Politics

Federalists v Democratic Republicans

•Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson played a Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson played a valuable role in the beginning of our nation. valuable role in the beginning of our nation.

•Both were visionaries and influenced the direction our Both were visionaries and influenced the direction our country would go economically, politically and socially. country would go economically, politically and socially. •President Washington was stuck in the middle of these President Washington was stuck in the middle of these two men as they argued over our country’s beginnings.two men as they argued over our country’s beginnings.

Federalist BeliefsFederalist Beliefs(former Anti-Federalists)(former Anti-Federalists)

Democratic-Democratic-RepublicansRepublicans

Leader

Appealed to

Alexander HamiltonJohn Adams

Thomas JeffersonJames Madison

Manufacturers, merchants, wealthy and educated….Favored seaboard cities

Farmers and Planterscommon manFavored the South and West

Ideas of Government

Strong government over statesLoose ConstructionLoose Construction of Constitution

•Implied powersImplied powersWealthy and educated involvedLimit freedoms of speech & pressPreferred govt. similar to a king

State’s rights over National Govt.Strict constructionStrict construction of Constitution

•Expressed/Enumerated powersExpressed/Enumerated powersCommon man but educatedBill of Rights is sacredLesser government the better

DomesticPolicy

Supported National Bank—BUSSupported excise taxNational debt good for countryNational govt. assume state debtsTariffs should be high

Against National Bank—BUSAgainst excise tax Against National debtStates pay their own debtsTariffs should be low

ForeignPolicy

Opposed French RevolutionWanted war with FrenchFavored the British

Supported French RevolutionOpposed war with FrenchFavored the French

political

Foreign Policy

Neutral?

•President Washington faced several

Indian problems.

•British were British were supplying the supplying the

tribes with arms tribes with arms and ammunition and ammunition

to attack US to attack US settlers.settlers.

•Washington sent General

“Mad Anthony” Wayne to defeat

the Indian tribes.

•President Washington faced several

Indian problems.

•British were British were supplying the supplying the

tribes with arms tribes with arms and ammunition and ammunition

to attack US to attack US settlers.settlers.

•Washington sent General

“Mad Anthony” Wayne to defeat

the Indian tribes.

precedents

War in the Old Northwest Territory

War in the Old Northwest Territory

Several tribes, led by Little Turtle of the Miamis, scored

early victories (1790–91)

The Miamis were defeated at Fallen Timbers by General

Mad Anthony Wayne (1794)

War in the Old Northwest Territory

War in the Old Northwest Territory

Treaty of Greenville • (1795) gave USA right to settle most

of Ohio • First formal recognition of Indian

sovereignty over land not ceded by treaty

Map 13 of 45

British forts on U.S. soil. Still

haven’t removed

troops and supplying

Indians with weapons

Disputed land claims with

Spain..Cut off Mississippi

River

Jays

Jay’s Treaty with EnglandJay’s Treaty with England….. British made neutrality difficult: maintained trading posts on US soil, sold firearms to Indians.•Collaborated with Indians to check US expansion to frontier.

Jay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty

• British remove forts from US soil

• British agreed but required US to pay old

debts on pre-Revolution accounts.

• Allowed US to negotiate separate treaties with

Indian tribes

• Opened westward expansion for US

settlers.

John Jay is burnt in effigy because

Americans believed he sold out to the British.

•British made neutrality difficult:

maintained trading posts on

US soil, sold firearms to

Indians.•Collaborated with

Indians to check US expansion to

frontier.

Conflicts with BritainConflicts with BritainConflicts with BritainConflicts with Britain

Conflicts with BritainConflicts with BritainConflicts with BritainConflicts with Britain

• British expected Americans to defend French West Indies, so attacked US merchant ships, seizing about 300– Impressed and imprisoned American

sailors.

• Jeffersonians called for war• Federalists resisted (financial system).

• To avoid war, Washington sent Chief Justice John Jay to London (1794).

• Jeffersonian’s concerned about Jay’s loyalty.

• Hamilton feared war with England, secretly supplied British with US bargaining strategy.

Jay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty

Jay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty

• British agree to pay some damages, but

required US to pay old debts on pre-

Revolution accounts.

• Jeffersonian’s felt treaty was surrender to

Britain, betrayal of South (who had debts).

