Some Reflections on Learning

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Information Processing Theory

These theories give more emphasis to the internal processes that occur when training content is learned and retained.

This information can come from another person observationof the results

of his action.

If the evaluation of the response is positive, this provides reinforcementthat the behavior is desirable to be stored in long-term memory for use in similar situations.

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The Learning Process

This material asks three questions:

What are the physical and mental processes involved in learning?

How does learning occur?

Do trainees have different learning styles?

Analogy

Sociology of Education and Religion

Lecture on Religion and Education 2% of overall Grade

Parents have the primary responsibility of caring for their

children, and they often share religious worship with their

children. But by common belief, failing to educate a child to fully

participate in society constitutes harm, so the government

requires children to attend school. What happens when the

government attempts to teach lessons that parents or students

object to on religious grounds? The First Amendment clearly

states that the government will not create a state religion, but

court judges are in charge of the interpretation in specific cases.

Court cases have resulted in the banning of voluntary prayer

times.

Case Study: Religion in Public Schools

The Sociology of Education

Education consists of the norms and roles involved in transmitting knowledge, values, and patterns of behavior from one generation to the next.

Sociologists have gained insight into education by studying it from functionalist, conflict, and interactionist perspectives.

Quick Glance

Reading Focus

How does society define education?

What is the functionalist perspective on education?

How do sociologists view education through the conflict perspective?

How do interactionist sociologists look at education?

Main Idea

Sociologists use differing analytical perspectives to understand the nature and functions of education.

The Sociology of Education

How do we learn what it means to be Pakistani?

In Class Activity

What classroom values do we have?

successful socialization of new members.

To accomplish this goal, every society has developed a systemofeducation consisting of the roles and norms that ensure the transmission of knowledge, values, and patterns of behavior from one generation to the next.

In some preindustrialsocieties, education is largely informaland occurs mainly within the family.

Schooling is formal education, which involves instruction by specially trained teachers who follow officially recognized policies.

Defining Education

Functionalist view: Studies the ways in which education aids society

Conflict view: Studies the ways in which education maintains the imbalance of power in society

Interactionist view: Studies the face-to-face interaction of the classroom.

Defining Education

What is the purpose of education?

To transmit the knowledge, skills, behavior patterns, and values necessary for people to become functioning members of society

Teaching Knowledge and Skills

Children must learn the knowledge and skills they will need as adults.

Education generatesnew knowledge, which is useful in adapting to changing conditions.

Social Integration

Education serves to produce a society of individuals who share a common national identity.

Schools foster social integration and national unity by teaching a core set of skills and values.

Transmission of Culture

For societies to survive, they must pass on core values of their culture.

Societies use education to support

system.

Occupational Placement

Education screens and selects the members of society for the work they will do as adults.

Schools in industrialized countries identify students who show special talents and abilities at an early age.

The Functionalist Perspective on Education

Identify Supporting Details

What facts about schools seem to be explained by the functionalist perspective?

Education screens and selects new members of society for the work they will do as adults.

Education serves to sort students into social ranks and to limit the potential of certain individuals and groups to gain power and social rewards.

to reflect existing inequalities.

Tracking

Tracking:Involves the assignment of students to different types of educational programs

Classroom instructions used in the different tracks serve to reproduce the status quo.

Social Control

Schools produce unquestioning citizens who accept the basic inequalities of the social system.

Hidden curriculum:transmission of cultural goals that are not openly acknowledged.

Education and Socioeconomic Status

Opportunities for educational success are distributed unequally.

Higher-status college students outnumber lower-status college students.

The Conflict Perspective on Education

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Student-Teacher Interaction

Students labeledfast learners or slow learners without any data eventually took on the characteristics of the label.

A self-fulfilling prophecy is a prediction that leads to behavior that makes the prediction come true.

When teachers treat students as if they are bright and capable, the students begin to think of themselves in this way, and vice versa.

Interactions among Students

The Coleman Report found that the socioeconomic status of fellow students was the most significant factor in explaining student success.

Peer pressure may be a factor in this dynamic.

The Interactionist Perspective on Education

Why are interactionist sociologists interested in the self-fulfilling prophecy?

Because they think that face-to-face learning is the

of the most influential things a student learns

How do schools contribute to social justice?

A 2006 survey showed that only 75 percent of parents believed their public

Such fears are generated by violent incidents such as the Columbine High School shootings.

In 2005 about 10 percent of boys and 3 percent of girls were threatened or injured by a weapon at school.

Schools seem to be safer for students than being off campus.

Zero tolerance policies involve set punishmentsoften expulsion and no leniency for serious offenses such as carrying a weapon, committing a violent act, or possessing drugs or alcohol.

Some educators believe that the best way to curb school violence is to teach young people how to resolve disputes peacefully.

Violence in the Schools

Pakistan Education Sector Reforms Efforts

Government of PakistanMinistry of Education

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Present Environment of Education

a. Literacy Rate in Pakistan by Gender

Census 1998(in %) PSLM 2004-05 (in %)

Total Male Female Total Male Female

Pakistan 44 55 32 53 65 40

Punjab 46.6 57.2 35.1 55 65 45

Sindh

Urban 63.7 69.8 56.7 72 80 62

Rural 25.7 37.9 12.2 38 56 18

Total 45.3 54.5 34.8 56 68 41

NWFP 35.4 51.4 18.8 45 64 26

Balochistan 24.8 34.0 14.1 37 52 19

Sources: Population Census, 1998and Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement (PSLM) Survey 2004-05

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b. Number of Institutions, Enrolment and Teaching Staff

