water and nutrition only]

8/6/2019 Water and Nutrition Only]

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Water and NutritionWater and Nutrition

"An ounce of practice is worth"An ounce of practice is worthmore than tons of preaching"more than tons of preaching"

Mohandas GandhiMohandas Gandhi


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Water is Essential for lifeWater is Essential for life

But 1:8 of the world'sBut 1:8 of the world'spopulationpopulation does not havedoes not haveaccess toaccess to it (WHO/UNICEF)it (WHO/UNICEF)

Worldwide, 2.5 billion peopleWorldwide, 2.5 billion people(2/5) live without this essential(2/5) live without this essentialservice.service.


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Food insecurity in the worldFood insecurity in the world World hunger is increasingWorld hunger is increasing

High food prices share much of theHigh food prices share much of theblameblame

The poorest, landless and femaleThe poorest, landless and female--headedheadedhouseholds are the hardest hithouseholds are the hardest hit

Initial governmental policy responsesInitial governmental policy responseshave had limited effecthave had limited effect

High food prices are also an opportunityHigh food prices are also an opportunity

AAcomprehensive twincomprehensive twin--track approach istrack approach isrequired.required.


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Water sourcesWater sources Barely 3% of the water in theBarely 3% of the water in the

planet is freshwaterplanet is freshwater

The sources of water:The sources of water:

Surface water; lakes, rivers,Surface water; lakes, rivers,streams, or other fresh waterstreams, or other fresh watersources used for drinking watersources used for drinking watersupplies, or/andsupplies, or/and

Groundwater; any subsurfaceGroundwater; any subsurface

water that occurs beneath thewater that occurs beneath thewater table in soil and otherwater table in soil and othergeologic forms, 95% of allgeologic forms, 95% of allfreshwater available for drinking.freshwater available for drinking.


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Present and future waterPresent and future water

requirements for feeding humanity.requirements for feeding humanity.M. Falkenmark & J. RockstrM. Falkenmark & J. Rockstrm & L. Karlbergm & L. Karlberg

Special attention to be paid to the agriculturalSpecial attention to be paid to the agriculturalproduction potential of the semiarid tropics.production potential of the semiarid tropics.

The increasing river depletion in irrigated regionsThe increasing river depletion in irrigated regions Food production is one of the worldFood production is one of the worlds largest freshwaters largest freshwater

consuming sectors, and that the process of growingconsuming sectors, and that the process of growingbiomass consumes huge volumes of water (an adequatebiomass consumes huge volumes of water (an adequatediet consumes in the order of 1,000diet consumes in the order of 1,000 1,3001,300m3/capita/year).m3/capita/year).

For 2030, would require an average production of 3,000For 2030, would require an average production of 3,000kcal/capita/day, Assuming that 20% of this is animalkcal/capita/day, Assuming that 20% of this is animal

protein, an estimated 1,300 m3/capita/year ofprotein, an estimated 1,300 m3/capita/year offreshwater would be neededfreshwater would be needed

Two thirds of the total water requirement for foodTwo thirds of the total water requirement for foodproduction is used for animal based food items.production is used for animal based food items.

It was assumed that only 50% of the total waterIt was assumed that only 50% of the total wateravailability on permanent grazing lands could be usedavailability on permanent grazing lands could be usedsustainablysustainably


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Results: Water deficitsResults: Water deficits

Cumulative countryCumulative country

--based foodbased food

water requirements by 2050water requirements by 2050

amounts to approximately 14200amounts to approximately 14200

kmkm33/year SRES/year SRES--A2 populationA2 population

projection and to 11900projection and to 11900 kmkm33/year/yearfor the UN medium projection.for the UN medium projection.

Water availability 2050: 8,085Water availability 2050: 8,085 kmkm33

/year/year

Water decifit 2050:Water decifit 2050: 6130 or 38006130 or 3800kmkm33/year/year


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Countries colour coded according to water availability forCountries colour coded according to water availability for

food selffood self--sufficiency. Those with


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What options areWhat options arethere to meet these massive waterthere to meet these massive water

deficits?deficits?

