WAREHOUSING waste

management

Contents:-

Reasons for warehousing Benefits Warehouse operating principles Types of Warehouse Warehousing strategies Warehouse location strategies Site selection Transport

Reasons for warehousing:-

To support the company’s customer policy.

To maintain a source of supply without interruptions.

To achieve transportation economies.

To support changing market conditions and sudden changes in demand.

To support any JIT programs.

To provide customers with the right mix of products at all times and all locations.

To ensure least logistics cost for a desired level of customer service.

CONCEPTNeed for storage arises both for raw material as well as finished products

STORAGE involves proper management for preserving goods from the time of their production or purchase till actual use.

When this storage is done on a large scale and in a specified manner it is called WAREHOUSING.

MEANING AND DEFINITION

Place where goods are kept is called WAREHOUSE

The person in-charge of warehouse is called WAREHOUSE-KEEPER

A commercial building for storage of goods

Used by manufacturers, importers, exporters, wholesalers, transport business, customers etc.

definition Warehousing refers to the activities involving storage of goods on a large-scale in a

systematic and orderly manner and making them available conveniently when needed. Means holding or preserving goods in huge quantities from the time of their purchase or

production till their actual use or sale. Creates time utility by bridging the time gap between production and consumption of

goods

BASIC FUNCTIONS PERFORMED

Storage functionPerformed by storing products in the

warehouse till delivery to ultimate consumer

Movement functionReceipt of products from manufacturing

plant

Transfer into the warehouse

Placement at designated

placeRegrouping

productsTransferring on transport

vehicle

NEED AND IMPORTANCEQUALITYSTOCK OF TRADEPRICE STABILISATIONSEASONAL PRODUCTSPERISHABLE GOODSCONTINUOUS PRODUCTIONSEASONAL DEMAND

LARGE-SCALE PRODUCTIONQUICK SUPPLYPROTECTION AND PRESERVATION

OF GOODSEASY HANDLINGUSEFUL FOR SMALL BUSINESSESCREATION OF EMPLOYMENTFACILITATES SALE OF GOODSAVAILABILITY OF FINANCE

BASIC REASONS FOR NEED OF WAREHOUSE

RAW MATERIALS

WORK-IN-PROGRESS

COSUMABLE STORES AND SPARES

READY-MADE COMPONENTS

FINISHED GOODS

CHARACTERISTICS OF IDEAL WAREHOUSES CONVENIENT LOCATION

AVAILABILITY OF MECHANICAL APPLIANCES TO LOAD AND UNLOAD GOODS

ADEQUATE SPACE COLD STORAGE FACILITIES PROPER ARRANGEMENT FOR PROTECTION SUFFICIENT PARKING SPACE ROUND THE CLOCK SECURITY ARRANGEMENT LATEST FIRE FIGHTING EUIPMENTS

FUNCTIONSSTORAGE OF

GOODSPROTECTION OF

GOODSRISK BEARINGIDENTIFICATION

OF GOODSFINANCINGPROCESSING

DESIGN CONSIDERATION

Ideal Facility for Pure Supplier Consolidation(Full Pallet Movement)

Warehouse Space Requirements

WAREHOUSE PROCESSPut-away

•Identify Product•Identify Product Location•Move Products•Update Records

Storage•Equipment•Stock Location– Popularity– Unit Size– Cube

Shipping Preparation•Packing•Labeling•Stacking

Order Picking•Information•Walk & Pick•Batch Picking

Shipping•Schedule Carrier•Load Vehicle•Bill of Loading•Record Update

RECEIVING•Schedule Carrier•Unload Vehicle•Inspect for damage

INPUT

OUTPUT

• Capital costs—Costs of space & materials handling

equipment• Operating costs

—Cost of labor—Measure of labor productivity is the

number of units that an operator can move in a day

COSTS OF OPERATING A WAREHOUSE

WAREHOUSE ACTIVITIES• Receive goods• Identify the goods• Dispatch goods to storage• Hold goods Pick goods Marshal shipment Dispatch shipment Operate an information

system

• Accepts goods from‒ Outside transportation or attached

factory & accepts responsibility • Check the goods against an order & the bill

of loading• Check the quantities• Check for damage & fill out damage

reports if necessary• Inspect goods if required

Receive goods

‒ items are identified with the appropriate stock-keeping unit (SKU) number (part number) & the quantity received recorded

