vsbk design option guidelines - skat · 2017-01-24 · vsbk design option guidelines \ vii a...
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VSBK DESIGN OPTION Guidelines
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Authors : Heini Müller, Prabin Chhetri, Tobias Müller Editors : Karl Wehrle, Urs Hagnauer Proofreader : Madeleine Cannon Illustrations :PrabinChhetri,KesharJoshiLayoutandgraphics :KiirtistudioFirstedition :September2013Contact :SkatFoundation([email protected])
ISBN978-3-908156-49-9Copyrights©Skat,2013
ThisdocumentisnotintendedtobeaconstructionguideandentrepreneurswhoconsiderconstructingaVSBKarestronglyadvisedtocontactanexperiencedlocalorregionalVSBKexpert/consultant.
VSBK Design Option Guidelines
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VSBKDeSIgNOPTIONgUIDeLINeS \ iii
Acknowledgements v
Background vi
Purpose of this documentation vi
Potentials and limits of this documentation vii
Feedback and up-grading of this documentation vii
Overview of VSBK viii
01 Foundation 1
02 Unloading mechanism support unit 3
03 Trolley guide 5
04 Brick corbelling 7
05 Brick support I-beams 9
06 Girder system 11
07 Arch/slab 13
08 Shaft 16
09 Cavity between shaft and shaft support structure 19
10 Shaft support wall 21
Contents
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iv / VSBKDeSIgNOPTIONgUIDeLINeS
11 Kiln insulation boxes 23
12 Peep-hole pipes 25
13 Outer kiln wall structure 26
14 Working platform 29
15 Flue-ducts 31
16 Shaft top structure 33
17 Emission exhaust system 34
18 Flue gas dampers/valves 36
19 Shaft lid 38
20 Unloading bars 40
21 Unloading trolley 42
22 Brick unloading system 43
23 Access to the working platform 45
24 Roof 48
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VSBKDeSIgNOPTIONgUIDeLINeS \ v
TheVerticalShaftBrickKiln(VSBK)developmentprocessdocumentationstartedduringitsappliedResearch&Developmentstagein1997andreachedafirstimportantmilestoneinthelegendary“BrickbyBrick-TheHerculeanTaskofCleaninguptheAsianBrickIndustry"in2008.Yettheactualconstructiondevelopmentprocesshasbeencontinuedsince.Inparticularthe“South–South”VSBKtechnologytransfertoSouthAfricaliftedtheVSBKtechnologysignificantly.AdditionalconstructionoptionshavebeenrealizedthatpromotetheVSBKtechnology as a globally recognized clean brickproductionsystem.However,theresultofthisprocesshasuntilnowneverbeensystematicallydocumentedandupdated.
SkatwouldliketoexpressitssincereappreciationtoSwissDevelopmentCooperation(SDC)foritscontinuedsupporttothedevelopmentoftheVSBKtechnologyanditsadaptiontospecificlocalcontexts.Withoutthispersistentcommitmentandtrust into the involved partners over a period ofmorethanadecadethedevelopmentoftheVSBKtechnologyasatechnicalandeconomicalviableenvironmentfriendlyalternativetotraditionalbrickproductionsystemswouldnothavebeenpossible.
SkatlikestoexpresssincerethankstothepilotingentrepreneursfromvariouscountrieswhomadetheVSBKtechnologylearninganddevelopmentpossible.OnlythroughthespiritofVSBKpioneers,whowereandarepreparedtopracticallytestnewapproachesandatthesametimetakesomerisks,theVSBKtechnologycouldbeexposedandtestedinthepracticalbusinessenvironment.
Skatisalsoverygratefultoallpartnerorganizationsandindividualprofessionalsfromvariouscountries,whoeachintheirownwaycontributedtowardsimportant“puzzles”inordertoup-gradeandperfecttheVSBKtechnology.TheymadeaSouth-Southtechnologytransferpossible.
Specialthankstoallthosewhocontributedtothedevelopmentandcompilationofthisdocumentation,inparticulartotheeuropeanexpertsinenergy&environment,kilnconstructionandceramics,Mr.MaxMüller,germany,Mr.HansSchmid,Switzerland,Mr.ekhardRimpel,germany,andMr.AloisMüller,Switzerland,aswellastoMr.UrsHagnauer,formerVSBKProjectManager,Nepal.
LastbutnotleastSkat,asthepartnerinchargeforthetechnologytransfertoSouthAfricawouldalsoliketoacknowledgetheVSBKProjectinSouthAfricawhichfinancedthedevelopmentandpublicationofthisdocumentaswellasourconsortiapartner,Swisscontact,whofacilitatedtheprojectimplementation.
Karl WehrleSkatConsultancy
Acknowledgements
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ThispublicationispartoftheongoingeffortsoftheVSBKtechnologytransferprocessfromAsiatoSouthAfrica.ItispartofthetasksentrustedtoSkatinanoverallprocessofknowledgetransfer.ThefocusofthispublicationareboththemaindesignoptionsaswellasconstructionelementsoftheVerticalShaftBrickKiln.TheVSBKisthemostenergyefficientcoalfiredclaybrickproductiontechnology.eversinceSDCsupportedthesystematicVSBKtechnologytransferfromChinatoIndiain1996alotoflocalandinternationalVSBKworkingexperiencehasbeenaccumulated.Initsquesttocontributetocleanerclaybrickfiringsystems,andtherebytoacleanerenvironment,SDCalsosupportedtheVSBKtechnologytransfertoNepal,Vietnam,Afghanistan,Pakistanandsince2009toSouthAfrica.
IntheVSBKtechnologytransfertotheabovementionedcountries,excepttoVietnam,SkatConsultancyistheonlyinternationalorganisationthathasbeenaconstantpartnertoSDC’senvironmentalendeavoursince1996.ThisprofessionaltrustwascontinuallyacknowledgedbySkatConsultancywithitsprincipleworkingstrategy;tolocallyanchorthe
VSBKtechnologyandtherebybuildinglocalVSBKexpertswhileatthesametimecreatingandoverseeinganinternationalnetworkofexpertsandspecialiststosustaintheVSBKtechnologyaswellasitsconstantimprovements,documentationandinternationaldissemination,thereforemakingbestuseoftheinvestmentsmadebySDCandallotherpartners.
