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Durham E-Theses
Foraminiferal ecology of contemporary isolation basins
in Northwest Scotland
Laidler, Philip Damien
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Laidler, Philip Damien (2002) Foraminiferal ecology of contemporary isolation basins in Northwest Scotland,Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4143/
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http://etheses.dur.ac.uk
Foraminiferal Ecology of Contemporary
Isolation Basins in Northwest Scotland
Volume Two:
Figures, Plates, and Appendices
The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published in any form, including Electronic and the Internet, without the author's prior written consent. All information derived from this thesis must be acknowledged appropriately.
Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
Philip Damien Laidler
Department of Geography,
University of Durham
January 2002
1 4 JUN 2002
V O L U M E TWO
List of Contents
L I S T O F C O N T E N T S i
L I S T O F F I G U R E S i i i
L I S T O F P L A T E S XV
L I S T O F T A B L E S xvi
F I G U R E S A N D P L A T E S :
CHAPTER TWO 1
CHAPTER T H R E E 7
CHAPTER FOUR 21
CHAPTER F I V E 52
CHAPTER SIX 74
CHAPTER S E V E N 85
CHAPTER E I G H T 94
APPENDIX T H R E E 95
APPENDIX FOUR 144
APPENDIX O N E M E T H O D S 146
A1.1 INTRODUCTION 146
A 1 . 2 LABORATORY METHODS 146
Al.2.1 Salinity 146
Al.2.1.1 Calibration 146
Al.2.1.2 Measurement 147
Al.2.1.3 Method for Chloride Titration 147
A1 .3 Loss ON IGNITION ANALYSIS 148
A 1 . 4 PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS 148
Foraminiferal Ecology of Contemporary Isolation Basins in Northwest Scotland P. D. Laidler
A 1 . 5 FORAMINIFERA 150
A 1 . 6 L E V E L L I N G S I L L ALTITUDES 150
APPENDIX T W O F O R A M I N I F E R A L S P E C I E S L I S T 151
APPENDIX T H R E E S I T E R E S U L T S 152
A3.1 FORAMINIFERA AND ENVIRONMENTAL
VARIABLES 152
A 3 . 2 REGIONAL COMPARISON OF T H E COMBINED
DATA-SET 153
APPENDIX F O U R STANDARDISED W A T E R L E V E L INDEX 156
A4 .1 METHOD O N E 156
A 4 . 2 METHOD TWO 156
A 4 . 3 METHOD T H R E E 157
A 4 . 4 SUMMARY 157
APPENDIX F I V E W A - P L S C A L I B R A T I O N AND M O D E R N
A N A L O G U E T E C H N I Q U E R E S U L T S FOR
F O S S I L DATA 162
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V O L U M E T W O
List of Figures and Plates
C H A P T E R T W O
Figure 2.1 Schematic representation of an isolation basin during a fall
in relative sea-level (Lloyd, 2000). 1
Figure 2.2 Conceptual model of the isolation process. 2
Figure 2.3 Conceptual models of the perceived changes in
environmental conditions in an isolation basin, through
time, during the transition from marine to freshwater
conditions. 3
Figure 2.4 Depositional conditions in an isolation basin. 4
Figure 2.5 Four isolation contacts: A) Sedimentological, B)
diatomological, C) hydrological, and D) the freshwater /
sediment interface. 5
Figure 2.6 Empirical and rebound models of relative sea-level change
(m OD) for northwest Scotland. 6
C H A P T E R T H R E E
Figure 3.1.1 Location map of Scotland, showing the three main field
areas. 7
Figure 3.1.2 Location map of Argyll, showing the three field sites in
this area. 8
Figure 3.1.3 Location map of Assynt, showing the eight field sites in
this area. 9
Figure 3.1.4 Location map of the Outer and Inner Hebrides, showing
the nine field sites in this area. 10
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Foraminiferal Ecology of Contemporary Isolation Basins in Northwest Scotland P. D. Laidler
Figure 3.2 The proposed relationship between foraminifera and
environmental variables on saltmarshes (after de Rijk,
1995; Horton, 1997).
Figure 3.3 Summary of diversity data for living foraminiferal
assemblages, where the Fisher (a) and Shannon-Weaver
(H(S)) indices indicate the degree of species diversity.
Figure 3.4.1 Modern surface assemblages (life, death and total (life +
death)), compared to fossil data from a short core, at
Locheport 1, Isle of North Uist, Outer Hebrides.
Figure 3.4.2 Modern surface assemblages (life, death and total (life +
death)), compared to fossil data from a short core, taken
from a basin in Locheport, Isle of North Uist, Outer
Hebrides.
Figure 3.4.3 Modern surface assemblages (life, death and total (life +
death)), compared to fossil data from a short core, taken
from a basin on the Isle of North Uist, Outer Hebrides.
Figure 3.4.4 Modern surface assemblages (life, death and total (life +
death)), compared to fossil data from a short core, taken
from a basin on the Isle of North Uist, Outer Hebrides.
Figure 3.4.5 Modern surface assemblages (life, death and total (life +
death)), compared to fossil data from a short core, taken
from a basin on the Isle of North Uist.
Figure 3.4.6 Modern surface assemblages (life, death and total (life +
death)), compared to fossil data from a short core, taken
from a basin in the Loch Carnan area, Isle of South Uist,
Outer Hebrides.
Figure 3.5 Percentage abundance versus total number of species,
plotted logarithmically.
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
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Foraminiferal Ecology of Contemporary Isolation Basins in Northwest Scotland P. D. Laidler
Figure 3.6 Principles of quantitative environmental reconstruction
showing Xo, the unknown environmental variable to be
reconstructed from fossil assemblage Yo consisting of m taxa
in t samples, and the role of a modern 'training set'
consisting of modern biological data Y of m taxa at n sites
and environmental data X for the same n sites (Source:
Birks, 1995). 20
C H A P T E R F O U R 21
Figure 4.1 Summary geological map of the Outer Hebrides and the
IsleofSkye. 21
Figure 4.2 Summary geological map of the Assynt area. 22
Figure 4.3 Summary geological map of Argyll. 23
Figure 4.4.1 Oban Trumisgarry, Isle of North Uist. 24
Figure 4.4.2 Oban nan Struthan, Isle of North Uist. 25
Figure 4.4.3 Alioter Lagoon, Isle of North Uist. 26
Figure 4.4.4 Bac-a-Stoc, Isle of North Uist. 27
Figure 4.4.5 Locheport Basin 1, Isle of North Uist. 29
Figure 4.4.6 Locheport Basin 2, Isle of North Uist. 31
Figure 4.4.7 Grimsay, Isle of Grimsay. 33
Figure 4.4.8 Pool Roag, Isle of Skye. 34
Figure 4.4.9 Loch na h'airde, Isle of Skye. 35
Figure 4.4.10 Loch of Reiff, Assynt. 37
Figure 4.4.11 Lochan Sal, Assynt. 38
Figure 4.4.12 Loch an Eisg-brachaidh, Assynt. 40
Figure 4.4.13 Loch Roe Lagoon, Assynt. 41
Figure 4.4.14 Oldany Lagoons, Assynt. 42
Figure 4.4.15 Loch Nedd Lagoon, Assynt. 44
Figure 4.4.16 Lochan na Dubh Leitir, Assynt. 45
Figure 4.4.17 Duartmore, Assynt. 47
Figure 4.4.18 Caithlim Lagoon, Isle of Seil, Argyll. 49
Figure 4.4.19 Craiglin Lagoon, Argyll. 50
Figure 4.4.20 Dubh Loch, Argyll. 51
Foraminiferal Ecology of Contemporary Isolation Basins in Northwest Scotland P. D. Laidler
C H A P T E R F I V E 52
Figure 5.1.1
Figure 5.1.2
Figure 5.1.3
Figure 5.1.4
Figure 5.1.5
Figure 5.1.6
Figure 5.1.7
Figure 5.2.1
Figure 5.2.2
Figure 5.2.3
Figure 5.2.4
Figure 5.2.5
Figure 5.2.6
Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Oban nan
Struthan, Isle of North Uist, during May 1999.
Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Oban nan
Struthan, Isle of North Uist, during September 1999.
Salinity values for six sample periods along Transects A, B
& C at Oban nan Struthan, Isle of North Uist, during May
and September, 1999.
pH values for six sample periods along Transects A, B & C
at Oban nan Struthan, Isle of North Uist, during May and
September, 1999.
Dissolved Oxygen values for two sample periods along
Transects A, B & C at Oban nan Struthan, Isle of North
Uist, during September, 1999.
Particle Size and Organic content percentage data for
Transects A, B & C, Oban nan Struthan, Isle of North Uist.
Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment,
environment - environment, and foraminifera -
foraminifera relationships in Oban nan Struthan, Isle of
North Uist.
Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Duartmore
Lagoon, Assynt, during April 2000.
Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Duartmore
Lagoon, Assynt, during August 2000.
Salinity conditions during four sample periods for
Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt, during April and August 2000.
pH conditions during three sample periods for Duartmore
Lagoon, Assynt, during April and August 2000.
Dissolved oxygen conditions during four sample periods for Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt, during April and August 2000.
Particle Size and Organic content percentage data for
Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt.
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
61
62
62
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Foraminiferal Ecology of Contemporary Isolation Basins in Northwest Scotland P. D. Laidler
Figure 5.2.7 Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera -foraminifera relationships in Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt.
Figure 5.3.1 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Caithlim
Lagoon, Argyll, during April 2000.
Figure 5.3.2 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Caithlim
Lagoon, Argyll, during August 2000.
Figure 5.3.3 Salinity conditions during four sample periods for Caithlim
Lagoon, Argyll, during April and August 2000.
Figure 5.3.4 pH conditions during four sample periods for Caithlim
Lagoon, Argyll, during April and August 2000.
Figure 5.3.5 Dissolved oxygen conditions during four sample periods
for Caithlim Lagoon, Argyll, during April and August
2000.
Figure 5.3.6 Particle Size and Organic content percentage data for
Caithlim Lagoon, Argyll.
Figure 5.3.7 Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment,
environment - environment, and foraminifera -
foraminifera relationships in Caithlim Lagoon, Argyll.
Figure 5.4.1 Total foraminiferal dataset remaining after screening of the
data for statistical significance.
Figure 5.4.2 Total foraminiferal dataset remaining after screening of the
data for statistical significance.
Figure 5.5 Comparisons between basin sills and constructed tide
levels for all twenty sites used in this investigation using
Equation 3
Figure 5.6 Scatter plot of SWLI, calculated using Equation 3, versus
flooding frequency for all sites.
Figure 5.7 Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment,
environment - environment, and foraminifera -
foraminifera relationships based on the total modern
dataset.
63
64
65
66
66
67
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
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Foraminiferal Ecology of Contemporary Isolation Basins in Northwest Scotland P. D. Laidler
C H A P T E R S I X 74
76
77
78
79
Figure 6.1 Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) of the total
foraminiferal dataset. 74
Figure 6.2 CCA Biplots for a) Sample - environment and b) Species -
environment. 75
Figure 6.3 The relationship between the position of a basin sill in the
tidal cycle, and the average salinity within that basin, for
the 15 sites included in the modern training set.
Figure 6.4 Taxon-environment response models.
Figure 6.5 WA-PLS coefficients predicted for the 194 samples in the
screened data-set.
Figure 6.6 Observed average salinity versus WA-PLS predicted
average salinity for the screened modern training set.