Identify the goods

Dispatch goods to storage‒ goods are sorted & put away

Hold goods‒ goods are kept in storage & under proper

protection until needed

TYPES OF WAREHOUSESPRIVATE

WAREHOUSESPUBLIC

WAREHOUSESGOVERNMENT WAREHUOSES

CO-OPERATIVE WAREHOUSES

BONDED WAREHOUSES

DISRIBUTION CENTERS OR

WAREHOUSES

COLD STORAGE

EXPORT AND IMPORT

CLIMATE – CONTROLLED

FIELD WAREHOUSE

SAGRICULTURAL

WAREHOUSES

1. PRIVATE HOUSES OPERATED by a company for shipping and storing its

own products OWNED AND MANAGED- manufacturers or traders CONSTRUCTION- Farmers near their fields,

Wholesalers and Retailers near their business centre's and Manufacturers near their factories

COMPANIES – Stable inventory levels and long run expectations

SUITABILITY- Firms that require special handling and storage features and want to control design and operation of the warehouse

2. PUBLIC WAREHOUSES

Provide storage and physical distribution services on rental basis

Used by SMALL FIRMS and LARGE FIRMS Organizes to provide storage facilities to traders,

manufacturers, agriculturists in return for a storage charge Licensed by Govt. In India OWNED and OPERATED – Central Warehousing

Corporation and State Warehousing Corporation SUITABILTY – seasonal production or low volume storage

needs, companies with inventories maintained in many locations, firms entering new markets

OWNER –stands as an agent of goods

3. GOVERNMENT WAREHOUSES OWNED, MANAGED AND CONTROLLED -Central or State Governments or public

corporations or local authorities EXAMPLES- Central Warehousing Corporation of India, State Warehousing

Corporation and Food Corporation of India If customer cannot pay rent within specified time authority can recover rent disposing

of goods

4. CO-OPERATIVE WAREHOUSES• Owned, Managed and Controlled – Co-operative societies• Facilities at most economical rates to members• Located-Punjab, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Andhra

5. BONDED WAREHOUSES Licensed to accept imported goods for storage before payment of

customs duty Imported merchandise is stored and released only after payment

of appropriate taxes Cigarettes, Liquor, Other products are stored Owned and Operated – PORT TRUSTS Acts in two capacities viz LANDLORD and BAILEE OF GOODS As landlord provides storage facilities on rent As bailee of goods take reasonable care to handle and store goods

as it has lien on goods under care for charges of its services Owner can sell goods wholly or in part by endorsing a warrant Facilitate enterpot trade- importer need not pay the import duty

6. DISTRIBUTION CENTERS / WAREHOUSES

Designed to move goods Large and highly automated Receive goods from various plants and suppliers, take orders, fill them efficiently

deliver to customers quickly Located near the market owned or leased by manufacturers Access to transport networks

7. COLD STORAGE Preserve perishability of goods against payment of a storage charge Temperature variation is controlled to degree necessary for certain sensitive items

8. EXPORT AND IMPORT WAREHOUSES LOCATION –near ports where international trade is undertaken Storage facilities for goods awaiting onward movements Facilities- packaging , inspection, marking etc

9. CLIMATE-CONTROLLED WAREHOUSE Handle storage of many products including need special handling conditions Freezers for frozen products, humidity controlled environment for delicate

products, produce or flowers, etc

10. FIELD WAREHOUSES MANAGED- Public Warehousing Agency in the premises of a factory or company

which needs facility for borrowing from a bank against certification of goods in storage or in process by an independent professional warehouse man.

11. AGRICULTURAL WAREHOUSES Store agricultural produce grown in a certain area Location – Assembling or regulated markets Receive agricultural commodities either directly from farmers or through their

commission agents or from wholesalers Encourage speculative trading

WAREHOUSE OPERATIONS

PUBLIC WAREHOUSING-Client paying fee

PRIVATE WAREHOUSE –

Single manufacturer

LEASED WAREHOUSING- Stable inventory

CONTRACT WAREHOUSING –Clients pay fees

Benefits of warehousing:-

Consolidation.

Break bulk warehouse.

Processing / Postponement.

Stockpiling.

Service benefits.

Warehouse Operating Principles:-

Three Principles are:

1) Design criteria:

a) Number of stories in the facility,

b) Height utilization,

c) Product flow

Warehouse Operating Principles:-

2) Handling technology

a) Movement continuity,b) Movement scale economies.