TheVSBKtechnologyisnotpatented.Sinceitscommercial,environmentalandsocialdevelopmentwasfinancedbySDCthistechnologyisconsideredan“opensource”technology.Theresultsof17yearsofVSBKdesign/constructionexperienceandknowledgefromallstagesofthevariousVSBKtechnologytransfershavebeencollectedandcompiledas“VSBK Design Option Guidelines”.
ThisdocumentationistheresultofprofessionalinvolvementofexperiencedeuropeanbrickkilnexpertswithglobalVSBKtechnologyexpertsandlocalpractitioners/entrepreneurs.Hencethisdocumentationconsidersboth;thecurrentstate-of-artbrickkilnknow-howateuropeanlevelaswellasgloballyappliedpracticalandtechnicaloptions.
However,latestadaptationstolocalcontextsbylocalexpertsinSouthAfricacouldnotbeincludedinthisdocumentsincetheyarebeingclaimedasintellectualproperty.Dependingoninteresttheymaybemadeavailablethroughaconsultancycontract.
Purpose of this documentation
ThroughtheSDCsupported“South–South"VSBKtechnologytransfertoSouthAfricanewthinking,newviews,newexpertsandtherebynewpotentialswereleadingtoadditionalconstructionoptions.AwarenessoftheuniqueenergyandenvironmentaladvantagesoftheVSBKtechnologyisrapidlybeingdisseminatedatagloballevel.Withthisdocument,expertsnotonlyinSouthAfrica but also at global level are enabled tomakeaneducateddecisionofhowtoadapttheVSBKtechnologyandthereforecontributetowardsanincreasedglobalVSBKdemandwhileatthesametimereducingthegreenhousegasemissionfromapollutingindustrialsector.
ThepurposeofthisdocumentationistoprovideageneraloverviewofdifferentVSBKconstructionoptionsandmakesitclearthatthereisno'One-size-fits-all'.For
Background
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VSBKDeSIgNOPTIONgUIDeLINeS \ vii
aprofitableVSBKbusinessexperiencedprofessionalsshouldbeinvolvedwhoassesstheappropriatenessofagivenoptiontoagivensituationandthisdocumentaimstobeavaluableresourcefordecisionmakers.
Potentials and limits of this documentation
VSBKconstructionoptionsarealwayslinkedto,andwiththepurposeof,brickfiringanditsrelatedeconomics.AlthoughnumerousVSBKconstructionoptionsaregloballyimplementedbyvariousorganizations,expertsandentrepreneurs,theauthorsutilizedatwo-shaftVSBKdesignasreferenceandpurposefullylimitedthenumberofpossibleconstructionoptionsinthisdocumentinordertofocusonprovenpracticalandeconomicalpractices.Forindividualswithlimitedaccesstohightechsolutionsandhighup-frontfinancialinvestment,forwhateverreasons,currentindustrialized'stateoftheart'kilnconstructionmaterialsandtechniquesneedtobedownscaledintopracticalsolutions.Thisdocumentationnotonlyshowspracticaloptionsbutalsopresentspotentialfutureoptionsthatwillrequirelocalfine-tuningforviablefinaladaptiontothelocalcontext.ItwouldbewayoutofthescopeofthisdocumenttoexplainthedetailedaspectsoftheVSBKconstruction.Thisdocumenttries
toprovidebasicrationalesandexplanationswheredeemedessential.Itissometimesdifficulttopreciselyandappropriatelyprovidesketchesandexplanationstofullycomprehenddetailedconstructiondrawingsofdifferentoptions.Theycanbemadeavailable through a consultancy contract withanyoftheVSBKtechnologyserviceproviders.
ThisdocumentisnotintendedtobeaconstructionguideandentrepreneurswhoconsiderconstructingaVSBKarestronglyadvised to contact an experienced local or regionalVSBKexpert/consultant.
Feedback and up-grading of this documentation
AnyfeedbackandadditionalexperiencesregardingthevarioustechnicaloptionsismostwelcomedandcanbedirectedtoSkatFoundation([email protected]).SkatFoundation,alongwiththerespectiveexpertsandauthors,willaccordinglysecurefutureup-datestothisdocumentandmakethecollectedinformationavailabletoabroaderaudience,withreferencetothesourceofinformation.
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viii / VSBKDeSIgNOPTIONgUIDeLINeS
01 Foundation
02 Unloading mechanism support unit
03 Trolley guide
04 Brick corbelling
05 Brick support I-beams
06 Girder system
07 Arch/slab
08 Shaft
09 Cavity between shaft and shaft support structure
10 Shaft support wall
11 Kiln insulation boxes
12 Peep-hole pipes
13 Outer kiln wall structure
14 Working platform
15 Flue ducts
16 Shaft top structure
17 Emission exhaust system
18 Flue gas dampers/valves
19 Shaft lid
20 Unloading bars
21 Unloading trolley
22 Brick unloading system
23 Access to the working platform
24 Roof
Overview of VSBK
03
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11
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02
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VSBKDeSIgNOPTIONgUIDeLINeS \ 1
OPTION 1 : R.C.C. raft foundation(Suitablefornon-cohesivesoils)
Advantages
• equalloaddistributiononanytypeofnaturalgrownsoil
• employedworkingpersonnelcanworkonacleanandsafeplatform
• groundwaterpenetrationcanbeminimized
Disadvantages & Limits
• expensiveconstructionoptionduetotheuseofmassconcreteandreinforcementsteel
FunctionThefoundationisthepartoftheVSBKthatisindirectcontactwiththegroundandthroughwhichstructuralloads,includingtheweightofgreenbricks,coalstorageandmovementsarebeingtransferred.
Design principlesAuniversalfoundationdesignforalltypesofgroundistechnicallyandeconomicallynotfeasiblesincekeyparametersvaryaccordingtothelocalsituationandcontext.Therefore,thefoundationhastobeprofessionally designed, case by case and according tolocalcontexts.
AVSBKshouldneverbeconstructedonback-filledsoilorlandslide-proneareas.Specialdesignprecautionsmustbetakenforareashavingahighgroundwatertableorearthquakeexperience.
