walls,etc ppt

7/23/2019 Walls,Etc PPT

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WALLS & THEIRWALLS & THEIR

TYPESTYPES



A wall is a continuous, usually structure which is thinA wall is a continuous, usually structure which is thinrelative to its length and height.relative to its length and height.

External walls help to provide shelter from ourExternal walls help to provide shelter from ourenvironment (shelter against wind, rain and the dailyenvironment (shelter against wind, rain and the dailyand seasonal variations of out side temperature, forand seasonal variations of out side temperature, for

reasonable indoor comfort) and internal walls dividereasonable indoor comfort) and internal walls divide buildings into rooms or compartments. buildings into rooms or compartments. The walls should have sufficient strength and stabilityThe walls should have sufficient strength and stability

to be self supporting and support roofs and upperto be self supporting and support roofs and upper

floors.floors.

WALLS:WALLS:



Functional Requirements of Walls:Functional R

equirements of Walls:The main function of a wall is to enclose and protect a buildingThe main function of a wall is to enclose and protect a buildingor to provide space within a building.or to provide space within a building.

The following are commonly accepted requirements of a wall.The following are commonly accepted requirements of a wall.i. Strength and stabilityi. Strength and stabilityii. Resistance to weather and ground moisture.ii. Resistance to weather and ground moisture.iii. Durability .iii. Durability .

iv. Fire safety.iv. Fire safety.v. Resistance to the passage of heat.v. Resistance to the passage of heat.vi. Resistance to airborne and impact sound.vi. Resistance to airborne and impact sound.vii. Securityvii. Security

Types of Walls on the basis of materialsTypes of Walls on the basis of materials

of constructionof construction1. Stone masonry wall1. Stone masonry wall2. Brick masonry walls2. Brick masonry walls3. Timber Framed walls3. Timber Framed walls

4. Steel Framed Walls4. Steel Framed Walls



1.1.Stone masonry wall:Stone masonr

y wall:

The walls constructed of stone masonry are calledThe walls constructed of stone masonry are called

stone masonry walls.stone masonry walls.

2.2.Brick masonry wall:Brick masonr

y wall:

The walls constructed of brick masonry are calledThe walls constructed of brick masonry are called

brick masonry walls. brick masonry walls.



3.3.Timber Framed Walls:Timber Framed Walls:

* The construction of a timber framed wall is a quick, clean, dry* The construction of a timber framed wall is a quick, clean, dryoperation.operation.

* The timbers can be cut & assembled with simple hand and* The timbers can be cut & assembled with simple hand andpower operated tools.power operated tools.*once the wall is raised onto position and fixed it is ready to*once the wall is raised onto position and fixed it is ready toreceive wall finishes.receive wall finishes.

* It has adequate strength and stability to support floor and* It has adequate strength and stability to support floor andsmall houses roofs.small houses roofs.* Covered with wall finishes, such as plaster board, sufficient* Covered with wall finishes, such as plaster board, sufficientresistance to damage by fire, good thermal insulatingresistance to damage by fire, good thermal insulating

properties and reasonable durability to be protected fromproperties and reasonable durability to be protected fromdecay.decay.



4.4.Steel Framed Walls:Steel Framed Walls:

* Light gauge steel (cold formed steel sections) are being* Light gauge steel (cold formed steel sections) are beingused in house construction.used in house construction.

* the sections of steel are used in a similar way to timber.* the sections of steel are used in a similar way to timber.The rolled steel sections can be assembled using eitherThe rolled steel sections can be assembled using eitherstick, panel construction.stick, panel construction.



