Warm-up for 9/231. Polymers are made up of what?

2. What are 4 functions of lipids?

3. What are two types of fats?1. Which of these are the better choice for your

diet?

4. What type of lipid are cellular membranes made out of?

5. What are two types of Nucleic Acids?

6. What are 2 functions of Nucleic Acids?

7. How many nucleotide bases are there? Which ones are found in DNA? Which in RNA?

8. A pairs with ____ and _____ (in RNA). G :: ___

Proteins

2006-2007

Proteins:

Multipurpose molecules

collagen (skin)

Proteins

insulin

Examples muscle skin, hair, fingernails, claws

collagen, keratin

pepsin digestive enzyme

in stomach

insulin hormone that controls blood

sugar levels

pepsin

Proteins Function:

many, many functions hormones

signals from one body system to anotherinsulin

movementmuscle

immune systemprotect against germs

enzymeshelp chemical reactions

Proteins

Building block =

aminoacid

aminoacid–

aminoacid–

aminoacid–

aminoacid–

—N—H

H

H|

—C—|

C—OH

||O

variable group

amino acids

20 different amino acidsThere’s

20 of us…like 20 different

letters in analphabet!

Can make lots of different

words

Amino acid chains Proteins

amino acids chained into a polymer

Each amino acid is different some “like” water & dissolve in it

some “fear” water & separate from it

amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid

Water-fearing amino acids Hydrophobic

“water fearing” amino acids try to get away from water in cell

the protein folds

Water-loving amino acids Hydrophillic

“water loving” amino acids try to stay in water in cell

the protein folds

pepsin

For proteins: SHAPE matters!

collagen

Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shape that’s what happens in the cell!

Different shapes = different jobs

hemoglobingrowth

hormone

It’s SHAPE that matters! Proteins do their jobs, because

of their shape Unfolding a protein destroys its shape

wrong shape = can’t do its job unfolding proteins = “denature”

temperature pH (acidity)

folded

unfolded“denatured”

In Biology,it’s not the size,it’s the SHAPEthat matters!

2006-2007

Let’s EAT some

Proteins!

Activities demo raw egg vs. cooked egg

drop raw egg into boiling water, like egg drop soup

compare raw egg to hard-boiled egg

demo cheese-making with heated milk & vinegar

make yogurt

Carbohydrates

Regents Biology 2009-2010

Carbohydrates:

OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH2OH

HH

H

OH

O

Energy molecules

Carbohydrates

Building block molecules =

sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugarsugar

sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar

sugars

sucrose

Carbohydrates Function:

quick energy energy storage structure

cell wall in plants

Examples sugars starches cellulose (cell wall)

glucoseC6H12O6

starch

Sugars = building blocks Names for sugars usually end in

glucose fructose sucrose maltose OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH2OH

HH

H

OH

O

glucoseC6H12O6

sucrose

fructose

maltose

-ose

Building carbohydrates Synthesis

|glucose

|glucose

1 sugar = monosaccharide

2 sugars = disaccharide

|maltose

mono = onesaccharide = sugar

di = two

Building carbohydrates Synthesis

|fructose

|glucose

1 sugar = monosaccharide

|sucrose

(table sugar)

2 sugars = disaccharide

How sweetit is!

BIG carbohydrates Polysaccharides

large carbohydrates starch

energy storage in plants potatoes

glycogen energy storage in animals

in liver & muscles cellulose

structure in plants cell walls

chitin structure in arthropods & fungi

exoskeleton

poly = many

Building BIG carbohydratesglucose + glucose + glucose… =

starch(plant)

glycogen(animal)

energystorage

polysaccharide

Digesting starch vs. cellulose

starcheasy todigest

starcheasy todigest

cellulosehard todigest

cellulosehard todigest

enzyme

enzyme

Cellulose Cell walls in plants

herbivores can digest cellulose well most carnivores cannot digest cellulose

that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients

cellulose = roughage stays undigested keeps material

moving in your intestines

Different Diets of HerbivoresCow

can digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars

Gorillacan’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet

Helpful bacteria How can cows digest cellulose so well?

BACTERIA live in their stomachs & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals