[walter cairns] introduction to european union law(bookfi.org)

INTRODUCTION TOEUROPEAN UNION

LAW

Second Edition

Cavendish Publishing

Limited

CPLondon Sydney

INTRODUCTION TOEUROPEAN UNION

LAW

Second Edition

Walter CairnsSenior Lecturer in Law and Languages,

Manchester Metropolitan University

Cavendish Publishing

Limited

CPLondon Sydney

Second edition first published in Great Britain 2002 by Cavendish PublishingLimited, The Glass House, Wharton Street, London WC1X 9PXTelephone: +44 (0)20 7278 8000 Facsimile: +44 (0)20 7278 8080Email: [email protected]: www.cavendishpublishing.com

Cairns, W 2002

First edition 1997

Second edition 2002

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in aretrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under theterms of the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of alicence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road,London W1P 9HE, UK, without the permission in writing of the publisher.

Cairns, WalterIntroduction to European Union Law 2nd ed1 Law European Union countriesI Title II European law341.2'422

ISBN 1 85941 679 9

Printed and bound in Great Britain

Given the sometimes dazzling pace of change to which EU law is subject evenbetween the time of writing this Preface and the date on which this volume hitsthe bookshelves a second edition of this work was always going to be high onmy list of priorities. I therefore wish to extend my first words of gratitude toCavendish Publishing and its staff for giving me the opportunity to do just that.

The first edition appeared almost immediately after the changes wrought bythe Amsterdam Treaty had entered into effect. This time fortune has been lesskind to me, in that yet another EU instrument, the Treaty of Nice, has beensigned, but will not take effect for some considerable time yet (that is if, pace theIrish referendum result, it comes into force at all). I have therefore contentedmyself with a general outline of the Treaty and the proposed changes, withoutintegrating them into the main body (except where it is appropriate to glanceinto the future).

Once again, I must pay due tribute to all my colleagues and friends, bothacademic and non-academic, who have given me continuous support andencouragement in producing this second edition. I should also express mygratitude to my students for frequently putting up with a bleary-eyed andbarely coherent tutor whilst the latter was consuming the proverbial lateinflammable liquid in attempting to meet the deadline.

In addition, I would like to thank the Institute for Advanced Legal Studiesfor allowing me at all times to use their excellent library facilities, withoutwhich it would have taken me even longer to produce this edition.

The law contained in this book is that which applies as at late 2001. Needlessto say any omissions and/or errors are the exclusive responsibility of theauthor.

Walter Cairns

v

Preface

Preface vTable of Cases ixTable of EU Legislation xxiTable of Statutes xxvii

1 Introduction 1

2 The Community Institutions 25

3 The Community Decision-Making Process 53

4 The Sources of Community Law 71

5 Community Law and National Law 95

6 Judicial Remedies in Community Law: Direct Actions 121

7 Community Judicial Remedies: Indirect Actions 143

8 The Free Movement of Goods 155

9 The Free Movement of Persons 183

10 The Free Movement of Capital 209

11 Competition Policy 215

12 Customs Law: External Aspects 255

13 Social Policy 271

14 Discrimination Based on Gender 289

15 Intellectual Property 303

16 The Future 321

17 European Union Law: A Practical Guide 333

Bibliography 359Index 367

vii

Contents

ix

Table of Cases

ACF Chemiefarma v Commission (Quinine Cartel case) (Cases 41, 44, 45/69) [1970] ECR 661 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221, 224

AEG-Telefunken v Commission (Case 107/82) [1983] ECR 3151 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221

AKZO Chemie v Commission (Case 62/86) [1991] ECR I-3359 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .230, 234

AM & S Europe v Commission (Case 155/79) [1982] ECR 1575 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241

Adams v Commission (Case 145/83) [1985] ECR 3539 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140

Adoui and Cornouaille v Belgium (Cases 115, 116/81) [1982] ECR 1665 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196

Ahmed Saeed Luftreisen and Silver Line Reisebro v Zentrale zur Bekmpfung Unlauterer Wettbewerbs (Case 66/86) [1989] ECR 803 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .247

klagaren v Harry Franzen (Case C-189/95) [1997] ECR I-5909 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166

Alcan Aluminium Raeren et al v Commission (Case 69/69) [1970] ECR 385 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129

Algera v Common Assembly of the ECSC (Cases 7/56, 37/57) [195758] ECR 39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13, 138

Allied Corporation v Commission (Cases 239, 275/82) [1984] ECR 1005 . . . . . . . . . . . .130

Allue and Coonan v Universit degli Studi di Venezia (Case 33/88) [1989] ECR 1591 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192

Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v Denkavit Italiana (Case 61/79) [1980] ECR 1205 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152

Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v Simmenthal (Case 106/77) [1978] ECR 630 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111

Analog Devices v Hauptzollamt Mnchen-Mitte and Hauptzollamt Mnchen-West (Case 122/80) [1981] ECR 2781 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259

Arbeiterswohlfahrt der Stadt Berlin v Btel (Case C-360/90) [1992] ECR I-3589 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .290

Asia Motor Finance v Commission (Case T-7/92) [1994] 4 CMLR 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241

Australian Mining and Smelting Europe Ltd v Commission (Case 155/79) [1982] ECR 1575 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90

Ayse Szen v Zehnacker Gebudereinigung GmbH Krankenhausservice (Case 13/95) [1997] ECR I-1259 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279

BASFG and Others v Commission (Cases T-79, 8486, 89, 9192, 94, 96,98, 102, 104/89) [1992] ECR II-315 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86

BMW v Belgium (Case 32/78) [1979] ECR 2435 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220

BP v Commission (Case 77/77) [1978] ECR 1513 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235

BRT v SABAM (Case 127/73) [1974] ECR 51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103, 243, 246

Badeck (Case C-158/97) [2000] ECR I-1875 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .300

Barber v Guardian Royal Exchange (Case C-262/88) [1990] ECR I-1889 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294

Bauhuis v Netherlands State (Case 46/76) [1977] ECR 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158, 159, 176

Baustahlgewerbe GmbH v Commission (Case C-185/95) [1998] ECR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92

Bayerische HNL Vermehrungsbetriebe v Council (Case 83/76) [1978] ECR 1209 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141

Belasco v Commission (Case 246/86) [1989] ECR 2117 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221

Benedetti v Murani (Case 52/76) [1977] ECR 166 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152

Bettray v Staatsecretaris van Justitie (Case 344/87) [1989] ECR 1622 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184

Bilka-Kaufhaus GmbH v Karin Weber von Hartz (Case 170/84) [1986] ECR 1607 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290, 293

Blesgen decision (Case 75/81) [1982] ECR 1211 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162

Bock v Commission (Case 62/70) [1971] ECR 897 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129

Bonsignore v Oberstadtdirektor Kln (Case 67/74) [1975] ECR 297 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196

Bordessa and Others (Cases C-358/93, C-416/93) [1995] ECR I-361 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211

Borker, Re (Case 130/78) [1980] ECR 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145

Bouchoucha (Case C-61/89) [1990] ECR I-3551 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200

Bouhelier (Case 53/76) [1977] ECR 197 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168

Brasserie de Haecht v Wilkin (Case 23/67) [1967] ECR 407 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218

Brasserie du Pcheur v Germany (Case C-46/93) [1996] 1 CMLR 889 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108

British Telecom OJ 1982 L 360/36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235

Broekmeulen v Committee for Registration of Medical Practitioners (Case 246/80) [1981] ECR 2311 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144

Brother International GmbH v Hauptzollamt Giessen (Case 26/88) [1990] ECR 707 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261

Brown v Rentokil Ltd (Case C-394/96) [1998] ECR I-4185 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299

CILFIT v Ministro della Sanit (Case 283/81) [1982] ECR 3415, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45, 151

CNL-Sucal v Hag (Second Hag decision) (Case C-10/89) [1990] ECR I-377 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308

INTRODUCTION TO EUROPEAN UNION LAW

x

Calpack v Commission (Cases 789/89, 790/79) [1980] ECR 1949 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129

Capolongo v Azienda Agricola Maya (Case 77/72) [1973] ECR 611 . . . . . . . . . . . .101, 156

Casati (Case 203/80) [1981] ECR 2595 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209

Centrafarm v Sterling Drug (Case 15/74) [1974] ECR 1147 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304, 305, 309

Centrafarm v Winthrop (Case 16/74) [1974] ECR 1183 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304, 306, 310

Chanel v Cepeha Handelsmaatschappij (Case 31/68) [1970] ECR 403 . . . . . . . . . .146, 147

Chevalley v Commission (Case 15/70) [1970] ECR 975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135

Chiron Corporation v Murex Diagnistics [1995] AER (EC) 88 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150

Cohn Bendit Case [1980] 1 CMLR 544 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81

Colim v Biggs Continent Noord (Case C-33/97) [1999] ECR I-3175 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164

