list of figures and tables - meti

List of Figures and Tables

Figure I-1-1-1-1 Growth rate of emerging countries and percentage within the

global economy ............................................................................................. 2

Figure I-1-1-1-2 Export ratio of ROK and Southeast Asia and real GDP per capita................... 3

Figure I-1-1-1-3 Changes in inward direct investment from abroad to ASEAN ........................ 4

Figure I-1-1-1-4 Long-term trend of GDP in China .................................................................. 5

Figure I-1-1-1-5 Changes in real GDP growth rate of China (year-on-year rate) ....................... 5

Figure I-1-1-1-6 Changes of GDP scales in major countries ..................................................... 6

Table I-1-1-1-7 Impacts of Chinese economy ......................................................................... 6

Figure I-1-1-1-8 Share of major countries within global export ................................................ 7

Figure I-1-1-1-9 Share of major export products of China within global export ........................ 8

Figure I-1-1-10 Trend in China's GDP composition by demand .............................................. 9

Figure I-1-1-11 Years when the percentage of investment to GDP peaked in

major countries ............................................................................................. 9

Figure I-1-1-1-12 Gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) and final consumption in China

(ratio to the world total)................................................................................. 10

Figure I-1-1-13 Household consumption and gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) in

Singapore (ratio to the world total) ................................................................ 11

Figure I-1-1-1-14 Household consumption and gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) in

Malaysia (ratio to the world total) .................................................................. 11

Figure I-1-1-1-15 Household consumption and gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) in

Thailand (ratio to the world total) .................................................................. 12

Figure I-1-1-1-16 New WTO member countries and regions since 2001 .................................... 13

Figure I-1-1-1-17 Trend in export value by destination from EU (tn. $)...................................... 14

Figure I-1-1-1-18 Internet usage in major countries ................................................................... 15

Figure I-1-1-1-19 Change in volume of container cargoes and volume index related to the

exports from Japan ........................................................................................ 15

Figure I-1-1-1-20 Ratio of the distribution cost to sales in Japan (%) ......................................... 16

Figure I-1-1-1-21 Trends in export value, outward direct investment stock and patent

royalty in the world (ratio to nominal GDP) .................................................. 17

Figure I-1-1-1-22 Import value in China by production process (bn. $) ...................................... 19

Figure I-1-1-1-23 Share of import value in China by production process .................................... 19

Figure I-1-1-1-24 World primary energy consumption (100 mil. oil conversion tons) ................. 20

Figure I-1-1-1-25 Current account of OPEC member countries .................................................. 21

Figure I-1-1-1-26 Long-term trend of GDP in Brazil .................................................................. 21

Figure I-1-1-1-27 World share of emerging and developed countries in final

consumption and investment ......................................................................... 22

Figure I-1-1-2-1 Trends of current account in major countries in the world .............................. 23

Figure I-1-1-2-2 Debts in the non-financial sector in USA (ratio to GDP) ................................ 24

Figure I-1-1-2-3 Bank sector’s receivables from USA in major countries (tn. $) ....................... 25

Figure I-1-1-2-4 Holdings of U.S. bonds by foreign countries and shares of Japan and China... 25

Figure I-1-1-2-5 Trends of current account in EU 28 (bn. US$)................................................ 26

Figure I-1-1-2-6 Changes in current accounts of EU 28 before and after global

economic crisis (bn. $) .................................................................................. 28

Figure I-1-1-2-7 Debts in the non-financial sector in Spain (ratio to GDP) ............................... 29

Figure I-1-1-2-8 Changes of real GDP growth rate in Spain ..................................................... 30

Figure I-1-1-2-9 Trends of current account in Spain (bn. US$) ................................................. 30

Figure I-1-1-3-1 Geographical distribution of the largest trading partners among

Japan, USA, EU15 and China ........................................................................ 31

Figure I-1-1-3-2 Geographical distribution of the largest final demand providers to

exports of goods and services in respective countries and regions .................. 32

Figure I-1-1-3-3 Final demand destinations of value-added exports by ASEAN and

geographical distribution ............................................................................... 33

Figure I-1-1-3-4 Share of foreign value added in relation to construction demand in China

(2009) ........................................................................................................... 34

Figure I-1-1-3-5 Shares of Japan and China in nominal value of imports and imports

of value added in USA .................................................................................. 35

Figure I-1-1-3-6 Geographical distribution of value added creators to final demand of

respective countries ....................................................................................... 36

Figure I-1-1-3-7 Share of foreign companies in imports and exports in China .......................... 37