Area Educational

Institutions

Non-

FunctionalEnrolment

Teaching

Staff

Pakistan 227,791 12,737 33,379,578 1,356,802

Punjab 110,459 2,742 18,298,608 716,768

Sindh 51,006 7,442 6,552,795 290,749

NWFP 37,761 1,781 5,206,932 198,893

Balochistan 10,986 306 1,110,162 50,893

ICT 1,189 23 390,888 19,387

FATA 5,145 123 605,437 22,079

Northern

Area3,977 128 354,962 15,196

AJK 7,268 192 859,794 42,837

Source: National Education Census (NEC), 2006

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Province

Without

Boundary

Wall

Without

Drinking

Water

Without

Electricity

without

Washrooms

Without

Building

2000 2005 2000 2005 2000 2005 2000 2005 2000 2005

Pakistan 72865 53,48156,094 46,766 99,597 81,63378,655 57,216 21,1269,776

Punjab 29,850 18,339 12,918 13,690 43,11032,18936,652 22,206 6,946 3,433

Sindh 18,68914,83817,910 11,586 25,005 22,149 18,815 12,842 9,834 4,001

NWFP 12,093 9,014 12,740 9,774 17,359 13,716 11,138 10,392 2,201 1,214

Baloch-

istan7,656 5,447 9,010 5,621 2,152 6,950 8,738 6,137 1,481 585

ICT 63 51 54 32 41 20 56 39 06 -

FATA 1,839 1,275 1,852 2,013 1,797 2,045 1,839 2,079 110 292

FANA 910 748 492 1,085 903 1,033 1,126 738 104 36

AJK 1,765 3,769 1,118 2,965 1,614 3,531 1,774 2,783 444 215

Source: National Education Census (NEC), 2006

c. Public Institutions: Missing Facilities

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d. Educational Institutions by Medium of Instruction

Type# of

InstitutionsMedium of Instruction (in %)

Urdu English Sindhi Others*

Total 227791 64.6 10.4 15.5 9.5

Boys 57868 77.3 2.9 6.7 13.2

Girls 48475 78.3 2.6 9.3 9.8

Mixed 121448 53.1 17.1 22.2 7.6

Public 151,744 68.3 1.4 22.4 7.9

Boys 50,265 82.2 1.2 7.5 9.1

Girls 41878 80.6 1.4 6.7 11.3

Mixed 59,601 48.0 1.6 43.4 7.0

Private 76,047 57.2 28.4 1.8 12.7

Boys 6,597 63.7 10.7 2.6 23.0

Girls 7,602 44.4 1.4 1.3 52.9

Mixed 61,847 58.0 32.1 1.7 7.7

* It includes Pushto, Balochi, Arabic

Source: National Education Census (NEC), 2006

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Budgetary Allocation for Education

2000-01 2005-06 2006-07

Ministry of Education 5.08 6.8 9.55

Higher Education Commission - 22.20 27.58

Other Federal Ministries 2.90 7.40 7.59

Punjab 31.39 60.75 83.97

Sindh 16.16 28.90 39.92

NWFP 11.35 18.23 23.68

Balochistan 4.73 8.86 9.63

AJK 2.25 3.75 4.63

FATA 1.49 2.10 3.78

FANA 0.49 0.98 1.39

Total (Public Sector) 75.88 160.00 211.77

Total (Private Sector) 12.00 35.91 40.69*

Grand Total 87.88 195.91 252.46

GDP(mp) (Economic survey 2005-06) on current factor cost.

3,863 7,713 -

Education Budget as % of GDP 2.27% 2.53% -

(Rs. In Billion)

Source: Details of demands for grants and appropriations 2006-07, GoP, Finance Div. Budget books of the Govt. of Punjab, Sindh, NWFP, Balochistan and AJ&K for 2006-07. Official communications from various Federal Ministries/Divisions addressed to the MoE. Official Communications from the District Governments to the MoE.

*Estimated

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1. Uniform academic session from 1 st of September 2007 throughout the country.

2. Free education upto Matriculation.

3. Provision of fre e textbooks.

4. Grant of scholarships and incentives to female students.

5. English language compulsory from Class -1 onwards.

6. Composite examination at Matric level throughout the country from 2007, province of Sindh will adopt it in 2008.

7. Provision of missing facilities in schools through PESR (Rs. 1.05 billion for 2006-07).

Reforms Undertaken

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8. Introduction of English as medium of

instruction for Science, Mathematics and

Computer Science. Islamiyat and Pakistan

Studies in Urdu in all schools.

9. Social Studies for Classes VI -VIII bifurcated

into History and Geography as compulsory

subjects.

10. New Scheme of Studies approved and notified

with effect from 2007.

11. Budgetary allocations for education increased.

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12. New curriculum:

Information Technology / Computer Education from Class-VI.

All duplication in subjects eliminated.

Contents do not reflect thinking of any particular sect / school of thought.

Ethics, moral education and Haqooq -ul -ibad included .

Curriculum upgraded to ensure latest developments / ideas in science and technology. Progressive with vertical and horizontal linkages.

New Groups i.e. Medical Technology Group and Computer Science Group introduced in Class XI -XII.

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13. Ordinance issued for regulatory authority for registration of private sector educational institutions.

14. Format of the question papers for the Board examinations revised. The papers will have three parts:

i. 20% objective questions. The questions will have multiple choices.

ii. 50% questions for short answers.

iii. 30% questions for descriptive answers.

- During 2006 teachers being trained to prepare children to answer questions on this pattern from 2007.

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Education for a Global

Community

What is Globalization?

Interconnectedness among people and states, by virtue of:

Economic systems

Environmental systems

Communication systems

Political systems

Social systems

1985-1991