Water productivity improvements: 15%Water productivity improvements: 15%

extra of blue waterextra of blue water Irrigation expansionIrrigation expansion

Contribution from grazing on permanentContribution from grazing on permanentpasture landspasture lands


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DiscussionDiscussion

In 2050: 1/3 worldIn 2050: 1/3 worlds population will live ins population will live in

each of the three regions: those that export,each of the three regions: those that export,those that import and those that have tothose that import and those that have toexpand their croplands.expand their croplands.

3.83.84.2 billion people will live in regions which4.2 billion people will live in regions whichcannot produce enough food on currentcannot produce enough food on currentcroplands.croplands.

Cropland expansion; transforming grazing, canCropland expansion; transforming grazing, canonly cover less than 1/3 of the neededonly cover less than 1/3 of the neededcropland expansioncropland expansion

By 2050 Food exporting countries will beBy 2050 Food exporting countries will belocated in N America, C America, the formerlocated in N America, C America, the former

Soviet region, southern African countries andSoviet region, southern African countries andsome European countries with plenty ofsome European countries with plenty ofcropland area and surplus freshwatercropland area and surplus freshwaterresources.resources.


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Water ResourcesWater Resources The blue water is defined as the generatedThe blue water is defined as the generatedrunoff stored in aquifers, lakes, wetlands andrunoff stored in aquifers, lakes, wetlands andreservoirs, flux of surface and subreservoirs, flux of surface and sub--surfacesurfacerunoff.runoff.

The green water is the rainwater to theThe green water is the rainwater to theextent it does not become runextent it does not become run--off; Composedoff; Composedby nonby non--productive green water flowproductive green water flow(evaporation) and productive green water(evaporation) and productive green waterflow (plant transpiration).flow (plant transpiration).

The grey water refers the volume ofThe grey water refers the volume offreshwater that is required to assimilate thefreshwater that is required to assimilate theload of pollutants given natural backgroundload of pollutants given natural backgroundconcentrations and existing ambient waterconcentrations and existing ambient waterquality standard.quality standard.

Water footprint of a productWater footprint of a product; is the; is the

volume of freshwater used to produce thevolume of freshwater used to produce theproduct, measured over the full supplyproduct, measured over the full supplychain.*chain.*

LossesLosses occur when water evaporates,occur when water evaporates,returns to another catchment area or the seareturns to another catchment area or the seaor is incorporated into a product.or is incorporated into a product.


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Categories of use of waterCategories of use of water

Commercial waterCommercial water Domestic useDomestic use

Industrial waterIndustrial water

Irrigation waterIrrigation water Livestock waterLivestock water

Mining waterMining water

Public Supply waterPublic Supply water

Thermoelectric Power waterThermoelectric Power water


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Americas Region: USAAmericas Region: USA Most of the water use is fresh water,Most of the water use is fresh water,

about 85%, and 15% saline water.about 85%, and 15% saline water.

1995: The majority of fresh1995: The majority of fresh--waterwaterwithdrawals; about 77% came fromwithdrawals; about 77% came fromsurfacesurface--water sources, while aboutwater sources, while about22% from groundwater.22% from groundwater.

