Warm Up

• On the back of your paper, define:– Devshirme– Dhimmi– Janissaries – Sikhism

– *leave room to answer questions (there will be 12 of them)

The Muslim World Expands,1300–1700

Three great Muslim powers—the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires—emerge between 1300 and 1600. By

1700 all three were in decline

THE OTTOMANS ESTABLISH A MUSLIM EMPIRE THAT COMBINE MANY CULTURES AND LASTED FOR MORE THAN 600 YEARS.

Section 1

The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire

Turks Move into Byzantium • Turkish Warriors

– Many Turks live in Anatolia, on edge of Byzantine Empire– Many see themselves as ghazis—warriors who fight for Islam

• Osman Establishes a State– From 1300 to 1326, Osman, successful ghazi, builds state in Anatolia– Europeans call him Othman and followers Ottomans– Ottomans win battles because they use muskets and cannons– Successors expand state through alliances and land buying

• Osman Establishes a State– Orkhan, Osman’s son, declares himself sultan— overlord– In 1361, Turks conquer Adrianople– Ottomans rule fairly over conquered peoples

• Timur the Lame Halts Expansion– Timur the Lame—Tamerlane—rises to power in Central Asia– Timur defeats Ottomans in 1402, burning Baghdad

How were the Ottomans able to expand?

Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion

• Murad II– Murad II begins expansion

• Mehmed II Conquers Constantinople– Murad’s son, Mehmed II, conquers

Constantinople in 1453– Opens city to Jews, Christians, and Muslims

and rebuilds

• Ottomans Take Islam’s Holy Cities– In 1512, Selim the Grim, Mehmed’s grandson,

comes to power– He defeats Persian Safavids and pushes into

North Africa– Conquers Mecca, Medina, and Cairo:

important Muslim cities

What is so important about conquering Constantinople?What about Mecca/Medina/Cairo?

Suleyman the Lawgiver • A Great Ruler

– Suleyman the Lawgiver, Selim’s son, rules from 1520 to 1566• The Empire Reaches Its Limits

– Suleyman conquers Belgrade (1521) and Rhodes (1522)– Ottomans control eastern Mediterranean– Turks take North African coastline, control inland trade routes – Suleyman’s forces advance to Vienna– By 1526, Ottoman Empire is the largest in the world

• Highly Structured Social Organization– Suleyman creates law code, reduces bureaucracy, simplifies taxation– Army uses devshirme—drafts boys from conquered lands– Trains 30,000 elite soldiers—janissaries—loyal only to the sultan– Jews and Christians allowed to practice own religion

• Cultural Flowering– Suleyman’s broad interests lead to flourishing of arts, learning– Sinan, brilliant architect, designs magnificent Mosque of Suleyman

How did Suleyman improve the Ottoman state?

The Empire Declines Slowly • Gradual Fall

– Suleyman kills one son and exiles another– Third son inherits throne but rules weakly– Later sultans kill their brothers and leave their sons

uneducated– Janissaries refuse to change with the times as light

infantry becomes more important– Long line of weak sultans leads to empire’s eventual

fall – Vizier (prime minister) holds more power than sultan

and government becomes full of elaborate (i.e. Persian) ritual

What lead to Ottoman decline?

What connections can you make between the Ottoman decline and the Abbasids?

THE SAFAVID EMPIRE PRODUCE A RICH AND COMPLEX BLENDED CULTURE IN PERSIA

Section 2: Cultural Blending CASE STUDY: The Safavid Empire

Patterns of Cultural Blending • Cultural Blending in Persia

– Between16th and 18th centuries a Shi’ite Muslim dynasty ruled Persia– Safavid Empire—Shi’ite Muslim dynasty from 16th to 18th centuries

• Causes of Cultural Blending– Changes occur through migration, conquest, trade, or religion

• Results of Cultural Blending– Changes in language, religion, government, use of technology– Racial and ethnic blending, intermarriage– Cultural styles adapted into arts and architecture

Looking at the map, how might geography impact the Safavid empire?

The Safavids Build an Empire • Safavid Origins

– Begins as religious order named for founder (Sail al-Din)

– Safavids concentrate on building powerful military

• Isma’il Conquers Persia– Fourteen-year-old Isma’il conquers Iran by 1451– Takes title of shah—king– Makes Shi’a Islam official religion; kills Sunnis

(Battle at Chaldiran – 1514)– Son, Tahmasp, greatly expands empire (using

Turkic chiefs, Persian court, slavic slave army)

How is Tahmasp building the Safavid empire? Is it similar or different to what the Ottomans have done?