Figure 6.7 Optimum (weighted mean) average salinity for each of the
eleven species in the screened modern training set, using
inverse Weighted Averaging (WA). 80
Figure 6.8 Foraminiferal assemblage from a fossil core from Rumach
V I basin, Arisaig, Scotland, together with predicted
average salinity values calculated by partial-least-squares
(PLS) calibration and Modern Analogue Technique
(MAT). 81
Figure 6.9 Foraminiferal assemblage from a fossil core from Dubh
Lochan basin, Coigach, Scotland (after Shennan et al,
2000), together with predicted average salinity values
calculated by partial-least-squares (PLS) calibration and
Modern Analogue Technique (MAT). 82
Figure 6.10 High-resolution fossil foraminiferal and thecamoebian
record from Loch nan Corr, Kintail (after Lloyd, 2000). 83
Figure 6.11 Observed versus MAT predicted average salinity values for
the screened modern training set. 84
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Foraminiferal Ecology of Contemporary Isolation Basins in Northwest Scotland P. D. Laidler
C H A P T E R S E V E N 85
Figure 7.1 Maximum water depth at MHWST in the modern
isolation basins sampled. 85
Figure 7.2 MAT reconstructed average salinity, water depth and
foraminiferal species diversity versus depth for Loch nan
Corr, Kintail. 86
Figure 7.3 Potential errors in measuring only the minimum sill
elevation. 87
Figure 7.4 Changes in the estimated marine input - basin volume
ratio during the isolation process. 88
Figure 7.5 Foraminifera - environment relationships in the fossil
isolation basin Loch nan Corr, Kintail. 89
Figure 7.6 Foraminifera - environment relationships in the fossil
isolation basin Dubh Lochan, Coigach. 90
Figure 7.7 Optimum (weighted mean) average salinity (%o) for each
of the eleven species in the screened modern training set,
using inverse Weighted Averaging (WA). 91
Figure 7.8 Optimum (weighted mean) percentage sand content for
each of the eleven species in the screened modern training
set, using inverse Weighted Averaging (WA). 92
Figure 7.9 Optimum (weighted mean) Standardised Water Level
Index (SWLI) for each of the eleven species in the
screened modern training set, using inverse Weighted
Averaging (WA). 93
C H A P T E R E I G H T 94
Figure 8.1 The location of the fossil isolation basins investigated in
western Scotland. 94
APPENDIX T H R E E 95
Figure A3.1.1 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Oban
Trumisgarry, Isle of North Uist, during May 1999. 95
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Foraminiferal Ecology of Contemporary Isolation Basins in Northwest Scotland P. D. Laidler
Figure A3.1.2
Figure A3.1.3
Figure A3.2.1
Figure A3.2.2
Figure A3.2.3
Figure A3.3.1
Figure A3.3.2
Figure A3.3.3
Figure A3.4.1
Figure A3.4.2
Figure A3.4.3
Figure A3.5.1
Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Oban
Trumisgarry, Isle of North Uist, during September 1999. 96
Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment,
environment - environment, and foraminifera -
foraminifera relationships in Oban Trumisgarry, Isle of
North Uist. 97
Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Alioter Lagoon,
Isle of North Uist, during May 1999. 98
Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Alioter Lagoon,
Isle of North Uist, during September 1999. 99
Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment,
environment - environment, and foraminifera -
foraminifera relationships in Alioter Lagoon, Isle of North
Uist. 100
Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Bac-a-Stoc
Lagoon, Isle of North Uist, during May 1999. 101
Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Bac-a-Stoc
Lagoon, Isle of North Uist, during September 1999. 102
Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment,
environment - environment, and foraminifera -
foraminifera relationships in Bac-a-Stoc Lagoon, Isle of
North Uist. 103
Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Locheport 1,
Isle of North Uist, during May 1999. 104
Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Locheport 1,
Isle of North Uist, during September 1999. 105
Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment,
environment - environment, and foraminifera -
foraminifera relationships in Locheport 1, Isle of North
Uist. 106
Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Locheport 2,
Isle of North Uist, during May 1999. 107
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Foraminiferal Ecology of Contemporary Isolation Basins in Northwest Scotland P. D. Laidler
Figure A3.5.2
Figure A3.5.3
Figure A3.6.1
Figure A3.6.2
Figure A3.6.3
Figure A3.7.1
Figure A3.7.2
Figure A3.7.3
Figure A3.8.1
Figure A3.8.2
Figure A3.8.3
Figure A3.9.1
Figure A3.9.2
Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Locheport 2,
Isle of North Uist, during September 1999. 108
Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment,
environment - environment, and foraminifera -
foraminifera relationships in Locheport 2, Isle of North
Uist. 109
Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Grimsay, Isle
of North Uist, during May 1999. 110
Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Grimsay, Isle
of North Uist, during September 1999. I l l
Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment,
environment - environment, and foraminifera -
foraminifera relationships in Grimsay, Isle of North Uist. 112
Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Pool Roag, Isle
of Skye, during April 2000. 113
Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Pool Roag, Isle
of Skye, during August 2000. 114
Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment,
environment - environment, and foraminifera -
foraminifera relationships in Pool Roag, Isle of Skye. 115
Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch na
h'airde, Isle of Skye, during April 2000. 116
Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch na
h'airde, Isle of Skye, during August 2000. 117
Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment,
environment - environment, and foraminifera -
foraminifera relationships in Loch na h'airde, Isle of
Skye. 118
Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch of Reiff,
Assynt, during April 2000. 119
Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch of Reiff,
Assynt, during August 2000. 120
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Foraminiferal Ecology of Contemporary Isolation Basins in Northwest Scotland P. D. Laidler
Figure A3.9.3
Figure A3.10.1
Figure A3.10.2
Figure A3.10.3
Figure A3.11.1
Figure A3.11.2
Figure A3.11.3
Figure A3.12.1
Figure A3.12.2
Figure A3.12.3
Figure A3.13.1
Figure A3.14.1
Figure A3.14.2
Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment,
environment - environment, and foraminifera -
foraminifera relationships in Loch of Reiff, Assynt. 121
Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Lochan Sal,
Assynt, during April 2000. 122
Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Lochan Sal,
Assynt, during August 2000. 123
Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment,
environment - environment, and foraminifera -
foraminifera relationships in Lochan Sal, Assynt. 124
Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch an Eisg-
brachaidh, Assynt, during April 2000. 125
Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch an Eisg-
brachaidh, Assynt, during August 2000. 126
Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment,
environment - environment, and foraminifera -
foraminifera relationships in Loch an Eisg-brachaidh,
Assynt. 127
Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch Roe
Lagoon, Assynt, during April 2000. 128
Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch Roe
Lagoon, Assynt, during August 2000. 129
Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment,
environment - environment, and foraminifera -
foraminifera relationships in Loch Roe Lagoon, Assynt. 130
Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment,
environment - environment, and foraminifera -
foraminifera relationships in Oldany Lagoons, Assynt. 131
Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch Nedd
Lagoon, Assynt, during April 2000. 132
Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch Nedd
Lagoon, Assynt, during August 2000. 133
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Foraminiferal Ecology of Contemporary Isolation Basins in Northwest Scotland P. D. Laidler
Figure A3.14 .3
Figure A3.15.1
Figure A3.15 .2
Figure A3.16.1
Figure A3 .16 .2
Figure A3.16 .3
Figure A3.17.1
Figure A3.17 .2
Figure A3.18.1
Figure A3.18 .2
Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment,
environment - environment, and foraminifera -
foraminifera relationships in Loch Nedd Lagoon, Assynt. 134
Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Lochan na
Dubh Leitir, Assynt, during August 2000. 135
Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment,
environment - environment, and foraminifera -
foraminifera relationships in Lochan na Dubh Leitir,
Assynt. 136
Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Craiglin
Lagoon, Argyll, during April 2000. 137
Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Craiglin
Lagoon, Argyll, during August 2000. 138
Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment,
environment - environment, and foraminifera -
foraminifera relationships in Craiglin Lagoon, Argyll.
Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Dubh Loch,
Argyll, during April 2000.
Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment,
environment - environment, and foraminifera -
foraminifera relationships in Dubh Loch, Argyll. 141
Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment,
environment - environment, and foraminifera -
foraminifera relationships based on the modern dataset for
mainland Scotland (Assynt and Argyll). 142
Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment,
environment - environment, and foraminifera -
foraminifera relationships based on the modern dataset for
the Hebrides (Isles of North Uist and Skye). 143
139
140
APPENDIX F O U R 144
Figure A4.1 Comparison between constructed tide levels for all twenty
sites used in this investigation using SWLI Method One. 144
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Foraminiferal Ecology of Contemporary Isolation Basins in Northwest Scotland P. D. Laidler
Figure A 4 . 2 Comparison between constructed tide levels for all twenty
sites used in this investigation using SWLI Method Two. 144
Figure A 4 . 3 Scatter plot of SWLI, calculated using a) Method One and
b) Method Two, versus flooding frequency for all sites. 145
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V O L U M E T W O
List of Plates
C H A P T E R F O U R
Plate 4.1 Bac-a-Stoc, Isle of North Uist. 28
Plate 4.2 Locheport 1 basin, Isle of North Uist. A) shows the basin
and the two rock sills at low tide. B) shows the basin and
both sills inundated at high water during Spring tide. 30
Plate 4.3 Tidal rapids formed over one of the sills of Locheport 2,
during outflow of marine water following Spring high tide. 32
Plate 4.4 Channel linking Loch na h'airde, Isle of Skye, to the sea. 36
Plate 4.5 Retaining wall for Lochan Sal, Assynt, with water flowing
out of the basin through a shallow notch. 39
Plate 4.6 One of the Oldany Lagoons, Assynt, with the natural rock
sill in the middle of the photograph, leading out into the
open sea. 43
Plate 4.7 Lochan na Dubh Leitir, Assynt. 46
Plate 4.8 Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt. 48
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V O L U M E T W O
List of Tables
APPENDIX T H R E E
Table A3 .1 Values of r (Pearson's Correlation Coefficient) for the
relationship between environmental variables in the
modern data-set for mainland Scotland (Argyll and
Assynt). 154
Table A 3 . 2 Values of r (Pearson's Correlation Coefficient) for the
relationship between environmental variables in the
modern data-set for the Hebridean Islands of North Uist
and Skye. 155
APPENDIX F O U R
Table A4 .1 Construction of tide levels using SWLI Method One. 158
Table A 4 . 2 Construction of tide levels using SWLI Method Two. 159
Table A 4 . 3 Construction of tide levels using SWLI Method Three. 160
Table A 4 . 4 Sill elevations and SWLI values, using SWLI Method
Three. 161
APPENDIX F I V E
Table A5 .1 Summary of salinity values predicted for samples in a
fossil core from Dubh Lochan basin, Coigach. 162
Table A 5 . 2 Summary of salinity values predicted for samples in a
fossil core from Loch nan Corr basin, Kintail. 163
Table A 5 . 3 MAT Assessment of PLS Calibration predictions for
samples from Loch nan Corr fossil isolation basin, Kintail. 165
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Figures and Plates Chapter Two
Stage 1
l-ullv marine Rock Sil l
Stage Fullv marine / reduced salinily
Vanab e sa inilv
i Stage 3
Stage 4
Freshwater lake
Stage 5
Mean llmh Walcr Spnnii I kil'S
Menu Low* W ilier Sprmn Tides
Figure 2.1: Schematic representation of an isolation basin during a fall in relative sea-level (Lloyd, 2000). Stages 1 - 5 correspond with the sequence outlined in Figure 2.2.
Figures and Plates Chapter Two
Biological Assemblage
Ornanic Civll|;i
Transitiona Un t e.
organic silt)
C astic
411 (>() IK IK' I ) 40 N I
Figure 2.2: Conceptual model of the isolation process. The biological assemblage diagram in the centre shows the up-core transition from marine (nearshore shelf), through brackish (Variable salinity), to freshwater species. The column on the left indicates the typical sediment types associated with water environment The column on the right indicates the stage of the basin from Figure 2.1.
-2-
Figures and Plates Chapter Two
a Hid!
\
hvnici viannc Variable Saltnth (Brackish)
T i m e
b Ha i \
•
}-
CP
Marine Variable Salinity (Brackish) Freshwater
lime •
Figure 2.3: Conceptual models of the perceived changes in environmental conditions in an isolation basin, through time, during the transition from marine to freshwater conditions, assuming a) a linear change in environment and b) a curvi-linear change in environment. Both scenarios are based upon the assumption of no climate change during the process.
Figures and Plates Chapter Two
I 'reshvvater C-orer Threshold
Isolation Contact
Sea Level Brackish or Variable Salinity Conditions
Marine or Nearshore Shell Conditions
Sea Level
t lsostatic Uplift
Sea Leve
t
Figure 2.4: Depositional conditions in an isolation basin. A) represents the fully marine stage, B) the brackish or variable salinity stage, and C) the freshwater stage. After Hafsten (1983).
Figures and Plates Chapter Two
WWW I M L V Photic Zoin
Si l l
Sedimcntolomeal Isolation Contact
S
Diatomolomcal Isolation Contact
S
Hvdrolomcal Iso ation Contact
Freshwater / Sediment Contact
D
Water Quality
• • Fresh Brackish Marine
Sediments
C l a y / S i l t , Sand
• Clay Oyttja Gyttja with
iron
Gyttja
Figure 2.5: Four isolation contacts: A) Sedimentological, B) diatomological, C) hydrological, and D) the freshwater / sediment interface. The last occurs rarely, other than in deep, well-mixed basins. MHWL is Mean High Water Level, M L W L is Mean Low Water Level (after Kjemperud, 1986).
-5-
Figures and Plates Chapter Two
20 * Empirical
18
16
14
12
in 9> 10
0)
8
s
N
Rebound o
4 000 6 000 2 000 0 8 000 14 000 12 000 10 000
Radiocarbon years BP
Figure 2.6: Empirical and rebound models of relative sea-level change (m OD) for northwest Scotland. The curves illustrate the significant differences between the general trends but are not intended to define precise age and altitude limits (after Sherman et a!., 1995).
Figures and Plates Chapter Three
North he ssynt
<0 v. o
6 <3
Argyll
r
a
Q
Figure 3.1.1: Location map of Scotland, showing the three main field areas.
-7-
Figures and Plates Chapter Three
A \ \
0 10 km
N Caithlim Lagoon 1 Craiglin Lagoon Dubh Loch
o y
V \ Y Isle o Mull
Seil
1 n 0
0 ° 0
/ /
/ ^
Lochgilphead
£2
Figure 3.1.2: Location map of Argyll, showing the three field sites in this area.
-8-
Figures and Plates Chapter Three
N •
C A P E WRATH
10 km
/ r \
f
/
/ / V
I
V
•
1
E D DBA CHILLIS < BAY \_.
Point ot Stoer Oldany Island 8
^3 Enard Bay
°0 0
bummer isles
1 0 v o
r 8 J 2£>
Loch of Reiff Lochan Sal Loch an Eisg-brachaidh Loch Roe Lagoon Oldany Loch Nedd Lagoon Lochan na Dubh Leitir Duartmore
Figure 3.1.3: Location map of Assynt, showing the eight field sites in this area.
Figures and Plates Chapter Three
1 Oban Trumisgarry ? Oban nan Struthan 3 Alioter Lagoon •I Bac-a-Stoc
Locheport 1 e Locheport 2
Grimsay 8 Loch na h'airde 9 Pool Roag
CO
Taransay,—v \ 0 \
Monacti Islands
Beineray /—^ ^
Q'North Uist^«l/
Rom HQWflnflra
Benbecula
Portree
Isle of
Enskay carau Barra
Skival
Q Minqulay
Mu I
Figure 3.1.4: Location map of the Outer and Inner Hebrides, showing the nine field sites in this
area.
-10-
Figures and Plates Chapter Three
Climate: precipitation, evaporation, etc. Terrestrial input: overland flow,
groundwater seepage etc.
I Freshwater
Marsh elevation & topography
I Flooding frequency
Seawater
Porewater chemistry: salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH,
temperature
Nutrition • Foraminifera
Substrate: particle size & organic content
Vegetation
Figure 3.2: The proposed relationship between foraminifera and environmental variables on saltmarshes (after de Rijk, 1995; Horton, 1997). As there is no published work for shallow sub-tidal foraminiferal ecology, saltmarsh is used as an example, on the assumption that it is the most similar habitat with available published data.
Figures and Plates Chapter Three
Fisher Index (species diversity)
0 5 10 15 20 25
Brackish marshes
Normal marine marshes
1 1 1 1 Brackish marshes
Normal marine marshes
Hypersaline marshes
Brackish lagoons
Hypersaline marshes
Brackish lagoons
Normal marine lagoons
Hypersaline lagoons Hypersaline lagoons
Normal marine shelf
Hypersaline shelf
Slope (bathyal)
Normal marine shelf
Hypersaline shelf
Slope (bathyal)
Normal marine shelf
Hypersaline shelf
Slope (bathyal)
Normal marine shelf
Hypersaline shelf
Slope (bathyal)
0 1 1
H (S) (Shannon-Weaver species diversity) 2 3 4
1 1 1 5
1
Brackish marshes
Brackish lagoons
Normal marine shelf
1 1 1 1 1 Brackish marshes
Brackish lagoons
Normal marine shelf
Brackish marshes
Brackish lagoons
Normal marine shelf
Slope (bathyal)
Abyssal plain
Figure 3.3: Summary of diversity data for living foraminiferal assemblages, where the Fisher (a) and Shannon-Weaver (H(S)) indices indicate the degree of species diversity. The main area of interest is that of the brackish, marine and hypersaline lagoons (Source: Murray, 1991).