Collins v Imtrat Handelsgesellschaft GmbH (Cases C-92, 326/92) [1993] ECR I-5145 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .318

Coloroll Pension Trustees Ltd v Russell (Case C-200/91) [1994] ECR-I 4389 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .291

Commission v Anic Partecipazioni (Case C-49/92 P) [1999] ECR I-4125 . . . . . . . . . . . . .222

Commission v Belgium (Case 77/69) [1970] ECR 237 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123

Commission v Belgium (Case 156/77) [1978] ECR 1881 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131, 137

Commission v Belgium (Case 149/79) [1982] ECR 1845 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197

Commission v Belgium and Luxembourg (Gingerbread Case) (Cases 2, 3/62) [1962] ECR 425 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157

Commission v Belgium and Luxembourg (Cases 90, 91/63) [1964] ECR 625 . . . . . . . . .124

Commission v Council (Re European Road Transport Agreement (ERTA)) (Case 22/70) [1971] ECR 263 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130, 132

Commission v Council (Staff Salaries decision) (Case 81/72) [1973] ECR 575 . . . . . . . . .87

Commission v Denmark (Case 158/82) [1983] ECR 3572 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177

Commission v France (Case 152/78) [1980] ECR 2299 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166


Commission v France (Case 90/79) [1981] ECR 283 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177

Commission v France (Case 290/83) [1985] ECR 440 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248


Commission v France (Case C-30/89) [1990] ECR-1 691 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85

Commission v Germany (Case 24/62) [1963] ECR 63 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133

Commission v Germany (Sekt Case) (Case 12/74) [1975] ECR 181 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170

Commission v Germany (Case 205/84) [1986] ECR 3755 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201

Commission v Germany (Case 427/85) [1988] ECR 1123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203

Commission v Greece, Re KYDEP (Case C-35/88) [1991] ECR I-3123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126

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xi

Commission v Ireland (Case 55/79) [1980] ECR 481 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174

Commission v Ireland (Case 74/82) [1984] ECR 317 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123

Commission v Italy (Case 7/61) [1961] ECR 317 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123, 160

Commission v Italy (Case 7/68) [1968] ECR 423 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157

Commission v Italy (Case 24/68) [1969] ECR 193 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159

Commission v Italy (Case 28/69) [1970] ECR 187 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174, 175

Commission v Italy (Case 39/72) [1973] ECR 101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76, 85

Commission v Italy (Case 173/73) [1974] ECR 709 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248

Commission v Italy (Case 51/83) [1984] ECR 2793 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122

Commission v Italy (Case 101/84) [1985] ECR 2629 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124

Commission v Luxembourg and Belgium (Cases 2, 3/6217) [1962] ECR 425 . . . . . . . . .174

Commission v Luxembourg and Belgium (Cases 90, 91/63) [1964] ECR 625 . . . . . . . . .157

Commission v Sytraval and Brinks France (Case C-367/95) [1998] ECR I-259 . . . . . . . .252

Commission v United Kingdom (Tachographs case) (Case 128/78) [1979] ECR 419 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104, 123

Commission v United Kingdom (Case 170/78) [1980] ECR 417 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176

Commission v United Kingdom (Case 32/79) [1980] ECR 2403 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79

Commission v United Kingdom (Case 804/79) [1981] ECR 1045 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79, 96



Commission v United Kingdom (Case 165/82) [1983] ECR 3431 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .297

Compagnia Italiana Alcool v Commission (Case C-358/90) [1992] ECR 2457 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139

Concentration between Arospatiale SNI and Alenia-Aeritalia e Selenia and de Havilland, Re (Case IV/M53) [1992] 4 CMLR M2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238

Concentration between Digital Equipment International and Mannessman Kienzle GmbH, Re (Case IV/M57) [1992] 4 CMLR M99 . . . . . . . . . . .238

Conegate v Customs and Excise Commissioners (Case 121/85) [1986] ECR 1007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169

Confdration Nationale des Producteurs de Fruits et Lgumes v Council (Cases 16, 17/62) [1962] ECR 471 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Confederazione Nazionale Coltivatori Diretti and Others v Council and Commission [1998] ECR II-3841 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141

Conradsen v Ministeriet fr Skatter og Afgifter

(Case 161/78) [1979] ECR 2221 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Consten/Grndiz v Commission (Cases 56 and 58/64) [1966] ECR 299 . . . . . . . . . . . . .222


xii

Continental Can Decision (Case 6/72) [1973] ECR 215 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .233, 236

Costa v ENEL (Case 6/64) [1964] ECR 585 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95, 101, 111, 144, 148, 150, 245

Council v European Parliament (Case 34/86) [1986] ECR 2155 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67

Cristini v SNCF (Case 32/75) [1975] ECR 1085 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187

Da Costa en Schaakte (Cases 28, 29, 30/62) [1963] ECR 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

De Geus en Uitdenborgerd v Bosch en Vin Rijn (Case 13/61) [1962] ECR 45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72, 146

Defrenne v Belgium (Case 80/70) [1971] ECR 445 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .290, 291

Defrenne v SABENA (No 1) (Case 43/75) [1976] ECR 455 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103, 289, 291

Defrenne v SABENA (No 3) (Case 149/77) [1979] ECR 1365 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292

Dekker v Stichting Vormingscentrum voor Jonge Volwassenen (Case C-177/88) [1990] ECR I-3941 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298, 299

Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft v Metro-Grossmrkte (Case 78/70) [1971] ECR 487 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304

Di Felice v Institut National dAssurances Sociales pour les Travailleurs Indpendants (Case 128/88) [1989] ECR 923 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193

Donckerwolcke v Procureur de la Rpublique (Case 41/76) [1976] ECR 1921 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96

Draft Agreement on a European Economic Area, Re (1991] ECR I-6079 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83

East (t/a Margetts and Addenbrooke) v Cuddy (Case 143/86) [1988] ECR 625 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211

Edouard Dubois et Fils v Council and Commission (Case T-113/96) [1998] ECR II-125 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139

Eggers v Freie Hansedtadt Bremen (Case 13/78) [1978] ECR 1935 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170

Eglise de Scientologie (Case C-54/99) [2000] ECR I-1335 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212

Einfuhr-und Vorratstelle fr Getreide und Futtermittel v Macksprang (Case 2/75) [1975] ECR 607 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88

Elba v Hauptzollamt Berlin-Packhof (Case 205/80) [1981] ECR 2097 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259

Elliniki Radiophonia Tileorassi AE v Dimotiki Etairia Pliroforissis and Sotirios Kouvelas (Case C-260/89) [1991] ECR I-2925 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90

Emesa Sugar v Aruba (Case C-17/98), unreported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92

Emir Gl v Regierungs-prsident Dsseldorf (Case 131/85) [1986] ECR 1573 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188

Eridania v Commission (Case 18/68) [1969] ECR 459 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131

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xiii

Eunomia di Possor v Italian Ministry of Education (Case 18/71) [1971] ECR 811 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156

European Parliament v Council (Case C-65/90) [1992] ECR I-4593 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59

Evangelische Krankenhausverein (Case C-437/97) [2000] ECR I-1129 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87

Faccini Dori v Recreb Srl (Case C-91/92) [1994] ECR I-3325 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105

Fazenda Publica v Americo (Case C-345/93) [1995] ECR I-479 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173

Fink-Frucht v Hauptzollamt Mnchen (Case 27/67) [1968] ECR 223 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175

Foster v British Gas (Case C-188/89) [1990] ECR I-3313 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103, 106

France v Commission (Cases 18890/80) [1982] ECR 2545 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246

France v Commission (Case 264/86) [1988] ECR 973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77

France v Commission (Case C-301/87) [1990] ECR-I 307 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248

France v United Kingdom (Case 141/78) [1979] ECR 2923 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79, 125

Francovich, Andrea and Bonifaci, Daniela v Italian Republic (Cases C-6/90, C-9/90) [1990] ECR 15357 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107, 108, 342

Fratelli Cucchi v Avez SpA (Case 77/76) [1977] ECR 987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177

Fromageries Le Ski decision [1972] CMLR 330 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81

GAEC v Commission (Case 253/84) [1987] ECR 123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248

GVL v Commission (Case 7/82) [1983] ECR 483 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .247

Garland v British Rail Engineering Ltd (Case 12/81) [1982] ECR 359 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .291

General Motors v Commission (Case 26/75) [1975] ECR 1367 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234

Generics (UK) Ltd v Smith, Kline and French Laboratories Ltd [1990] CMLR 416 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140

Germany v Commission (Cases 52, 55/65) [1966] ECR 159 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158, 159

Germany v Commission (Case C-156/98) [2000] ECR I-6857 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249

Gesellschaft fr berseehandel mbH v Handelskammer Hamburg (Case 49/76) [1977] ECR 41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .260