• Did not stop impressment.

John Jay is burnt in effigy because

Americans believed he sold out to the British.

Jay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty

• Jay’s Treaty gave life to new Democratic-Republican party, tarnished Wash.’s popularity.

• Spain, fearing US-British alliance, gives US free use of Mississippi, disputed territory north of FL.

Picnkneys

Pinckney’s Treaty: Spain gave US the free use of the Mississippi River for 5 yrs. and the boundary was set at 31st parallel between

Spanish Florida and US……

Spain cut off our farmers right to use the Mississippi River and deposit their crops in

New Orleans.

•Began in 1790’s, unfair taxation and inequality---worldwide crisis•Overthrow King Louis 16th and Marie Antoniete

•similar to King George•Americans believed we should help the French----similar to ours

•Began in 1790’s, unfair taxation and inequality---worldwide crisis•Overthrow King Louis 16th and Marie Antoniete

•similar to King George•Americans believed we should help the French----similar to ours

French Rev

•France goes to war against European kings

•France requested US ships to block West Indies from the British

•President Washington declared Neutrality and ordered Americans to avoid this war

•France goes to war against European kings

•France requested US ships to block West Indies from the British

•President Washington declared Neutrality and ordered Americans to avoid this war

French Rev

•Executions of King Louis the 16th and Marie

Antoniette in 1793.

•Begins “Reign of Terror” during French

Revolution where 40,000 opponents of the new govt. were beheaded.

•Executions of King Louis the 16th and Marie

Antoniette in 1793.

•Begins “Reign of Terror” during French

Revolution where 40,000 opponents of the new govt. were beheaded.

farewell

Whereas it appears that a Whereas it appears that a state of state of warwar exists between Austria, exists between Austria,

Prussia, Sardinia, Prussia, Sardinia, Great BritainGreat Britain and the United Netherlands, of and the United Netherlands, of the one part and the one part and FranceFrance on the on the

other; and the duty and other; and the duty and

interest of the U.S. require, that they should interest of the U.S. require, that they should with sincerity and good faith adopt and with sincerity and good faith adopt and pursue a pursue a conduct friendly and impartial conduct friendly and impartial

toward the belligerent powers.toward the belligerent powers.

farewell

neutrality

•President Washington’s response to the French was to President Washington’s response to the French was to warn Americans to stay out these European conflicts and warn Americans to stay out these European conflicts and

remain remain neutral neutral or avoid. or avoid.

•Why?Why?

I have therefore thought fit by these I have therefore thought fit by these presents to declare the disposition of the presents to declare the disposition of the

U.S. to observe the conduct aforesaid U.S. to observe the conduct aforesaid towards those Powers respectfully; and towards those Powers respectfully; and

to exhort and to exhort and warn the citizens of the warn the citizens of the U.S. carefully to avoid all acts and U.S. carefully to avoid all acts and

proceedings whatsoeverproceedings whatsoever, which may in , which may in any manner tend to contravene such any manner tend to contravene such

disposition….disposition….April 1793April 1793

•Most Americans (Jefferson and Paine) Most Americans (Jefferson and Paine) were upset with Washington’s Neutrality. were upset with Washington’s Neutrality.

•Washington’s Washington’s NeutralityNeutrality decision was decision was based on the long term U.S. self interest.based on the long term U.S. self interest.

•Preserve and protect the infant nationPreserve and protect the infant nation

Thomas Paine On Thomas Paine On Washington’s NeutralityWashington’s Neutrality

““And as to you, sir, treacherous in private friendship And as to you, sir, treacherous in private friendship (for so you have been to me, and that in the day of (for so you have been to me, and that in the day of

danger) and a hypocrite in public life, the world will be danger) and a hypocrite in public life, the world will be puzzled to decide, whether you are an apostate or an puzzled to decide, whether you are an apostate or an

importer; whether you have abandoned good principles, importer; whether you have abandoned good principles, or whether you ever had any.”or whether you ever had any.”

Response to frenchrev

Washington is convinced that Americans must stay neutral and avoid foreign affairs associated

with all the British and foreign continents--- --- ”GOOD HISTORIAN””GOOD HISTORIAN”

Washington displayed this in 1793 by the Proclamation of NeutralityProclamation of Neutrality and his Farewell Farewell

AddressAddress in 1796.