-12-
Figures and Plates Chapter Three
Z O U
_ 41 1-
" es - - i 3 - ST _ <* <«-o
- s S s
0i o
•»> "0' - j '
I I
• a L L L L L L
o I — 3
00
u o
3 1/5
o t : 3
3|dlUBS
Figure 3.4.1: Modern surface assemblages (life, death and total (life + death)), compared to fossil data from a short core, at Locheport 1, Isle of North Uist, Outer Hebrides.
-13-
Figures and Plates Chapter Three
4»
1/3
I L
5 i L CO a
I
4> in
on 3|dllIBS
Figure 3.4.2: Modern surface assemblages (life, death and total (life + death)), compared to fossil data from a short core, taken from a basin in Locheport, Isle of North Uist, Outer Hebrides.
-14-
Figures and Plates Chapter Three
— Z o u
a
v-e S
v Z
B "« C/D
.s >
X
X
v
i i i
-J D f-u 1) u u
rfa rfa
3 3 3 (A
I
joqiunsj 3|duiBS
o H
r
Figure 3.4.3: Modern surface assemblages (life, death and total (life + death)), compared to fossil data from a short core, taken from a basin on the Isle of North Uist, Outer Hebrides.
-15-
Figures and Plates Chapter Three
VI
« 5 30 <0 (73
•T [ft
t/3
3>
V3 01
F
F A I
L h ^ A en
L
t/3 1/3
jaquinM a|duies
Figure 3.4.4: Modern surface assemblages (life, death and total (life + death)), compared to fossil data from a short core, taken from a basin on the Isle of North Uist, Outer Hebrides.
-16-
Figures and Plates Chapter Three
4>
in
in
J! r i
'->. W f s
L 5>J ^ L
L L L
I
I
I
r-J
ea
c/5 c/5 aiduiee
Figure 3.4.5: Modern surface assemblages (life, death and total (life + death)), compared to fossil data from a short core, taken from a basin on the Isle of North Uist.
-17-
Figures and Plates Chapter Three
a "3
3
3|dlUBS
Figure 3.4.6: Modern surface assemblages (life, death and total (life + death)), compared to fossil data from a short core, taken from a basin in the Loch Carnan area, Isle of South Uist, Outer Hebrides.
-18-
Figures and Plates Chapter Three
V3
a. 32% 00
1 6 %
as 8% I
0 s -T
%
1 %
0.5%
0.25% L i l J Ll ' l l i
000 100 10 0
Total Number o f Specimens
Figure 3.5: Percentage abundance versus total number of species, plotted logarithmically. The contours are errors at + 'x ' % at 95% confidence level (Source: Patterson and Fishbein, 1989). Dashed lines indicate the values for total number of specimens required together with the associated error for given % abundance of species, as detailed in table 3.1.
-19-
Figures and Plates Chapter Three
B I O L O G I C A L DATA (e.g. diatoms, foraminifera)
ENVIRONMENTAL V A R I A B L E (e.g. pH, Salinity)
Modern data 'training set' 1, , m taxa 1,
1 Y | X
n Samples
n Samples
Fossil data i ., m taxa 1,
! x o I Unknown 1 To be 1 reconstructed
t Samples
t Samples
Figure 3.6: Principles of quantitative environmental reconstruction showing X0, the unknown environmental variable to be reconstructed from fossil assemblage Yo consisting of m taxa in t samples, and the role of a modern 'training set' consisting of modern biological data Y of m taxa at n sites and environmental data X for the same n sites (Source: Birks, 1995).
-20-
Figures and Plates Chapter Four
ra ran say —
PaUbay
liernerav
I A 5
Monach I _ J \ Islands < « ;
H a l e s h a r e «
Benbecula
Isle o f s< NJ§UVN
Skye V s \ \ V »
Barra
Skival
20 km
Ciuaru-FBlfl Rhyolite, Trachyte & Felsite
Torridonian Sandstone spar-Granulite
J Metasediments I Mica S c h Agglomerate in neck
Pipe Rock & B a s a l Quart / i te •ome
Kimmendge Clay J Basa l l J Gabbro Serpulite Grit & Fucouid B e d s
Ultrabas Rhyolite & Trachyte
D u r n e s s L imestone
Granite. Syeni te & Granophyre
Upper Chalk
Major Thrust
Major Fault
Intermediate S B a s i c Rock
j I Permian & Basal t & Po leme T iass ic S a n d s t o n e s
Figure 4.1: Summary geological map of the Outer Hebrides and the Isle of Skye.'^' = study site. After Ordnance Survey (1979) Geological Map of the United Kingdom North, 3 r d Edition (Solid).
-21-
Figures and Plates Chapter Four
N A
CAPE WRATH
10 km
Point of Stoer
r ilLLIS
BAY
• n a m island
• Ultrabasic Rock
• H Intermediate & Bas ic Rock
"I Quartz-feldspar -granulite
J Mica-schist
Epidiorite & hornblende-schist
Diorite & allied intermediate types
Porphyrite & lamprphyre
Rhyolite, Trachyte & Felsite
Torridonian Sandstone
Pipe Rock & Basa l Quartzite
Serpulite Grit & Fucouid Beds
Durness Limestone
•Permian & Triasstc Sandstones
j Lower lias
Major Thrust
Figure 4.2: Summary geological map of the Assynt area!^' = study site. After Ordnance Survey (1979) Geological Map of the United Kingdom North, 3 r Edition (Solid).
-22-
Figures and Plates Chapter Four
10 km
4 A
: IBAN
iverar.y
S c . l l i ) , !
Dionte & allied intermediate types
Andesitic & basaltic avas & tuffs
Granite, Syenite & Granophyre
Rhyolite & trachyte
Tuft (including ignimbrite) Basalt & Dolerile
Lower old rec sandstone
Quartz-feldspar -granulite
Epidiorite-chlorite -schist
Boulder bed & conglomerate
] Quartzite. Grit
] Quar tzose-mica-sch is t
slate & phyllite
Slate, phyllite & mic-schist
Graphitic schist & slate
Limestone
Epidiorite & hornblende-schist
Porphyrite & lamprphyre
Rhyolite. Trachyte 8 Felsite
Major Thrust
Major Fault
Figure 4.3: Summary geological map of A r g y l l . ' ^ ' = study site. After Ordnance Survey (1979) Geological Map of the United Kingdom North, 3 r d Edition (Solid).
-23-
Figures and Plates Chapter Four
CD fl>'.
in
CD / to
/ 0) I
/ CD E 5 CO CD 03 5 <B 2 / /
/ j
/
s
J
©
©
CD
Ic V
V
j r
Oban Trumisgarry, Isle of North Uist. Figure 4.4.1
24
Figures and Plates Chapter Four
CD
03
CO
CO
a> 3J CD CO OS
CO 0) x 03 E 5 cO a> CO 5 co 2
CO 00 © CO
© CO
© O £
© CD CD CO
CD
e
©
0
CO
CO
CD
CO
CM CO CD
© 0 CO c n
CD CD 0 CO
CO
© ©
CD CO
CD CO
CO 3
Oban nan Struthan, Isle of North Uist. Figure 4.4.2:
25
Figures and Plates Chapter Four
CO CD
CD
O) CO
eg T3 CO co CD
CD
CD CD CO
Co 0 x
CD E 5 CD CD 03
£ CO ^ Q
CD
©
© (7 © Q ©
©
OS
c / l
OS
Figure 4.4.3 Alioter Lagoon, Isle of North Uist.
26
Figures and Plates Chapter Four
5 Water Body C
0 Sample number and location
MHWS Mean High Water of Spring Tide
nr
0 \ \ <9
K
""est*
0 L_
200 m i
Figure 4.4.4: Bac-a-Stoc, Isle of North Uist.
-27-
Figures and Plates Chapter Four
—. - - — • . . _
Plate 4.1: Bac-a-Stoc, Isle of North Uist. The basin is in the foreground, second from the front, with the sill running out into Loch Blashaval. The basin in the immediate foreground is freshwater, and supplies a small input via a channel into Bac-a-Stoc.
Figures and Plates Chapter Four
V CP cu T3
CO 03 03 C/J Z
03 CO Q) CD CD 03 CO
03
0 x -> 0} 03 E * CO 0) CD CO 5 co ^
/ CM
i f
C/)
8*1
Figure 4.4.5: Locheport Basin 1, Isle of North Uist.
29
Figures and Plates Chapter Four
B)
Plate 4.2: Locheport 1 basin, Isle of North Uist. A) shows the basin and the two rock sills at low tide. B) shows the basin and both sills inundated at high water during Spring tide.
-30-
Figures and Plates Chapter Four
Water Body
V O Sample number and location
MHWS Mean High Water of Spring Tide
wLt«s Mean Low Water of Spring Tide
0 75 m S i l l 1 1
0
\
\ M L W S
\ \
S i l l 2
M H W S
Q
5> \
\ \ \
Figure 4.4.6: Locheport Basin 2, Isle of North Uist.
-31-
Figures and Plates Chapter Four
Plate 4.3: Tidal rapids formed over one of the sills of Locheport 2, during outflow of marine water following Spring high tide.
-32-
Figures and Plates Chapter Four
0 40 m Water Body
O Sample number and location
MHWS Mean High Water of Spring Tide
S i l l MHWS
i n Bay t v e
Figure 4.4.7: Grimsay, Isle of Grimsay.
-33-
Figures and Plates Chapter Four
Water Body
O Sample number and location
Mean High Water of Spring Tide MHWS
Contours in metres (10 m interval) o n 9 /
CD
o
\ Channel
r
( J )
du ring \o
s
0 200 m
L
Figure 4.4.8: Pool Roag, Isle of Skye.
-34-
Figures and Plates Chapter Four
Water Body
O Sample number and location
Mean High Water of Spring Tide MHWS
\ Contours in metres (10 m interval)
\
0
(
Stream
\
/
Q /
\
<_>
4 MHWS
4
0 75 m
Figure 4.4.9: Loch na h'airde, Isle of Skye.
-35-
Figures and Plates Chapter Four
Plate 4.4: Channel linking Loch na h'airde, Isle of Skye, to the sea. The basin sill lies in the channel, in the foreground of the photograph, with the basin to the rear.
-36-
Figures and Plates Chapter Four
Water Body
e / O Sample number and location
MHWS Mean High Water of Spring Tide
Contours in metres (10 m interval)
/
v.
\
J St C«am
Sill \ (Channel)
Reiff Bay
MHWS
0 50 m
Figure 4.4.10: Loch of Reiff, Assynt.
37
Figures and Plates Chapter Four
<s>
(0 0 0) 0> 10
CO
( f )
to CO 0 to
CD 0) I E 5 as 0) CD
> UD S o
Figure 4.4.11: Lochan Sal, Assynt.
38
Figures and Plates Chapter Four
m
v.
Plate 4.5: Retaining wall for Lochan Sal, Assynt, with water flowing out of the basin through a shallow notch.
-39-
Figures and Plates Chapter Four
Water Body
O Sample number and location
VHWS Mean High Water of Spring Tide
tr Contours in metres (10 m interval)
0 50 m \
Sill (boulders)
) \
\
Sill (culvert)
to
MHWS
Figure 4.4.12: Loch an Eisg-brachaidh, Assynt.
-40-
Figures and Plates Chapter Four
Loch Fasg an t-Seana Chlaidh \ (Freshwater)
Weirs
/
o
r
y Sill
Loc/i floe
Water Body
O Sample number and location
MHWS Mean High Water of Spring Tide r 0 100 m y Contours in metres (10 m interval)
Figure 4.4.13: Loch Roe Lagoon, Assynt.
-41-
Figures and Plates Chapter Four
Water Body
O Sample number and location
M H W S Mean High Water of Spring Tide
25 m 0
V v
© o
0
Figure 4.4.14: Oldany Lagoons, Assynt.
-42-
Figures and Plates Chapter Four
Plate 4.6: One of the Oldany Lagoons, Assynt, with the natural rock sill in the middle of the photograph, leading out into the open sea. This lagoon is the smallest in this study, at only ca. 30 m in length.
-43-
Figures and Plates Chapter Four
r
in /
/
\
\ 1
/ CD
Sunn
\
CO r s CO
/ \ / /
) ©
CO CD 5> £
/
CO
CO CO
6 o K CO 0) 0) CD
CD V CD CO
5 E c o s CO CD a) X
0) E co co CO CD 0) o CO _ > vu — W ( J
5 crt 5 5 O
Figure 4.4.15: Loch Nedd Lagoon, Assynt.
-44-
Figures and Plates Chapter Four
0 100 m
r o hi
\ c 0 J
© © © o
j Q
r
Water Body
O Sample number and location
MHWS Mean High Water of Spring Tide
Contours in metres (10 m interval)
Figure 4.4.16: Lochan na Dubh Leitir, Assynt.
45
Figures and Plates Chapter Four
Plate 4.7: Lochan na Dubh Leitir, Assynt. This is a freshwater basin, held behind a thick shingle ridge (middle-right of the photograph), with relatively steep relief to the rear of the basin (middle-left of the photograph).
-46-
Figures and Plates Chapter Four
CO 0)
a> to
CO 10
CO 0) \ (1) a> CO
J 3
a) Q) X Q. a> E 3 CO CO
> CO 5 o
CO
Figure 4.4.17: Duartmore, Assynt.
47
Figures and Plates Chapter Four
Plate 4.8: Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt. The sill is under-water, to the right of the photograph , with the basin to the left, separated and protected by the small rock peninsula. The steep topography surrounding the basin provides a source of freshwater input.
-48-
Figures and Plates Chapter Four
/ Water Body
O Sample number and location
M H W S Mean High Water of Spring Tide
Contours in metres (10 m interval)
V \ 300 m 0
\ r X
Culver f Sill
\
/
s
(Of
©
/
7 11 \ v
? \ v
/ /
/ /
Figure 4.4.18: Caithlim Lagoon, Isle of Seil, Argyll.
-49-
Figures and Plates Chapter Four
\ \
o \
r
\
J CD
C/J O
v.
co 0) CO
(0
C\J CO CO CD
a> \ CD CD CO
en en CO \ 0) X Q. 01 E « CO CD CO > c/5 2* q
Figure 4.4.19: Craiglin Lagoon, Argyll
50
Figures and Plates Chapter Four
Water Body
O Sample number and location
M H W S Mean High Water of Spring Tide
Contours in metres (10 m interval)
150 m 0 / /
I (
/ ,1
7
f
/
r /
/ /
/
\
I
SILL
/1
/ /
V
i
Figure 4.4.20: Dubh Loch, Argyll.