01 FOuNDATION
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OPTION 3 : Pillar foundation(Suitableforbothcohesiveandnon-cohesivesoils)
Advantages
• SuitableoptionforaframestructureVSBKconstruction
Disadvantages & Limits
• Generally requires horizontal concretetie-beamconnection
• Considerableamountsofshutteringmaterialisrequired
• Dependingontherequireddepthofthepillarsarelativelyexpensiveconstructionmethod
• Demandinginskill(preciseness)andsupervision
OPTION 2 : Brick footing(Suitableforcohesivesoils)
Advantages
• ABrickentrepreneurcanusehis/herownbricksforthisfoundationoptionandcanthereforeoptimizeexpenses
Disadvantages & Limits
• Notapplicableforalltypesofgrounds and especially not an optimaloptionincasesofhighgroundwatertable
• Requiresgoodbrickquality
01 FOuNDATION
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VSBKDeSIgNOPTIONgUIDeLINeS \ 3
02 uNlOADING mEChANISm SuPPORT uNIT
OPTION 1 : m.S. I-beamsNote:M.S.I-beamsareinstalledperpendiculartothearchwallsinordertotransfertheloadofthebrickssettinginsidetheshafttothekilnfoundation.
Advantages
• economicaloptionduetotheutilisationofthearchwallfoundations
• Canaccommodatebothhydraulicandmanualunloadingmechanisms
Disadvantages & Limits
• Foreignmaterialcouldfallintothepitstructurewhichcouldcreatecomplicationsforunloading procedures and are likelydifficulttoclean
• Inareasofhighwatertable,awatertightpitstructureshould be ensured in order to avoidwatercontactwiththeunloadingmechanism
FunctionTheunloadingmechanismsupportunitaccommodatestheheightofthehydraulicpistonorscrew,protectstheunloadingmechanismfrompotentiallybeingblockedduringoperationandbearstheloadoftheentirebricksettinginsidetheshaftduringunloadingprocedures.
Design principlesTheunloadingmechanismsupportunitmustbeartheentirebricksettingloadanditsunloadingsysteminsuchawaythatnostructuralsettings/damageswillhindertheunloadingoperation.
Therelatedpitshouldbeprotectedfromthenearbyfilledsoilandgroundwatersothattheunloadingmechanismcanmovefreely.
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OPTION 2 : R.C.C. load bearing unitNote:Thisunitisseparatedfromthekilnstructure.Itbearstheentireloadofthebricksettinginsidetheshaftonitsownfoundation.
Advantages
• Pitstructureismaintenancefriendly
Disadvantages & Limits
• Doesnotutilisethearchwallfoundationforsupport,itsconstructionrequiresheavyduty concrete and steel reinforcementandisthereforeconsidered expensive
• Onlyfeasibleongroundwithsufficientbearingcapacity
02 uNlOADING mEChANISm SuPPORT uNIT
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VSBKDeSIgNOPTIONgUIDeLINeS \ 5
OPTION 1 : Recessed mS C-channels
Advantages
• Lowwear&tearofthemasonrywallsduringunloading
• Correctpositioningoftrolleysbelowtheshaftisensured
• Trolleysandtheunloadedfiredbricksarepreventedfrombecomingwedgedbetweentheshaftsupportingwallsduring unloading procedures
Disadvantages & Limits
• Wall corbellings are required near ground level, hence the wallconstructionbecomesmorelabourintensiveandtherefore costly
FunctionThetrolleyguideassistsincorrectlypositioningthetrolleyforunloadingproceduresand,whentheunloadingtrolleyiscorrectlypositioned,actsasasafety feature to prevent unevenly loaded trolleys fromtoppling.
Design principlesThetrolleyguidesaremadewithMSC-Channelsandareproperlyanchoredintothearchwalls.
03 TROllEy GuIDE
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FuTuRE OPTION 1: Screwed-on guides
Advantages
• Lowconstructioncost• Simplifiedtrolleylockshencenomovableparts
• easymaintenance
Disadvantages & Limits
• None
OPTION 2 : Protruded m.S. C-channels
Advantages
• Wallbrickcorbellingisnot required, hence the constructionbecomeslesstimeconsumingandthereforeless costly
Disadvantages & Limits
• Chancesofinjuriesduringunloading procedures
03 TROllEy GuIDE
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VSBKDeSIgNOPTIONgUIDeLINeS \ 7
OPTION 1 : Two arch wall corbellings(1stand2nd ,oneachsideofthearchsupportingwalls)
Advantages
• Reducedriskoffiredbrickstumblingfromtheunloadingtrolley
• Lesswear&tearduetoM.S.C-Channeltrolleyguidesconstructedflushwiththearchwallsupportmasonry
Disadvantages & Limits
• Archsidewallbrickcorbellingconstructionbecomestimeconsumingandthereforecostly
• Could hinder pulling out the trolleyduetothesmallgapof3cmbetweenthewallandthetrolleyduringemergencyunloading
FunctionThebrickcorbellingsincreasethearchwalldistanceforunhinderedunloadingofthefiredbricksandmovementofthetrolley
Design principlesThebrickcorbellingofagivenbrickcourseshouldideallynotexceed3cm.
Wallcorbellingscanbemade,butasamatteroffact,areoptionaldependingonthequalityofgreenbricks,firingandoperationpractices.
Sincethearchmasonrywallsdistanceandtheshaftsizehavedifferentmeasurementstherefractoryshaftcorbellingisadvisabletoavoiddamagesduringoperation.
04 BRICK CORBEllING
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OPTION 2 : Corbelling at refractory brick shaft level
Advantages
• Easy to pull and push the trolley due to increased side space
• Constructionofthearchsidewallsislesstimeconsumingand therefore less costly
• Moreeconomicalbecausetheshaftsupportingcorbellinglayercanbeconstructedjustbeforethefirstrefractorybricklayeroftheshaft
Disadvantages & Limits
• ProtrudedM.S.C-channeltrolleyguides(see3,option2)mustbefixedotherwisethetrolleyguidelockbecomestoolongwhichcouldbedifficultduring unloading
• Increasedriskoffiredbrickstumblingfromtheunloadingtrolley due to increased side space
04 BRICK CORBEllING
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VSBKDeSIgNOPTIONgUIDeLINeS \ 9
OPTION 1 : Brick support beam positioned for unloading 6 layers of bricks
Advantages
• Higher unloading capacity, also duringemergencysituations
• Reducedworkloadforpersonnel during regular operationsincelessunloadingproceduresareperformedforthesamenumberofbricksbeing unloaded
• Friendlyworkingenvironmentdue to less heat exposure
• Increasedcoolingdownratepossibility
Disadvantages & Limits
• Thedimensionsoftheunloadingscrew/hydraulicpiston increases due to the increasedliftheight
FunctionThebricksupportI-beamistherestingplaceforunloadingbarsandthegirdersystemduringoperation.Betweenunloadingproceduresthebeamsupportstheentirebricksettingloadinsidetheshaftandtransfersittothearchsupportingwall.