Figure I-1-1-3-8 Share of value added in exports in manufacturing industries from ASEAN

(Japan and China) .......................................................................................... 38

Figure I-1-1-3-9 Change in composition of export items from ASEAN to China ...................... 38

Figure I-1-1-3-10 Change in value of outward direct investment in ROK (by industry, flow) ..... 40

Figure I-1-1-3-11 Changes in value of outward direct investment in ROK

(by country and region, flow) ........................................................................ 40

Figure I-1-1-3-12 Share of foreign value added creation in exports of goods and

services in China ........................................................................................... 41

Table I-1-1-3-13 Comparison of top 10 items of ROK imports from and exports to China ........ 43

Table I-1-1-3-14 Comparison of top 10 major export items in China and ROK (to the world) ... 44

Figure I-1-1-3-15 Comparison of similarity of composition of export items between China

and ROK (2014) ............................................................................................ 45

Table I-1-1-3-16 Major countries that have foreign economic relations with China (Asia,

Europe and Africa) ........................................................................................ 46

Table I-1-1-3-17 Trends of China’s exports to Asia, Europe and Coastal East Africa ................. 46

Table I-1-1-3-18 Changes of share of Asia, Europe and Coastal East Africa in China’s exports .

..................................................................................................................... 47

Table I-1-1-3-19 Composition of China’s trade with Asia, Europe and Coastal East Africa

by type of goods (goods with the largest share) .............................................. 48

Table I-1-1-3-20 Relationship between global real GDP growth rate and volume of imports

(elasticity) ..................................................................................................... 49

Figure I-1-1-3-21 Changes in direct investment in China ........................................................... 50

Figure I-1-1-3-22 Outward direct investments in major countries (flow base) ............................ 51

Figure I-1-1-3-23 Outward direct investments in major countries (stock base) ........................... 52

Figure I-1-1-3-24 Outward direct investment in China (by region) ............................................. 53

Figure I-1-1-3-25 Outward direct investment in China (by industry) .......................................... 54

Figure I-1-1-3-26 Cross-border M&A (acquisition) in the world ................................................ 55

Figure I-1-1-3-27 Cross-border M&A of China (by partner country and industry) ...................... 56

Figure I-1-1-3-28 Acquisition of foreign logistic infrastructure by China transport-related

cross-border M&A by Chinese companies ..................................................... 57

Figure I-1-1-3-29 Share of China in exports in major resource-rich countries and Chinese

economic cooperation .................................................................................... 58

Figure I-1-1-3-30 Chinese economic cooperation (value of completed projects) ......................... 60

Figure I-1-1-3-31 Share of Chinese economic cooperation (value of completed projects) by

region ............................................................................................................ 60

Figure I-1-1-3-32 Value of Chinese economic cooperation by major country

(value of completed projects, 2014) ............................................................... 62

Figure I-1-1-3-33 Partner countries and regions for Chinese economic cooperation ................... 62

Figure I-1-1-3-34 Trends in Chinese economic cooperation by major country (value of

completed projects) ....................................................................................... 63

Figure I-1-1-3-35 Chinese foreign infrastructure cooperation projects reported recently ............. 66

Figure I-1-1-3-36 Trends in composition ratio of imports from China by type of goods .............. 67

Figure I-1-2-1-1 Basic structure of Chinese economy .............................................................. 69

Figure I-1-2-1-2 Changes in China’s real GDP growth rate and contributions by demand

components ................................................................................................... 69

Figure I-1-2-1-3 Changes in China's GDP composition ratio .................................................... 70

Column table 1-1 Target and performance of China’s economic growth rate .............................. 71

Column figure 1-2 Changes in ratio of job offers in urban areas in China .................................... 71

Column figure 1-3 Changes in registered unemployment rate in urban areas in China.................. 72

Column figure 1-4 Changes in working-age population (performance) in China .......................... 73

Column figure 1-5 Changes in employed population in China ..................................................... 74

Column table 1-6 Average number of employed persons required for production valued at 1

million Yuan GDP ......................................................................................... 74

Column table 1-7 Ratio of job offers by city .............................................................................. 75

Figure I-1-2-1-4 Changes in production capacity and capacity utilization rate in main

industries ....................................................................................................... 76

Table I-1-2-1-5 Sectors with excess production capacity and capacity utilization rates in China.