Gilli and Andres (Case 788/79) [1980] ECR 2071 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163

Grad v Finanzamt Traunstein (Case 9/70) [1970] ECR 825 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108

Granaria v Produktschap voor Veevoeder (Case 18/72) [1972] ECR 1163 . . . . . . . . . . . .76

Greece v Council (Case 204/86) [1988] ECR 5323 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80

Grimaldi v Fonds des maladies professionnelles (Case 322/88) [1989] ECR 4407 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79

Groener v Minister for Education (Case 378/87) [1989] ECR 3967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187

Groenveld v Produktschap voor Vee en Vlees (Case 15/79) [1979] ECR 3409 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167, 168


xiv

Haegeman v Belgium (Case 181/73) [1974] ECR 449 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148

Haim v Kassenzahnrtzliche Vereinigung Nordrhein (Case C-319/92) [1994] ECR I-425 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203

Handels-OG Kontorfunktionaerernes Forbund i Danmark v Dansk Arbejdsforening ex p Aldi Marked (Case C-179/88) [1990] ECR I-3979 . . . . . . . . . .299

Handels-OG Kontorfunktionrerners Forbund i Danmark v DanskArbejdsgiverforening ex p Danfoss (Case 109/88) [1989] ECR 3199 . . . . . . . . .145, 296

Hansen v Hauptzollamt Flensburg (Case 148/77) [1978] ECR 1787 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Harz v Deutsche Tradax (Case 79/83) [1984] ECR 1921 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106

Hauptzollamt Mainz v Kupferberg (Case 104/81) [1982] ECR 3644 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109

Hauts Fourneaux et Aciries Belges v High Authority (Case 8/57) [1958] ECR 245 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84

Hein (Case 10/71) [1971] ECR 430 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .246

Heintz van Landewijck v Commission (Cases 209215, 218/78) [1980] ECR 3125 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220

Helmut Marschall v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen (Case C-405/95) [1997] ECR . . . . . . . .300

Herms International v FHT Marketing Choice (Case C-53/96) [1998] ECR I-3603 .97, 148

Hessische Knappschaft v Maison Singer (Case 44/65) [1965] ECR 965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191

Hoffman-LaRoche v Centrafarm (Case 102/77) [1978] ECR 1139 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .306

Hoffman-LaRoche v Commission (Case 85/76) [1979] ECR 461 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232, 233

Horvath v Hauptzollamt Hamburg-Jonas (Case 50/80) [1981] ECR 385 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264

Hls v Commission (Case C-199/92 P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222

Humblot v Directeur des Services Fiscaux (Case 112/84) [1985] ECR 1367 . . . . . . . . . .174

Hydrotherm v Andreoli (Case 170/83) [1984] ECR 2999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220

IAZ International Belgium (Cases 96102, 104, 105, 108, 110/82) (1983] ECR 3369 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225

ICI v Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato (Case 66/80) [1981] ECR 1191 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87, 153

IGAV v ENCC (Case 94/74) [1975] ECR 699 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174

IHT Internationale Heiztechnik GmbH v Ideal Standard GmbH (Case C-93) [1994] ECR I-2789 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311

Iannelli v Meroni (Case 74/76) [1977] ECR 557 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174, 175

Imperial Chemicals Industries v Commission (ICI Case) (Case 48/68) [1972] ECR 619 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216

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xv

Inno v Aftab (Case 13/77) [1977] ECR 2140 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

International Fruit Company v Commission (Cases 4144/70) [1971] ECR 411 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128, 129

International Fruit Company v Produktschap voor Groenten en Fruit (Case 21-24/72) [1972] ECR 1219 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82, 83

Internationale Handelsgesellschaft (Case 11/70) [1970] ECR 1125 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88

Interquell Strke-Chemie v Council and Commission (Cases 261, 262/78) [1979] ECR 3045 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140

Italian Flat Glass Cartel, Re (Cases T-68, 77, 78/89) [1992] ECR II-1403 . . . . . . . . .224, 232

Jan van de Haar decision (Cases 177, 178/82) [1984] ECR 1797 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162

Jenkins v Kingsgate (Clothing Productions) Ltd (Case 96/80) [1981] ECR 911 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292

John Walker v Ministeriet for Skatter (Case 243/86) [1986] ECR 875 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175

Joseph Danis (Cases 16-20) [1979] ECR 3327 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163

Kalanke v Freie Hansestadt Bremen (Case C-450/93) [1995] ECR I-3051 . . . . . . . . . . . .300

Kampffmeyer et al v Commission (Cases 5, 7, 13/66) [1967] ECR 245 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140

Keck (Cases C-267, C-268/91) [1993] ECR I-6079 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164

Kempf v Staatssecretaris voor Justitie (Case 139/85) [1986] ECR 1741 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184

Kohll v Union des caisses de maladie (Case C-158/96) [1999] ECR I-1931 . . . . . . . . . . .199

Koninklijke Scholten-Honig v Council and Commission (Case 83/76) [1979] ECR 3583 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141

Kortas (Case C-319/97) [1999] ECR I-3143 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105

Kowalski (Case C-33/89) [1990] ECR I-2591 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292

Kramer (Cases 3, 4 , 6/76) [1976] ECR 1279 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96

Kreil v Germany (Case C-285/98) [2000] ECR I-69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89, 298

Kupferberg (Case No 104/81) [1982] ECR 3641 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83

Lancme SA v Efos BV (Case 99/79) [1980] ECR 2511 at 2533 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244

Larsson (Case C-400/95) [1997] ECR I-2757 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299

Lawrie-Blum v Land Baden-Wurttemburg (Case 66/85) [1986] ECR 2121 . . . . . . . . . . .184

Lehtonen and Castors Canada Dry Namur-Braine v Fdration Royale Belge (Case C-176/96) [2000] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190

Laying-Up Fund, Re (1976] ECR 741 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83


xvi

Leonesio v Ministry of Agriculture (Cases 89, 93/71) [1972] ECR 287 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110

Levin (Case 53/81) [1982] ECR 1035 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184

Liefting v Directie van het Academisch Ziekenhuis bij de Universiteit van Amsterdam (Case 23/83) [1984] ECR 5225 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .291

Luisi and Carbone v Ministero del Tesoro (Cases 286/82, 26/83) [1984] ECR 377 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198, 199, 209, 210

Ltticke v Hauptzollamt Saarlouis (Case 57/65) [1966] ECR 327 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100, 102

Macarthys v Smith [1979] 3 All ER 325 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116

Marchandise (Case C-332/89) [1991] ECR I-1027 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164

Marleasing SA v La Comercial Internacional de Alimentacion SA (Case C-106/89) [1990] ECR I-4135 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107

Marshall v Southampton Area Health Authority (Case 152/84) [1986] ECR 723 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105, 106

Marty v Este Lauder (Case 37/79) [1980] ECR 2481 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240

Merck v Stephar (Case 187/80) [1981] ECR 2063 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305

Merckx and Neuhuys (Joined Cases C 17194, C-172/94) [1996] ECR I-1253 . . . . . . . . .279

Meroni v High Authority (Case 9/56) [195758] ECR 133 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132

Mtropole Television and Others v Commission (Cases T-528/93, T-542/93, T-546/93) unreported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228

Milchwerke Whrmann v Commissioner (Cases 31, 33/62) [1962] ECR 501 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136, 137

Ministre Public Luxembourg v Mller (Case 10/71) [1971] ECR 723 . . . . . . . . . . .100, 101

Ministre Public v Auer (Case 136/78) [1979] ECR 437 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202, 203

Ministre Public v Deserbais (Case 286/86) [1988] ECR 4907 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148

Ministre Public v Mutsch (Case 137/84) [1985] ECR 2660 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Montecattini v Commission (Case C-235/92 P) [1999] ECR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222

Morson v Netherlands State (Cases 35, 26/82) [1982] ECR 3720 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187

Moulijn v Commission (Case 6/74) [1974] ECR 1287 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72

Mulder et al v Commission (Cases C-104/89, C-37/90) [1992] ECR 2337 . . . . . . . . . . . .141

Musik-Vertrieb Membran GmbH v Gesellschaft fr Musikalische Auffhrungs- und Mechanische Vervielfaltungsrechte (GEMA) (Cases 55, 57/80) [1981] ECR 147 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .307, 311

Musique Diffusion Franaise v Commission (Cases 10003/80) [1983] ECR 1825 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

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xvii

NTN Toyo Bearing v Council (Case 113/77) [1979] ECR 1185 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130

NVIAZ International Belgium v Commission (Cases 96102, 104, 105, 108, 110/82) [1983] ECR 3369 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221

Napier Brown/British Sugar OJ 1988 L 284 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232

National Panasonic (UK) v Commission (Case 136/79) [1980] ECR 2033 . . . . . . . . . . . . .90

Neath v Hugh Steeper Ltd (Case C-152/91) [1993] ECR I-6935 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .291