Over 80% of total agriculturalOver 80% of total agriculturalproduction in the United States isproduction in the United States isused to feed animals, not humanused to feed animals, not humanbeings directly, and most animal feedbeings directly, and most animal feed

is produced for ruminants (cattle).is produced for ruminants (cattle). 100 gallons:100 gallons: $34.39 in Phoenix$34.39 in Phoenix$65.47 in Boston$65.47 in Boston


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BrazilBrazil 60% of the60% of theinvestment for sojainvestment for soja

plantations comesplantations comesfrom USAfrom USA

In the last 30 yearsIn the last 30 years20% of the Amazon20% of the Amazon

has been deforestatedhas been deforestated

Has 14% water fromHas 14% water fromthe world (Africa 9%)the world (Africa 9%)


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Lider Companies:Lider Companies:

ADM, Illinois, USAADM, Illinois, USA

Bunge, USABunge, USA

Cargill Inc., USACargill Inc., USA

Louis Dreyford Group,Louis Dreyford Group,

FranceFrance

TopTop

ProducersProducersTopTop

importersimporters

USAUSA ChinaChinaBrazilBrazil EUEU

ArgentinaArgentina JapanJapan

MexicoMexico

Soy Production vs. ConsumptionSoy Production vs. Consumption


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Biggest producersBiggest producers

of Biodieselof Biodiesel

1. Germany1. Germany

2. United States of2. United States ofAmericaAmerica

3. France3. France

4. Brazil4. Brazil

5. Argentina5. Argentina

Limitations:Limitations:

--Conflicts with food productionConflicts with food production--Available landAvailable land

--Greenhouses gases emissionsGreenhouses gases emissions

--Water useWater use

--Biodiversity (doubble cropping?)Biodiversity (doubble cropping?)


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How to save water?How to save water?

Apply Leaf protein concept; refersApply Leaf protein concept; refersto the form of the proteins foundto the form of the proteins found

in the leaves of plants, eg.in the leaves of plants, eg.Alfalfa>soybean meal (cattle feedAlfalfa>soybean meal (cattle feed

option?) aprox. 10%*.option?) aprox. 10%*.

85% of the soy production in the85% of the soy production in theworld is processed as soy mealworld is processed as soy meal

and oiland oil


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AfricaAfrica One of worldOne of worlds driest regions, but huges driest regions, but huge

volume of freshwater resourcesvolume of freshwater resources (lakes,(lakes,

rivers, wetlands, widespreadrivers, wetlands, widespreadgroundwater)groundwater)

Some of worlds largest river systemsSome of worlds largest river systems::Congo, Nile and ZambeziCongo, Nile and Zambezi

Some of the worldSome of the worldsslargest deserts: Sahara and Kalaharilargest deserts: Sahara and Kalahari


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Water resourcesWater resources

Renewable water resources: about 5,400 billionRenewable water resources: about 5,400 billionmm22 per year (per year (15% ground water)15% ground water)

Central region: 48%, Northern region: 1%Central region: 48%, Northern region: 1%

Main source:Main source:

large river/lake basinslarge river/lake basins

Congo river basin:Congo river basin:almost 30% of Africaalmost 30% of Africas totals total

freshfresh surface water reservessurface water reserves


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Water availabilityWater availability More than 300 million: WaterMore than 300 million: Water--scarcescarce

environmentenvironment

Only 4% of renewable resourcesOnly 4% of renewable resourcesusedused

Water resources not properlyWater resources not properlyexploited, developedexploited, developed

Lack of wells, canals, pumps,Lack of wells, canals, pumps,reservoirsreservoirs

Rainfall regime: Highly unstable,Rainfall regime: Highly unstable,unevenuneven

Low infrastructure, socioLow infrastructure, socio--economiceconomicdevelopmentdevelopment

Annual total water withdrawal: 215Annual total water withdrawal: 215kmkm33


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Water supplyWater supply

Rural areas: Piped water coverage: 47%Rural areas: Piped water coverage: 47%

Urban areas: Piped water coverage: 83%Urban areas: Piped water coverage: 83%

61 shared river and lake basins, managed by61 shared river and lake basins, managed bybasin organizations (basin organizations (Nile Basin Initiative)Nile Basin Initiative)

Reuse of treated wastewater,Reuse of treated wastewater,water desalinationwater desalination