Design principlesThebricksupportI-beamsmustbedesignedtocarrytheentirebricksettingwithintheshaft.
Thetemperatureattheunloadingplacecanattimesbeashighas400°C,whichneedstobeconsideredwhenestimatingtheI-beamdimensions.TheI-beamsshouldbecompletelystraight,neverevenslightlytwistedorbentandmustbepositionedparalleltoeachother.
05 BRICK SuPPORT I-BEAmS
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OPTION 2 : Brick support I-beam positioned for unloading 4 layers of bricks (including a lower arch and reduced overall kiln height)
Advantages
• Duetothedecreasedliftheightthedimensionsoftheunloadingscrew/hydraulicpiston decreases
• Decreasesoverallconstructioncostsduetothereducedkilnheight
Disadvantages & Limits
• Unloadingdifficultiesduringemergencysituations;hencean experienced & disciplined workingcrewisrequired
• Increasedworkloadforpersonnel during regular operationsincemoreunloading procedures are performedforthesamenumberofbricksbeingunloaded
• Increased heat exposure to workingpersonnel
05 BRICK SuPPORT I-BEAmS
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VSBKDeSIgNOPTIONgUIDeLINeS \ 11
OPTION 1 : Girder system with side locks
Advantages
• Noelectricityrequired• Lessupliftmovementofscrew/hydraulicpistonandthereforeeasierforworkingpersonnel
Disadvantages & Limits
• Girder rail prone to bending duetoheatradiationandconstant load
• Increasesconstructiontimeduetofixingofalltherelatedmetalparts
FunctionAfterthetrolleyissecurelypositionedbeneaththefiredbricks,thegirdersystemfacilitatesthereleaseof the unloading bars and hence the load of the entirebricksettingistransferredtothetrolleyandtheunloadingsystem.
Design principlesThegirdersystemneedstobedesignedinawaythatitisabletocarrytheentirebrickload.Further,ithasbeensuredthatthereleasemechanismcannotbetriggeredaccidently(orunintentionally)andthebrickloadcanbetransferredontothetrolleywithoutpotentiallyinjuringworkingpersonnelwhenreleasingthesystem.
Whenahydraulicunloadingsystemisinplacethewholegirdersystemisnotrequired.
06 GIRDER SySTEm
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OPTION 2 : Girder system with wedge locks(MSsquarerod/wedge)
Advantages
• Costeffective• Noelectricityrequired• Lessupliftmovementofscrew/hydraulicpistonandthereforeeasierforworkingpersonnel
Disadvantages & Limits
• None
06 GIRDER SySTEm
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VSBKDeSIgNOPTIONgUIDeLINeS \ 13
OPTION 1 : Arch constructed with brick
Advantages
• Locallyavailablebrickscanbe used, therefore reduced constructioncosts
Disadvantages & Limits
• Requiresanarchmould• Archconstructionwillincreasetheoverallkilnconstructiontime
FunctionThearch/slabstructureensuressafeaccesstounloadthefiredbricks.Italsodistributestheloadsofabovebuildstructuralandnon-structuralloadsintoitssupportingwalls.Further,airentering through this access opening is aiding boththecombustionandthebrickcoolingprocess.
Design principlesDifferentArchtypescanbedesigned.
Concretebeamsandarches;insituorprefabricated;areviablealternativestobrickarches.Afewofthemareshownasoptionsinthisdocument.
Beingarch,beamorslab,thefundamentaldesign criteria is that the structure is safely bearingtheloadplacedontopofit.Concretebased structures should not be exposed to temperaturesabove300°C.
07 ARCh/SlAB
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OPTION 2 : In situ R.C.C. beam and slab
Advantages
• Savesonoverallnumberoffiredbricksforthekilnconstruction
• Noarchconstructionskillrequired
Disadvantages & Limits
• Requiresshutteringmaterial• Willincreasetheoverallkilnconstructiontime
• Willlikelygetsomedamageincaseofhightemperatureexposure(e.g.brickmeltinginsidetheshaft)
FuTuRE OPTION 1 : Precast R.C.C. beams with 1 layer of front bricks attached as insulation and protection
Advantages
• Reducesoverallkilnconstructiontimeincasethepre-fabricationisdoneinfactories
Disadvantages & Limits
• Requiresamechanicalliftingdevice to place it
• Forachievingeconomicaladvantagesalargenumberofshaftsneedtobeconstructed
07 ARCh/SlAB
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VSBKDeSIgNOPTIONgUIDeLINeS \ 15
FuTuRE OPTION 2 : Precast R.C.C. arch with 1 layer of front bricks attached
Advantages
• Reducesoverallkilnconstructiontimeincasethepre-fabricationisdoneinfactories
Disadvantages & Limits
• Requiresamechanicalliftingdevice to place it
• Forachievingeconomicaladvantagesalargenumberofshaftsneedtobeconstructed
07 ARCh/SlAB
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16 / VSBKDeSIgNOPTIONgUIDeLINeS
OPTION 1 : English bond refractory masonry without expansion joints
Advantages
• Uniformexpansionandcontractionproperties
• Uniformthermalmassproperties
Disadvantages & Limits
• Specialmasonryskillsrequired• expansionwilldevelopuncontrolledmasonrycracks
FunctionTheshaftisthecoreelementofthekilnandhastoaccommodatethefiringofthebricksaspertheappropriatefirescheduleaswellastoprovideresistancetomechanicalwearandtearfromverticalmovementoftheloadedbricks.
Design principlesTheshaftdimensionmustbedesignedaccordingtothedrygreenbricksizeandmaximumproductioncapacity.