- 5 1 -
Figures and Plates Chapter Five
V
S
t/j
.S
X
s cr
o
Y 7
i n
\ • i tr,-i^i r i f i - r - c o r - — — " t m a e O ' Q Q i - * m ^ a e » r s i / i ae r - r~r*> — ^ g e m o r i f m m M c ^ n ; , . n - r
S ^ S<<<<<<<S<<<<S<<<55<3<<S<<<<S<<<<<5s
jaquinj^ 3|duies
Figure 5.1.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Oban nan Struthan, Isle of North Uist, during May 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.
-52-
Figures and Plates Chapter Five
CM
</3
in
5P 9- ^
I t I C/3
I I I I .
3^
.11 o — r i r - s e f f i > r > o O " O r ~ o O M t s e * « o e ' / i f - s o _ n ^ - 0 '
cj , >, S S S cj i S cj cj cj cj c? cj cj cj y 5 CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ cj cj cj cj c} cj CJ CJ! CJ C!! cj j n CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ r-l r i r t r i r i r i m n r i r-4
O U o O o jaqiunfsj 3|duic§
Figure 5.1.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Oban nan Struthan, Isle of North Uist, during September 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.
-53-
Figures and Plates Chapter Five
40
M M
Sample Number
"May Neap
"May Spring
"May mid-cycle
"May Neap
"Sept Spring
" Sept Neap
B
73
CO
4 5 6
Sample Number
May Neap
May Spring
May mid-cycle
May Neap
Sept Spring
Sept Neap
35
30
25
§> 3> 20 .§>
1 1 5
10
5
0
x x x x x x x x * * * * * *
A A A A A ~ ^ A A A A A A
* * * ft
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Sample Number
"May Neap
"May Spring
" May mid-cycle
" May Neap
"Sept Spring
" Sept Neap
Figure 5.1.3: Salinity values for six sample periods along Transects A, B & C at Oban nan Struthan, Isle of North Uist, during May and September, 1999.
-54-
Figures and Plates Chapter Five
9.0
8.5 May Neap
May Spring 8.0
May mid-cycle
May Neap 7.5 X X X Sept Spring
7.0 Sept Neap
6.0 ON CM
Sample Number
B 9.0
% 8.0
7.5
7.0
1 2 3 4 5
Sample Number
May Neap
May Spring
May mid-cycle
May Neap
Sept Spring
Sept Neap
9.5
9.0
8.5 1
& 8.0
-•- • • • •
7.5
7.0
A A A A A * • • • *
\ * — X — X — X — X O A A A A X — X — X — X — X O K — A — A — A — A ^ S c X X — X
6.5 -I
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Sample Number
"May Neap
"May Spring
"May mid-cycle
"May Neap
"Sept Spring
"Sept Neap
Figure 5.1.4: pH values for six sample periods along Transects A, B & C at Oban nan Struthan, Isle of North Uist, during May and September, 1999.
-55-
Figures and Plates Chapter Five
15
4
S 13
00 Sept Spnng * 12
Sept Neap > Q I I
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Sample Number
14 B
3
g 12 00 Sept Spnng
Sept Neap 5 11
X X X X X o
8 i Sample Number
14
£ 1 3
* Sept Spring 60
* 12 Sept Neap
5 i i
10
10 12 13 14 8 11 1
Sample Number
Figure 5.1.5: Dissolved Oxygen values for two sample periods along Transects A, B & C at Oban nan Struthan, Isle of North Uist, during September, 1999.
56
Figures and Plates Chapter Five
A 100
90
80
70 Clay
60 BO
Si t 50 4> Sand & 40
30 % Organic Content 20
10
0 —« — — — CN (N
Sample Number
B 100 00
90
80
70 Clay
So 60 3 Silt
50 ID
Sand & 40
% Organic Content 30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Sample Number
c 100
90
80
70 Clay
So 60 3 Si t
50 4) Sand 40
% Organic Content 30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Sample Number
Figure 5.1.6: Particle Size and Organic content percentage data for Transects A, B & C, Oban
nan Struthan, Isle of North Uist.
-57-
Figures and Plates Chapter Five
/ CO
<0
# 4 4-T.4
8.
i
Q O 4 4m.
1-4-
+ JSk. jiJt "Ife. "^jjlaHE
$ . S i . nr" 111II nil ~rrn A i l
4wWHff WWIWlP' "inwwiplfH -9mmp r i r n n H F ~Mwpv* 4 4 4 4 4 + 4
++ ++ Si
+ 4 4 4 4 + 4+ - H - 4
+
i s 4- 4 » 4 * 4W-
I [M 1
| r 4 +#•
4 . » 4+ + ++ + + H « - 44 44 + + *
ft* ft U tt + i t V* 4 4+ 4+ 4 + 4 * 4 i f c fc
UJ (A
tit- 4 4 4 4 4 +.4 4 4 4 + 44 +4 S 4 V * + * "*+ +4W-4 4 4-
S2 t- 4 4 4 4- 4H- 44 +* 4 4 4 * 4 (-4+4 OS
3 S 5>3 E 8 5
^ <N O tO UJ V
Figure 5.1.7 Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Oban nan Struthan, Isle of North Uist.
-58-
Figures and Plates Chapter Five
Y3
C/3
1 V L a
« 5
L
E s
o H
^- (N rn ^ in ;©
tt e t c e e Ctj Cd Cfl rrt
"O "O TD "O *T3
jaquin\[ 3|diues
Figure 5.2.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt, during April 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.
-59-
Figures and Plates Chapter Five
C/5 V)
V)
v. L L
I
i n 00 ft CN
CO
Figure 5.2.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt, during August 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.
-60-
Figures and Plates Chapter Five
36 -
34 -
32
30 April Spring tide
April Neap tide £> 28
August Spring tide
••a X August Neap Ude 26 t / i
24
22
20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Sample Number
Figure 5.2.3 Salinity conditions during four sample periods for Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt, during April and August 2000.
9 T
8.5
April Spring tide
August Spnng tide
August Neap tide
8
8 3 1
Sample Number
Figure 5.2.4 pH conditions during three sample periods for Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt, during April and August 2000. April Neap tide data is not available, owing to meter malfunction.
-61-
Figures and Plates Chapter Five
18 ,
16
14
April Spring tide 2 WO April Neap tide
August Spring tide •8 1 0
> — X — August Neap tide
8
4 -I , , , , , , ,
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Sample Number
Figure 5.2.5 Dissolved oxygen conditions during four sample periods for Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt, during April and August 2000.
00
90
80
70
Clay M 60 3 Silt
50 Sand
40 % Organic Content
30
20
0
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Sample Number
Figure 5.2.6 Particle size and organic content percentage data for Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt.
-62-
Figures and Plates Chapter Five
h 2.2
£.5 o= m
31
++
T +•+
+ +
+-*+
++ -WH-+
5
ll
* 44-44-
•4- ^
fSp*sg i t a + # + 4 4 # + + =M-+ #+ #- #*. +
I -
i 4 t
+ +
gggss
+ _ 4 _ _ ++.
+ + 4 4
.A-.-H a see •
+ + +
.+ . +
+ + + 4 + 4ft-
Figure 5.2.7 Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt.
-63-
Figures and Plates Chapter Five
in
in \
•1 I F
C/J
i5>
•5 i3
J3quin^ 3|diuBs
Figure 5.3.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Caithlim Lagoon, Argyll, during April 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.
-64-
Figures and Plates Chapter Five
Vt
L
c/5
*5
v. 3>
5 !Q ig 2 f l
jaqiutifj a|duiBS
Figure 5.3.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Caithlim Lagoon, Argyll, during April 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.
-65-
Figures and Plates Chapter Five
40 1
35
April Spnng fr 30 April Neap
August Spring 73 25 August Neap C/3
20
15 -) , , , , , , , , , , ,
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Sample Number
Figure 5.3.3: Salinity conditions during four sample periods for Caithlim Lagoon, Argyll, during April and August 2000.
8.6
8.4
8.2 April Spring
April Neap 8
August Spnng
August Neap 7.8
10 12 8 11 1
Sample Number
pH conditions during four sample periods for Caithlim Lagoon, Argyll, during Figure 5.3.4: April and August 2000.
66
Figures and Plates Chapter Five
12
i 10 AprilSpnng
04) Apnl Neap 8
August Spnng "8 August Neap
4 -7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Sample Number
Figure 5.3.5: Dissolved oxygen conditions during four sample periods for Caithlim Lagoon, Argyll, during April and August 2000.
00
90
80
70 Clay
9P 60 3 Silt 5 50 Sand
£ 40 % Organic Content
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Sample Number
Figure 5.3.6: Particle Size and Organic content percentage data for Caithlim Lagoon, Argyll.
-67-
Figures and Plates Chapter Five
A f HI 1 i ml 111 iff-' I T*
r 111 I I IHf M 11T I f i_ mi i I ill, 11111. i .
r in i ' 1111 t t+
I I OO L
t+
-•H-++H-ti
in II Yrn— ] II i u II II i 1 i r i i i mi ~
J1®
uj'5
'= 1
H I
8 88 8
8 2 9 o>
++-
+• i i n i l i
<0 ? 8
Figure 5.3.7: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Caithlim Lagoon, Argyll.
-68-
Figures and Plates Chapter Five
I/!
to UJ 2 LU
UJ
O
L i
M i \
Figure 5.4.1: Total foraminiferal dataset remaining after screening of the data for statistical significance. The CONISS cluster analysis which produced the foraminiferal assemblage zones was carried out using no data transformation through the unweighted Euclidean distance method, on an unconstrained dataset.
-69-
Figures and Plates Chapter Five
in
E
(J
rz m CM u. en \ '<S 5 u j
LJJ
i
L Mi X \
1
1
Figure 5.4.2: Total foraminiferal dataset remaining after screening of the data for statistical significance. The CONISS cluster analysis which produced the foraminiferal assemblage zones was carried out using the unweighted Chord distance method, on an unconstrained dataset, in order to give greater significance to the minor taxa.
-70-
Figures and Plates Chapter Five
h S 5 j J S - «
H H t t t •
>
S Sj >
4-s> o
s
II
S,
o
s
• I \ >
Sr.
> <r
XCipUI |0A3q JDJB,W pOSipjtipilEJS
Figure 5.5: Comparisons between basin sills and constructed tide levels for all twenty sites used in this investigation using SWLI method three (equation 3).
-71-
Figures and Plates Chapter Five
o o <N
C 4> > V -J
w I -M
•O B 2 (A
o o
(sajnuiui) uoi ie jnQ Suipooy
Figure 5.6: Scatter plot of SWLI, calculated using Equation 3, versus flooding frequency for all sites. The value of R 2 is 0.92.
-72-
Figures and Plates Chapter Five
^ f y t f H t ^ J tfffi^j -1—tii t-
4fi4 * tB"t*9I IB* '
j*£ *Jtok rftift flfcjjfc.
s s ° aasa° s s s ° sags0 sss
• 1 * 1
f f tar rr:
T r
Figure 5.7: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships based on the total modern dataset.
-73-
Figures and Plates Chapter Six
r "°
++ + +
+
•r,
O "J
r l
:: r I
I r I
Axis T w o Score
Figure 6.1: Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) of the total foraminiferal dataset. The data is split into the seven zones identified by unconstrained Euclidean distance and Chord distance cluster analysis. A l l samples from the MF 1 cluster are plotted in the same position because the zone is 100 % Miliammina fusca; all samples in this zone therefore have identical Eigenvalues.
-74-
Figures and Plates Chapter Six
(a)
(b)
o
5: <
L i a s m
v ohimc
mneiai
"Average
Salinity
-I () I
Axis One
Uasin
v o l u m
\veraue
Salinity
Axis One
Figure 6.2: CCA Biplots for a) Sample - environment and b) Species - environment. M f = Miliammina fusca, Hd = Haynesina depressula, T i = Trochammina inflata, Es = Eggerelloides scabrus, Emar = Elphidium margaritaceum, Emac = Elphidium macellum, Jm = Jadammina macrescens, Hg = Haynesina germanica, Ew = Elphidium williamsoni, CI = Cibicides lobatulus, and Ab = Ammonia beccarii var. batavus. The six labelled environmental gradients are plotted as vectors, with the length of the arrow proportional to the degree of influence over the biological assemblage and the direction of the arrow being the direction of maximum change of that environmental variable within the samples / species.
-75-
Figures and Plates Chapter Six
\
( / J C/3
n,\\s
Figure 6.3: The relationship between the position of a basin sill in the tidal cycle, and the average salinity within that basin, for the 15 sites included in the modern training set. Although the lowest salinity is found in the basin with its sill at the highest position in the tidal cycle, and vice versa, the overall pattern is not clear-cut, suggesting that the relationship between the two factors is not straightforward; other variables must interact to complicate the connection between salinity and the position of the sill in the tidal cycle.
-76-
Figures and Plates Chapter Six
(a)
1 !/2(x-uWt Ey = c exp 01
t
u Environmental variable (.v)
(b)
Ey = b 0 + b,x
0
Environmental variable (.v)
Figure 6.4: Taxon-environment response models, a) Gaussian unimodal relationship between the abundance (y) of a taxon and an environmental variable (x). The three important ecological parameters of the model are shown; u = optimum, t = tolerance, c = maximum. The equation for the expected value of the taxon's abundance y is given for the Gaussian response model (modified from terBraak, 1988). b) Linear relationship between the abundance (y) of a taxon and an environmental variable (x). The equation for the expected value of the taxon's abundance v in relation to x is given for the linear response model (bo = intercept, b| = slope or regression coefficient (modified from ter Braak, 1988; after Birks, 1995).
-77-
Figures and Plates Chapter Six
s "5k>
•— a.
-1 a.
I
<
WA-PLS prediction (screened)
Figure 6.5: WA-PLS coefficients predicted for the 194 samples in the screened data-set. The X-axis shows the value of average salinity (%o) predicted when the original modern training set (266 samples) is used to develop the transfer function, plotted against the revised prediction produced by the transfer function when using the screened data-set of 194 samples.
-78-
Figures and Plates Chapter Six
» •
•»
o
OS
o S t
X) > • I . 4>
o
1/1 o
Predicted Average Salinity
Figure 6.6: Observed average salinity versus WA-PLS predicted average salinity for the screened modern training set.
-79-
Figures and Plates Chapter Six
a. <«
a u o
Average Salinity (ppt)
Figure 6.7: Optimum (weighted mean) average salinity for each of the eleven species in the screened modern training set, using inverse Weighted Averaging (WA). Tolerance (standard deviation) levels are indicated by the error bars.