Types of Walls on the basis of theirTypes of Walls on the basis of their

function:function: 1.Cavity Walls1.Cavity Walls

2.Boundary Walls2.Boundary Walls3.Partition Walls3.Partition Walls4.Retaining Walls4.Retaining Walls



1.1.Cavity Walls:Cavity Walls:

* Idea proposed in 19* Idea proposed in 19thth century andcentury and

developed in 20developed in 20thth century.century.* The outer leaf and the cavity* The outer leaf and the cavityserve to resist the penetration ofserve to resist the penetration ofrain to the inside face and therain to the inside face and the

inner leaf to support floors,inner leaf to support floors,provide a solid internal wallprovide a solid internal wallsurface and up to some extent actsurface and up to some extent actas an insulation against transfer ofas an insulation against transfer ofheat.heat.These are of various width, such asThese are of various width, such as2’’, 3’’, 4’’, 5’’, 6’’.2’’, 3’’, 4’’, 5’’, 6’’.

It is also used as thermal isolatingIt is also used as thermal isolatingwall.wall.



• 2.2.Partition Walls:Partition Walls:** A wall or division made of someA wall or division made of some material, somaterial, soas to divide a room,as to divide a room, portion, etc.portion, etc.

** Material could be of bricks, glass,Material could be of bricks, glass,concrete, timber, etc.concrete, timber, etc.

** Non-load bearing structures.Non-load bearing structures.

** May be of folding or fixed type.May be of folding or fixed type.** Cheap, light, thin, fire-resistant and easy inCheap, light, thin, fire-resistant and easy inconstruction.construction.

• Types of Partition Walls:Depending upon material used.Depending upon material used.

1.1.Brick PartitionsBrick Partitions2.2.Hollow Brick/Block PartitionsHollow Brick/Block Partitions(clay,(clay, terra cotta or concrete)terra cotta or concrete)

3.3.Glass PartitionsGlass Partitions4.4.Concrete Partitions (Plain,Concrete Partitions (Plain,

R.CC)R.CC)5.5.Timber PartitionsTimber Partitions



BEAMSBEAMS



BEAMS:BEAMS:- A beam may be defined as a member supported- A beam may be defined as a member supportedat one or more points along its length.at one or more points along its length.- It is designed to carry loads acting- It is designed to carry loads actingperpendicular to its length, the reaction at theperpendicular to its length, the reaction at the

supports being parallel to the direction of loads.supports being parallel to the direction of loads.- A beam may be curved or bent, if the supports- A beam may be curved or bent, if the supportsare so arranged that the reaction at the supportsare so arranged that the reaction at the supports

will be vertical for the vertical loads.will be vertical for the vertical loads.- This may be accomplished by placing roller or- This may be accomplished by placing roller orat one or to a certain degree by using platesat one or to a certain degree by using plateswhich permit sliding.which permit sliding.



Classification of Beams according to the type of support

1. Simply Supported Beam:

The beam supported or resting freely on the walls or columns at its both

ends is known as simply supported beam.

2. Oer !anging Beam: " beam haing its end portion e#tended in the form of a cantileer

beyond the support is known as oer hanging beam. " beam may be

oer hanging on one side or on both sides.

$. %antileer Beam:

This type of beam is fi#ed at one end and free at the other end.&.'ropped %antileer Beam:

This type of beam is supported at two points and rigidly held in position.

(. )igidly *i#ed Beam:

The beam whose both ends are rigidly fi#ed or built+in walls is known as

rigidly fi#ed or built+in beam.

,.%ontinuous Beam:

" beam supported on more than two supports is known as continuous

beam. -t may be noted that a continuous beam may or may not be an

oer hanging beam.



Classification of Beams according to the use:Classification of Beams according to the use:

1. Lintels:1. Lintels:

A beam supporting the masonry and other loads over an opening in aA beam supporting the masonry and other loads over an opening in a

wall.wall.2. Joists:2. Joists:

Closely spaced between supporting a floor or ceilings.Closely spaced between supporting a floor or ceilings. 3. RaftER:3. RaftER:

Closely spaced beams supporting the roof and rooming parallel to theClosely spaced beams supporting the roof and rooming parallel to the

slope of the roof. The rafters for flat roofs are usually called joists.slope of the roof. The rafters for flat roofs are usually called joists.4. Purlin:4. Purlin:

A horizontal beam along the length of the roof.A horizontal beam along the length of the roof.