SubSub--Saharan Africa: 69%Saharan Africa: 69%

no sanitationno sanitation


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Access to safe waterAccess to safe water Northern Africa: 92%Northern Africa: 92%

access to drinking wateraccess to drinking water

(MDG achieved)(MDG achieved) SubSub--Saharan Africa:60%Saharan Africa:60%

acces to drinking wateracces to drinking water

Rural areas: 50% no accesRural areas: 50% no accesto safe waterto safe water

Urban areas: 82% accesUrban areas: 82% accesto safe waterto safe water

Increasing pollution byIncreasing pollution byindustry andindustry and agricultureagriculture


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Water related diseasesWater related diseases

Lack of drinking water, sanitation, wastewaterLack of drinking water, sanitation, wastewaterfacilities, water to wash food, hands, utensilsfacilities, water to wash food, hands, utensils

WaterWater--borne diseases (cholera, typhoid)borne diseases (cholera, typhoid)

WaterWater--related diseases (malaria, yellow fever)related diseases (malaria, yellow fever)WaterWater--based diseases (bilharzia)based diseases (bilharzia)

DiarrheaDiarrhea

3 million deaths from water related diseases3 million deaths from water related diseases Malaria: 90% of deaths in SSAMalaria: 90% of deaths in SSA

Bilharzia: 80% of transmissions in SSABilharzia: 80% of transmissions in SSA


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Use of waterUse of water

Less than 4 % used for agriculture, domesticLess than 4 % used for agriculture, domestic

supply, sanitation and industrysupply, sanitation and industry

Agriculture:Agriculture: 86%86% Industry:Industry: 4%4%

Domestic:Domestic: 10%10%

Only 7% of total arable land is irrigatedOnly 7% of total arable land is irrigated


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Water used for foodWater used for food

Rainfed andRainfed and irrigated foodirrigated foodcrop production,crop production,freshwater fishery, aquafreshwater fishery, aqua--

culture, forest andculture, forest andwetland food harvesting,wetland food harvesting,

coastal fisherycoastal fishery

Competition: cashCompetition: cash--cropcropproduction, industry,production, industry,

households and mininghouseholds and mining


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Water and food securityWater and food security Increase in agricultural productionIncrease in agricultural production

only possible by increasing irrigationonly possible by increasing irrigation

Lack of water hampers foodLack of water hampers foodproductionproduction

FAO vision(2030):Food securityFAO vision(2030):Food securitydependentdependent on irrigated agricultureon irrigated agriculture

for 70for 70-- 80%80% Competition: Agriculture and urbanCompetition: Agriculture and urban

populationpopulation

Approaches: Development ofApproaches: Development ofwetlands, groundwaterwetlands, groundwater

management, waste recyclingmanagement, waste recycling


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Study case: KenyaStudy case: Kenya 50% of the50% of the exports of Kenya are attributed toexports of Kenya are attributed to

agricultural products; 15% of total export are fruit andagricultural products; 15% of total export are fruit and

vegetable, 7% flowers, 80% of the work force isvegetable, 7% flowers, 80% of the work force is

engaged in agriculture. Its main water resource:engaged in agriculture. Its main water resource:

Victoria Lake, shared with Tanzania and Uganda.Victoria Lake, shared with Tanzania and Uganda.

Kenya receives less than adequate rainfall needed toKenya receives less than adequate rainfall needed tosupport crop cultivation, as a result, the coastal areasupport crop cultivation, as a result, the coastal areaand Lake Victoria boast the most intensive agricultureand Lake Victoria boast the most intensive agriculture

and greatest concentration of people.and greatest concentration of people.

50% of Kenya's pineapple production is going to Del50% of Kenya's pineapple production is going to DelMonte Foods. Ltd (work force pay locally, with anMonte Foods. Ltd (work force pay locally, with an

international trade that brings lots of revenues for biginternational trade that brings lots of revenues for bigcompanies).companies).

