wars of religion: 1560-1648 i.change in the nature of war. * the catholic crusade a.treaty of...
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WARS OF RELIGION: 1560-1648I. Change in the nature of war. * The Catholic Crusade
A. Treaty of Cateau-Cambrèsis (1559)-- Ended Hapsburg-Valois Wars
B. Phillip II (1556-98)1. Increased Spanish Habsburg power2. Opposed the spread of Protestantism
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3. Battle of Lepanto, 1571
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II. Civil War in FranceA. Francis I (1515-47) – Concordat of
Bologna (1516)B. Calvinism in France: Huguenots
NobilityC. Catherine de’ MediciD. Nine civil wars between 1562-1589
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E. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 1572
War of the Three Henry’s
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F. Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) (1589-1610) -- Bourbon
1. Politique – “Paris is worth a Mass”
2. Edict of Nantes, 1598
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III. Revolt in the Netherlands
A. Netherlands as a major financial center (Antwerp; Amsterdam)
1. Trade
2. Decentralized political organization
-- Stadtholders
3. Burghers (middle class)*
4. Religious toleration of Calvinists
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Vermeer:
View of Delft
c. 1660
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Rembrandt
Masters of the Cloth Guild
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The Old Stock Exchange in Amsterdam was a center of mercantile activity and religious and intellectual interactions
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B. Civil War in Netherlands: 1568-1578
1. King Philip II tries to impose control
a. Duke of Alva – “Council of Blood”
b. Alexander Farnese – siege of cities
2. William of Orange (1533-1584)
3. 17 Protestant provinces vs. Spain.
a. United Provinces of the
Netherlands
b. Spanish Netherlands (Belgium)
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B. Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
1. Assisted Protestant Netherlands:
a. wool industry
b. death of William the Silent
c. defeat of Antwerp
d. fear of Spanish invasion
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C. Spanish Armada, 1588
1. Defeated by England
2. End of Philip’s goal – Christian Crusade
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V. Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)
A. Causes
1. Failure of Peace of Augsburg
a. terms violated by both sides
2. Two armed factions emerge
a. Protestant Union vs. Catholic League
B. First continent-wide war in modern
history.
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Holy Roman Empire 1618
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1. Bohemian Phase (1618-1625)
a. Ferdinand of Styria
1) Battle of White Mountain
“Defenestration of Prague”
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2. Danish Phase (1625-29)
a.Catholic invasion of North Germany
b. Albert of Wallenstein
1) Edict of Restitution
2. Swedish Phase (1629-35)
a.Gustavus Adolphus (1611-32)
1) Battle of Breitenfeld, 1630
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Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, at the Battle of Breitenfeld, 17
September 1631Albert Cuyp
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4.French Phase (1635-1648)
“International Phase”
a.French foreign policy
1) anti-Habsburg (Habsburg Fence)
a.Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642)
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Cardinal Richelieuc. 1637OiI on canvas, 260 x 178 cmNational Gallery, London
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C. Peace of Westphalia (1648)
1. Principles of Peace of Augsburg reasserted (with Calvinism now included).
2. Provisions:
a.Edict of Restitution revoked.
b. Independence of United Provinces from Spain confirmed
c. Swiss Confederacy recognized
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d. France, Sweden, and Brandenburg (future Prussia) gained territory and international stature.
e. Pope denied participation in
German religious affairs.
d. Individual states (over 300) gained
independence from Holy Roman
Empire. significance:
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Europe in 1648
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3. Results and aftermath
a. Germany devastated*
b. Future wars no longer primarily
religious.
1) Modern age of sovereign states.
2) Balance of power politics.
a. Catholic crusade failed.
b. Nobles dominated the war
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Population Loss in
Germany during the 30 Years’
War
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e. Two Habsburg branches weakened.
1) Spanish decline
2) Austrian Habsburgs lost
influence over Germany.