Netherlands v Commission and Van der Wal (Joined Cases C-174/98 P, C-189/98 P) [2000] ECR I-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92

Netherlands Government v High Authority (Case 6/54) [195456] ECR 103 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134

Nederlands Spoorwegen v Minister van Verkeer en Waterstaat (Case 36/73) [1973] ECR 1299 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144

Newstead v Department of Transport (Case 192/85) [1987] ECR 4753 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .291

Nimez (Case C-184/89) [1991] ECR 297 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293

Nimz v Frei- und Hansestadt Hamburg (Case C-184/89) [1991] ECR 297 . . . . . . . . . . .293

Nold v Commission (Case 4/73) [1974] ECR 491 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90

Nordsee Deutsche Hochseefischerei GmbH v Reederei Mond (Case 102/81) [1982] ECR 1095 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145

Nungesser v Commission (Case 258/78) [1982] ECR 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227

Oebel (Case 155/80) [1981] ECR 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168

Officer van Justitie v Kramer (Case 3/76) [1976] ECR 1279 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82

Openbaar Ministerie v Van Tiggele (Case 82/77) [1978] ECR 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162, 163

Ozlizlok v Commission (Case 34/77) [1978] ECR 1099 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91

P v S and Cornwall County Council (Case C-13/94) [1996] ECR I-1827 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .301

PPW Internationaal v Hoofdproduktschap voor Akkerbouwprodukten (Case 61/72) [1973] ECR 301 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72

Parke Davis v Probel & Centrafarm (Case 24/67) [1968] ECR 55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .303

Parliament v Council (Case 13/83) [1985] ECR 1513 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135, 136

Parliament v Council (Case 377/87) [1988] ECR 4017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135

Pfizer Inc v Eurim-Pharm (Case 1/81) [1981] ECR 2913 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .307

Pharmon BV v Hoechst BV (Case 19/84) [1985] ECR 2281 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305, 306, 310

Philip Morris Holland v Commission (Case 730/79) [1980] ECR 2671 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250

Piraiki-Patraiki v Commission (Case 11/82) [1985] ECR 207 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128, 129

Plaumann v Commission (Case 25/62) [1963] ECR 95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127


xviii

Politi v Ministry of Finance of the Italian Republic (Case 43/71) [1971] ECR 1408 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149

Polypropylene, Re OJ 1986 L 230 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219

Pool v Council (Case 49/79) [1980] ECR 569 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141, 142

Prais v Council (Case 130/75) [1976] ECR 1589 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90

Pretore di Salo v X (Case 14/86) [1987] ECR 2545 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144

Procureur de la Rpublique v Chatain (Case 65/79) [1980] ECR 1345 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264

Procureur de la Rpublique v Rivoira (Case 179/78) [1979] ECR 1147 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96

Procureur du Roi v Dassonville (Case 8/74) [1974] ECR 837 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161, 162

Procureur du Roi v Debauve (Case 52/79) [1980] ECR 833 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199

Procureur-Gnral v Buys (Case 5/79) [1979] ECR 3203 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163

Pubblico Ministero v Ratti (Case 148/78) [1979] ECR 1629 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104

R v Bouchereau (Case 30/77) [1977] ECR 1845 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196

R v Henn and Darby (Case 34/79) [1979] ECR 3795 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169

R v IAT ex p Antonissen (Case C-292/89) [1991] ECR I-745 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185

R v Intervention Board for Agricultural Produce ex p Mann (Sugar) Ltd (Case 181/84) [1985] ECR 2889 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89

R v Kirk (Case 63/83) [1984] ECR 2689 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90

R v Pieck (Case 157/79) [1980] ECR 2171 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186

R v Secretary of State for the Home Department ex p Evans Medical and Macfarlane Smith, Bulletin 4-1995, unreported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172

R v Secretary of State for Social Security ex p Smithson (Case C 243/90) [1992] ECR I-467 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302

R v Secretary of State for Transport ex p Factortame (No 1) (1990] ECR I-243; [1990] 2 AC 85 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81, 111, 117, 118

R v Secretary of State for Transport ex p Factortame and Others (No 2) [1991] 1 AC 603 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117

R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex p Factortame (No 3) (Case C-48/93) [1996] ECR 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108

R v Tymen (Case 269/80) [1981] ECR 3079 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79

Racke v Hauptzollamt Mainz (Case 98/78) [1979] ECR 69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86

Retter v Caisse de pension des employs privs (Case 130/87) [1989] ECR 865 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84

Rewe v Bundesmonopolverwaltung fr Branntwein (Cassis de Dijon) (Case 120/78) [1979] ECR 649 . . . . . . . . . . .162, 16567, 170, 214, 293

Reyners v Belgium (Case 2/74) [1974] ECR 631 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102, 199, 200

TABLE OF CASES

xix

Rheinmhlen v Einfuhr- und Vorratstelle (Case 166/73) [1974] ECR 33 . . . . . . . . . . . . .147

Rinner-Khn v FWW Spezial-Gebudevereinigung GmbH (Case 171/88) [1989] ECR 2743 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .290, 293, 294

Robert Bosch v Hauptzollamt Hildesheim (Case 1/77) [1977] ECR 1473 . . . . . . . . . . . .262

Roquette Frres v Council (Case 138/79) [1980] ECR 3333 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38, 59, 133

Royer (Case 48/75) [1976] ECR 497 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194

Rubber Agreement, Re (1979] ECR 2871 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83

Rummler v Dato-Druck GmbH (Case 237/85) [1986] ECR 2101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .296

Rutili (Case 36/75) [1975] ECR 1219 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194

Sabbatini v European Parliament (Case 32/71) [1972] ECR 345 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292

Sacchi (Case 155/73) [1974] ECR 409 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245

Samenwerkende Electriciteits-Productiebedrijven NV v Commission (Case T-39/90) [1992] ECR II-1497 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241

Schwarze v Einfuhrstelle fr Getreide und Futtermittel (Case 16/65) [1965] ECR 877 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133

Security International v Signalson and Securitel Bulletin (Case C-194/94) [1996) [1996] 33 CMLR 1035 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181

Siemens/Fanuc OJ 1985 L 376 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225

Silhouette v Hartlauer (Case C-355/96) [1998] ECR I-4799 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .313

Simmenthal v Italian Minister for Finance (Case 35/76) [1976] ECR 1871 . . . . . . .158, 159

Sirdar v The Army Board and Secretary of State for Defence (Case C-273/97) [1999] ECR I-7403 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89, 298

Sociaal Fonds voor Diamantarbeiders v Brachfeld (Cases 2, 3/69) [1969] ECR 211 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157, 158

Socit Les Commissionnaires Runis v Receveur des Douanes (Cases 80, 81/77) [1978] ECR 927 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159

Socit pour lexportation des sucres v Commission (Case 88/76) [1977] ECR 709 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86

Socit Technique Minire v Maschinenbau Ulm (Case 56/65) [1966] ECR 235 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223

Sotgiu v Deutsche Bundespost (Case 152/73) [1974] ECR 153 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197

Spijkers (Case 24/85) [1986] ECR 119 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279

Stanton v INASTI (Case 143/87) [1988] ECR 3877 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192

Stauder v Ulm (Case 29/69) [1969] ECR 419; [1970] ECR 420 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45, 89, 90

Steinike und Weinlig v Germany (Case 78/76) [1977] ECR 595 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174


xx

Stergios Delimitis v Henninger Bru (Case C-234/89) [1991] ECR I-935 . . . . . . . . . . . . .223

Steymann v Staatssecretaris voor Justitie (Case 196/87) [1988] ECR 6159 . . . . . . . . . . .184

Sdmilch v Ugliogla (Case 15/69) [1969] ECR 363 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194

Suiker Unie v Commission (Cases 4048, 50, 5456, 111, 113, 114/73) [1975] ECR 1663 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222

Svensson (Case C-484/93) [1995] ECR I-3955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212

TWD Textilwerke Deggendorf GmbH v Germany (Case C-188/92) [1994] ECR I-833 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131

Tasca (Case 65/75) [1976] ECR 291 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162

Tepea (Case 28/77) [1978] ECR 1391 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221

Terhoeve v Inspecteur van de Belastingdienst Particulieren/Ondernemingen buitenland (Case C-33/97) [1999] ECR I-345 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188

Terrapin v Terranova (Case 119/75) [1976] ECR 1039 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .309

Thieffry v Conseil de LOrdre des Avocats la Cour de Paris (Case 71/76) [1977] ECR 765 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200

Toepfer v Commission (Cases 106, 107/63) [1965] ECR 405 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127

Tpfer v Commission (Case 112/77) [1978] ECR 1019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133

Transocean Marine Plant Association v Commission (Case 17/74) [1974] ECR 1063 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91

UAPME v Council (Case T-135/96) [1998] ECR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128