Lake Naivasha Basin; commercial farms for flowerLake Naivasha Basin; commercial farms for flowerproduction consume about 98% of the surface andproduction consume about 98% of the surface and

groundwater surround of this lake, and are responsiblegroundwater surround of this lake, and are responsible

for the 61% of the grey water consumption (waterfor the 61% of the grey water consumption (water

needed to assimilate the load of pollutants such asneeded to assimilate the load of pollutants such aspesticides).pesticides).

Flowers grown in greenhouses are fully irrigated, whileFlowers grown in greenhouses are fully irrigated, whileflowers grown outside receive rainwater.flowers grown outside receive rainwater.

95% of the flowers export are cultivated with water95% of the flowers export are cultivated with waterfrom this lake, responsible for 45% of waterfrom this lake, responsible for 45% of water

exportation through them.exportation through them.


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Study case: TanzaniaStudy case: Tanzania

Principal water source: Victoria LakePrincipal water source: Victoria Lake Aproximately half of the national incomeAproximately half of the national income

is coming from agriculture, where 80%is coming from agriculture, where 80%of work force is engaged.of work force is engaged.

85% of the agriculture is food crops; rain85% of the agriculture is food crops; rainfed agriculture; climate change andfed agriculture; climate change anddroughts have affect directly thedroughts have affect directly the

production.production. Tanzania agriculture exports in 2006 wasTanzania agriculture exports in 2006 was

20%; in 2008 sold to I20%; in 2008 sold to India 9.1%, Japanndia 9.1%, Japan6.5%, the People's Republic of China6.5%, the People's Republic of China6.3%, United Arab Emirates 5.7%,6.3%, United Arab Emirates 5.7%,

Netherlands 5.5%, Germany 5.1%Netherlands 5.5%, Germany 5.1% Difficulties:Difficulties: for example coffee Arabicafor example coffee Arabica

prices dropped from US$ 4.10/kg in 1997prices dropped from US$ 4.10/kg in 1997to US$ 1.9/kg in 2003, negative growthto US$ 1.9/kg in 2003, negative growthof coffee productionof coffee production


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ASIAASIABasin boundaries and rivers courses of Indus, Ganges,Basin boundaries and rivers courses of Indus, Ganges,

Brahmaputra, Yangtze and Yellow riversBrahmaputra, Yangtze and Yellow rivers


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Climate Change implications in AsiaClimate Change implications in Asia

Upstream snow and ice reserves of these basins are important inUpstream snow and ice reserves of these basins are important in sustainingsustainingseasonal water availabilityseasonal water availability

For instance:For instance: melt water is extremely important in the Indus basin andmelt water is extremely important in the Indus basin andimportant for the Brahmaputra basinimportant for the Brahmaputra basin

Outcome:Outcome: climate change is predicted to affect water availability and fooclimate change is predicted to affect water availability and fooddsecurity. The Brahmaputra and Indus basins are most susceptiblesecurity. The Brahmaputra and Indus basins are most susceptible totoreductions of flow, threatening the food security of an estimatereductions of flow, threatening the food security of an estimated 60 milliond 60 million

people.people.


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Water availability in the futureWater availability in the future

Water availability on mWater availability on m3/3/per capita basis in tper capita basis in theheHimalayan River Basins of Bangladesh, China, NepalHimalayan River Basins of Bangladesh, China, Nepal

and India is set to decline in 2030, according to aand India is set to decline in 2030, according to areport of the Himalayan Challenge: Water Security inreport of the Himalayan Challenge: Water Security inEmerging Asia.Emerging Asia.

""China will experience an annual water deficit of 50China will experience an annual water deficit of 50--100 BCM in 2030 at a relatively low utilization rate of100 BCM in 2030 at a relatively low utilization rate of28 percent in 2030 and India28 percent in 2030 and Indias water surplus wills water surplus willbecome half to 200become half to 200--260 BCM despite an260 BCM despite anunsustainable utilization rate of 61 per cent at thatunsustainable utilization rate of 61 per cent at thattime. Bangladesh and Nepal will also see their watertime. Bangladesh and Nepal will also see their water

balance shrink,balance shrink,"" the report said.the report said.