No entangling alliancesNo entangling alliances…….…….US should avoid military alliances with Europe…….continue to

trade with Europe

Neutrality = Isolation

ImpressmentImpressment:: an act of kidnapping a an act of kidnapping a ship, its contents, men and forcing them ship, its contents, men and forcing them into your navy----the British and French into your navy----the British and French

were doing this to us.were doing this to us.

impressment

•Washington warned of the dangers Washington warned of the dangers of of political partiespolitical parties and and permanent permanent

alliancesalliances with other nations. with other nations.

•Washington’s warning against Washington’s warning against “entangling alliances”“entangling alliances” became a became a principle of U.S. foreign policy.principle of U.S. foreign policy.

““Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none or a none or a very remote relationvery remote relation….Our ….Our detacheddetached and and distantdistant

situation invites and enables us to pursue a different situation invites and enables us to pursue a different course…..It is our true policy to course…..It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent steer clear of permanent

alliances with any portion of the foreign worldalliances with any portion of the foreign world……Taking ……Taking care always to keep ourselves by suitable establishments care always to keep ourselves by suitable establishments on a respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to on a respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to

temporary alliances for extraordinary temporary alliances for extraordinary emergencies”…..1796emergencies”…..1796

farewell

President Adams

1797-1801

The Campaign

Election of 1796• Parties…• Negative campaign ads (Adams is called “His

Rotundity”, Jefferson labeled a coward and atheist)• Adams (a Federalist) receives 71 electoral votes,

Jefferson (a Democratic-Republican) receives 68• A problem: Pres and VP from different parties• sectionalism • 16 states (incl. Vermont, Kentucky, and Tennessee)

War with France?

• French upset about the Jay Treaty

• French navy begins seizing American ships bound for Britain

War with France?

• Impact of Jay’s Treaty• Impressment – 300 vessels/yr• XYZ Affair - $250,000• Party Politics?• Quasi war – 1796 – Victor Collot

XYZ Affair and undeclared war• Pinckney, Marshall and Elbridge Gerry to France on

secret peace mission• “X, Y, and Z”; they demand payment (bribe) of $250,000

to let the Americans meet with top French foreign minister

• War seems imminent; in fact, it’s an undeclared war for 2 years as Congress creates navy and authorizes American ships to seize French vessels; Washington called out of retirement to lead army

• Official war is averted – Adams considers it one of greatest accomplishments, in part because he denies Hamilton power to become an American “Bonaparte” (army is disbanded since there’s no one to fight)

Alien and Sedition Acts• Idea emerged out of anti-French sentiment • In 1798, Federalists pushed through Congress four measures that

became known as the Alien and Sedition Acts (& Adams signed into law)

• Alien acts gave president power to deport or jail any alien considered undesirable

• Sedition Act prohibited any expression of “false, scandalous, and malicious statements” against the government

• Still law when Adams ran for re-election in 1800 • 12 had been charged and convicted under the law (incl. NJ man who

made fun of Adams posterior – arrested and fined $150)• Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: states’ rights??? Madison and

Jefferson (leading Democratic-Republicans) secretly wrote these resolutions proposing nullification

• Sedition Act terminated in 1801

Alien & Sedition Acts - 1798

• National Security vs. Individual rights

• Party influence?

• 4 Acts

• Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions

• Politics?

Election of 1800

Issues: France, taxes, voter turn out, Religion

Role of NY?

Jefferson – Burr (Hamilton)

Economics

• Home vs market– Northeast – urban customers– 90% on farm– Cottage industries – shoes, nails, banks, etc– Slater’s mill!

Women in the New Republic

• NJ – voting• Marriage – choice / pregnant• Rebellion? Pen names?• Judith Sargent Murray “on the Equality of the

Sexes”• “Republican Motherhood”

Natives in the New Republic

• Population, land

• The Seneca - 1799

Race• 1790’s• Progress – murder in NC, move &

property, • Setbacks – naturalization, armed

forces, 1793 – fugitive slave law• Self help – Richard Allen &

Absalom Jones• Revolt – Saint Dominique –

Gabriel• Invention – Eli Whitney -1793