UDS v Conforama (Case 312/89) [1991] ECR I-997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164

Unectef v Heylens (Case 222/86) [1987] ECR 4112 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189

Union nationale des entraineurs et cadres techniques professionnels du football (UNECTEF) v Heylens (Case 222/86) [1987] ECR 4097 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91

United Brands v Commission (Case 27/76) [1978] ECR 207 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23032, 234

United Kingdom v Council (Case 68/86) [1988] ECR 855 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80

VAG France v Etablissements Magne (Case 10/86) [1986] ECR 4071 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228

VBVB amd VVVB v Commission (Cases 43, 63/82) [1983] ECR 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224

Vaasen v Beambtenfonds Mijnenbedrijf (Case 61/65) [1966] ECR 261 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144

Van den Bergh en Jurgens BV and Van Dijk Food Products (Lopik) BV v Commission (Case 265/85) [1987] ECR 1155 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88

Van Duyn v Home Office (Case 41/74) [1974] ECR 1337 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46, 81, 104, 105, 19496, 331

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xxi

Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen (Case 26/62) [1963] ECR 1 . . . . . . . .41, 99, 100, 101, 111, 149, 151, 156

Van Zuylen Frres v Hag AG (First Hag decision) (Case 192/73) [1974] ECR 731 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308

Vaneetveld (Case C-316/93) [1994] ECR 763 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106

Verbond van Nederlandse Ondernemingen v Inspecteur der Invoerrechten en Accijnzen (Case 51/76) [1977] ECR 113 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104

Vereniging van Cementhandelaren v Commission (Case 8/72) [1972] ECR 977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221

Viho Europe v Commission (Case T-102/92) [1995] ECR II-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220

Von Colson and Kamann v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen (Case 14/83) [1984] ECR 1891 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106

WWF UK v Commission (Case T-105/95) [1997] ECR II-313 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133

Werhahn Hansamhle v Council (Cases 6369/72) [1973] ECR 1229 . . . . . . . . . . .138, 139

Wilhelm and Others v Bundeskartellamt (Case 1468) [1969] ECR 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219

Wood Pulp, Re (Cases 89, 104, 114, 116, 117, 12529/85) [1988] ECR 5193 . . . . . . . . . . .218

Worringham and Humphries v Lloyds Bank Limited (Case 69/88) [1981] ECR 767 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .290

Zerbone v Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato (Case 94/77) [1978] ECR 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110

Zinc Producers Group, Re OJ 1984 L 220 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224

Zuckerfabrik Schppenstedt v Council (Case 5/71) [1971] ECR 975 . . . . . . . . . . . .140, 141


xxii

xxiii

Table of EU Legislation

Directive 75/129 (OJ 1975 L 48) . . . . . .279

Directive 76/207 (Equal Treatment Directive) (OJ 1976 L 39) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297, 300,

301, 341Art 2(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297, 300Art 2(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298Art 2(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

Directive 77/91 (OJ 1977 L 26) . . . . . . . 204

Directive 77/187 (OJ 1977 L 61) . . . . . . .279

Directive 78/546 (OJ 1978 L 201) . . . . . .123

Directive 78/660 (OJ 1978 L 222) . . . . . 204

Directive 78/855 (OJ 1978 L 295) . . . . . 204

Directive 79/7 (OJ 1979 L 6) . . . . . . . . . 302

Directive 80/987 (Insolvency Directive) (OJ 1980 L 283) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107, 279

Directive 82/891 (OJ 1982 L 378) . . . . . 204

Directive 83/49 (OJ 1983 244) . . . . . . . 204

Directive 83/189 (New TechnicalStandards and Regulations) (OJ 1983 L 109) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

Directive 84/253 (OJ 1984 L 126) . . . . . 204

Directive 85/583 (OJ 1985 L 372) . . . . . 211

Directive 86/378 (OJ 1986 L 225) . . . . . 302

Directive 86/613 (OJ 1986 L 359) . . . . . 302

Directive 88/361 (OJ 1988 L 178) . . . . . 211Art 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211

Directive 88/627 (OJ 1988 L 348) . . . . . 204

Directive 89/48 (General Systems) (OJ 1989 L 19) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

Act of Accession for the UnitedKingdom, Ireland and DenmarkArts 3133 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157Art 42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160

Amsterdam Treaty 1997 2, 19, 59, 60, 91, 207, 280, 281,

283, 301

Budget Treaty 1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36, 39

Budget Treaty 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72

Constitution of the Fifth Republic 1958Art 55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124

Directive 64/221 (OJ Special Edition 196364 117) . . . . . . . . . . . .193Art 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194Art 2(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194Art 3(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104, 195, 196Art 3(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195Art 3(3), (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194

Directive 68/151 (First Company Law Directive) (OJ Special Edition 1968 (I) 41) . . . . . . . . . .107, 204

Directive 68/360 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

Directive 70/50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160

Directive 75/117 (Equal Pay Directive) (OJ 1975 L 45) . . . . .116, 289,

294, 295Art 1(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295, 296Art 1(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

xxiv


EC Treaty (Contd)Art 5(2) (ex Art 3b(2)) . . . . . . . . . . . 112Art 6(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Art 6(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Art 7 (ex Art 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132Art 10 (ex Art 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107Art 12 (ex Art 6) . . . . . . . . . . 38, 84, 183Art 13 (repealed) . . . . . . . . . . . 281, 301 Art 14 (ex Art 8a) . . . . . . . . . . . 178, 207Art 14(2) (ex Art 8a then 7a) . . . . . . 155Art 17 (ex Art 8) . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 3, 205Arts 1722 (ex Arts 88e) . . . . . . . . 205Art 18 (ex Art 8a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205Arts 1821 (ex Arts 8a8d) . . . . . . . 205Art 19 (ex Art 8b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205Art 20 (ex Art 8c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206Art 21 (ex Art 8d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206Art 22 (ex Art 8e) . . . . . . . . . . . . 59, 206Art 23 (ex Art 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255Art 25 (ex Art 12 . . . . .100, 101, 15658Art 13(2) (repealed) . . .100, 101, 15658Art 16 (repealed) . . . . . 100, 101, 15658Art 28 (ex Art 30) . . . . . . 148, 161, 162,

16466, 172Arts 2830 (ex Arts 3036) . . . . . . . . 31Arts 2829 (ex Arts 3034) . . . . . . . 157Art 29 (ex Art 34) . . . . . . . . . . .167, 168Arts 2942 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,4Art 30 (ex Art 36) . . . . . . . 157, 16770,

172, 193, 30407, 313

Arts 3034 (ex Arts 2829) . . . . . . . 168Art 31 (ex Art 37) . . . . . . . . . . . . .4, 239Art 31(2) (ex Art 37(2)) . . . . . . . . . . 101Arts 3238 (ex Arts 3846) . . . . . . . . 74 Art 34(3) (ex Art 40(3)) . . . . . . . 88, 141Art 37 (ex Art 43) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Art 37 (ex Art 43) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47Art 37(3) (ex Art 43(3)) . . . . . . . . 30, 38Art 39 (ex Art 48) . . . . . . . . . . . 81, 184,

188, 189, 190 Art 39 (2) (ex Art 48(2)) . . . . . . . . . . 186

Directive 89/104 (OJ 1989 L 40) . . . . . . 312Art 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312Art 3(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313Art 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313Art 5(1), (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313Art 6(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314Arts 7, 9, 10(1), 11, 12 . . . . . . . . . . . 314

Directive 89/391 (OJ 1989 L 183) . . . . . 277Art 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277Art 6(1), (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278Arts 7, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278Art 9(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278Arts 1012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278Art 13(1), (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 Arts 16, 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

Directive 89/667 (OJ 1989 L 395) . . . . . 204

Directive 91/250 (OJ 1991 L 122) . . . . . 316Arts 4, 5, 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317

Directive 92/51 (OJ 1992 L 209) . . . . . . .203

Directive 92/56 (OJ 1992 L 245) . . . . . . 279

Directive 92/57 (OJ 1992 L 245) . . . . . . .277

Directive 92/85 (OJ 1992 L 348) . . . . . . 277

Directive 92/100 (OJ 1992 L 346) . . . . . 316Art 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316

Directive 93/83 (OJ 1993 L 248) . . . . . . 318

Directive 94/45 (OJ 1994 L 64) . . . . . . .279

Directive 96/34 (OJ 1996 L 145) . . . . . . 128

Directive 98/5 (OJ 1998 L ???) . . . . . . . 203

Directive 99/42 (OJ 1999 L ???) . . . . . . 203

Enlargement ProtocolArt 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

EC Treaty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53, 67, 72Art 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Art 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 3, 6Art 2(1), (2), (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186Art 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6, 75Art 5 (ex Art 3b) . . . . . . . 8, 88, 112, 113

xxv

TABLE OF EU LEGISLATION

EC Treaty (Contd)Art 39(3) (ex Art 48(3)) . . . . . . 105, 193Art 39(3)(d) (ex Art 48(3)(d)) . . . . . . 31Art 39(4) (ex Art 48(4)) . . . . . . . . . . .197Arts 3942 (ex Arts 4851) . . . . . . . 183Art 40 (ex Art 49) . . . . . . . . . 30, 47, 61,