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Water consumptionWater consumption Agriculture use:Agriculture use: the mostthe most

Domestic useDomestic use Industrial useIndustrial use

Water Footprint:Water Footprint:The national average water footprint of Chinese consumptionThe national average water footprint of Chinese consumptionwas about 700was about 700 mm3/3//yr per person in the period 1997/yr per person in the period 1997--2001.2001.Only 7% of this footprint lies outside China, which means thatOnly 7% of this footprint lies outside China, which means that

China still has a relatively high degree of water selfChina still has a relatively high degree of water self--sufficiency.sufficiency.

T t l i i ti t ti b iTotal irrigation water consumption by region


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Total irrigation water consumption by region,Total irrigation water consumption by region,

1995 and 20051995 and 2005


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Drinking water and healthDrinking water and health

SSafafety and adequacy in water supply andety and adequacy in water supply andsanitationsanitation

Unsafe water and inadequate sanitationUnsafe water and inadequate sanitationand hygiene contribute significantly to theand hygiene contribute significantly to thehigh burden of disease due to diarrhea andhigh burden of disease due to diarrhea and

other infectious diseases in the region,other infectious diseases in the region,especially among children.especially among children.

Countries of region have madeCountries of region have madesignificant progress in the provision ofsignificant progress in the provision of

access to improved drinking water sourcesaccess to improved drinking water sources


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Drinking water and healthDrinking water and health

: Asia: Asia

Arsenic contamination of groundwaterArsenic contamination of groundwaterand drinking water in Vietnam: Aand drinking water in Vietnam: AHuman Health ThreatHuman Health Threat

In the city Hanoi and in surroundingIn the city Hanoi and in surroundingrural districtsrural districts

Groundwater are anoxic and rich in ironGroundwater are anoxic and rich in iron The high arsenic concentrations foundThe high arsenic concentrations foundin the tubewells (48% above 50in the tubewells (48% above 50 g/Lg/Land 20% above 150and 20% above 150 g/L) indicate thatg/L) indicate that

several million people consumingseveral million people consuminguntreated groundwater might be at auntreated groundwater might be at aconsiderable risk of chronic arsenicconsiderable risk of chronic arsenic

poisoningpoisoning..


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Water availabilityWater availability: Europe: Europe Water and population are unevenlyWater and population are unevenly

distributed in Europedistributed in Europe.. TThe total renewable freshwaterhe total renewable freshwater

resource in Europe is around 3500 kmresource in Europe is around 3500 km33

/year/year The Mediterranean islands of Malta andThe Mediterranean islands of Malta andCyprus and the densely populatedCyprus and the densely populatedEuropean countries (Germany, Poland,European countries (Germany, Poland,Spain and England) have the leastSpain and England) have the leastavailable water per capitaavailable water per capita

European countries are dependent forEuropean countries are dependent formore than 10% of their supply on rivermore than 10% of their supply on riverwater from neighbouring states (forwater from neighbouring states (forThe Netherlands and Luxembourg risesThe Netherlands and Luxembourg risesup to 75 %)up to 75 %)


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Water SupplyWater Supply

Used by households and industry, which theyUsed by households and industry, which theyrely heavily on groundwater.rely heavily on groundwater.