3) Storage plan

The Warehouse location strategies:-

1) Market positioned:

a) Order Cycle time

b) Transportation cost

c) Sensitivity of the product

d) Order sizes

2) Product positioned:

a) Perishability of the raw materials

b) Number of products in the product mix

c) Assortments ordered by the customers from the product mix

d) Transportation consolidation rates

3) Intermediately positioned:

Site Selection:-

Location of the major markets.

Nature of the products being distributed.

Quality & Variety of carriers serving the proposed site.

Quality & Quantity of labour available.

Cost of industrial land.

Warehouse Layout:-

Layout of a warehouse depends on the proposed material handling system and requires development of a floor plan to facilitate product flow.

If pallets are to be utilized, the first step is to determine the pallet size.

Pilferage Protection:-

Protection against theft of merchandise has become a major factor in warehouse operation

As standard procedure, only authorized personnel should be permitted into the facility and surrounding grounds.

TRANSPORT

Transport Fundamentals:- Transport involves

Equipment People Decisions

When deciding the transport mode for a given product there are several things to consider:

Mode price Transit time and variability (reliability) Potential for loss or damage.

•Air •Rapidly growing segment of transportation industry•Lightweight, small items•Quick, reliable, expensive

•Rail •Low cost, high-volume•Improving flexibility•intermodal service

Single-mode Service Choices and Issues:-

Contd… Road :• Company has flexibility of deciding the drop points .• The operation can be 24 x 7• The risk of Industrial action is minimized.• Insurance, Claims on truckers are quite streamlined.

• Ropeways:-• Only for solid.• Can work in long and deep valleys in between.• Suitable for ropeways buckets.

•Water •Low-cost, high-volume, slow •Bulky, heavy and/or large items•Combined with trucking & rail for complete systems•International trade

•Pipeline •Primarily for oil & refined oil products•Slurry lines carry coal or kaolin•High capital investment•Low operating costs • Low product losses

Contd…

Transport Cost Characteristics:- Fixed costs:

Transport equipment Carrier administration Roadway acquisition and maintenance

Variable costs: Fuel Labor Equipment maintenance Handling, pickup & delivery, taxes

Solid Waste Management

Unit- V

What are Wastes?Waste (also known as rubbish, refuse, garbage, junk) is unwanted or useless materials. In biology, waste is any of the many unwanted substances expelled from living organisms, metabolic waste; such as urea and sweat.

Sources of Wastes

Households

Industry

Sources of Wastes

Agriculture

Fisheries

43

Sources of Wastes

Solid Waste

Solid wastes are all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid and that are discarded as useless or unwanted. The term refuse, is often used interchangeably with the term solid wastes.

Municipal Solid Waste

Classification of Material Comprising Municipal Solid Waste

Types of Solid Wastes

Solid wastes are generally classified in three general categories Municipal Wastes Industrial Wastes Hazardous Wastes

Municipal Wastes

Municipal Wastes Include waste from residential, commercial, open areas such as parks, streets, playgrounds etc. and treatment plant waste these include wastes such as, garbage, rubbish, ashes, demolition and construction wastes, special wastes, treatment plant wastes, principally composed of residual sludges.

Industrial Wastes

Industrial wastes are those wastes arising from industrial activities and typically include rubbish, ashes, demolition and construction wastes, special wastes and hazardous wastes.

Industrial Wastes

Hazardous Wastes

Solid Waste Management

The solid waste management has the following components:

Identification of waste and its minimization at the source

Collection, segregation and storage at the site of collection

Transportation Treatment Energy recovery Disposal

Solid Waste Management

Identification of Waste and its Minimization at the Source

Treatment of Solid Waste

The waste has to be treated before disposal for the protection of environment.

In the treatment the biodegradable waste can be processed by composting, vermi-composting, anaerobic digestion or any other appropriate biological processing for stabilization of waste.

In any case the solid waste should be reduced in quantity at the source, segregated, then carefully transported and the economically treated before the final disposal.

Treatment of Solid Waste

Swacch School, Swacch Home, Swacch City then Swacch Bharat Cleanliness starts from YOU

'MISSION SWACCH BHARAT' (CLEAN INDIA) 

Solid Waste Management at Community Level

The program aims to make India a clean country

Organize different

awareness programmes

on cleanliness and senitation Construction of

toilets in schools and public places

Programmes to eliminate open

defecation

Make people aware about the health

issues raised because of

open defecation

Solid and liquid waste

management

And take all these

initiatives to the rural India

also

Pledge with us to make a stink free

India