Data from Guiding Opinions of State Council on Resolving the Serious Excess

Production Capacity (October 2013) .............................................................. 77

Table I-1-2-1-6 Average capacity utilization rate in China ...................................................... 78

Figure I-1-2-1-7 The growth rate of fixed asset investments (accumulated amount from the

beginning of the year, ratio to the same period of the previous year)............... 78

Figure I-1-2-1-8 Growth rate of producer prices (ratio to the same month of the previous year)

...................................................................................................................... 79

Figure I-1-2-1-9 Producer prices of major items in China (January to April 2016, compared

with that of the same period in the previous year) .......................................... 79

Figure I-1-2-1-10 Real GDP growth rate in respective regions ................................................... 80

Figure I-1-2-1-11 Changes in China’s exports of steel (HS72) ................................................... 81

Column figure 2-1 Changes in the growth rate of fixed asset investments by industry .................. 82

Figure I-1-2-1-12 Changes in China’s real GDP growth rate and nominal growth rate ................ 85

Figure I-1-2-1-13 Changes in China’s GDP growth rate by industry ........................................... 86

Table I-1-2-1-14 Description of China's GDP growth rates by industry/sector........................... 87

Figure I-1-2-1-15 Changes in amount of debt in China (ratio to GDP) ....................................... 88

Figure I-1-2-1-16 Changes in amount of debt in Japan and China (ratio to GDP) ....................... 88

Table I-1-2-1-17 Audit result on nationwide governmental debts issued by National Audit

Office ............................................................................................................ 89

Figure I-1-2-1-18 Changes in sales price of newly constructed commercial residential

buildings in 70 cities ...................................................................................... 90

Figure I-1-2-1-19 Trends in Shanghai Composite Index ............................................................. 91

Figure I-1-2-1-20 Changes in exchange rate of Chinese yuan ..................................................... 92

Figure I-1-2-1-21 Changes in real effective exchange rate ......................................................... 92

Figure I-1-2-1-22 Exchange rates of Chinese yuan to the dollar in and outside China ................. 93

Figure I-1-2-1-23 Changes in spot and future prices of Chinese yuan ......................................... 93

Figure I-1-2-1-24 Changes in China's foreign currency reserves ................................................ 94

Figure I-1-2-1-25 Prediction of China's population composition (estimation by the United

Nations) ........................................................................................................ 95

Figure I-1-2-1-26 Basic monthly salary of Japanese companies (manufacturing/worker) ............ 96

Figure I-1-2-1-27 Changes in ROK’s real GDP growth rate and contributions

(by demand components) .............................................................................. 98

Table I-1-2-1-28 Outlook for ROK’s real GDP growth rate ...................................................... 99

Table I-1-2-1-29 ROK's potential growth rate........................................................................... 99

Figure I-1-2-1-30 Comparison of dependence of exports in respective countries (2014) ............. 100

Figure I-1-2-1-31 Changes in ROK's trade balance (ratio to the world total) .............................. 100

Table I-1-2-1-32 ROK's export and import values (by country/region)...................................... 102

Figure I-1-2-1-33 Changes in growth rate of export value in ROK (by major country) ............... 103

Table I-1-2-1-34 Changes in ROK's export value of major items (ratio to world total) .............. 104

Figure I-1-2-1-35 Changes in ROK’s export value growth rate of major items

(ratio to the world total)................................................................................. 105

Figure I-1-2-1-36 Changes in ROK’s composition ratio of major export destinations

(export value basis) ....................................................................................... 106

Figure I-1-2-1-37 Changes in ROK’s composition ratio of major import destinations

(import value basis) ....................................................................................... 106

Figure I-1-2-1-38 Trade relationship between Japan, ROK and China (2015) ............................. 107

Figure I-1-2-1-39 Changes in ROK’s trade balance (to China) ................................................... 108

Table I-1-2-1-40 Changes in ROK’s export value of major items (ratio to China) ..................... 109

Figure I-1-2-1-41 Changes in ROK’s import value growth rate of major items

(ratio to China) .............................................................................................. 110

Figure I-1-2-1-42 Changes in ROK’s import value (by major country) ....................................... 111

Figure I-1-2-1-43 Changes in ROK’s outward direct investment value (by major country) ......... 111

Column Figure 3-1 Changes in ROK’s trade value (by major country) ......................................... 113

Column Figure 3-2 Changes in ROK and USA’s trade value ........................................................ 114

Column Figure 3-3 Changes in ROK’s export value to USA (by major item) ................................ 115

Column Figure 3-4 Changes in ROK’s import value from USA (by major item) ........................... 115

Figure I-1-2-1-44 Changes in real GDP growth rates in ASEAN countries ................................. 117

