or methodology as well as materials development activities.
....
Annex 4 Page 6 of 12
4. A case study on the sanitation component of the UNDP/GWSC Project in the Volta Region was carried out. Lessons learned in the replication of the Mozambique slab-type latrine will be disseminated to projects in Ghana.
5. Information booklets and other promotional material were produced for the Volta Water and Sanitation Project.
6. The TNC newsletter (circulation about 1,000) is a main vehicle for dissemination of sect_or information. Two issues had been released at the time of the Status Repon, with a third expected.
Advisorv Services
1. Panicipation in the development of a Strategic Invesnnent Plan for Community Water Supply and Sanitation: Center involvement included:
(a) a national survey of HRD activities in the sector, followed by the preparation of an HRD paper for the Sector Strategy; and ·
(b) regional surveys to assess the potential of NGOs to panicipate in the program.
2. Analysis of waste management in eleven secondary cities.
3. Advisory suppon was provided for the planning and organization of regional stan-up workshops for the DA1.,.1DA V~lta Project and UN"DP Community Water Supply Project.
4. A TNC member panicipated in the mid-term revi..-w of the u1'-t1CEF-supponed Water and Sanitation Projects.
Applied Research
1. Specific areas of research included:
(a) performance of public latrines; (b) characterization of septic tank effluent; (c) private-sector performance in waste management; and
.. '
(d) perfo~ce of night-soil ponds in Ghana (thr~ugh linkage with IRCWD).
2. Most of these activities were conducted in conjunction with the Department of Civil Engineering of UST, and the UNDP-WB RWSG for West Africa.
Note: No information is given in the Status Repon regarding the documentation that emerged from these activities, or to what extent it was disseminated.
Atmex 4 Page 7 of 12
IV. IWSD- Zimbabwe (formerly TCWS)
. . . . -;.
~ . . . . . . .. ·: ...
Note: No independent evaluation report on this Center is available. The source of the following information is the Terminal Report dated December 17, 1993, covering the period 1989 - 1993.
IWSD activities have focussed on training, technical support, information services, and research.
Training
1. The Center's training activities have included:
(a) open courses which are applied for by candidates from goverrunent depamnents, local authorities, and NGOs working in Zimbabwe and the southern Africa region; and ·
(b) commissioned courses and workshops organized at the specific request of an agency organization and tailored to the specific needs of the requesting entity. Emphasis on commissio~ed courses and workshops has increased over the years.
:
2. · Twenty-two courses and workshops were organized during the period 1989-1993. A total of 435 participants have received 1445 weeks of training.
3 .
4.
5.
6.
Subjects covered have included both hardware and software elements of water and sanitation development including:.'
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
low-cost technology options; installation and maintenance of handpumps; water supply technology for peri-urban and rural areas; planning, management, moriitoring and evaluation of ws projects; health and hygiene promotion; and participatory methodologies.
Detailed information of the categories of personnel trained is not available, but the training appears to have been focussed mainly on the training for trainers, in keeping with the centers', primary objective of capacity-building.
Participants have been drawn from nine countries of Africa, in addition to Zimbabwe, namely: Zambia, Botswana, Mozambique, Malawi, Tanzania, Kenya, Lesotho, Nigeria and Swaziland; and from numerous organizations and agencies (see Annex I of the Terminal Report for detailed list.)
In addition to the above c-ourses and workshops the Center has conducted training at the University of Zimbabwe (its host institution) mainly with the Departments of Rural and Urban Planning and for Agriculture students.
Technical Support Activities
These have included:
AIIDex 4 Page 8 of 12
1. Support in the organization and implementation of numerous international and national meetings on sector issues (see list attached to Terminal Report as Annex 2);
-2. Facilitation of planning and evaluation workshops;
3. Undertaking of 28 specific studies commissioned by Government and External Support Agencies (see Annex 3 of Terminal Report for the list of Reports produced· by these studies);
4. Participation in project evaluations in Malawi and Lesotho; and
5. Assistance in the proposed development of an ITN Center in Namibia.
Information Services
1. The center has developed a compu~erized library containing over 1,300 books, reports, and informal publications on the water and sanitation sector in Zimbabwe and other countries of southern Africa. New acquisitions are being added continuously. The library is reported to be used extensively by university and government staff, as well as course participants.
2. A mailing list of several hundred persons and organizations active in the sector has been developed and is continually being up-dated. News on the activities of the center and upcoming courses are transmitted to this list. .
Research
The center has been involved in the following research activities:
.. '
1. A study of the health impact of improved water supplies, in collaboration with the Swiss Tropical Institute and the Blair Research laboratory, has been underway for three years.
2. Research studies conducted by government staff and funded through a small-grants program funded by IDRC. Three have been completed to date:
(a) Effectiveness of Health Education; (b) Strengthening Community Participation; and (c) Control of Mosquitoes in Sewage Effluent .
. 3. Limited support has also been provided ay the center for the ·supervision of research projects of undergraduate students of the university's department of civil engineering.
· ..
Annex 4 Page 9 of 12
V. ITN Philippines
••• • ..J • ••
ITN Phillippines activities have been concentrated in the following fields:
Development of a National ITN Network in the Philippines; Training and education; Documentation and dissemination of information; and Applied res.earch.