A Safavid Golden Age • Abbas the Great

– Shah Abbas—Abbas the Great—takes throne in 1587

• Reforms– Helps create a thriving Safavid culture– Reforms military and government; brings in

Christian trade (Sherley Brothers’ cannons)• A New Capital

– Esfahan—new capital—is one of world’s most beautiful cities

• Art Works– Chinese artisans blend Chinese and Persian

styles• Carpets

– Carpet weaving becomes national industry

What is the importance of Shah Abbas? Why are his reforms significant?

The Dynasty Declines Quickly • The Safavid Empire Weakens

– Abbas kills and blinds his ablest sons– Safi, Abbas’s incompetent grandson, leads to empire’s decline– Court becomes more “Persian” and opulent – State and religion blend: more focus on imams (successors of

Ali), and Mullahs (local religious leaders) are directed by the state to praise the shah

– By 1722, the empire is losing land to the Ottomans and Afghans – Nadir Shah Afshar expands the empire, but it falls apart in 1747

Think about Iran today. How is the Safavid decline an important factor in Iran’ s present?

THE MUGHAL EMPIRE BRINGS TURKS, PERSIANS, AND INDIANS TOGETHER IN A VAST EMPIRE.

Section 3: The Mughal Empire in India

Early History of the Mughals • Mongol Invaders

– Mughals, or Mongols, invade northwestern India• Conflict

– Muslims and Hindus fight for almost 300 years– In 1000, loose empire of Turkish warlords—Delhi

Sultanate—forms• Delhi Sultanate

– Sultans rule from Delhi between 13th and 16th centuries

– Timur the Lame destroys Delhi in 1398• Babur Founds an Empire

– Babur becomes king of small land in Central Asia at age 11

– Is dethroned and driven south into India– Army conquers much of northern India, forming

Mughal Empire– Son Humayun loses most of the territory Babur

conquered– Babur’s grandson succeeds Humayan

How is Babur like Ismail? Why do you think they have similar histories?

Akbar’s Golden Age • Babur’s Grandson

– Akbar—“Greatest One”— rules India from 1556 to 1605• A Military Conqueror

– Akbar uses cannons; names native Indians as officers• A Liberal Ruler

– Akbar allows religious freedom and abolishes tax on non-Muslims

– Akbar allows all people a chance to serve in high government office

– Hindu finance minister develops better tax plan; income grows– Akbar gives land to his officials, then reclaims it when they die

• A Flowering of Culture– Many cultures blend, mixing art, education, politics, and

language– New languages like Hindi and Urdu emerge

• The Arts and Literature– Book illustrations, called miniatures, flourish– Hindu literature reemerges during Akbar’s rule

• Architecture– New architectural style named for Akbar develops

What makes Akbar a liberal ruler? How does this benefit the empire?

Akbar’s Successors

• Jahangir and Nur Jahan– Akbar’s son, Jahangir, allows wife Nur Jahan to control government– Nur Jahan appoints her father prime minister – Nur Jahan favors son Khusrau over other sons– Khusrau rebels, supported by Sikhs, nonviolent religious group– Sikhs become targets of Mughal hatred

• Shah Jahan– Shah Jahan—Jahangir’s son and successor, marries Persian princess– Assassinates all competitors for throne– His wife dies while giving birth to her 14th child in 1631– Taj Mahal—huge marble tomb Shah Jahan builds for his wife– Taj Mahal is one of the most beautiful buildings in the world

• The People Suffer– People suffer paying for wars and monuments– Shah Jahan’s third son—Aurangzeb—imprisons father and takes over

• Aurangzeb’s Reign– Rules between 1658 and 1707; expands empire to its largest– Strictly enforces Islamic law and attempts to get rid of Hindus– Hindus rebel and Sikhs become militant– Levies oppressive taxes on Hindus, causing more rebellion

What are the signs of decline after Akbar’s reign?

The Empire’s Decline and Decay • The Mughal Empire Crumbles

– Over 2 million people die of famine while Aurangzeb wages war

– Emperor becomes a figurehead; empire breaks into separate states

– Meanwhile, traders arrive from England, Holland, France, Portugal

– European traders gain key ports

Tie the multiple histories together. Why is it significant that England arrives just as the Mughal Empire is falling apart? What is the importance of gaining access to port cities?