Further,thefollowingdesigncriteriashouldbeconsideredtoallowfortrouble-freebrickfiring:
• Heatresistanceoftheshaftwallingmaterialinthecentralfiringzoneupto1200°C
• Acidicemissionresistanceinthepre-heatingzone• Structuralexpansionproperties• Perfectverticality• Selfsupportingstructure
08 ShAFT
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VSBKDeSIgNOPTIONgUIDeLINeS \ 17
FuTuRE OPTION 1 : English bond refractory brick masonry with expansion joints
Advantages
• Uniformexpansionandcontractionproperties
• Uniformthermalmassproperties
• Controlledexpansionwillavoiduncontrolledmasonrycracks,hencelowermaintenance
Disadvantages & Limits
• Specialmasonryskillsarerequiredandtheconstructionsystemistimeconsuming,therefore costly
• Requiresspecialbrickblocksorcuttings
• Specialcornersupportessentialtoensureexpansionatdefinedjoints
OPTION 2 : English bond refractory masonry; substituted with fired bricks in sections with temperatures below 500°C (pre-heating and cooling zone)
Advantages
• Mosteconomicaloptionundertheconditionthatthefiringzoneisalwaysmaintainedatthecentreoftheshaft
Disadvantages & Limits
• Chancesofshaftdamagesifthefirepositionisnotproperlymaintainedatthecentreoftheshaft
• Firepositionadjustmentislimitedtorefractorymasonryarea
• Potentialdamagestofiredbrickmasonryinthepre-heatingzoneduetoacidicemissions
08 ShAFT
<500oC
>500oC
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18 / VSBKDeSIgNOPTIONgUIDeLINeS
FuTuRE OPTION 2 : Prefabricated fire resistance refractory concrete elementsNote:Thispossiblefutureoptionrequiresprofessionaloverallkilnconstructionplanningandpracticaldetaildesigns.
Advantages
• Reducedshaftconstructiontime
• Theshapeoftheelementcanbebothverticalorhorizontal
Disadvantages & Limits
• Requiresamechanicalliftingdevice to place it
• Skilltomaintainthetotalverticalityoftheshaftisrequired
• Fire resistant refractory concrete is considered expensive
• Will develop uncontrolled cracksifnoexpansionjointsare provided
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VSBKDeSIgNOPTIONgUIDeLINeS \ 19
OPTION 1 : unfilled cavity (2-3 cm approx.)
Advantages
• Basicallynoexpenses(Howevertoensureanequalcavity size it is of advantage toplacealowcostthermocolboard.Thisthermocolboardwillmeltassoonasthekilnisinoperationandauniformcavitywillremain)
Disadvantages & Limits
• Someheatlossduetoairmovement,hencereducedinsulationvalue
• Riskofmortarandothermaterialfillingupthecavityifnot carefully protected during construction
• Increased heat exposure at the shafttoparea
FunctionThe cavity is required to ensure structurally independentexpansionandcontractionoftheshaftstructure.
Design principlesThemainprinciplefordesigningthiscavitiyistoensurethestructuralintegrityoftheshaft.
Thetopandbottomofthiscavityshouldbeclosedwithaflexiblematerialafterthekilnisfullydriedoutinordertoavoidheatloss.
09CAVITy BETwEEN ShAFT AND ShAFT SuPPORT STRuCTuRE
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20 / VSBKDeSIgNOPTIONgUIDeLINeS
FuTuRE OPTION 1 : Filled cavity(Stonewoolorglasswoolinsulationblanket/board)
Advantages
• Costbenefitfactorisgood
Disadvantages & Limits
• Riskofsaggingwhenfixinginsulationblanketstoaverticalsurface
OPTION 2 : Filled cavitiy (Calciumsilicateboard)
Advantages
• Easy to install since they are availableasselfsupportingboards
Disadvantages & Limits
• Damagepotentialifexposedtocontactwithwater
• Couldbeacostlyoptiondepending on selected materialquality
09CAVITy BETwEEN ShAFT AND ShAFT SuPPORT STRuCTuRE
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VSBKDeSIgNOPTIONgUIDeLINeS \ 21
OPTION 1 : English bond brick masonry in mud mortar
Advantages
• Lowconstructioncost• Provides reasonable stability forchimneysystem
Disadvantages & Limits
• Chancesofwallsaggingduetomudmortarshrinkage
FunctionTheshaft-supportwallensurestheindependentworking(expansion/contraction)oftheshaft,reduceslateralpressureandactsasaninsulationlayer.Thechimneysareusuallyconstructedontopoftheshaftsupportingwall.
Design principlesTherearemanyshaftsupportwallconstructionsystemspossible,alldependingoneconomicalinsulatingbuildingmaterials.
Note:Usinga'K-value'calculatorforselectingthesizeofthemosteconomicalinsulationmaterial/structureisrecommended.
Note:Ifashaftisconstructedwithexpansionjoints,theshaftcornersmustbesupportedtoensurecorrectexpansiondirection.(see8,futureoption1)
10 ShAFT SuPPORT wAll
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22 / VSBKDeSIgNOPTIONgUIDeLINeS
FuTuRE OPTION 1 : Vermiculite concreteNote:Vermiculitecanalsobeusedasinsulationmaterialbetweenbothstructures;theshaftandthesupportingwall.Note:Itisnecessarytoconsultprofessionalswhoareexperiencedinpracticalapplicationofvermiculiteconcretetechnologyforakilnconstruction.
Advantages
• Lowthermalconductivitymaterial,hencegoodinsulation
• Can be precast or constructed in-situ
• Doesnotrequireanyfurtherinsulationorstructure,exceptaprotectionlayer,e.gsteel
• Thekilnsizecanbereduced,hencematerialandlabourcostcan be reduced
Disadvantages & Limits
• Isanexpensiveinsulationmaterial
• Vermiculiteconcretehasreduced load bearing capacity
FuTuRE OPTION 2 : Insulation bricks walls
Advantages
• Potentialofslimkilnstructureandcostreduction.
Disadvantages & Limits
• Insulationbricksareexpensive• Insulationbrickshavereduced
load bearing capacity
10 ShAFT SuPPORT wAll
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VSBKDeSIgNOPTIONgUIDeLINeS \ 23
OPTION 1 : Filled with ungraded soil
Advantages
• Cheapest and easily available fillingmaterial
Disadvantages & Limits
• Lowinsulationvalue,theheatlossisrelativelyhigh
• Difficulttoavoidwaterpenetrationduringconstruction
• Chancesofshaftbulgingincreaseswiththefrequencyofshutdownsduetorepeatedcompactingoffineparticles
FunctionKilninsulationboxesareconstructedtodistributetheloadofinsulationmaterialusedtominimizeenergylosses.Theyalsoproviderigiditytothekilnstructureanddefinethesizeoftheworkingplatform.
Design principlesTheboxdimensionsmustberelatedtotheinsulationmaterialvaluetobeusedandtherequiredworkingspaceandtypeofplatform.Thetopoftheinsulationboxes(platform)shouldideallybecoveredtoavoidheatloss.
Note:Fillingmaterialshouldbeasdryaspossible.