183, 199Art 41 (ex Art 50) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183Art 42 (ex Art 51) . . . . . . . . 62, 183, 191Art 43 (ex Art 52) . . . . . . . 54, 102, 197,

198, 203Art 44 (ex Art 54) . . . . . . . . . . . . 47, 201Art 44(1) (ex Art 54(1)) . . . . . . . . 30, 59Art 44(2) (ex Art 54(2)) . . . . . . . . . . . 61Art 44(3)(g) (ex Art 54(3)(g)) . . . . . .204Art 45 (ex Art 55) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199Art 46(1) (ex Art 56(1)) . . . . . . . . . . 193Art 46(2) (ex Art 56(2)) . . . . . . . . . . 193Art 47 (ex Art 57) . . . . . . . . 61, 200, 202Art 47(1) (ex Art 57(1)) . . . . . . . . . . 202Art 47(2) (ex Art 57(2)) . . . . . . . 62, 202Art 47(3) (ex Art 57(3)) . . . . . . . . . . 202Art 49 (ex Art 59) . . . . . . . 136, 198, 203Art 50 (ex Art 60) . . . . . . . . . . . 136, 198Art 51 (ex Art 61) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136Art 52 (ex Art 63) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201Art 56 (ex Art 73b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212Art 57 (ex Art 73c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Arts 6169 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 4Art 61 (ex Art A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207Art 60(2) (ex Art 73g(2)) . . . . . . . . . . 38Art 62 (ex Art B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207Art 62(2) (ex Art B(2)) . . . . . . . . . . . 207Art 63(2)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207Art 63(3)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207Art 67 (ex Art 73(o)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Art 71 (ex Art 75) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 47Art 71 (1)(a) (ex Art 75 (1)(a)) . . . . .136Arts 73-77 (ex Arts 7781) . . . . . . . 217Arts 8189 (ex Arts 85194) . . . . . . .217 Arts 8188 (ex Arts 8593) . . . . . . . 309

EC Treaty (Contd)Art 81 (ex Art 85) . . . . .30, 103, 21721,

223, 224, 232, 236, 239, 243,

245, 246Art 81(1) (ex Art 85(1)) 218, 22024,

227, 240, 243, 244

Art 81(3) (ex Art 85(3)) 88, 218, 225,228, 239, 244

Art 82 (ex Art 86) . . . . . . . . . 30, 98, 103, 218, 219, 221, 22936, 239, 243, 24547

Art 82(1) (ex Art 86(1)) . . . . . . . . . . 229Art 82(2) (ex Art 86(2)) . . . . . . . . . . 251Art 83 (ex Art 87) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239Art 86 (ex Art 90) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247Art 86(1) (ex Art 90(1)) . . . . . . 245, 246Art 86(2) (ex Art 90(2)) . . . . . . 100, 101,

246, 247Art 86(3) (ex Art 90(3)) . . . . . . . . 31, 64Art 87 (ex Art 92) . . . . . . . 88, 131, 246,

248, 25053Art 87(1) (ex Art 92(1)) . . . . . . . 24749Art 87(2) (ex Art 92(2)) . . . . . . 218, 249Art 87(3) (ex Art 92(3)) . . . . . . . 24951Art 87(3)(c) (ex Art 92(3)(c)) . . 250, 251Arts 8788 (ex Arts 9293) . . . . . . . 239Arts 8789 (ex Arts 9294) . . . . . . . 247Art 88 (ex Art 93) . . . . . . . . . . . 246, 253Art 88(2) (ex Art 93(2)) . . . . . . 121, 125Art 88(3) (ex Art 93(3)) . . . . . . . . . . 122Art 90 (ex Art 95) . . . . . . . . . . 102, 159,

17376Art 90(1), (2), (3) (ex Art 95(1), (2), (3)) . . . . . . . . . . . .102Arts 9092 (ex Arts 9598) . . . . . . . 173Art 91 (ex Art 96) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Art 93 (ex Art 99) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Art 94 (ex Art 100) . . . . . . . . 54, 55, 171Art 95 (ex Art 100a) . . . . . . . . 54, 55, 61

xxvi


EC Treaty (Contd)Art 95(1), (2), (3) (ex Arts 100a (1), (2), (3)) . . . . . . . . . 55Art 96 (ex Art 90) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239Art 97 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Arts 98124 (ex Arts 102a109m) . . . . . . . . . . . . 212Art 107 (ex Art 106(6)) . . . . . . . . 39, 210Art 107(1) (ex Art 106(1)) . . . . . . . . 209Art 113 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54Art 121 (ex Art 109) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213Art 125 (ex Art 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280Art 126(1) (ex Art 2(1)) . . . . . . . . . . 280Art 128(1) (ex Art 4(1)) . . . . . . . . . . 280Art 128(2) (ex Art 4(2)) . . . . . . . . . . 280Art 128(3) (ex Art 4(3)) . . . . . . . . . . . 280Art 128(4) (ex Art 4(4)) . . . . . . . . . . .280Art 129 (ex Art 5) . . . . . . . . . . . .61, 280Art 130 (ex Art 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280Art 133(3) (ex Art 113(3)) . . . . . . . . . 82Art 136 (ex Art 117) . . . . . . . . . 271, 273Arts 13645 (ex Arts 11722) . . . . . 271Art 137 (ex Art 118) . . . . . 271, 274, 277Art 371(1), (2) (ex Art 118(1), (2)) . . 274Art 138 (ex Art 118a) . . . . . . . .272, 274Art 138(1) (ex Art 118a(1)) . . . . . . . 274Art 138(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274Art 138a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274Art 139 (ex Art 118b) . . . . . 79, 272, 274Art 139(1) (ex Art 118b(1)) . . . . . . . 274Art 140 (ex Art 118c) . . . . . . . . . . . . 274Art 141 (ex Art 119) . . . . . . 61, 84, 103,

113, 116, 200, 271, 28992, 294, 295, 301

Art 141(1) (ex Art 119(1)) . . . . . . . . 289Art 141(2) (ex Art 119(2)) . . . . 290, 301Art 141(4) (ex Art 119(4)) . . . . . . . . 300Art 146 (ex Art 123) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275Arts 14648 (ex Arts 12325) . . . . . 271Art 147 (ex Art 124) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275Art 150(4) (ex Art 127(4)) . . . . . . . . . 61

EC Treaty (Contd)Art 151 (ex Art 128) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Art 151(5) (ex Art 128(5)) . . . . . . . . . .79Art 152 (ex Art 129) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Art 152(4) (ex Art 129(4)) . . . . . . . . . 98Art 153(3) (ex Art 129c(3)) . . . . . . . 287Arts 15456 (ex Arts 129bd) . . . . . 286Art 155 (ex Art 129c(1)) . . . . . . . . . . 286Art 155(1) (ex Art 129c(1)) . . . . . . . 287Art 156 (ex Art 129d) . . . . . . . . . . . . 287Art 157 (ex Art 130) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Art 157 (ex Art 130d(1)) . . . . . . . . . . 63Art 157(2) (ex Art 130d(2)) . . . . . . . . 63Art 158 (ex Art 130a) . . . . . . . . . . . . 282Arts 15862 (ex Arts 130a30e) . . . . . . . . . . 273, 282Art 159 (ex Art 130b) . . . . 275, 282, 283Art 161 (ex Art 130d) . . . . . . . . . . . . 282Art 162 (ex Art 130e)) . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Art 166 (ex Art 130i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Art 175 (ex Art 232) . . . . . . . . . . . . .242Art 175(1) (ex Art 130s(1)) . . . . . . . . 61Art 177 (ex Art 130u) . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Art 189 (ex Art 137) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Art 190(2) (ex Art 138(2)) . . . . . . . . . 37Art 190(3) (ex Art 138(3)) . . . . . . 36, 63Art 192 (ex Art 138b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Art 193 (ex Art 138c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Art 197(3) (ex Art 140(3)) . . . . . . . . . 39Art 200 (ex Art 143) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Art 201 (ex Art 144) . . . . . . . . . . .28, 39Arts 202 (ex Art 145) . . . . . . . . . . 34, 76Art 203 (ex Art 146) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Art 203 para 2 (ex Art 146 para 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Art 204 (ex Art 147) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Art 205 (ex Art 148) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Art 205(1) (ex Art 148(1)) . . . . . . . . . 33Art 205(2) (ex Art 148(2)) . . . . . . . . . 33Art 207 (ex Art 151(1)) . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Art 208 (ex Art 152) . . . . . . . . . . . 35, 56Art 211 (ex Art 155) . . . . . . . 29, 79, 161

