WARM-UP (4-10/4-11-13)COPY & Answer the question on P

15E What are some of the problems that

could arise for a country after it achieves independence? What are some of the consequences and responsibilities resulting from independence?

(5 sentences or more)

PROBLEMS:Ethnic disputesGrowing debtCultural dependenceWidespread social unrestMilitary responses to restore order

AFRICAN CONFLICTS

PROBLEMS OF NEW AFRICAN NATIONS Tribalism – continuing loyalty to tribes

and prejudice against other tribes Poverty – massive unemployment or

under employment Subsistence Agriculture – many

tribes, villages, families, exist on what they produce

Disease – epidemics of malaria, Ebola virus, parasites, nutritional diseases, yellow fever, sleeping sickness, and HIV/AIDS.

Hunger – vast numbers are hungry daily

PROBLEMS (CONTINUE) Sanitary Conditions – lack of

knowledge between cleanliness and disease prevention.

Lack of Communication – with over 800 major language groups, intertribal communication remains a problem.

Lack of Educational Opportunities – rural villages and cities lack the educational resources to properly educate the young

Desertification –land degradation

GENOCIDE

The deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, ethnic, racial, political, or

cultural group.

THE UNITED NATIONS

Started in 1945 192 current member countries Purpose: to bring all nations of the

world together to work for peace and address international problems

Issues include: poverty, disease, illiteracy, environment, human rights

Each country has one vote

U.N. CRITERIA FOR OF GENOCIDE Both must be present for the UN to declare

genocide: 1.) Mental Element –an intent or plan to

destroy a group of people 2.) Physical element – any evidence of the

following being committed:1. Killing members of a group2. Causing serious bodily or mental harm to a group3. Inflicting conditions of life to bring about the

destruction of a group4. Preventing births in the group5. Forcibly transferring children from one group to another

Punishable forms of the crime of genocide: genocide, conspiracy (plot), incitement (encouragement), attempt and complicity (involvement).

SUDAN

SUDAN’S HISTORY Egypt controlled

Sudan Great Britain

colonized Egypt GB also took over

Sudan Independent in 1956 Ethnic power

struggles Arab Africans vs. Black

Africans Dictatorship control

extremist Arab/Muslim

SUDANESE POPULATION Divided into northern and southern region 61% of the population can read Blacks make up 52% and Arabs make up

39% of the population

North SouthMuslim (70%)Arabs live mostly in the northMajor cities located hereMany factory and urban jobs

Either Christian (5%) or traditional animist religions (25%)Black live mostly in the southMany in South converting to IslamMostly farmers or herders

PROBLEMS In 1983, Islamic Law became law of land

Everyone forced to obey the Laws of Islam, regardless of religious beliefs.

Civil war between North (Muslim) South (Christian)

General Omar Bashir staged a coup (takeover) and has been in total control for 20 years

Bashir is the leader of a radical Arab Muslim group Goal = entire nation of only Arab Muslims Target Black Christians and Animists

CONFLICTS OVER OIL

1978 oil Discovered - southern Sudan Arab/Muslim north fought Black/Christian

south for control Military government won control of the oil This keeps the south in poverty

Government does not give any profits to the south

Sudanese government planned out the killings of the Black Africans in their own country.

DARFUR Region in the west In 2003, Black Sudanese rebelled

government neglected them In 2004, Government army attacked

to stop rebellion Government hired radical Arab militia

to carry out killings of Darfur villagers

U.N. declares it genocide

GENERAL OMAR AL-BASHIR Indicted by the International Criminal Court

(ICC) 2009

Charged with 5 counts of Crimes Against Humanity (murder, extermination, forcible transfer, torture and rape)

2 counts of War Crimes (intentionally directing attacks against civilians)

2010 Charged with 3 counts of Genocide

#’s 1, 2, & 31. Killing members of a group2. Causing serious bodily or mental harm to a group3. Inflicting conditions of life to bring about the destruction of a

group

TODAY… 2011 Republic of South Sudan

Gained independence from Sudan

RWANDA

ETHNIC HISTORY Region first organized

into kingdoms Hutus and Tutsis

2 major tribes By 1800’s one

kingdom dominated the land

Sparked tension between Hutus and Tutsis

Kingdom fell to Germans

RWANDAN INDEPENDENCE Became independent nation in 1962 After giving up control, Belgium began to

favor Hutu majority. Hutus killed & exiled Tutsis Hutu President Habyarimana seized control in 1973

Government began threatening Tutsi elimination Civil war erupted in 1990

Tutsi refugees invaded attempted to overthrow Hutu government

In April 1994, President Habyarimana was assassinated in a plane crash. (believed by Tutsis)

CRIMINAL CHARGES 1996 Rwandan government held

genocide trials of many government officials: 22 were killed for their role in the murders U.N. not supportive of the punishment of

death 1998 U.N. held trials

Found 2 guilty of Crimes Against Humanity Sentenced to life in prison

SOUTH AFRICA & APARTHEID

SOUTH AFRICA Gold & Natural resources – European

Colonization After WWII Apartheid began in 1949 to 1994Apartheid: was a system of racial segregation enforced

by the government.  racial discrimination was institutionalized Race Laws: touched every aspect of social life (jobs, marriage, education, living condition/area)

APARTHEID LAWS Races separated into

specific geographic locations

87% of land reserved for only 20% of population

White, Indians, & coloured

Created “homelands” for blacks

13% of land divided into 10 homelands

No longer citizens of S. Africa (no vote)

Deemed “guest laborers”

Had to carry a pass

Could not intermarry

Could not employ white person

Black police could not arrest a white person

Could not get a S. Africa passport Had to carry a

passbook from their “homeland”