In Southern European urban areas, waterIn Southern European urban areas, watersupply can be severesupply can be severe

13% of mean annual runoff is stored behind13% of mean annual runoff is stored behinddamsdams Functions of the reservoirs are hydroelectricFunctions of the reservoirs are hydroelectric

power production, public water supply andpower production, public water supply and

irrigation storageirrigation storage Spain and the UK have the largest number ofSpain and the UK have the largest number ofreservoirs used for public water supplyreservoirs used for public water supply


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Water useWater use 42% of total water abstraction in42% of total water abstraction in

Europe is used for agriculture, 23%Europe is used for agriculture, 23%for industry, 18 % for urban use andfor industry, 18 % for urban use and18% for energy production18% for energy production

In France (64%), Germany (64%)In France (64%), Germany (64%)and the Netherlands (55%) most ofand the Netherlands (55%) most ofthe water abstracted is used tothe water abstracted is used toproduce electricityproduce electricity

In Greece (88%), Spain (72%) andIn Greece (88%), Spain (72%) andPortugal (59%), water is mostly usedPortugal (59%), water is mostly usedfor irrigationfor irrigation

In Northern European countriesIn Northern European countries(Finland and Sweden) little water is(Finland and Sweden) little water is

used in agricultureused in agriculture Intensive waterIntensive water--consuming industriesconsuming industriesare cellulose and paper productionare cellulose and paper production


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Agriculture use :Agriculture use :

Agriculture accounts for approximately 30% of totalAgriculture accounts for approximately 30% of totalwater abstraction and about 55% of water use in Europewater abstraction and about 55% of water use in Europe

The amount of water used for irrigation in Italy andThe amount of water used for irrigation in Italy andSpain is about 10 times higher than in the central EUSpain is about 10 times higher than in the central EUcountries combinedcountries combined

Crop intensity is higher in basins in northern France, theCrop intensity is higher in basins in northern France, the

Netherlands, and southern England, and in the subNetherlands, and southern England, and in the sub--basins of the Oder, Vistula, Dnieper, and Don rivers inbasins of the Oder, Vistula, Dnieper, and Don rivers in

Eastern Europe. There are also intensively cropped areasEastern Europe. There are also intensively cropped areas

in parts of the Danube basin and subin parts of the Danube basin and sub--basins close to thebasins close to the

Black Sea, particularly around the Sea of AzovBlack Sea, particularly around the Sea of Azov..


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Industrial use:Industrial use:

The amount of water used by industry varyThe amount of water used by industry vary

greatly between countriesgreatly between countries Abstraction for industrial purposes in EuropeAbstraction for industrial purposes in Europehas been decreasing since 1980has been decreasing since 1980

Water withdrawals for industry:Water withdrawals for industry: 59% of total59% of total

waterwater useuse Some 300Some 300--500 million tons of heavy metals,500 million tons of heavy metals,solvents,solvents, toxic sludge, and other wastestoxic sludge, and other wastes

accumulate each yearaccumulate each year from industryfrom industry

Contribution of the food sector to theContribution of the food sector to theproduction of organic water pollutant: 40%production of organic water pollutant: 40%


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Food production and waterFood production and water AAgreat deal of water goes into producing the foods and beveragesgreat deal of water goes into producing the foods and beverages

we consumewe consume::

-- 16,00016,000 -- 100,000 litres of water to produce 1 kg of beef100,000 litres of water to produce 1 kg of beef

--

3,0003,000

--

4,500 litres of water to produce 1 kg of rice4,500 litres of water to produce 1 kg of rice

-- 1,3501,350 -- 1,500 litres of water to produce 1 kg of wheat1,500 litres of water to produce 1 kg of wheat

-- 990990 -- 1,000 litres of water to produce 1 litre of milk1,000 litres of water to produce 1 litre of milk

-- 500 litres of water to produce 1 kg of potatoes500 litres of water to produce 1 kg of potatoes

-- 140 litres of water to produce 1 cup of coffee140 litres of water to produce 1 cup of coffee-- 25 litres of water to produce 1 litre of beer25 litres of water to produce 1 litre of beer

-- 1 litre of water to produce 1 kg of vegetables1 litre of water to produce 1 kg of vegetables


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Water pollutionWater pollution Nutrients (Nitrates,Nutrients (Nitrates,

Phosphorus, Ammonium,Phosphorus, Ammonium,Organic Material..)Organic Material..)

Hazardous SubstancesHazardous Substances(Pesticides, Heavy Metals(Pesticides, Heavy Metals Cd, HgCd, Hg))

TThe consequences are:he consequences are:

biodiversity loss,biodiversity loss,reduction in fishreduction in fishdiversity, appearance ofdiversity, appearance ofabnormal colours, smellsabnormal colours, smellsand in creased cost fromand in creased cost from

drinking water treatmentdrinking water treatment


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WaterWater--related Diseasesrelated Diseases Waterborne diseases: diarrhoeal diseases, hepatitis AWaterborne diseases: diarrhoeal diseases, hepatitis A

and typhoid feverand typhoid fever The chemical composition of water may also haveThe chemical composition of water may also have

significant impacts on human health.significant impacts on human health.

New and emerging pathogensNew and emerging pathogens (Giardia,(Giardia,Cryptosporidium)Cryptosporidium)

Although high water sanitation standards have beenAlthough high water sanitation standards have beenreached in some countries, outbreaks of waterbornereached in some countries, outbreaks of waterbornediseases continue to occur across Europediseases continue to occur across Europe

Concern about the effect of agriculture on the qualityConcern about the effect of agriculture on the qualityof waterof water ((agricultural chemicals, nutrients andagricultural chemicals, nutrients andmicrobial pathogensmicrobial pathogens).).

Cli t hCli t h


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Climate changesClimate changes The main climate change related toThe main climate change related to

water : increases in Twater : increases in T, shifts in, shifts inprecipitation patterns, snow cover, andprecipitation patterns, snow cover, andfloods and droughtsfloods and droughts

Higher temperatures will intensify theHigher temperatures will intensify the

global hydrological cycleglobal hydrological cycle Northern Europe has become 10%Northern Europe has become 10%--40%40%more wetmore wet over the last century,over the last century,whereas southern Europe has becomewhereas southern Europe has becomeup to 20% drierup to 20% drier

Changes in average water availability inChanges in average water availability in

most European river basins aremost European river basins areestimated to be relatively small for theestimated to be relatively small for thenext 30 yearsnext 30 years

Low water and droughts have severeLow water and droughts have severeconsequences on agriculture, forestry,consequences on agriculture, forestry,energy, and drinking water provisionenergy, and drinking water provision


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Why do farmers continue to grow crops forWhy do farmers continue to grow crops forlocal markets when crops for export marketslocal markets when crops for export markets

are thought to be much more profitable?are thought to be much more profitable?

Lack of human capitalLack of human capital No access to agricultural technologyNo access to agricultural technology Misperception by researchers and policymakersMisperception by researchers and policymakers

Mistakes in manage the water demand in a sustainableMistakes in manage the water demand in a sustainableway; marketway; market--based and technologybased and technology--basedbased Low income countries;Low income countries; WATER PRICINGWATER PRICING thatthat

recognizes water as an economic goodrecognizes water as an economic good

Tariff structures and cost recovery measures, in orderTariff structures and cost recovery measures, in orderto gain acceptance, the water pricing system should beto gain acceptance, the water pricing system should bedeveloped with the full consultation of water users.developed with the full consultation of water users.


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ChallengesChallenges

About 250 million hectares are irrigateAbout 250 million hectares are irrigated worldwide today,d worldwide today,nearly five times more than at the beginning of the 20thnearly five times more than at the beginning of the 20thcenturycentury

Increasing pollution (domestic and industrial effluents,Increasing pollution (domestic and industrial effluents,

agriculture)agriculture) Climate change (droughts, floods, desertification)Climate change (droughts, floods, desertification)

Rapid urbanizationRapid urbanization

Growing populationGrowing population Economic developmentEconomic development


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THANKS...THANKS...

Ghent 9th May, 2011.Ghent 9th May, 2011.

water and nutrition only]

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