xxvii


EC Treaty (Contd)Art 212 (ex Art 156) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Art 213(1) para 1 (ex Art 157(1) para 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Art 213(1) para 2 (ex Art 157(1) para 2) . . . . . . . . . . 26, 27Art 213(1) para 3 (ex Art 157(1) para 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Art 214(1) (ex Art 158(1) . . . . . . . . . . 28Art 214(2) (ex Art 158(2)) . . . . . . . . . 27Art 215(1), (2) (ex Art 159(1), (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Art 216 (ex Art 160) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Art 220 (ex Art 164) . . . . . . . . 80, 81, 84Art 221(1) (ex Art 165(1)) . . . . . . . . . 41Art 221(2) (ex Art 165(2)) . . . . . . . . . 43Art 222(2) (ex Art 166(2)) . . . . . . . . . 41Art 223(1) (ex Art 167(1)) . . . . . . 41, 42Art 223(2) (ex Art 167(2)) . . . . . . . . . 42Art 223(3) (ex Art 167(3)) . . . . . . . . . 42Art 223(6) (ex Art 167(6)) . . . . . . . . . 41Art 224 (ex Art 168) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Art 225 (ex Art 168a(1)) . . . . . . . . . . . 41Art 225(1) (ex Art 168a(1)) . . . . . . . . 42Art 225(3) (ex Art 168a(3)) . . . . . . . . 42Art 226 (ex Art 169) . . . . . . 30, 78, 112,

116, 12126, 154, 157, 161, 176, 201, 294

Art 227 (ex Art 170) . . . . . . . . . 122, 125Art 228 (ex Art 171) . . . . . . . . . 124, 125Art 230 (ex Art 173) . . . . . . . 10, 11, 21,

43, 84, 121, 126, 129, 131, 134, 136, 137, 153, 242, 253

Art 230(1) (ex Art 173(1)) . . . . . . . . 125Art 230(2) (ex Art 173(2)) . . . . . . . . . 42Art 230(4) (ex Art 173(4)) . . . . . . . . 127Art 232 (ex Art 175) . . . . . 40, 121, 131,

134, 135, 136Art 232(3) (ex Art 175(3)) . . . . . . . . . 42

EC Treaty (Contd)Art 234 (ex Art 177) . . .10, 131, 14348,

152, 153, 157, 259, 331, 332

Art 234(3) (ex Art 177(3)) . . . . . . . . . 149, 150, 151Art 235 (ex Art 178) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138Art 241 (ex Art 184) . . . . . 131, 136, 137Art 247(1) (ex Art 188b(1)) . . . . . . . . 48Art 247(2) (ex Art 188b(2)) . . . . . . . . 48Art 247(3) (ex Art 188b(3)) . . . . . . . . 48Art 247(4) (ex Art 188b(4)) . . . . . . . . 48Art 247(5) (ex Art 188b(5)) . . . . . . . . 48Art 248(4) (ex Art 188c(4)) . . . . . . . . 49Art 249 (ex Art 189) . . . . . . . 12, 74, 76,

77, 79, 103, 104, 109, 129

Art 249(4) (ex Art 189(4)) . . . . . . . . . 78Art 250(1) (ex Art 189a(1)) . . . . . . . . 58Art 250(2) (ex Art 189a(2)) . . . . . 31, 58Art 251 (ex Art 189b) . . . . . . 30, 38, 60,

61, 287, 334Art 252 (ex Art 189c) . . . . . . 30, 38, 60,

275, 287, 334Art 253 (ex Art 190) . . . . . . . . . . 57, 133Art 254 (ex Art 191) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334Art 254(2) (ex Art 191(2)) . . . . . . 77, 78Art 254(3) (ex Art 191(3)) . . . . . . . . . 78Art 255 (ex Art 191a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Art 257 (ex Art 193) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Arts 25762 (ex Arts 19398)) . . . . . 47Art 258(1) (ex Art 194(1)) . . . . . . 47, 49Art 258(2) (ex Art 194(2)) . . . . . . 47, 49Art 258(3) (ex Art 194(3)) . . . . . . . . . 48Art 258(4) (ex Art 194(4)) . . . . . . . . . 47Art 265 (ex Art 198c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Art 266 (ex Art 198d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Art 267 (ex Art 198e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Art 268 (ex Art 199) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Art 269 (ex Art 201) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Art 270 (ex Art 201a) . . . . . . . . . . 58, 65Art 271 (ex Art 202) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Art 272 (ex Art 203) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

xxviii


EC Treaty (Contd)Art 272(1) (ex Art 203(1)) . . . . . . . . . 65Art 272(2) (ex Art 203(2)) . . . . . . . . . 32Art 273 (ex Art 204) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Art 274 (ex Art 205) . . . . . . . . . . . 32, 68Art 275 (ex Art 205a) . . . . . . . . . . 32, 68Art 276(1) (ex Art 206(1) . . . . . . . . . . 68Art 279 (ex Art 209) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Art 280 (ex Art 209a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Art 282 (ex Art 211) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Art 288 (ex Art 214) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140Art 288 (ex Art 215) . . . 84, 13739, 140Art 293 (ex Art 220) . . . . . . . . . . . 54, 55Art 295 (ex Art 222) . . . . . 245, 303, 309Art 299 (ex Art 227) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Art 300 (ex Art 228) . . . . . . . . . . 82, 132Art 300 (ex Art 228(3)) . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Art 300(1) (ex Art 228(1)) . . . . . . . . . 75Art 300(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63Art 300(6) (ex Art 228(6)) . . . . . . . . . 83Art 305(2) (ex Art 232(2)) . . . . . . . . 257Art 307 (ex Art 234) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Art 308 (ex Art 235) . . . . . . . 54, 55, 297Art 312 (ex Art 240) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Title IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Title V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323Title VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323Title VII (ex Title VI) . . . . . . . . . . . . 212Title VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280Title XII, Part 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323Title XIII, Part 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323

Euratom Treaty 1957 . . . . . . . . . 11, 15, 16, 53, 72, 74, 75

Art 208 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

European Coal and Steel (ECSC) . . 11, 15, 16, 53, 72, 75

Art 66(7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230Arts 71, 72 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

European Convention of Human

Rights 1950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20Art 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Art 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

European Social Charter . . . . . . . . 273, 326Arts 27, 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276Art 29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

Free Trade Agreement between theCommunity and Portugal

Art 21(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Luxembourg Agreement 1996 . . . . . . . . 34Item (b) I, II 34

Merger Treaty 1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 72Arts 11, 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

Regulation 17/62 (OJ 1962 204) . . 30, 227,239

Arts 1, 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239Art 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240, 243Art 4(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240Art 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240Art 9(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242, 243Art 10(1), (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243Art 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243Art 11(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241Art 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243Art 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241Art 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240, 242Art 15(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242Art 15(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240Art 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240, 242Art 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

Regulation 27/62 (OJ 1962 L ??) . . . . . 240

Regulation 40/94 (OJ 1994 L 11) . . . . . 314Art 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

Regulation 91/533 (OJ 1991 L 288) . . . 276

Regulation 99/63 (OJ Special Edition 196364 47) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Regulation 123/85 (OJ 1985 L 15) . . . . 229

Regulation 240/96 (OJ 1996 L ??) . . . . 229

xxix


Regulation 254/2000 (OJ 2000 L 28) . . 256

Regulation 417/85 (OJ 1985 L 53) . . . . 229

Regulation 418/85 (OJ 1985 L 53) . . . . 229

Regulation 802/68 (Implementing

Regulations)Art 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

Regulation 823/2000 (OJ 2000 L 100) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

Regulation 870/95 (OJ 1995 L 89) . . . . 229

Regulation 918/83 (OJ 1983 L 105) . . . 257

Regulation 950/68 (OJ Special Edition 1968(I) 275) . . . . . . . . . 255, 258

Regulation 1224/80 (OJ 1980 L 134) . . 261

Regulation 1251/70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

Regulation 1260/1999 (OJ 1999 L 161) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284

Regulation 1463/70 (OJ 1970 L 164) . . 104

Regulation 1408/71 (OJ Special Edition 1971 (II) 416) . . . . . . . . . . . .191Art 2(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Art 3(1), (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192Art 4(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Art 4(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192Art 12(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193Arts 13, 18, 38, 45, 67 . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

Regulation 1612/68 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186Title I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186Arts 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186Art 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187Title II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187Art 7(1), (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187Title III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187Art 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187Art 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188

Regulation 1969/88 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Regulation 2052/88 (OJ 1988 L 185) . . 283

Regulation 2144/87 (OJ 1987 L 201/15)Arts 2, 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270