11 KIlN INSulATION BOxES
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24 / VSBKDeSIgNOPTIONgUIDeLINeS
OPTION 2 : Filled with graded brick gravel
Advantages
• Inrelationtotheinsulationvalue it is a good and economicalfillingmaterial
• enhancedinsulationpropertiesduetocreationofmicro-pores
• Decreasedriskofshaftbulging
Disadvantages & Limits
• Difficulttomaintainpropermaterialgradingduringfillingprocess
• Difficulttoavoidwaterpenetrationduringconstruction
11 KIlN INSulATION BOxES
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VSBKDeSIgNOPTIONgUIDeLINeS \ 25
OPTION 1 : m.S. pipes
Advantages
• Astraight-forward,practicalandeconomicalsystemforfireposition/temperaturemonitoring
Disadvantages & Limits
• Potentialofexcessairenteringtheshaftifthepipesarenot properly sealed during operation
FunctionPeep-holepipesarenarrowopeningsinthekilnstructurewhichallowavisualand/ormechanicalfiretemperaturemonitoring.
Design principlesPeep-holesmustbedesignedtoallowvisualmonitoringofthefirepositionand/orinsertfiremonitoringequipment(thermocouples)fromtheoutsideofthekilnstructure.
Further,theyshouldbepositionedinawaythattheydonotbendundertheweightoftheinsulationfilling.
Theexactnessofthefirescheduleplottingincreaseswiththenumberofbuilt-inpeep-holepipes.
Therespectivebatchheightandthesoilshrinkagedefinesthepositionanddistanceofthepeep-holepipes.
12 PEEP-hOlE PIPES
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26 / VSBKDeSIgNOPTIONgUIDeLINeS
OPTION 1 : load bearing brick masonry with buttresses
Advantages
• Can support above built structures(loadingplatform,roof,mechanicaltransportingdevicesetc.)andgreenbrickstorage
• Buttressessupportingtheaccesstoplatformcanreduceconstructioncosts
Disadvantages & Limits
• Buttressesincreasetherequiredconstructionarea
FunctionTheouterkilnwallstructureencasestheinsulationfillingaroundtheshaftsupportingwallsandensuresstructuralrigidityandprotectionagainsttheelements.
Design principlesTheouterkilnwallstructuremustbedesignedsothatitcanprotecttheinsulationandtheshaftstructureagainstmechanicalimpact.
Note:Sufficientweepholesmustbeprovidedtoavoidkilnstructuredamagesduetowaterevaporationduringtheinitialfiring.Theseweepholeshouldbeclosedonlyafterthekilniscompletelydriedout.
13 OuTER KIlN wAll STRuCTuRE
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VSBKDeSIgNOPTIONgUIDeLINeS \ 27
OPTION 3 : metal
Advantages
• Can be prefabricated, hence reducesconstructiontime
• Slimmeststructurepossible• Masspre-fabricationpotential
Disadvantages & Limits
• Metalcorrosionislikelythemainproblem,hencehighexpensesformaintenancework
• Separateplatformforbrickstorage required
• Requiresamechanicalliftingdevice to construct it
• High-valueinsulationrequired,hence expensive
• Relativelyunfavourableconstructioncarbonfootprintduetosteelrequirements
OPTION 2 : Concrete frame structure with in-filled brick masonry
Advantages
• Slimkilnstructurepossiblesincenobuttressesarerequired
• Overallconstructiontimereductionpossible
Disadvantages & Limits
• Scaffoldingandformworkincreasetheconstructioncosts
• Additionalcostforreinforcementsteelandconcrete
• Relativelyunfavourableconstructioncarbonfootprintdue to concrete and steel requirements
13 OuTER KIlN wAll STRuCTuRE
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28 / VSBKDeSIgNOPTIONgUIDeLINeS
FuTuRE OPTION 1 : load bearing brick masonry without buttresses
Advantages
• Potentialofslimkilnstructure.• Nobulkyinsulationboxes
required
Disadvantages & Limits
• Separateplatformstructurerequiredformovementandstorage
• High-valueinsulationmaterialrequired, hence is considered expensive
13 OuTER KIlN wAll STRuCTuRE
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VSBKDeSIgNOPTIONgUIDeLINeS \ 29
OPTION 1 : Partial R.C.C. working platform on buttress
Advantages
• Requireslessreinforcementsteel due to support by masonrybuttresses
• Boxinsulationfillingmaterialcan be topped up
Disadvantages & Limits
• Increased dust exposure potential
• Timeconsumingbecauseofshutteringwork,concretecuringtimeandde-shutteringwork
FunctionTheworkingplatformisconstructedforfreemovementofpersonnelandforstoragespace.
Design principlesTheworkingplatformdesignisbasedonbothloadbearing(buttress)structureorframestructureoptions.
However,theworkingplatformmustbeopen,ventilatedandprovideenoughspacesothatworkingpersonnelcanmovealongandloadgreenbricksintotheshaftwithouthindrancebyanystructureorequipment.
Note:IncaseofaslimVSBKstructure,e.g.metal,aseparateplatformstructureisrequired.
14 wORKING PlATFORm
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30 / VSBKDeSIgNOPTIONgUIDeLINeS
OPTION 3 : Full R.C.C. working platform
Advantages
• Adds considerable rigidity to thekilnstructure
• Mechanicalgreenbricktransportationpossible
• Lowdustworkingenvironmentachievable
• Decreasedheatlossatplatformlevel
Disadvantages & Limits
• Highconstructioncost• Duetothesettlingoftheboxinsulationfillingmaterialagapiscreatedinbetweentheinsulationfillandtheplatform
• Addsweighttothefoundation
OPTION 2 : Partial R.C.C. working platform on cantilever
Advantages
• Boxinsulationfillingmaterialcan be topped up
Disadvantages & Limits
• Increasedreinforcementsteelandconcreterequirement,henceanexpensiveoption
• Timeconsumingbecauseofshutteringrequirement,concretecuringtimeandde-shutteringwork
• Increased dust exposure potential
14 wORKING PlATFORm
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VSBKDeSIgNOPTIONgUIDeLINeS \ 31
OPTION 1 : lower and upper flue-duct system constructed with refractory/fired bricks
Advantages
• Simplecleaningsystempossible
• Bestsuitedfornaturaldraughtsystem
• Costsavingspotentialifconstructedwithfiredbricks
Disadvantages & Limits
• Theflueductsystemistheweakestpartoftheshaft,henceperiodicalmaintenanceis required
• Timeconsumingbrickcuttingworkduringconstruction
FunctionTheflue-ductsarethelowersectionoftheshaftemissionexhaustsystemwhichsystematicallychannelsthefluegasesintothechimneys.