Could not travel

APARTHEID Apartheid = “Apartness” in Afrikaans Segregated white South Africans from

black South Africans South Africans were classified by race

White Indian (also a colony of Great Britain) Coloured (mixed race) Black

INDEPENDENCE FOR SOUTH AFRICA 1994 – Apartheid ends Nelson Mandela (president)

 Anti-apartheid activist (civil rights leader) Was arrested for his protests [served 27 yrs in

prison] Became a national symbol 1993 won Nobel Peace Prize

WARM-UP P. 15I (4-12/4-15) COPY & ANSWER THE FOLLOWING

QUESTION Last class we learned about some of the problems that

African colonies faced in order to achieve independence. (look back at you notes)

Do you think all the problems and conflicts that Africa faced to achieve independence were worth it?

Why or why not?

Answer the question in 5+ complete sentences: Ex:

Yes, I think that all the problems and conflicts that Africa faced to achieve independence were worth it because…..

OR No, I think that all the problems and conflicts that Africa faced to

achieve independence were not worth it because…..

1.Where is the refugee camp located? What prompted thousands to seek shelter at the camp?

2.What does OCHA stand for? According to them, who was the fighting between?

3.How many people are estimated to have been killed since 2003? From what are they dying?

4.Why have 2.7 million people been forced to flee their homes?

5.According to the 3rd to last paragraph, who hired the Arab militias, and what were they targeting in the villages.

6.Who charged General Bashir with genocide? Why did Bashir agree to a cease-fire in Darfur?

7.Who was not included in the cease-fire agreement?

U.N.: 15,000 Flee Southern DarfurReading Comprehension Questions

1977 STEVE BIKO DIES IN CUSTODY (NEWS ARTICLE)

1. leader of a black consciousness movement 2. 1946 - 30 yrs old when he died 3. National Union of South African Students 4. To hide his identity 5. Help political prisoners and their families 6. severe brain damage from injuries

sustained in custody 7. Nelson Mandela 8. He was a civil rights leader/anti-apartheid

activist-his death caused outrage in South Africa

GROUP POSTERS You will be assigned a

topic In your groups create

a poster about your topic (use your notes &document)

Each Person Will Have A Job:

1. Illustrator 1 2. Illustrator 2 3. Writer 1 4. Writer 2 5. Get supplies

for group/ Time keeper

*Poster Topics* Problems of New

African Nation United Nations Sudan & Darfur Rwanda South Africa Apartheid

PRESENTATIONS Your group will come up to present to the class the

poster

The Class: Will listen and fill in the chart as they

view/hear the presentations

PROBLEMS OF A NEW AFRICAN NATION

Article: Conflicts in Africa -http://www.globalissues.org/issue/83/conflicts-in-africa

1. Summary: What did you learn?(use notes & document)

2. List 4 causes and effects: (describe each)

3. Drawings: draw each of the 4 causes & effects

4. Conclusion: Which of the problems you have learned about was the greatest challenge new African nations faced and why? Give at least 2 specific reasons.

UNITED NATIONS (UN) Article: United Nations

http://learningtogive.org/lessons/unit65/lesson2_attachments/1.html

1. Summary: What did you learn?(use notes & document)

2.List the UN Criteria for Genocide 3. Drawings: draw 4 images that represent

what the United Nations stands for and how they help countries.

4. Conclusion: The United Nations been beneficial to many countries since it was first established. Should the United Nations continue to help out countries in need? Yes or No, explain your answer with 2 examples.

SUDAN & DARFUR Article:http://www.enoughproject.org/conflicts/sudans http://www.history.com/topics/darfur-conflict 1. Summary: What did you learn?(use notes &

document) 2. Venn Diagram Compare & Contrast Sudan and Darfur 3. Drawings: draw 2 drawings about Sudan

draw 2 drawings about Darfur 4. Conclusion: In 2011 South Sudan gain

independence from Sudan, do you think this will help stop the conflict between North and South Sudan? Why or why not? Explain give 2 examples.

RWANDAArticles: Rwanda/Why is there conflict between Tutsis and Hutus?www.globalissues.org/article/429/rwandahttp://history1900s.about.com/od/rwandangenocide/a/Rwanda-Genocide.htm

1. Summary: What did you learn?(use notes & document)

2. Venn Diagram Compare & Contrast the Hutu & Tutsi

3. Drawings: draw 4 pictures of what your group has learned about Rwanda.

4. Conclusion: Analyze the Hutu tribe vs. Tutsi tribe conflict: can this conflict be resolved? Explain how and why or why not. Give at least 2 specific reasons from your readings and notes.

SOUTH AFRICA Article: http://courses.wcupa.edu/jones/his312/lectures/southafr.htm 1. Summary: What did you learn?(use notes &

document) 2.List 4 causes and effects: (describe

each) 3. Drawings: draw each of the 4 causes &

effects 4. Conclusion: From the four causes that you

listed, which one would you choose as the one that played the most important part as to having the most devastating effect on Africa and the African people? Explain and give 2 examples.

APARTHEIDArticles: 1. http://www.history.com/topics/apartheid

2. http://teacher.scholastic.com/scholasticnews/indepth/upfront/features/index.asp?article=f010906_apartheid

1. Summary: What did you learn?(use notes & document)

2. List 4 causes and effects :(describe each)

3. Drawings: 4 images about Apartheid 4. Conclusion: Based on your readings and

notes, what can you conclude about Apartheid: was this system helpful to the African people? Why or Why not? Explain and give at least 2 specific reasons from your readings and notes.