Regulation 2367/90 (OJ 1990, L 219) . . .238

Regulation 2526/85 (OJ 1985 L 240) . . 240

Regulation 2545/93 (OJ 1993 L 253)(Implementing Regulation (CCC Regs)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256Arts 3638 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260Art 62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265Arts 68 et seq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261Arts 97, 98 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267Art 101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267Art 109 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267Art 114 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268Art 117 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268Arts 13036 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268Arts 14547 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268Arts 15459 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268Art 161 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269Art 163 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269Art 169(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264Art 178 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264Art 179(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264Art 205 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265Art 214(1), (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269Art 215(1), (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269Arts 254, 255, 259, 264 . . . . . . . . . . . 265Art 292 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257Art 293 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

Regulation 2658/87 (OJ 1987 L 256) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

Regulation 2790/99 (OJ 1999 L 336) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

Regulation 2913/92 (OJ 1992 L 302)(CCC Regulations) . . . . . . . . . . 256, 261Arts 23, 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260Art 29(1), (3)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262Art 30(2)(b), (c), (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263Art 31(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262Arts 32, 33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262Art 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264Arts 59, 61 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265Title II, Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

xxx


Statute of the European Central BankArt 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3, 137

Statute of the European Investment Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Treaty of Brussels 1948 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Treaty on European Union (Maastricht Treaty) 1991 . . . . . .2, 8, 10,

19, 36, 5861, 68, 72, 211,

212, 272, 273, 32224, 326, 328

Art 1 (ex Art A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2Art 2 (ex Art B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 12Art 3 (ex Art C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Art 4 (ex Art D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35Art 6(1) (ex Art F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5Art 6(2) (ex Art F) . . . . . . . . . . .5, 90, 91Art 6(3) (ex Art F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5Art 7 (ex Art F.1) . . . . . . 5, 23, 63, 89, 91Art 7(2) (ex Art F.2) . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 89Art 7(3) (ex Art F.3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Art 17 (ex Art J.7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2Arts 2942 (ex Arts K.1K.14) . . . . . 2, 4Art 29 (ex Art K.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 10Art 31 (ex Art K.3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 23Art 40 (ex Art K.12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Art 46 (ex Art L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91Art 49 (ex Art O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Art 51 (ex Art Q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Treaty of Nice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 21, 23, 27, 28, 34, 37, 40, 50

Treaty of Rome 1957 (EEC Treaty) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 15, 16Arts 88e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

Regulation 3295/94 (OJ 1994 L 341) . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 , 315

Regulation 3491/88 (OJ 1988 L 306) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

Regulation 4064/89 (OJ 1989 L 395) (Mergers Regulation) . . . . . . . . 30, 236,

237, 341Art 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237Art 1(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238Art 2(1)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238Art 2(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238Art 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237Art 3(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237Art 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238Art 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239Art 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

Rules of ProcedureArt 63, 69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Arts 97, 98, 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Title II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Single European Act 1986 . . . . 7, 9, 13, 36, 38, 58, 59, 68,

72, 77, 112, 139, 155, 167, 211, 212, 214,

272, 321, 322, 326Arts 8, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Statute of the Court of JusticeArts 15, 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43Art 30 (ex Art 36) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Art 38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Art 43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139Title III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

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Table of Statutes

Equal Pay Act 1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

European Communities Act 1972 . . . . . . . . .s 2(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .s 2(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .s 3(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Merchant Shipping Act 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sherman Act 1870 (USA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I EU law definedThe law of the EU can be defined both positively and negatively, ie in terms ofwhat it is and what it is not. Viewed from a positive angle, EU law can bedefined as all such rules, regardless of their sources, which govern the workingsand policies of the European Union. In the narrowest sense, it takes the form of: inter-governmental treaties and conventions; legislation enacted by the Community institutions; the general principles of law which serve to clarify and supplement the

treaties and the legislation; and the decisions by the judicial bodies, both at the EU and national levels,

applying such legislation.

On a broader interpretation, it also includes the following: non-binding instruments such as recommendations and opinions; rules which are internal to the institutions; the debates on Community legislation in the European Parliament; the various communications, some more formal than others, which pass

between the EU institutions and third parties; and such principles of international law as apply to the Community.

As defined by exclusion, Community law does not include the following: The rules governing the institutions and policies of other European

organisations. This may seem the clarification of the obvious, until onediscovers how many authors include in their works on Community lawchapters on the European Convention on Human Rights (which, eventhough it is recognised by the EU Court of Justice, falls within the sphere ofthe Council of Europe) and the law of other European institutions.

The national laws incorporating Community law. In some cases, thedomestic authorities of the Member States are required to give effect to EUlaw in their legislation. Although such instruments have a substantive linkwith these EU instruments, and are almost always scrutinised by theCommunity institutions, they do not form part of Community law in theaccepted sense of the term.

National parliamentary debates on Community law and policy.

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1 Introduction

II Community or EU law?One of the elements which has sometimes sown confusion amongst thosestudying this area of the law is the manner in which it is normally referred to.Common Market Law1 and EEC Law can now safely be consigned to thehistory books. Community law appeared to have gained the status of acceptedterm of art, until the Treaty on European Union (TEU) (also referred to as theMaastricht Treaty). By this instrument (which has subsequently been amendedand consolidated by the Treaty of Amsterdam (ToA)), the Member Statesdecided to establish among themselves a European Union which is based on anumber of pillars.

The first of these is constituted by the European Communities,supplemented by the policies and forms of co-operation established by thisTreaty (Article 1 (ex Art A) TEU). The Communities in question are theEuropean Community (EC), the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)and the European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC), and constitute thatwhich is traditionally referred to as Community (or EC) Law. Accordingly, theTEU amended the title of the Treaty of Rome to the Treaty establishing theEuropean Community.

The two others are stated in Article 2 (ex Art B) TEU, and are constituted by: a common foreign and security policy which includes the gradual

formulation of a common defence policy and is further elaborated in Article17 (ex Art J.7) TEU; and

the EU as an area of freedom, security and justice, guaranteeing the freemovement of persons and appropriate measures on such issues as externalborder controls and immigration, as well as police and judicial co-operationin criminal matters. This pillar was originally known as co-operation injustice and home affairs and has changed its scope since the ToA. Moredetailed provisions elaborating this pillar are stated in Articles 2942 (exArts K1K14) TEU.

Originally, these two pillars applied entirely outside the traditional structures ofEC law. Therefore, it was felt that EU law should in principle only be usedwhen referring to the law of the three pillars, and that only the term EC law orCommunity law was appropriate where the first pillar was being dealt with.

However, the position has been complicated by the fact that, since the ToA,the EC Treaty now contains a number of provisions (Articles 6169) stipulating

2


1 Even though the name lingers on in such publications as the Common Market Law Reports andthe Common Market Law Review.

rules on visas, asylum and immigration, which formerly came firmly within thescope of the third pillar. This has strengthened the present author in his beliefthat the terms EU law and Community law can now largely be regarded asbeing coterminous which is indeed the approach taken throughout this work.He recognises, however, that some scholars will have reservations about thispractice.

III The general foundations of the European UnionAs has been mentioned in the previous paragraph, the TEU has expanded thescope of action of the Community. Whereas previously the objectives werealmost entirely economic (in the broadest meaning of the term), the TEU hasadded a more general and ideologically value-free set of objectives toCommunity activity. These objectives were subsequently given more substanceby the Treaty of Amsterdam (ToA). They are listed in Article 2 (ex Art B) TEU,and comprise the following.

Promotion of economic and social progress

Here, the objective is to record improvement in standards, but in such a way asto be balanced and sustainable. The realisation of economic and monetaryunion (below, p 5) and the strengthening of economic and social cohesion(below, p 282 et seq) are seen as key elements in achieving this goal.

Assertion of EU identity on the international scene

This is to be achieved by the realisation of a common foreign and security policy(CFSP) referred to earlier (p 2), which includes the long term goal ofestablishing an EU defence policy. The ToA has strengthened this policy in thenew consolidated Article 17 TEU, by adding that the common defence policymight lead to a common defence, should the European Council so decide. Italso stipulates a new and closer relationship between the EU and the WesternEuropean Union (WEU), which is henceforth an integral part of thedevelopment of the Union and is expected to entertain closer institutionalrelations with the WEU with a view to the possible integration of the latter intothe EU.

However, Article 17 TEU also makes it clear that the CFSP must notprejudice the specific nature of the security and defence policies of certainMember States. It also states rather ambiguously that it shall respect theobligations of certain Member States, which see their common defence realisedin the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) (emphasis added). The exactmeaning of the word see is unclear to the present author. Does it imply asubjective element whereby certain Member States consider that NATO providesthe best possible framework for their security policy? Or is it a mistranslation of

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INTRODUCTION

the French voir, which is a verb having a wider meaning than to see inEnglish? Thus far, no official clarification

[walter cairns] introduction to european union law(bookfi.org)

Documents