Design principlesTheflueductsmustbedesignedtofunctioninawaythatallfluegassesarepassingthroughtheexhaustgassystem(naturalandforceddraughtsystem)withoutposinghealthhazardstoworkingpersonnel.Furtheritmustbeensuredthattheleastamountofexcessaircanenterthesystematthetopoftheupperflueductsduringunloading.
Theflueductsystemshouldbeconstructedwithacid-resistantmaterialssinceacidicgasesarereleasedduringthefiringprocess.
15 FluE-DuCTS
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32 / VSBKDeSIgNOPTIONgUIDeLINeS
FuTuRE OPTION 1 : lower and upper flue-duct system constructed with refractory castables
Advantages
• Reducedconstructiontime• Bestsuitedforforceddraughtsystem
• Calibrationofindividualflueopenings possible
• economicviabilityincreaseswithnumbers
Disadvantages & Limits
• Limitedtocountrieswithfireresistantconcretecastingexperience
15 FluE-DuCTS
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VSBKDeSIgNOPTIONgUIDeLINeS \ 33
OPTION 1 : R.C.C. shaft top anchored on the shaft supporting wall
Advantages
• Allowsverticalexpansionmovementoftherefractoryshaft
• Reducedshaftbulgingprobability
Disadvantages & Limits
• None
FunctionTheshafttopprotectstheflueductsystemfrommechanicalandliveloadimpacts.Furtheritprovides a base for the lid cover and usually also for naturaldraughtchimneys.
Design principlesTheshafttopstructureshouldnotdisturbaverticalexpansionoftherefractoryshaft.
Itshouldbedesignedinsuchawaythatadditionalfeatureslikeflueductguides,lid-coverbaseandchimneyscanbesecurelyfixed.
Theexpansiongapmustbesealedwithflexiblematerialtoavoidheatlossafterthekilnisfullydriedout.
16 ShAFT TOP STRuCTuRE
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34 / VSBKDeSIgNOPTIONgUIDeLINeS
OPTION 1 : Natural draught with flue ducts
Advantages
• Noelectricityrequired,henceaneconomicaloption
• Canbeconstructedwithmaterialotherthanmetal,i.e.firedbricks
Disadvantages & Limits
• Draughtcanvarywithweatherconditions
• Difficulttoerectandtieupthechimneys,especiallyinhighwindproneareas
• Highwearandtearofmetalpartsduetocorrosionfromacidicemissions
FunctionTheemissionexhaustsystemistoprovidethedraftforproperfirepositioningaswellastodischargeexhaustgasesatasafeheight.
Design principlesTheemissionexhaustsystemmustbedesignedbyrespectiveexperts.
17 EmISSION ExhAuST SySTEm
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VSBKDeSIgNOPTIONgUIDeLINeS \ 35
FuTuRE OPTION 1 : Natural draught without flue ductsNote:Thissystemispreferredformultipleshafts.
Advantages
• elongatedfiringcurve• Uniformdraught• User friendly draught control• OneShaft-onechimney• Duringloading,emissionscan
be extracted separately• Inbuiltshaftlid,hencereduced
health hazard
Disadvantages & Limits
• Anticorrosivematerialrequired for the hood
• Potentialofincreasedhoodsystemmaintenance
OPTION 2 : Forced draught with flue ducts
Advantages
• Uniformdraught,hencebetterfirepositioncontrol
• Onechimneycanbeusedformultipleshafts
• Brickqualityislikelytobemoreuniform
Disadvantages & Limits
• Requires electricity, including a back-upsystem
• exhaustgastemperaturesmustbemaintainedtoavoidcorrosionofmetalparts
• Increasedmaintenancecosts
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36 / VSBKDeSIgNOPTIONgUIDeLINeS
OPTION 1 : m.S. sheet flat dampers
Advantages
• Areaneconomicaloption• User friendly to operate and
repair
Disadvantages & Limits
• Probability of excess air entering
• Highcorrosionpotential
FunctionFluegasdampers/valvesregulatetheairflowwithinthesystem,thereforesteeringtheappropriatefirescheduleandensuringacleanworkingenvironmentwhileloadingthebricks.
Design principlesTheupperandlowerflueductsystemrequirestwoindependentvalves/damperseach,hence4valves/dampersarerequiredpershaft.
Valvesanddampersshouldbedesignedsothatleastamountofflue-gassescanpasswhentheyarecompletelyshut.
Damperslotsmustbeconstructedsothatnoexcessaircanenterintotheemissionexhaustsystem.
18 FluE GAS DAmPERS/VAlVES
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VSBKDeSIgNOPTIONgUIDeLINeS \ 37
OPTION 2 : m.S. sheet butterfly dampers
Advantages
• Areaneconomicaloption• User friendly to operate• Reduced probability of excess
air
Disadvantages & Limits
• Highcorrosionpotential• Replacementonlypossibleduringshaftclosure,henceexpensive
18 FluE GAS DAmPERS/VAlVES
OPTION 3 : Valves for forced draught system
Advantages
• easiertocontroltheairflow• Airflowmetergaugecanbe
installed
Disadvantages & Limits
• expensiveairflowmanagementsystem
• Highcorrosionpotentialifgreenbrickswith>1%moisturecontentareloaded
• Potentialexcessairproblemsifgapbetweenrefractoryshaft(flueductchannelopening)andvalvemouthisnotsealed
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38 / VSBKDeSIgNOPTIONgUIDeLINeS
OPTION 1 : m.S. sheet lid/elements
Advantages
• Isaneconomicaloption
Disadvantages & Limits
• Highcorrosionpotential
FunctionTheshaftlidsupportstheefficiencyofthecountercurrentairflowprinciple(energyefficiency)andensuresacleanworkingandgeneralenvironmentonaVSBK.
Design principlesShaftlidshouldbedesigneduser-friendlyaswellaslightweight,fireandpreferablycorrosionresistantmaterials.
19 ShAFT lID
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VSBKDeSIgNOPTIONgUIDeLINeS \ 39
OPTION 2 : Stainless steel sheet
Advantages
• Lowercorrosionpotential
Disadvantages & Limits
• expensiveoption
19 ShAFT lID
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FunctionTheunloadingbarssupportthebricksettinginsidetheshaftduringregularoperationandtransferthebricksettingloadtothebricksupportI-beams.