-80-
Figures and Plates Chapter Six
<u /
it
L L
r
I I I
1/5
I •
i
( m a ) i | j d a o
Figure 6.8: Foraminiferal assemblage from a fossil core from Rumach VI basin, Arisaig, Scotland, together with predicted average salinity values calculated by partial-least-squares (PLS) calibration and Modern Analogue Technique (MAT). Lithology is modified from Troels-Smith (1955): L L L = silt and clay; X X X = bedrock.
-81-
Figures and Plates Chapter Six
ec
\ A"
. J
Ai
I I I , i
A
li.
I ,
i
OJ I I
A jJ \ •( A X x 1 ^ X
\
A /< A X AA^Av'h v
(ma)
Figure 6.9: Foraminiferal assemblage from a fossil core from Dubh Lochan basin, Coigach, Scotland (after Sherman et al., 2000), together with predicted average salinity values calculated by partial-least-squares (PLS) calibration and Modern Analogue Technique (MAT). Lithology is modified from Troels-Smjth (1955): cross-hatching = organic limus; L L L = silt and clay; "' = sand.
-82-
Figures and Plates Chapter Six
* - <„ ^ I*, '
l.-ul
•! X; X« X X ">• ""xT X. X i< • X . X . ><LX. X -X. - --^ - X#k,V "--x ^ X -^ X > . X r , .
• l • . •
(ui.i) i)|da(]
Figure 6.10: High-resolution fossil foraminiferal and thecamoebian record from Loch nan Corr, Kintail (after Lloyd, 2000). Lithology is modified from Troels-Smith (1955): cross-hatching = organic limus; L L L = silt and clay; ' = sand; 111 = turfa peat; — = well-humified organic material; , = shells.
-83-
Figures and Plates Chapter Six
v - :
• i » . . . .
r-o
o © <N
OX'
< •o
Weighted Mean (DC) Predicted Average Salinity
Figure 6.11: training set.
Observed versus MAT predicted average salinity values for the screened modern
-84-
Figures and Plates Chapter Seven
r l C I
X \ s
\ X Jo.
X X X K \ X X X X ?
X °>
K X a
* X. X X
r X •a
X 9o
xX >> yo
X X °>
X
Figure 7.1: Maximum water depth at MHWST in the modern isolation basins sampled. The majority are considerably shallower than the fossil basins during the fully marine or nearshore shelf stage.
-85-
Figures and Plates Chapter Seven
( i i i ) q i d a a J 3 | B , \ \
O d d ) A | K i ! | K S S S B J O A V p o p n . i j s u o j o y / s o p o i l ^ j o . u q u i n \ [
Figure 7.2: MAT reconstructed average salinity, water depth and foraminiferal species diversity versus depth for Loch nan Corr, Kintail. The graph of species diversity shows a general trend of increasing species diversity with increasing water depth (the species diversity between 5 and 100 cm depth is for thecamoebians). Maximum species diversity occurs in the nearshore shelf (fully marine) stage (600 - 726 cm).
-86-
Figures and Plates Chapter Seven
\
00
\ \
Vj
00
v©
rs
(CIO S34J3UI) U 0 p e A 3 | 3
Figure 7.3: Potential errors in measuring only the minimum sill elevation. The marine input over the sill indicated by the dashed line will be considerably greater than that over the sill indicated by the solid line, yet both have the same minimum sill elevation. For this reason, an approximate measure of marine input is suggested.
-87-
Figures and Plates Chapter Seven
>
• (dO s a j i D | \ ) uu;ie v3| j ( d ( ) S D . i p i V ) IIOIICADI J
(dO sai>3|\') UOIIB
SIJ
03
(S:
(dO s a J | * | M ) UOUBA.«'J M I S (CIO s».i)Di\;) U»>I|BA.>| | i n s <ao 1 I.U\I )«»!•<'«rj ins
Figure 7.4: Changes in the estimated marine input - basin volume ratio during the isolation process, a) indicates fully marine conditions with marine sedimentation, with the wetted sill cross-sectional area a and basin water volume a at MHWST. b) indicates brackish or variable salinity conditions with associated sedimentation, with the wetted sill cross-sectional area b and basin water volume b at MHWST. c) indicates freshwater conditions with associated sedimentation, with the wetted sill cross-sectional area c and basin water volume c at MHWST. This ratio will control the salinity of the basin, with the basin water volume controlling the inertia within the system to changes such as isolation and freshwater input.
Figures and Plates Chapter Seven
•VtA
1 5
1 1 1 1 1 1
•J
' V S I
i t l f l ttt.
•i
• , '1
•'V.
I I
j I
J ! I
i I
t • . 1
. J
Figure 7.5: Foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in the fossil isolation basin Loch nan Corr, Kintail.
-89-
Figures and Plates Chapter Seven
O S
8 S
3 t
s t
4 t.
f 1 t
8
£•3
a*™
8
oJ3
•V
Figure 7.6: Foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in the fossil isolation basin Dubh Lochan, Coigach.
-90-
Figures and Plates Chapter Seven
y y
y. <y. y y
y y j
y y
y y
yy yj y
y
-J
y y.
ry> y.
y y.
y
y. •y y-. y
y>
y-
( j d d ) X H U I I K S
Figure 7.7: Optimum (weighted mean) average salinity (%o) for each of the eleven species in the screened modern training set, using inverse Weighted Averaging (WA). Tolerance (standard deviation) levels are indicated by the error bars.
-91-
Figures and Plates Chapter Seven
% Sand Content
Figure 7.8: Optimum (weighted mean) percentage sand content for each of the eleven species in the screened modern training set, using inverse Weighted Averaging (WA). Tolerance (standard deviation) levels are indicated by the error bars.
-92-
Figures and Plates Chapter Seven
V
a.
E a u c
© o o o o
o
SWLI <5?
Figure 7.9: Optimum (weighted mean) Standardised Water Level Index (SWLI) for each of the eleven species in the screened modern training set, using inverse Weighted Averaging (WA). Tolerance (standard deviation) levels are indicated by the error bars.
-93-
Figures and Plates Chapter Eight
5 COIGACH KIN TAIL M 17 Achnahaird • Bay Dornie
15 COIGACH 0 km I km 0
Ullapool APPLECROSS
Badentarbat Bay
0 Loch Torndon s A P P L E C R O S S Inverness
ARISAIG ion VP KINTAIL it
km 0 rX I
AR S A G
Ansaig Fort K E N T R A Loch nan William f Ceall
12 1-1 11 13
Mull
Oban
N O
4 ARGYLL
Tarbert Glasgow
KENTRA 6 i
Q Ardnamurchan km
km 2 o
Figure 8.1: The location of the fossil isolation basins investigated in western Scotland (after Sherman et al., 2000a). The red-coloured numbers correspond to those sites listed in Table 8.1.
-94-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
V)
Vi
C
F L L l l I
I
F
F_
I s
i/1
D
o 00
< < < < < < < < < < < — — •— -- -- "-— —
— . C/5 t/3 m C/3 c/3 c/5
cs
cs
cs
u U U U U U u U u
jaqiunnj 3|duiB<«;
Figure A3 .1 .1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Oban Trumisgarry, Isle of North Uist, during May 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.
-95-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
00 00 1*1
(/I
t/3
3>
L
L
I St.
s
S i
I
I s
<?4 3>
s
O — OO FN R«-> <j < < ^ < <
—-< <; < < <
RN (N <N R-1 (N (N RN TN 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 U
00 U
OO U U U U U U U U U U
Figure A3.1.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Oban Trumisgarry, Isle of North Uist, during September 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.
-96-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
MS
4 X
+ +
+
t
t t
4 4
4 +
4-
4 +
0*
++++
I f
+44.
+++
5 4jHt+
#4+
, r+-F ' + 44
-t) 44 + 4
44
44
+ 4
4 44 4 + 4 ^
T 44 ^ 44
4 44
4-lt-44
44
44 * 44
4 4
^ | [ |11 [~
+ ^
44 4+~ 44
4 4
# 44
#4
+
+ 44 4 4 4 4
++ *
J=fc-
T 4
4
±
T 4
+ *
33 OS 4 4*
44 +1+
4 (-
8 8 § S
4 +
S 8S
Figure A3.1.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Oban Trumisgarry, Isle of North Uist
-97-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
\
at
a
—
ON ON ON ON ON ON ON • . ON
jaquinu aiduies
Figure A3.2.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Alioter Lagoon, Isle of North Uist, during May 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.
-98-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
<
oo
<
<:
< <
ON <;
CN <?;
o < < < < - J - J - J
<: <: < CN CN CN <?; 5v < < <
jaqu in \ j 3]duiB§
Figure A3.2.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Alioter Lagoon, Isle of North Uist, during September 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.
-99-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
It
eS
"1 -H-H-
I
i jfct'ii jfe 1 *
.8? QO
l l
+++
-ti-
+
4+
+
T
" 5
+1- +
I ' l l
Figure A3.2.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Alioter Lagoon, Isle of North Uist.
-100-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
VI
C/5
\ 01
I I I I I C/5
< —
< < —.
OI
V/I
,
1 IV
/l,
< •—.
'1/A
12
< < Ov
<: 00
< \
OI
V/I
,
1 IV
/l,
— '1/A
12
•—
C/5 03 CD
C/5 02 cTi
02 C/5 m
C/5 oa C/5
03 C/l C/5
03 CQ CQ
Figure A3.3.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Bac-a-Stoc Lagoon, Isle of North Uist, during May 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
VI
Vi
•r.
\
I I I <4
I I B I I •4-
>1 L
00
Si on 1/1 00 00 on 00 00 00 0Q 03 CO m 09 03 CD CD 03
.oquinfyi 3|duiBg
Figure A3.3.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Bac-a-Stoc Lagoon, Isle of North Uist, during September 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.
-102-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
j>1
1 * *
++ 4 +
Is S2 3 £ .
11 n £
S3
/ - +++ m ;
i f
I T
4 $ H I I
+ + 4 J
%
•4+ +•
+ t * 4-t
t
f t
8 8 S
Figure A3.3.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Bac-a-Stoc Lagoon, Isle of North Uist.
-103-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
o u
03
s
<*-O
E 3
O
H
— <N ^ — — <N - — — n M ^ N n n n n ^ r N o - ^ - <N — rj — — <N <N
< < s < < < : ; < < < ^ < < < < < :<<<<<<<< — — UJ — — — m — UJUJ — QJ — — — LU — — — — — ^ J — QJ rtj — — — — — — ~ - — LijUjUttJiij jUjji i i jauiajjaBjauujUjjujUiUBjaJuuui J J J J J *J J -J J J J J J J J j J J J J J J J J
jaqiun|vj a|duies
Figure A3.4.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Locheport 1, Isle of North Uist, during May 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.
-104-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
\ ^ l i I I I I I I B I D I D I . o . DIB 0 D11D11 e i DI
5 59 95 2 2 25 22 25 9 2 29 59 5 9 95 99 2 5 55 5 59 59 — — — U J U J U J —QJUJUJ — — [ j j f i i — — ~ — — — — . - n — — . —
jaquin\i 0|dums
Figure A3.4.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Locheport 1, Isle of North Uist, during September 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.
-105-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
10
7 3?
CD
*4 T ^ ^ - f f
mt +
oo
f t * - * • » * - # * - * •
+ + + ++ + + + ( - + t - f + 4
I MM- +#- + 4- ++• *H- 4ft 8
s 8
f &
! ft
8 9
GJS -t* 4-tt-+ s
f r mm IS + s
s i 5 +4-
3l Si us
4f ++ 8
I 8 I s
I s 5 ? S
Figure A3.4.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Locheport l , Isle of North Uist.
-106-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
C/3
(A
3>
so
z \
7Z
•A L
I I oo —.
<N <N (N (N <N CN (N <N (N P J U J W U J W u L l l l J U J L L )
Figure A3.5.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Locheport 2, Isle of North Uist, during May 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.
-107-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
VI
VI
V)
t/3
^ ^
IP
,5^
^ I I I I D
jaquinkj siduiBC
Figure A3.5.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Locheport 2, Isle of North Uist, during September 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.
-108-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
8 2
4 4
+ +
s + +
I f
1 8f bo
i f f i i P t *»- 4J* 4 + + 4 + + 4-+ + + 4
4 3
23
8
Eg
4 4 + 44 s
85 8
I 8
9 0 s 9 5 2 44
8
Figure A3.5.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Locheport 2, Isle of North Uist.
-109-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
C/5 C/5
C/5
\ 5f> I / )
W5
C/5 4>
00
ON ON ON ON ON ON ON
04 04 04 a a
Figure A3.6.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Grimsay, Isle of North Uist, during May 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.
-110-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
t f i
VI
V)
41
I I L L
L J
s
rs 00 —
cs $ (N $ ON o ON ON ON ON OS ON ON ON
ai Oi a a a a a
jaquinfsj sjduiBS
sc; ON ON ON ON ON ON p> a : o£ o O a
Figure A3.6.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Grimsay, Isle of North Uist, during September 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.
- I l l -
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
f
% f 4!
-i
+
+4, .4 ,4 J 4 +V 4? S 4-
I .85? Q O
4
4 4
^ 4 frftn ^ K ^ - - « t § - 4 4% 8 i i J n i r m - i i • m- r—-ITT —3 1 111 3 m
s 3 S
S 5 4-44+ + H- 4f £ 2
3
OS U1J
i + + 4- 44- 4f 44+
4+ + 44H- 44-4H- * 444+ + 4+4H- + UJ
si a s 8
i <9 1 y a z
| 8 s
O o o
Figure A3.6.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Grimsay, Isle of North Uist.
-112-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
" SB - «
3 in
in
I [" if*
3>
S i J"5
HI
F
s
5£
00
8P oo SP 00 60 00 to oo
jaqiun[yj ajduiBS
Figure A3.7.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Pool Roag, Isle of Skye, during April 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.
-113-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
t/2
s
8 3> 8
L
56
«3
% r L
— ^ £N 00 (N £N £N fN SO 00 00 00 03 cd cd cd O O O O
jaquinf«j 3|duies
Figure A3.7.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Pool Roag, Isle of Skye, during August 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.
-114-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
I I
If is
I I
E I 13 4: + 4 ^
BE m
+ +
i*
+ +
T I f 4#-
+
+
+ r +
+ +
ji*j=t-i.