GIRDERSGIRDERS

*The distinction between beams and girders is that the beam is*The distinction between beams and girders is that the beam issmaller member and may be supported by the girder.smaller member and may be supported by the girder.* A girder is a large beam that usually has smaller beams* A girder is a large beam that usually has smaller beamsframing into it.framing into it.

* A girder is a rolled steel section used as a flexural member.* A girder is a rolled steel section used as a flexural member.* Plate girders are to be used when very large loads are to be* Plate girders are to be used when very large loads are to becarried.carried.* A plate girder is built up consisting of top and bottom flanges* A plate girder is built up consisting of top and bottom flangesmade up of angles and plates.made up of angles and plates.

* The web consists of one or more steel plates.* The web consists of one or more steel plates.* All the individual plates are riveted or welded together, since* All the individual plates are riveted or welded together, sinceplate girders are deep beams.plate girders are deep beams.



GIRDERSGIRDERS

*It is necessary to stiffen them laterally to prevent buckling*It is necessary to stiffen them laterally to prevent bucklingunder high compressive forces in the top flange.under high compressive forces in the top flange.* Girders take their own load first and then take the load of* Girders take their own load first and then take the load ofsuper structure. Girders are used in the construction ofsuper structure. Girders are used in the construction ofbridges and beams.bridges and beams.



COLUMNSCOLUMNS



COLUMNSCOLUMNS

- A vertical structural support, generally circular or rectangular in plan isA vertical structural support, generally circular or rectangular in plan is

called column.called column.

- The forces which tend to shorten or compress a member are calledThe forces which tend to shorten or compress a member are calledcompressive forces and the stresses set up in a member by these forcescompressive forces and the stresses set up in a member by these forces

are called compressive stresses.are called compressive stresses.

- Bending or flexural stresses develop in a member when it bends.Bending or flexural stresses develop in a member when it bends.

- The vertical members of a structural frame are called columns and theyThe vertical members of a structural frame are called columns and theytransfer floor and roof loads to the foundation.transfer floor and roof loads to the foundation.

- Such loads cause stresses in the columns which are chiefly compression.Such loads cause stresses in the columns which are chiefly compression.

- Columns are also subjected to bending stresses.Columns are also subjected to bending stresses.



TRUSSESTRUSSES



TRUSSESTRUSSES

-A truss is a framed structure consisting of aA truss is a framed structure consisting of a

group of triangles arranged in a single plane.group of triangles arranged in a single plane.

-Arrangement is in such a manner that loadsArrangement is in such a manner that loads

applied at the points of inter section of theapplied at the points of inter section of themembers will cause only direct stresses ( tensionmembers will cause only direct stresses ( tension

or compression) in the member.or compression) in the member.

-Loads applied between these points causeLoads applied between these points causeflexural stresses.flexural stresses.



PARTS OF TRUSSES:PARTS OF TRUSSES:

-The points of intersection of the member of a truss are calledThe points of intersection of the member of a truss are called

joints joints or some timesor some times panel points panel points..

-The upper line of the members form theThe upper line of the members form theupperu pperorortop chordto p chord..

-The lower line forms theThe lower line forms thelowerlower or theor thebottom chordbottom chord..

-The members connecting the joints on the upper chord toThe members connecting the joints on the upper chord to

these on the lower chord are thethese on the lower chord are theweb membersweb members..-Web members carrying tensile strength are calledWeb members carrying tensile strength are calledtiesties..

-Those carrying compressive stresses are calledThose carrying compressive stresses are calledstrutsstruts..

-The termThe termend post , vertical post, hip verticalend post , vertical post, hip verticalandand panel panel apply toapply to

special forms of trusses.special forms of trusses.-The distance form centre to centre of the supports is calledThe distance form centre to centre of the supports is called

thethespans pan..

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walls,etc ppt

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