Networking
1. Within the Philippines network there were originally (in 1990) 12 participating institutions (Pis). One was dropped because of inactivity in 1991, and six new ones added in 1992, bringing the present number to 17. The new ones are located and/or have operations outside of Manila, broadening the scope of the network.
2. In addition, the network has 20 affiliated members.
Training and Education
.This has been a major activity of the center since its establishment. The Program consists of:
1. training of trainers courses (implemented by the center);
2.
3.
courses implemented by non-academic Participating Institutions (PI) (with subsidy from tbe C.:nter); and
courses implemented by academic Pis.
most courses have been delivered by TNC staff, with some assistance from resource persons, and much of the materials used are the original ITN training modules. Subjects covered in the courses have included low-cost water supply and sanitation technologies; community management, and curriculum development. Participants have included trainers, students, project _implementors, researchers, field workers, etc.
· · Note: No detailed breakdown is available on the number of courses held, the number of participants trained, or the various categories of participants.
.. -.
4. Training materials improvement is a continuing activity of the center. Work in this area has included:
(a) .adaptation of the original ITN trammg materials to local conditions and
(b)
experiences, starting with the module on health aspects, and· the three most frequently used sub-modules; and
development of a new module in videotape format on a. ferrocement rainwater catchment task, and ferrocement latrine.
Annex 4 Page 10 of 12
Documentation and Dissemination of Information
1. ITN activities in this area have thus far focussed on the improvement of existing libraries of the Participating Institutions.
2. Specific activities have included:
(a) provisio~ of complete sets of ITN trammg modules and ITN basic library materials to the PIS, along with equipment including computers, slide projectors, and photo copying machines;
(b) maintenance of the ENSICNET computerized bibliographic data base of sector documents;
(c) development of library networking; (d) seminars and workshops for library staff development; and (e) publication of a quarterly newsletter.
Research
1. Research thus far has been concentrated mainly on training materials development, including assessment of the relevance of the original ITN materials and the development · of more appropriate materials.
2. A few other research activities have been initiated by various PIS, including research into community panicipation. (no additional detaiis available).
3. Weaknesses identified by the Evaluation Tea=:
(a) excessive reliance on the original ITN training modules, most of which were developed 10 years ago, and are not country-specific.
· (b) the Research Program is too narrow and should be broadened to inchide:
Preparation of an issues paper on sector policy/institutional environments as they affect service provision to poorer communities;
Case studies of successful projects; and
An analytical report of experience gained in the initial phase of the ITN/Philippines (now underway).
The Philippine Network bas not yet developed linkages with major investment projects,.specifically, the UNDP-WB FW 4 SP project or the WB-funded National Urban Sewerage and Sanitation Strategy Plan and Feasibility Studies (NUSS) Project. The Center prepared an eight-point program indicating bow and where it could be of assistance in the former of these two projects (at the regional of the PCC), but nothing has materialiZed according to the Evalution Report.
Annex 4 Page 11 of 12
VI. ITN Center - India
.•. • : ~ .<P. • •
ITN - India activities have been concentrated in training, documentation and information dissemination, and applied research.
Training
The center offers .. two types of training programs:
1. Training courses of about five days duration; and
2. Workshops of 1 to 2 days duration.
3. From the center's inception in April 1991 to March 1993, 46 courses and workshops · were held, in which a total of 1062 trainees participated.
4. . The courses targeted: i .
(a) instructors of engineering colleges, community polytechnics and polytechnics; and
(b) practicing engi;leers and other sector professionals (including social scientists/chemists and biologists).
5. Subjects have included rural Water supply and waste management; low-cost sanitation; handpumps O&M; O&M of gravity-feed rural water supply; .. wr--- quality surveillance; health, sociocultural and communication aspects of rural WSS; and low-cost options for solid waste management and drainage systems for rural and peri-urban·-ar~.
6. Workshops have been considerably fewer in number than courses and have covered such subjects as water quality protection, project management, and community panicipation
7.
· (for NGO leaders and engineers); course curriculum design (for technical education instructors) and development of HRD programs (for policymakers). Participants have included NGO leaders, chief engineers, and panchayat functionaries.
In addition, two more camps on rural WSS for villagers were organized during 1992 .
[For a list of programs held during 1992- 1993, with details of subject, number and type of participants, see the center's Annual Report, April 1992 - March 1993, Page 12 - 14. The Pro~ outlined in the repqn for 1993-1994 is very similar to the above].
Documentation and. Information Dissemination
.. 1. The center mirintains a library of sector documentation (no details available) .
Annex 4 Page 12 of 12
2. Training manuals are continuously updated on the basis of evaluations carried out after each .training program. Nine course manuals have been prepared.
3. Preparation of training manuals in regional and national languages is underway.
4. A quarterly newsletter is published and circulated to institutions in India and abroad, as well as to all Qther ITN centers. Topics concerned include center activities, future activities planned, articles on sector issues, etc.
Applied Research
Note: The Annual Report of the ITN Center for 1992- 1993, lists "applied research" as one of the Center's activities (p. 2), but no such activities are described in the report.
However, The host institution, the Deparnnent of Sanitary Engineering of the All India InStitute of Hygiene and Public Health, lists numerous research (and consulting activities) in the report on "Recent Acti¥ities" (February 1993). · These appear to be activities carried out by other units of the deparnnent, and not the ITN Center as such, although
· the Center may be involved in some of them.
In short, the role of the center in research and consultancy work is not clear from the available documents.
.. '