" # 5
+ +
1 +
++- +
+ + +
+ +
*1 If OS
e - !
< 8 !
+ ++ + t +
+
,+
+ t +
8 a
Figure A3.7.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Pool Roag, Isle of Skye.
-115-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
9
C/)
R
v© —
cd cd cd cd cd cd eg cd
jaquinM 3|duiB«;
Figure A3.8.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch na h'airde, Isle of Skye, during April 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.
-116-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
3>
C0 4)
\
g
»3
J^1
— 5 r - -
'8 J3
o ^ 9° C fN ?5 o 5 .is '« '3 4=
Joqiun[\] 3|duiBS
Figure A3.8.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch na h'airde, Isle of Skye, during August 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.
-117-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
E Is is
To
f t
i f
•a
i f Is
+
+
+ +
^ 4
+ +
+ +
+
+ + I t
+ 3 +
*
+ +
+
8 S 8 ! 3 S
Figure A3.8.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Loch na h'airde, Isle of Skye.
-118-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
V)
t/5
C/5 1/5
3
\ 1 L
L 41
L
L f i O — ( N <n O n
:— V (L> 0>
Figure A3.9.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch of Reiff, Assynt, during April 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.
-119-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
'5
<N VO 5; (N
?-tin O o 1> I* I—
(N o oo
reiff
/2/:
•eiff
/2/
•eiff
/2/
-eiff
/2/
reiff
/2/:
J3qiunf»j a|duies
Figure A3.9.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch of Reiff, Assynt, during August 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.
-120-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
"H'c Qt(0
+
t "^t#-t*4*r
4* +
i s 6 O
V 1 W | * *
4*
z i
4+ +•
*
+ *
1 ;
+ +
*l# ±
t
J l iJ
T3 8
T i f + +•
+ + Is
- ,4- + , . S S ESS CD
+ 4-
,, +
4- 4-4-
+ 4-4-
4
-H+H- 4-1, 4 f , + S 8 825
Figure A3.9.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Loch of Reiff, Assynt.
-121-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
1 M z .2 'C « >
/1/3
/1/4
in
"3 "3 "3
jaquinjvj 9|duiBS
Figure A3.10.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Lochan Sal, Assynt, during April 2000.
-122-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
03
93
m vi fN ?3 is rs
(8
jaquin^i aiduies
Figure A3.10.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Lochan Sal, Assynt, during August 2000.
-123-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
+
2 v
6
II
l i s
Ht4f ++
i f II + 4+
%- ++ 4-
4-44- -Wtf-HH--
+ 4f 4fHf 4*44- * + 4
• + -+
+ -w--m-m=ttk
4 ^
4fc
/ 4
4- 4
• * 4 4-
S 4H-4- M -
S 8 S 5 o o Q og t- (5 in •*«
Figure A3.10.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Lochan Sal, Assynt.
-124-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
4>
S i
01
joqiunM 3|duiBS
Figure A3.11.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch an Eisg-brachaidh, Assynt, during April 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.
-125-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
f N (N
4> <L>
jaquinhj siduiBe
Figure A3.11.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch an Eisg-brachaidh, Assynt, during August 2000.
-126-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
II
4-
w T +
1+ 4-
61
I?
163
4 4
* 4 4-
+ t\>»+ ^ + 4+
4-4*
++J#
+ 4++
t + + • #
4++ + 4-44-+ +44-+ +
+ # 4 f
4-
4*
+Ht*+
+*iM++fc 4
/ T
+4+ 4
4+
4) "
4
4-
^ 4 4-t _+
8 S 8 8
Figure A3.11.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Loch an Eisg-brachaidh, Assynt.
-127-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
in
V}
•Pi F
E 3
O H
OO R~ I N VO F^I
—. — — o u u :j ".J
e s s s s s
Figure A3.12.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch Roe Lagoon, Assynt, during April 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.
-128-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
Vi V)
t/1
3>
y>, *i>.
F 5*
I L O f
1/3
i r
vo i— oo u-> c i FS <S FS CN FS FIJ U 1> O 1> o o o o o t - t - t - u-j a q u i n \ [ 3 | d u i B S
Figure A3.12.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch Roe Lagoon, Assynt, during August 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.
-129-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
s o ?g
u
IS Si
+ *
+ 4- + +
F i* is-QO
l i
I
(- 4
+ H*t: +P- ++ -fc
^ I III ^ Ifr i ^ Ift
5 1 4 -
* 4-
+ ^
4 8
Figure A3.12.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Loch Roe Lagoon, Assynt.
-130-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
ss Si
s
4 I I
Figure A3.13.1: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Oldany Lagoons, Assynt.
-131-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
t/3 9
L Si. J* 11 L V)
41
I 1
lb
I
I 3> _ R- ( N O
5 5 I c 1 "O "O " 6 T3 o D o *o a> Z Z 2 Z
jsquinisi 0|diuBS
Figure A3.14.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch Nedd Lagoon, Assynt, during April 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.
-132-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
vi vi
Vi
Vi
Vi
9
V it I I
if 71
00
•8 "8 •8 •8 •8
Figure A3.14.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch Nedd Lagoon, Assynt, during August 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.
-133-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
+
Is
f t
4-
S3
+ +
+ +
+
++ 44-
++
J*
4-
4-4 4- +
H%+4-
4-+
*&+ +-
+ 4
+-+#
i t *
F*i- + H * * +
4-+
4-fjjj
+
t + g
f4f + f
h4-4-+
+ +1-
+
OS
4-+4-4-
4 4-
111 if4-+4-4-
test. +
8 8 as 2° 8*
Figure A3.14.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Loch Nedd Lagoon, Assynt.
-134-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
?5 00 r3
o
j a q u i i i f s j 3 ( d u i B S
Figure A3.15.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Lochan na Dubh Leitir, Assynt, during August 2000.
-135-
9
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
I t
Is
28 | | I s
2*
TS 8
01 5
SB
+ +-H4+ +
+ -til • 4 *
N+4
*+»- +
•HfH+4
+ 4*
i -H-
#-H- +
4
V *
S 8 8 S S gesss
Figure A3.15.2: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Lochan na Dubh Leitir, Assynt.
-136-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
0)
\ IP
if'
I 5>
\
00
60 00 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 <0 (3 CO
j a q i u n k j a | d u i B S
Figure A3.16.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Craiglin Lagoon, Argyll, during April 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.
-137-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
Vi
t/5
Si
if!
Os 00 in —
00 00 so 60 60 00 60 60 00 CO si
jaqiuntsi arduiec
Figure A3.16.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Craiglin Lagoon, Argyll, during August 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.
-138-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
23 $ n
is,
1?
il
S i S
=5
+ +
%1 +
t 4 1
4f
1
• *
+ +
e 3 s
I I
+
+-
+ +
+• 4
+ + +
• 4
o+ + + +x
t +
+
sase c
Figure A3.16.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Craiglin Lagoon, Argyll.
-139-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
A-
\ 01
x: £
j a q u i n f i j 3 | d a i e s
Figure A3.17.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Dubh Loch, Argyll, during April 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.
-140-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
Si
a? •o
SI f
- I
+ + + +
3-12 s.2
8 c
£ 3
E8
I I *
% 4
Pi +
+
s s g a
Figure A3.17.2: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Dubh Loch, Argyll.
-141-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
i r
.1
I 5
T
• <-i i* i
i
I
J .
I
I
L I
Figure A3.18.1: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships based on the modern dataset for mainland Scotland (Assynt and Argyll)
-142-
Figures and Plates Appendix Three
1 !- fi l l
! 5 ! V I .
I- 1- i - U
- I = ! ! - I - i
3
- I " i r • • A t
1J i i m • i %
r I & » i : r
^1 M ^ H :•_ I j f I ;
iMi i: LiL
1 -.- , . . . J *
!.' I . r
' i i ! " I •
r;ff'?fi | i f if? _ l . 4 ; » ii. JL_
i i
Figure A3.18.2: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships based on the modern dataset for the Hebrides (Isles of North Uist and Skye).
- 1 4 3 -
Figures and Plates Appendix Four
y s - y y v
Site Name
-HAT "MHWS "MHWN -MTL "MLWN "MLWS ~LAT
if if
Figure A4.1: Comparison between constructed tide levels for all twenty sites used in this
investigation using SWLI Method One.
/ y / / / / " / / / / / • s / •/ i f <f
-HAT -MHWS -MHWN - M T L -MLWN -MLWS ~LAT
Figure A4.2: Comparison between constructed tide levels for all twenty sites used in this
investigation using SWLI Method Two.
-144-
Figures and Plates Appendix Four
• •
• •
100
50
50 100
Standardised Water Level Index
Standardised Water Level Index
Figure A4.3: Scatter plot of SWLI, calculated using a) Equation One and b) Method Two, versus flooding frequency for all sites. The value of R2 is a) 0.92 and b) 0.93.
-145-
APPENDIX O N E
Methods
A l . l INTRODUCTION
The methods employed in the sampling strategy and data collection stages are
described here. This includes the methods used in the analysis of water chemistry,
including the calibration of equipment, and sediment properties (loss on ignition and
particle size analysis).
A 1 . 2 LABORATORY METHODS
Al.2.1 Salinity
The accurate measurement of salinity within each basin was critical in this research if
useful comparisons were to be made between and within sites, and through time.
Al.2.1.1 Calibration
The meters selected for all water chemistry measurements were calibrated on freshly
prepared standards, and tested against benchtop meters in the laboratory. The
standards were also tested using the Chloride titration method. The Jenway IP67
standard hand-held meter used during the research accepts only one calibration,
using KC1 (potassium chloride) standards of conductivity strength 1413/iS
(microsiemens) or 12.88mS (millisiemens) or, in terms of molar strength, 0.0IN and
0.1N KC1. The Jenway bench-top meter used in the laboratory allows a three-point
calibration, and standards of conductivity 1413/iS, 12.88mS, and 24.8mS (0.2N KC1)
were used. The hand-held meter was also tested against a self-calibrating YSI 63
meter during the final set of data collection in the field, and the results were within
0.1 mS (or mg/L) of each other in water of salinity 27%o.
-146-
Appendix One Methods
Al.2.1.2 Measurement
Measurements were taken only once the end-point (meter stabilised) symbol was
displayed by the instrument. The conductivity was then converted to salinity using
Lab Assistant software v.2.00.05 (PDMS, 1995). One sample from every batch at
each site was also tested using the Chloride titration method. These were chosen to
represent the ful l range of salinity values experienced in the field.
Al.2.1.3 Method for Chloride Titration
1. Wearing a lab coat, safety glasses and protective gloves, prepare an N/10
(0.1N) standard of Sodium Chloride (5.845g NaCl in 1 litre of distilled
water).
2. Make up an N/10 solution of Silver Nitrate (AgNo3) (17.0g AgNo3 in 1 litre
of distilled water). This should be kept in a dark bottle, and stored in a
cupboard, in order to prevent the silver nitrate from deteriorating.
3. In a small flask, add 20 - 30ml of distilled water, then add to that 10ml of the
NaCl standard, using an automatic pipette or another accurate method.
4. Add 4 or 5 drops of potassium chromate (K^CrC^) solution, which will give
the sample a yellow colour. In order to ensure that the sample is made acidic,
add 2 or 3 drops of Nitric Acid (NHO3), then a small spatula amount of
Calcium Carbonate (CaCo3) in order to make the sample alkaline.
5. Using a 25ml or 50ml burette, mounted on a stand, to add the silver nitrate,
first test it against the NaCl standard. Exactly 10ml of silver nitrate should be
required to change the colour of the entire sample from yellow to light brown.
A magnetic stirrer is useful in mixing the sample, otherwise gently agitate the
sample the whole time that silver nitrate is being added.
6. Prepare samples in the same way as the NaCl standard, adding 5 or 10ml to
the distilled water, then adding the potassium chromate, Nitric Acid and
Calcium Carbonate in turn. I f the sample has already been measured using a
-147-
Appendix One Methods
conductivity meter, and the conductivity is greater than lOmS, use 5ml of
sample. I f it has a conductivity less than 10 mS, use 10ml of sample in order
to achieve a more accurate result from the reading on the burette.
7. Add the silver nitrate as before.
8. The amount of sample and silver nitrate used in obtaining each reading
should be noted and entered into the following equation, where A = amount
of silver nitrate used, B = amount of sample used, Y = the figure obtained in
the first part of the calculation (required for the second part) and Z = salinity
in parts per thousand ( % o ) :
Y = (A x 3.55) x (1000/B) (4)
Z = (Y/19350) x 35 (5)
A 1 . 3 Loss ON IGNITION ANALYSIS
The technique used here is after that of Ball (1964). Approximately 3.5 g of
sediment was added to a crucible of known weight, and oven-dried at 105°C for 24
hours. The dried sample was then weighed, and the weight of the crucible
subtracted, before being placed in a furnace at 550°C for 4 hours.
Before the ashed samples cool to below 100°C, place them into a dessicator and store
them there until they are weighed and, again, the weight of the crucible is subtracted.
The percentage difference between the dry weight and ashed weight is the percentage
organic content or loss on ignition:
Loss on ignition % =((0 -1) / O) * 100 (6)
Where O is the weight of the dried sample; and I is the ashed weight.
A1.4 P A R T I C L E S I Z E ANALYSIS
Particle size analysis was carried out using a Coulter laser granulometer, using a
minimum of two runs of 90 seconds for each sample. The results were converted to
-148-
Appendix One Methods
MS Excel format and simplified into the percentage of material by volume in the
clay, silt and sand fractions. The granulometer accepts any particles in the size range
ljum to 2mm (2000/*m). The method of sample preparation is as follows
1 Wearing the appropriate safety equipment (lab coat, safety glasses and Nitrile
gloves), place approximately 3 g of sediment in a plastic vial. From now
onwards, work inside a fume hood
2 Add 20 ml of distilled water and 5 ml of 100 % Hydrogen Peroxide (H 2 0 2 ) to
the sample.
3 The sample wil l effervesce. I f this is extreme, allow the sample to settle for a
time before covering each tube with foil and placing in a boiling water bath
for two hours.
4 Scrape any coarse material which has collected at the top of the tube back
down into the sample and, i f necessary, add more Hydrogen Peroxide and
return to the water bath. Repeat this procedure until all organic material has
been dissolved.
5 Centrifuge the samples at 4000 rpm for 4 minutes and carefully decant half of
the supernatant liquid off. Top up with water, centrifuge, and decant off the
supernatant water.
