Walnut Educational Initiatives 2003

The Old Boys Network

The Spread of Sport

Industrialists/Landowners

Officers/MilitaryPersonnel

Clerics Teachers

In workforce Army/Empire Sunday School/YMCA

Schools/EducationalInstitutions

Governing Bodies

International Governing Bodies

Walnut Educational Initiatives 2003

• Queens Park Rangers•Aston Villa•Barnsley•Wolves•Bournemouth•Bolton Wonderers (Church Breakaway)•Bury•Stockport

EmployeesTeams

Church

Army

•The Thames Ironworks•Manchester City•West Bromwich•Coventry•Wycombe Wonderers

•Portsmouth•The Arsenal

Walnut Educational Initiatves 2003

Six reasons why football became the people’s game

The Move towards The Move towards Rational Recreation Rational Recreation

• Societal Determinants:Societal Determinants:Urbanisation Large population requiring

recreative space & entertainment.

Industrialisation Factory System & Machine Time

Work Conditions Gradual increase in free time. Sat. ½ day. 10 hours act. Early Closing Movement.

Economics Capitalism & Patronage. Works Teams - Professional Clubs.

The Move towards The Move towards Rational RecreationRational Recreation

POPULAR SPORTPOPULAR SPORT RATIONAL SPORTRATIONAL SPORT

Localised Local-Regional-National

Rural Rural-Urban

Cruel / Violent Channelled Aggression

Courtly / Popular Gentry-Middle-Working

Ritual Moral

Occasional Regular

Unwritten Rules Formal Codification

Wagering Gambling Curtailed

The Move towards The Move towards Rational Recreation Rational Recreation

.PRE-INDUSTRIALPRE-INDUSTRIAL POST-INDUSTRIALPOST-INDUSTRIAL

Feudal (Courtly / Popular) Gentleman – Middle – Working

Feudalism (Working for each other) Capitalism

Rural Urban

Cottage Industry Manufacturing Coal / Iron

Free Time Machine Time

Church Constraints Church Support

Horse Drawn Railways

Word of Mouth Popular Press

LIFE IN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

Factory time = Long Shifts6am –6pm, 6 days / wk Little Leisure TimeWorking Class people = very little time off. Sunday = day off, BUT – Sabbatarianism decreed that Sunday was a day of rest, which was much needed.

Recreation did survive: Church Holidays were celebrated. Employment laws were passed = reduction of working hours.Development of sport along very clear social lines.

LIFE IN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

The Pace of INDUSTRIAL CHANGE

• 1st majority of working class refused to be denied leisure activities.

• ‘Saint Monday’ appeared – an institution of a day of recreation.

• They took the day off (Monday) – to attend prize fights, baiting contests, race meetings & pedestrian races held in the locality, as they always had.

• With exception of large textile areas – (Northern England), where steam power took hold early on, much of Industrial Revolution took place in small workshops.

• These workers were paid by the “piece”

The Pace of INDUSTRIAL CHANGE

• To make up the pay, they had to work harder the rest of the week.

• Steam Power then became more wide spread & workers became harnessed by the factory whistle for 60+ hours a week.

• As towns grew – recreation space was lost to factories, cheap housing & workshops.

• Municipal parks or private pleasure gardens were often strategically placed to provide a screen between slum areas & posh ones, allowing the middle class ‘pleasant walks’.

The Pace of INDUSTRIAL CHANGE

• The attitude of the new ‘Middle Class’ to leisure was very different from that associated with ‘Merrie England’.

• M.C – lives based on serious purpose, creation of capital wealth & a good Christian living.

• From this – recreation had to seen as constructive & worthwhile in order to be acceptable.

• These terms were now associated with recreation.

SOCIAL CHANGES….

• The lower classes lost time & space• Recreation now had to be seen as

constructive & worthwhile in order to be acceptable.

• MASS TRANSPORT – The development of the railway & cheap fares meant that the lower classes could escape to the country side & the sea-side…..much to the annoyance of the gentry.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE THE INFLUENCE OF THE CHURCHCHURCH

• In towns many recreations were either banned or severely curtailed by churchmen. They were seen to go against constraining social values of the church. (Those that survived were adapted or went ‘underground’).

• Result = unruly & riotous behaviour was removed from view. Consequently the back room / cellar of ale houses became the place where people could spend their leisure time in the way they chose.

• Bear baiting, dog fighting, cock fighting & rat catching survived because they were easily hidden from prying eyes.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE THE INFLUENCE OF THE CHURCHCHURCH

• The nature of sport, controlled by the new middle classes, became codified (standardised rules)

• It also embodied the principles of fair play & Christian endeavour, which had stemmed from the country’s PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

• With gaining of the Saturday ½ day & shorter working hours that resulted from the factories act 1856 & the Industrial Relations act 1878, it gradually became possible for ordinary men to return to their former recreations.

• These sports were, of course much changed by the new middle class guardians of morality.