Design principlesAnunloadingbarshouldbedesignedlightweight,smallincrosssectionandmustbeabletoresisthighheatstressesunderconstantloadofapprox.4tons.
Note:Unloadingbarsaretobeconsideredoperationwear-and-tearmaterial.
20 uNlOADING BARS
OPTION 1 : m.S. square bars
Advantages
• LighterthanM.S.I-bars
Disadvantages & Limits
• Highchanceofbrickbreakagesduetoreducedflangewidth
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OPTION 3 : Reinforced m.S. square bars
Advantages
• Canbeusedforlargershaftdimension
Disadvantages & Limits
• Highchanceofbrickbreakagesduetoreducedflangewidth
20 uNlOADING BARS
OPTION 2 : m.S. I-bars
Advantages
• StrongerthanM.S.squarebars• Lesschanceofbrickbreakagesduetobiggerflangewidth
Disadvantages & Limits
• HeavierthanM.S.squarebarsand therefore rarely used for largershaftdimension
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OPTION 1 : m.S. trolleys
Advantages
• Locally available and economicalfabrication
• Lightweighttrolleyscanbedesignedwhenusinga hydraulic unloading mechanism
Disadvantages & Limits
• Trolleyweightincreaseswithlargershaftsize
FunctionTheunloadingtrolleyisusedtounloadthefiredbricksandtotransportthemtotheunloadingstations.
Design principlesThe unloading trolley should be designed in such a waythatitcanbearthebricksettingloadwithoutwarpingorbending.
Itmustbeaslightaspossiblebutstrongenoughtohandleemergencysituations.
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OPTION 1 : Screw jack mechanismNote:Screwmustbefabricatedwithhighcarbonsteel.
Advantages
• Noelectricityrequired• Anelectromotorcanbe(retro)fittedtomechanicallyoperatethescrewjackmechanism
Disadvantages & Limits
• Complexandtimeconsumingfabricationprocess
• Maintenance of nut is high as itismadeofcast-iron
• Accidentpronesystemandhardworkforpersonnel
FunctionThebrickunloadingsystemraisesandlowersthetrolleyandthebricksettingsinsidetheshaft.
Design principlesTheunloadingmechanismmustbecapableofbearingtheentirebricksettingloadinsidetheshaftandtoliftittothepointwherethesupportbarscanberetractedduringtheunloadingofthebrickswithoutthethreatofsuddenfailure.
Bothscrewjackandhydraulicunloadingsystemareingeneraldesignedtocarryandliftupto30tonsofweight(bricksandtrolley).
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OPTION 2 : hydraulic mechanism
Advantages
• easytohandle,workingpersonnel are not exposed to hardworkandfallingcoal
• Nogirdersystemrequired,henceconstructiontimeandcost saving
• Fewerworkersrequired• Manualpowerpackcanbeappliedincaseofpowerfailure
• Trolleytrackcanbenarrowedand therefore trolley movementiseasier
Disadvantages & Limits
• Requires electricity, including a back-upsystem
• Expensive lubricants required• Requires special dust protection
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OPTION 1 : Ramp/staircase
Advantages
• Possiblythemosteconomicalconstructionoption
• Requires no electricity• Dependingongradientangle,mechanicalequipmentcanbeusedtocarrybricks
Disadvantages & Limits
• Drudgeryworkforemployedpersonnel
• Highgreenbrickhandlingdamagepotential
FunctionIsthemeanstotransportgreenbricksandcoaluptotheworkingplatformlevelforanuninterruptedfiringprocess.
Design principlesThemaindesignparameteristotransportdrygreenbricksfromthegroundleveltotheworkingplatformlevelinthemosteconomicalway,ensuringthatthegreenbrickqualityisnotcompromised.
23 ACCESS TO ThE wORKING PlATFORm
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OPTION 3 : lift
Advantages
• Reduced drudgery• Lessworkforcerequiredwhencomparedtomanualtransportationsystem
• Lowgreenbrickdamagepotential
Disadvantages & Limits
• Requirespower(electricityorfuelgenerator)tooperate
OPTION 2 : Conveyor belt
Advantages
• Reduces drudgery• Lessworkforcerequiredwhencomparedtomanualtransportationsystem
• Veryefficientandswifttransportationsystem
Disadvantages & Limits
• Highdrygreenbrickhandlingdamagepotential
• Highwearandtear,hencehighmaintenanceandrepaircostpotential
• Requirespower(electricityorfuelgenerator)tooperate
• Potentialoffallinggreenbricksincreasestheriskofinjury
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VSBKDeSIgNOPTIONgUIDeLINeS \ 47
OPTION 4 : Gantry
Advantages
• Reduced drudgery • Lessworkforcerequiredcomparedtoanyothersystem
• Lowgreenbrickdamagepotential
• Mechanized loading of green bricksintogantrycagepossible
Disadvantages & Limits
• Highinitialinvestment• Onlyeconomicalforlargenumbersofshafts
• Requirespower(electricityorfuelgenerator)tooperate
• Requiresconsiderableplatformspace
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OPTION 1 : high-end level(Corrugated/plainplasticroofingsheetsorP.V.C.corrugated/plainsheetsonslopedM.S.pipetrussesandpurlins)(Slopedconcreteorferro-cementroof)
Advantages
• Isresistanttodamagingemissions
Disadvantages & Limits
• Is an expensive roof
FunctionTheroofprotectsthekilnstructureandworkingpersonnelfromtheelementssuchasrain,sunandwind.
Design principlesRoofshouldbedesignedaseconomicallyaspossiblewhileatthesametimeensuringthatthekilnremainsdry,greenbricksandworkingpersonnelareprotected.
Aroofmonitorisessentialtoensureproperventilationthatreducestheaccumulationofharmfulemissions.Theheightoftheroofshouldbeenoughforthefiremastertoworkefficientlyabovetheshafttopforloadingbricks.
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OPTION 3 : Budget level(Biodegradablematerials:Bamboomatsorclayroofingtilesontimberorbambootrussesandpurlins)
Advantages
• Isalowcostandfunctionalroofingoption
Disadvantages & Limits
• Requiresregularreplacement/repairduetorelativeshortlifespanofmaterial
• Potentialofrainleakingexists
OPTION 2 : Normal range level(Colourcoatedroofsheets/corrugated/plain,galvanizedironsheetsonslopedM.S.pipetrussesandpurlins)
Advantages
• Isaneconomicalsolution
Disadvantages & Limits
• Requires frequent maintenanceduetocorrosionproblems
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Note
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