6 Add 20 ml of distilled water to the tube, then 2 ml of Sodium
Hexametaphosphate (NaP03) solution, which is a deflocculant. The sample
is now ready for analysis in the Coulter laser granulometer.
-149-
Appendix One Methods
A 1.5 FORAMINIFERA
The following procedure is after Scott and Medioli (1980a) and de Rijk (1995).
1 The foraminiferal and, where appropriate, thecamoebian (or testate amoebae)
samples are placed in buffered ethanol together with the protein stain rose
Bengal (Walton, 1952).
2 Wet sieve through 500/i.m and 63/im sieves, using light water pressure from a
fine spray.
3 Wash the samples into a storage vial with distilled water, add ethanol as a
preservative, and store in a refrigerator.
A1.6 L E V E L L I N G S I L L A L T I T U D E S
The majority of sill altitudes were determined using Leica GPS System 300, with the
data analysed in the SKI package and tied into the UK Ordnance Survey active GPS
network, the data from which is downloadable via the internet.
The maximum error in linking the reference station (in effect a temporary
benchmark) to the active network was less than 25 mm. Given that the errors
associated with the (no longer maintained) UK benchmark system are up to order of
magnitude larger than this, 25mm can be accepted as a legitimate error margin.
Added to this are any differences between the reference station and the rover station
used at each site. The quality of this solution never exceeds 41 mm, although more
typical error values are sub-millimetre.
For the small number of sites where the GPS equipment was not available, a Leica
Total Station was used, in conjunction with the OS benchmark system. In order to
maximise the accuracy of this system, the benchmarks used were cut in solid rock
and all transects were closed back to the benchmark, with a maximum accepted
closure error of 50mm.
-150-
APPENDIX T W O
Foraminiferal Species List
Ammonia beccarii var. batavus (Hofker)
Ammoscalaria runiana (Heron-Allen and Earland)
Cibicides lobatulus (Walker and Jacob)
Eggerelloides scabrus (Haynes)
Elphidium excavatum (Terquem)
Elphidium macellum (Fichtel and Moll)
Elphidium margaritaceum (Cushman)
Elphidium williamsoni (Haynes)
Haynesina depressula (Walker and Jacob)
Haynesina germanica (Ehrenberg)
Jadammina macrescens (Brady)
Miliammina fusca (Brady)
Quinqueloculina spp.
Trochammina inflata (Montagu)
-151-
APPENDIX T H R E E
Site Results
A3.1 FORAMINIFERA AND ENVIRONMENTAL V A R I A B L E S
Three sites were selected in the main text for discussion of the relationships between
the foraminifera and environmental variables data collected from each site. The
remaining data is presented here, with information appearing in Figures A3.1.1 -
A3.17.2 in the following site order:
Oban Trumisgarry
Alioter Lagoon
Bac-a-Stoc
Locheport 1
Locheport 2
Grimsay
Pool Roag
Loch na h'airde
Loch of Reiff
Lochan Sal
Loch an Eisg-brachaidh
Loch Roe Lagoon
Oldany Lagoons
Loch Nedd Lagoon
Lochan na Dubh Leitir
Craiglin Lagoon
Dubh Loch
-152-
Appendix Three Site Results
A 3 . 2 R E G I O N A L COMPARISON OF T H E COMBINED D A T A - S E T
The screened dataset of 266 samples was split into that from the Hebridean islands of
North Uist and Skye (221 samples), and that from the Assynt and Argyll areas of the
mainland (45 samples). Values of r (Table A3.1) and r 2 (Table A3.2) were calculated
for the relationships in each, and scatter plot matrices calculated in the same manner
as for the combined modern dataset (Figures A3.18.1 and A3.18.2). Data from
neither region displays any distinct differences from the combined dataset. As a
result, the combined dataset is used for the remaining statistical analysis, as there is
no apparent gain in treating the results on a regional basis.
-153-
Appendix Three Site Results
Sill
elev
atio
n F
resh
wat
er
inpu
t
0.36
82
Bas
in
surf
ace
area
-0.1
454
0.58
77*
Hig
h ti
de
volu
me OO
o 0.56
59*
0.13
85
Low
tid
e vo
lum
e
0.82
21*
0.97
98*
0.01
31 *
oo oo «-> O
% S
and
0.05
77
-0.1
275
0.17
13
-0.4
438*
0.00
39
% S
ilt
-0.9
928*
-0.0
838
0.13
18
-0.1
969
0.49
47*
0.00
99
% C
lay
0.88
98*
-0.9
381*
0.02
26
0.10
44
-0.0
830
0.26
00
-0.0
436
% O
rgan
ic
Con
tent
0.70
19* *
v-i Wl O OO O
*
oo O -0
.137
4
0.03
49
-0.2
223
0.38
17*
0.09
76
Ave
rage
D
isso
lved
O2
-0.0
188
0.16
51
0.02
81
-0.0
647
-0.1
183
-0.2
317
-0.0
997
-0.2
379
-0.1
306
Ave
rage
te
mpe
ratu
re
* o> Os CO d
0.02
94
-0.0
005
0.01
63
-0.0
123
0.10
29
0.08
97
0.09
71
0.02
23
0.12
76
pH r
ange
-0.4
873*
o tN d 0.
3987
* oo oo d 0.
4374
* |
-0.4
334*
-0.3
059
-0.2
322
-0.3
605
0.12
71
0.00
93
Min
imum
PH
-0.7
690*
* m oo Os
d -0.3
504
-0.3
880*
-0.1
195
-0.3
237
0.27
71
0.33
36
0.23
29
0.34
28
-0.1
733
-0.1
764
Ave
rage
PH
0.92
97*
-0.6
189*
|
0.47
21*
-0.3
673
-0.3
260
-0.1
085
|
-0.2
845
|
0.24
44
|
0.36
58
0.35
39
0.32
89
-0.0
186
-0.2
209
Min
imum
Sa
linit
y
0.57
99*
0.51
95*
-0.5
121*
|
0.30
05
0.28
73 *
o d -0
.438
4*
-0.5
850*
0.55
92*
-0.0
026
-0.0
935
0.02
64
-0.3
250
-0.2
202
Salin
ity
Ran
ge
-0.5
788*
-0.0
405
-0.0
969
0.18
87
0.26
74
-0.2
746
0.36
53
0.41
78*
|
0.53
63*
|
-0.5
168*
0.10
99
0.39
24*
0.00
17
ON *f -O O -0
.030
2
Max
imum
Sa
lini
ty
-0.2
392
0.93
03*
0.67
22*
0.57
50*
-0.5
249*
1
0.47
81*
-0.4
656*
-0.3
157
-0.3
340
|
m *r> d 0.
4334
*
0.04
64
0.06
53
0.03
22
-0.1
013
-0.2
758
Ave
rage
Sa
lini
tv
0.90
65*
-0.3
766 *
r-m O Os d 0.
6857
*
0.67
10*
-0.5
858*
1
o r-in d -0
.349
2
-0.3
237
-0.2
140
1
-0.4
193*
|
0.37
44
0.05
30
-0.0
559
0.05
76
-0.3
043
-0.2
067
Ave
rage
Sa
linit
y M
axim
um
Salin
ity
Salin
ity
Ran
ge
Min
imum
Sa
linit
y A
vera
ge
pH
Min
imum
pH
pH r
ange
1
Ave
rage
T
emp
Ave
rage
D
isso
lved
O
2
% O
rgan
ic
Con
tent
%C
lay
% S
ilt
1
%S
and
Low
tid
e vo
lum
e H
igh
tide
vo
lum
e B
asin
su
rfac
e A
rea
Fre
shw
ater
in
put
Sill
elev
atio
n
Table A3.1: Values of r (Pearson's Correlation Coefficient) for the relationship between environmental variables in the modern dataset for mainland Scotland (Argyll and Assynt). * indicates 99% confidence interval.
-154-
Appendix Three Site Results
Sill
elev
atio
n F
resh
wat
er
inpu
t o
Bas
in
surf
ace
area
0.24
29*
-0.5
271
Hig
h ti
de
voiu
me
0.85
86*
-0.0
776
-0.6
493
Low
tid
e vo
lum
e
0.99
83*
OO <o OO O
-0.0
789
-0.6
282
% S
and
0.00
25
-0.0
159
-0.1
142
-0.2
789*
0.03
33
% S
ilt
-0.9
961*
0.00
80
0.02
51
0.11
29
0.24
42*
-0.0
157
n
0 0.
9322
*
-0.9
565
-0.0
402
-0.0
169
0.09
61
0.35
30*
-0.0
925
% O
rgan
ic
Con
tent
0.73
32*
0.71
68*
-0.7
243*
-0.0
872
-0.0
620
0.03
61
0.07
86
0.11
69
Ave
rage
D
isso
lved
O2
0.10
80
-0.1
158
-0.0
910
0.09
99
-0.1
189
-0.1
116
-0.1
009
-0.3
147*
0.16
12
Ave
rage
te
mpe
ratu
re
-0.1
075
0.00
62
0.10
99
0.07
57
-0.0
865
-0.2
280*
-0.2
418*
-0.1
152
0.33
24*
0.11
65
pH r
ange
-0.2
514*
0.02
97
0.07
41
0.14
97
|
0.10
03
|
o -0.0
162
-0.0
167
0.10
78
0.40
94*
-0.0
583
Min
imum
PH
-0.6
217*
0.41
84*
0.10
75
-0.0
158
-0.0
254
0.05
66
-0.0
369
0.12
97
0.11
71
0.13
83
-0.2
622*
0.07
94
Ave
rage
pH
0.84
96*
-0.1
864*
0.41
43*
0.21
69
0.05
12
0.06
13
|
0.12
53
|
-0.1
153
|
0.05
79
0.04
52
0.19
25*
-0.0
716 9011 0
Min
imum
Sa
linit
v
0.38
91*
0.48
06*
-0.4
796*
0.36
99*
0.12
93
0.22
62*
0.19
02*
|
0.16
41
-0.1
643
-0.0
174
0.00
85
0.02
17 .1
06
10
- -0.1
480
Salin
ity
Ran
ge
-0.7
827*
-0.3
338*
-0.4
903*
o
O -0.3
247*
-0.1
121
-0.0
604
0.01
89
-0.0
661
0.04
16
-0.0
061
-0.0
093
0.00
30
0.32
88*
-0.0
255
Max
imum
Sa
linit
y
0.00
38
0.61
95*
-0.2
042
0.15
38
-0.0
762 *
OO
OO
O
0.05
60 •
i 00 fN O
*
rN
O 0.18
04*
|
-0.2
116*
|
-0.0
356
0.00
19
0.03
87
0.10
93
-0.2
699*
Ave
rage
Sa
linit
y
0.78
07*
-0.5
950*
0.95
30* »
r o d 0.
4619
*
-0.4
103
*J
0.34
49*
0.10
68
0.30
66*
0.28
49*
|
0.23
22*
1
-0.2
390*
1
0.05
31
0.08
43
OO OO O O -0
.120
9
-0.2
004*
Ave
rage
Sa
lini
ty
Max
imum
Sa
linit
y Sa
linit
y R
ange
M
inim
um
Sali
nity
A
vera
ge
pH
Min
imum
pH
pH r
ange
1
Ave
rage
T
empe
ratu
re
Ave
rage
D
isso
lved
O
2
% O
rgan
ic I
C
onte
nt
|
% C
lay
|
% S
ilt
% S
and
Low
tid
e vo
lum
e H
igh
tide
vo
lum
e B
asin
su
rfac
e ar
ea
Fre
shw
ater
in
put
Sill
elev
atio
n
Table A3.2: Values of r (Pearson's Correlation Coefficient) for the relationship between environmental variables in the modern dataset for the Hebridean Islands of North Uist and Skye. * indicates 99% confidence interval.
-155-
APPENDIX F O U R
Standardised Water Level Index
The altitude of basin sills can not be accurately compared in the statistical
reconstruction of relative sea-level without also taking account of their position in
relation to the tidal cycle. The altitudes are therefore converted to a standardised
water level index (SWLI) from metres OD. Three methods were previously
discussed by Horton (1997). Here, the three methods are assessed, in order to find
the most appropriate equation for the range of basin elevations in this research:
A4.1 M E T H O D O N E
The altitude of sills and tide levels are expressed as:
xa = [(Aa - MTL a ) / (MHWST a - MTL a )* 100] (7)
where Aa is the altitude (m OD) of the sill at site a; M T L a is the mean tide level (m
OD) at site a; MHWST a is the mean high water spring tide at site a; and xa is the
SWLI of the sill of site a. This method gives values of 0 for the xa of MTL and 100
for that of MHWST. Figure A4.1 and Table A4.1 show the construction of tide
levels using method one.
A 4 . 2 M E T H O D Two
The altitude of sills and tide levels are expressed as:
xa = ((A„ - LAT a ) / (HAT« - LAT f l )* 100) (8)
where Aa is the altitude (m OD) of the sill at site a; L A T a is the lowest astronomical
tide (m OD) at site a; HAT a is the highest astronomical tide at site a; and xa is the
SWLI of the sill of site a. This method gives values of 0 for the xa of LAT and 100
-156-
Appendix Four Standardised Water Level Index
for that of HAT. Figure A4.2 and Table A4.2 show the construction of tide levels
using method two.
A 4 . 3 M E T H O D T H R E E
The altitude of sills and tide levels are expressed as:
xa = [((A,, - MLWST a) / (MHWST 0 - MLWST a )* 100) + 100] (3)
where Aa is the altitude (m OD) of the sill at site a; MLWST a is mean low water
spring tide (m OD) at site a; MHWST a is mean high water spring tide at site a; and
xa is the SWLI of the sill of site a. As this method is selected as the most appropriate
for the this research, the constant 100 is added to ensure that all values are positive,
in order to avoid any potential problems with computer programs and negative
values. This method gives values of 100 for the xa of MLWST and 200 for that of
MHWST. Tide level construction is shown in Figure 4.6 and Table 4.3. Table A4.4
shows the construction of the SWLI for sill elevations using method three.
A 4 . 4 SUMMARY
As well as the elevations of tide levels being constructed using each SWLI method in
turn (Table A4.2 - Table A4.4), the duration of flooding at Spring tide was also
plotted against SWLI using each of the three methods (Figure 4.7 - method three;
Figure A4.3 - methods one and two). From this, either method two or method three
could be used in this research, as they show the greatest consistency in SWLI values
between sites at the different stages of the tide.
Although SWLI method two actually produced a slightly higher value of r 2 and lower
RMSE, it was decided to proceed with method three. Method three is based around
accurate readings of Spring tides, the data for which is calculated for secondary ports
in the Admiralty Tide Tables (2000), whilst method two relies on the accurate
measurement of HAT and LAT, the data for which is not calculated for secondary
ports in the Admiralty Tide Tables (2000). This requires extrapolation from standard
ports, leaving the method open to potentially larger errors in the calculation of the
SWLI of each sill.
-157-
Appendix Four Standardised Water Level Index
Site LAT MLWST MLWNT MTL MHWNT MHWST HAT
Oban Trumisgarry -140 -105 -45 0 40 100 130
Oban na Struthan -140 -105 -45 0 40 100 130
Alioter Lagoon -140 -105 -45 0 40 100 130
Bac-a-Stoc -140 -105 -45 0 40 100 130
Locheport 1 -140 -105 -45 0 40 100 130
Locheport 2 -140 -105 -45 0 40 100 130
Grimsay -140 -105 -45 0 40 100 130
Pool Roag -136.36 -100 -40.91 0 36.36 100 127.27
Loch na h'airde -166.67 -127.78 -50 0 38.89 100 155.56
Loch of Reiff -136.36 -104.55 -40.91 0 40.91 100 127.27
Lochan Sal -136.36 -104.55 -40.91 0 40.91 100 127.27
Loch an Eisg- -136.36 -104.55 -40.91 0 40.91 100 127.27
brachaidh
Loch Roe Lagoon -163.16 -121.05 -52.63 0 42.11 100 142.11
Oldany Lagoon 1 -157.89 -121.05 -57.89 0 36.84 100 147.37
Oldany Lagoon 2 -157.89 -121.05 -57.89 0 36.84 100 147.37
Loch Nedd -157.89 -57.89 0 36.84 100 147.37
Lagoon
Lochan na Dubh -157.89 -121.05 -57.89 0 36.84 100 147.37
Leitir
Duartmore -157.89 -121.05 -57.89 0 36.84 100 147.37
Caithlim Lagoon -107.69 -76.92 -23.08 0 46.15 100 138.46
Craiglin Lagoon -143.75 -81.25 -62.5 0 56.25 100 125
Dubh Loch -192.31 -115.38 -115.38 0 69.23 100 153.85
Average -147.07 108.39 -51.03 0 41.71 100 136.71
SD 16.80 12.86 17.26 0 7.64 0 10.14
Table A4.1: Construction of tide levels using SWLI method one (equation 7).
-158-
Appendix Four Standardised Water Level Index
Site LAT MLWST MLWNT MTL MHWNT MHWST HAT
Oban Trumisgarry 0 12.96 35.19 51.85 66 67 88.89 100
Oban na Struthan 0 12.96 35.19 51.85 66 67 88.89 100
Alioter Lagoon 0 12.96 35.19 51.85 66 67 88.89 100
Bac-a-Stoc 0 12.96 35.19 51.85 66 67 88.89 100
Locheport 1 0 12.96 35.19 51.85 66 67 88.89 100
Locheport 2 0 12.96 35.19 51.85 66 67 88.89 100
Grimsay 0 12.96 35.19 51.85 66 67 88.89 100
Pool Roag 0 13.79 36.21 51.72 65 52 89.66 100
Loch na h'airde 0 12.07 36.21 51.72 63 79 82.76 100
Loch of Reiff 0 12.07 36.21 51.72 67 24 89.66 100
Lochan Sal 0 12.07 36.21 51.72 67 24 89.66 100
Loch an Eisg- 0 12.07 36.21 51.72 67 24 89.66 100
brachaidh
Loch Roe Lagoon 0 13.79 36.21 53.45 67 24 86.21 100
Oldany Lagoon 1 0 12.07 32.76 51.72 63 79 84.48 100
Oldany Lagoon 2 0 12.07 32.76 51.72 63 79 84.48 100
Loch Nedd 0 12.07 32.76 51.72 63 79 84.48 100
Lagoon
Lochan na Dubh 0 12.07 32.76 51.72 63.79 84.48 100
Leitir
Duartmore 0 12.07 32.76 51.72 63.79 84.48 100
Caithlim Lagoon 0 12.50 34.38 43.75 62.50 84.38 100
Craiglin Lagoon 0 23.26 30.23 53.49 74.42 90.70 100
Dubh Loch 0 22.22 22.22 55.56 75.56 84.44 100
Average 0 13.57 34.01 51.74 66.49 87.23 100
SD 0 3.10 3.16 2.06 3.23 2.54 0
Table A4.2: Construction of tide levels using SWLI method two (equation 8).
-159-
Appendix Four Standardised Water Level Index
Site LAT MLWST MLWNT MTL MHWNT MHWST HAT
Oban Trumisgarry 82.93 100 129.27 151.22 170.73 200 214.63
Oban na Struthan 82.93 100 129.27 151.22 170.73 200 214.63
Alioter Lagoon 82.93 100 129.27 151.22 170.73 200 214.63
Bac-a-Stoc 82.93 100 129.27 151.22 170.73 200 214.63
Locheport 1 82.93 100 129.27 151.22 170.73 200 214.63
Locheport 2 82.93 100 129.27 151.22 170.73 200 214.63
Grimsay 82.93 100 129.27 151.22 170.73 200 214.63
Pool Roag 81.82 100 129.55 150.00 168.18 200 213.64
Loch na h'airde 82.93 100 134.15 156.10 173.17 200 224.39
Loch of Reiff 84.44 100 131.11 151.11 171.11 200 213.33
Lochan Sal 84.44 100 131.11 151.11 171.11 200 213.33
Loch an Eisg- 84.44 100 131.11 151.11 171.11 200 213.33
brachaidh
Loch Roe Lagoon 80.95 100 130.95 154.76 173.81 200 219.05
Oldany Lagoon 1 83.33 100 128.57 154.76 171.43 200 221.43
Oldany Lagoon 2 83.33 100 128.57 154.76 171.43 200 221.43
Loch Nedd 83.33 100 128.57 154.76 171.43 200 221.43
Lagoon
Lochan na Dubh 83.33 100 128.57 154.76 171.43 200 221.43
Leitir
Duartmore 83.33 100 128.57 154.76 171.43 200 221.43
Caithlim Lagoon 82.61 100 130.43 143.48 169.57 200 221.74
Craiglin Lagoon 65.52 100 110.34 144.83 175.86 200 213.79
Dubh Loch 64.29 100 100.00 153.57 185.71 200 225.00
Average 81.36 100 127.45 151.83 172.00 200 217.49
SD 5.53 0 7.70 3.16 3.49 0 4.12
Table A4.3: Construction of tide levels using SWLI method three (equation 3).
-160-
Appendix Four Standardised Water Level Index
Site Sill Altitude (m OD) SWLI
Oban Trumisgarry 0.813 165.93
Oban na Struthan 0.851 166.85
Alioter Lagoon 0.674 162.54
Bac-a-Stoc 0.653 162.02
Locheport 1 0.879 167.54
Locheport 2 0.417 156.28
Grimsay 1.035 171.34
Pool Roag -0.707 125.52
Loch na h'airde 1.851 191.49
Loch of Reiff 1.426 177.24
Lochan Sal 3.182 216.26
Loch an Eisg-brachaidh 0.801 163.36
Loch Roe Lagoon 0.477 154.21
Oldany Lagoon 1 1.42 179.05
Oldany Lagoon 2 1.923 191.02
Loch Nedd Lagoon 1.921 190.98
Lochan na Dubh Leitir 4.498 252.33
Duartmore -0.546 132.24
Caithlim Lagoon 1.084 170.61
Craiglin Lagoon 1.417 180.59
Dubh Loch 1.193 182.61
Table A4.4: Sill elevations and SWLI values, using SWLI method three.
-161-
APPENDIX F I V E
WA-PLS Calibration and Modern Analogue Technique Results for Fossil Data
This appendix provides data not included in Chapter Six for WA-PLS calibration
and Modern Analogue technique tests on fossil data from two basins.
The data are presented are:
i . Dubh Lochan. WA-PLS calibration (Table A5.1 and Figure 6.9).
i i . Loch nan Corr. WA-PLS calibration (Table A5.2 and Figure 6.10).
i i i . Loch nan Corr. MAT (Table A5.3 and Figure 6.10).
Sample Number Sample Depth PLS Predicted Salinity
1 122 15.71 2 126 15.71 3 134 18.79 4 142 17.41 5 150 17.95 6 158 16.59 7 166 16.95 8 174 16.93 9 182 18.87 10 190 22.52 11 198 23.62 12 206 23.51 13 214 22.27 14 222 21.22 15 230 21.60 16 238 18.61 17 242 23.26 18 246 25.98 19 248 27.14 20 250 28.81 21 252 27.50 22 254 26.41 23 262 26.04 24 266 26.00 25 269 26.06
Table A5.1: Summary of salinity values predicted for samples in a fossil core from Dubh Lochan basin, Coigach.
-162-
Appendix Five WA-PLS Calibration and Modern Analogue Technique Results for Fossil Data
e Number Sample Depth PLS Predicted Salinity
1 104 16.09 2 112 16.40 3 120 17.45 4 128 27.19 5 136 26.78 6 144 27.48 7 160 28.01 8 176 27.70 9 192 27.43 10 208 27.69 11 224 27.26 12 240 27.28 13 256 27.26 14 272 26.09 15 288 27.42 16 304 27.39 17 328 26.71 18 336 26.40 19 344 27.62 20 352 28.01 21 360 28.01 22 368 28.01 23 376 28.01 24 384 28.53 25 400 28.24 26 424 25.17 27 432 27.02 28 440 25.22 29 448 26.52 30 456 27.90 31 464 27.33 32 472 27.88 33 480 26.61 34 490 28.52 35 500 28.22 36 520 28.67 37 540 28.71 38 560 28.86 39 580 28.88 40 600 29.41 41 620 29.75 42 630 29.54 43 646 29.12 44 662 29.15 45 678 28.61 46 686 29.20 47 694 30.13 48 702 29.67 49 710 29.45 50 718 30.04 51 726 30.63 52 730 30.07 53 738 28.62 54 746 28.45 55 754 26.55 56 758 27.80 57 762 28.36 58 766 28.54
-163-
Appendix Five WA-PLS Calibration and Modern Analogue Technique Results for Fossil Data
59 770 28.50 60 774 28.96 61 778 28.96
Table A5.2: Summary of salinity values predicted for samples in a fossil core from Loch nan Corr basin, Kintail.
-164-
Appendix Five WA-PLS Calibration and Modern Analogue Technique Results for Fossil Data
Sample Depth PLS Weighted Mean Min DC Analogue
Calibration
1 5 - 20.17 2.0000 No Close 2 26 - 20.17 2.0000 No Close 3 50 - 20.17 2.0000 No Close 4 66 - 20.17 2.0000 No Close 5 72 - 16.76 2.0000 No Close 6 80 - 21.41 2.0000 No Close 7 88 - 20.17 2.0000 No Close 8 96 - 27.12 2.0000 No Close 9 104 16.09 18.41 0.4784 No Close 10 112 16.4 21.22 0.0594 No Close 11 120 17.45 21.32 0.0644 No Close 12 128 27.19 21.58 1.2105 No Close 13 136 26.78 21.55 1.0755 No Close 14 144 27.48 21.62 1.2741 No Close 15 160 28.01 23.55 1.4523 No Close 16 176 27.7 23.38 1.3256 No Close 17 192 27.43 21.60 1.2381 No Close 18 208 27.69 23.37 1.3106 No Close 19 224 27.26 21.59 1.2425 No Close 20 240 27.28 21.62 1.2933 No Close 21 256 27.26 21.59 1.2282 No Close 22 272 26.09 21.21 0.9453 No Close 23 288 27.42 23.31 1.2980 No Close 24 304 27.39 21.60 1.2301 No Close 25 328 26.71 21.62 1.0530 No Close 26 336 26.4 21.21 1.0020 No Close 27 344 27.62 23.34 1.3137 No Close 28 352 28.01 23.55 1.4523 No Close 29 360 28.01 23.55 1.4523 No Close 30 368 28.01 23.54 1.4686 No Close 31 376 28.01 23.55 1.4523 No Close 32 384 28.53 26.21 0.8917 No Close 33 400 28.24 26.18 0.8284 No Close 34 424 25.17 26.78 0.2976 No Close 35 432 27.02 26.36 0.3269 No Close 36 440 25.22 21.51 0.6283 No Close 37 448 26.52 26.94 0.4302 No Close 38 456 27.9 28.02 0.2528 No Close 39 464 27.33 26.64 0.3418 No Close 40 472 27.88 26.85 0.3598 No Close 41 480 26.61 26.24 0.6372 No Close 42 490 28.52 28.46 0.1459 No Close 43 500 28.22 27.67 0.2328 No Close 44 520 28.67 28.21 0.1712 No Close 45 540 28.71 28.21 0.1581 No Close 46 560 28.86 28.04 0.1654 No Close 47 580 28.88 27.92 0.2181 No Close 48 600 29.41 28.26 0.5781 No Close 49 620 29.75 29.81 0.6630 No Close 50 630 29.54 27.99 0.7724 No Close 51 646 29.12 25.30 0.7951 No Close 52 662 29.15 26.29 0.6828 No Close 53 678 28.61 27.04 0.7124 No Close 54 686 29.2 26.77 0.5382 No Close 55 694 30.13 27.81 0.6603 No Close 56 702 29.67 28.05 0.7290 No Close
-165-
Appendix Five WA-PLS Calibration and Modern Analogue Technique Results for Fossil Data
57 710 29.45 26.42 0.6479 No Close 58 718 30.04 26.73 0.6583 No Close 59 726 30.63 28.94 0.8429 No Close 60 730 30.07 27.01 0.8183 No Close 61 738 28.62 27.11 0.6634 No Close 62 746 28.45 27.17 0.3619 No Close 63 754 26.55 27.08 0.3907 No Close 64 758 27.8 27.15 0.4693 No Close 65 762 28.36 27.63 0.2585 No Close 66 766 28.54 27.70 0.2560 No Close 67 770 28.5 28.53 0.1217 No Close 68 774 28.96 26.89 0.4068 No Close 69 778 28.96 26.89 0.4068 No Close
Table AS.3: MAT Assessment of PLS Calibration predictions for samples from Loch nan Con-
fossil isolation basin, Kintail. No samples have a DC (Dissimilarity Coefficient) lower than the 20th
percentile (Table 6.6) and, therefore, there are no good analogue samples for this fossil data in the
modern training set.
-166-