Figure I-1-2-1-45 Changes in Indonesia’s real GDP growth rate and contributions by demand

components ................................................................................................... 118

Table I-1-2-1-46 Changes in Indonesia’s real GDP and contributions by demand components

(numerical scheme of Figure I-1-2-1-45) ....................................................... 118

Figure I-1-2-1-47 Changes in Indonesia's real GDP and contributions by industry...................... 119

Figure I-1-2-1-48 Changes in Indonesia’s real GDP growth rate and contributions by industry


Figure I-1-2-1-49 Changes in Indonesia’s inward direct investment

(investing countries and regions) ................................................................... 120

Figure I-1-2-1-50 Changes in Indonesia’s inward direct investment (investment target) ............. 121

Figure I-1-2-1-51 Changes in Indonesia’s trade balance ............................................................. 122

Figure I-1-2-1-52 Changes in Indonesia’s exports (ratio to the previous year)

(contributions of top 5 countries) ................................................................... 122

Figure I-1-2-1-53 Changes in Indonesia’s exports (ratio to the previous year)

(contributions of top 5 items) ........................................................................ 123

Figure I-1-2-1-54 Changes in Indonesia’s exports

(share of top 5 items and natural resources) ................................................... 124

Table I-1-2-1-55 Changes in Indonesia’s imports (comparison of 2000 and 2004) .................... 124

Table I-1-2-1-56 Changes in ratio of exports in Indonesia (comparison of 2000 and 2014) ....... 125

Figure I-1-2-1-57 Changes in dependence of exports in ASEAN countries ................................. 125

Figure I-1-2-1-58 Dependence of imports in ASEAN countries.................................................. 126

Figure I-1-2-1-59 Changes in ratio of exports to China in exports in ASEAN countries .............. 127

Figure I-1-2-1-60 Share of exports to China in exports in ASEAN countries. ............................. 127

Figure I-1-2-1-61 Changes in Indonesia’s trade balance (to China) ............................................ 128

Figure I-1-2-1-62 Changes in Indonesia’s exports to China (top 10 items) (HS 4-digit base) ...... 129

Table I-1-2-1-63 Changes in Indonesia’s exports to China (top 10 items) (HS 4-digit base)


Figure I-1-2-1-64 Changes in industrial structure of Indonesia ................................................... 131

Figure I-1-2-1-65 Forecast of Indonesia’s population composition

(estimation by the United Nations) ................................................................ 131

Figure I-1-2-1-66 Gap between production capacity and actual production volume

in the global steel market ............................................................................... 133

Figure I-1-2-1-67 Changes in export price from China (average of all steel) .............................. 133

Table I-1-2-1-68 Successive construction of large steel plants in Asia ....................................... 134

Figure I-1-2-1-69 Changes in the number of anti-dumping measures in the world by sector ....... 135

Figure I-1-2-1-70 Changes in the number of safeguard measures in the world by sector ............. 136

Figure I-1-2-2-1 Changes in major commodity prices .............................................................. 137

Figure I-1-2-2-2 Changes in real GDP growth rate and crude oil price in resource-

rich countries ................................................................................................ 137

Figure I-1-2-2-3 Real GDP growth rates of Russia and Brazil .................................................. 138

Figure I-1-2-2-4 Changes in exchange and crude price WTI in major resource-rich

countries ....................................................................................................... 138

Figure I-1-2-2-5 Changes in five-year CDS spread in resource-rich countries .......................... 139

Figure I-1-2-2-6 Changes in share of resources in trade goods ................................................. 140

Figure I-1-2-2-7 Changes in trade by goods in Malaysia .......................................................... 141

Figure I-1-2-2-8 Changes in trade by goods in Indonesia ......................................................... 141

Figure I-1-2-2-9 Changes in trade by goods in Saudi Arabia .................................................... 142

Figure I-1-2-2-10 Changes in trade by goods in Brazil ............................................................... 142

Figure I-1-2-2-11 Changes in trade by goods in Russia .............................................................. 143

Figure I-1-2-2-12 Ratio of the outstanding obligation to GDP in nonfinancial private

corporate sector (%) ...................................................................................... 144

Figure I-1-2-2-13 Changes in the ratio of the outstanding obligation to GDP in major

emerging countries (2008Q3-2015Q3, percentage point) ............................... 145

Figure I-1-2-2-14 Debt repayment burden of nonfinancial and household sectors in major

emerging countries ........................................................................................ 145

Figure I-1-2-2-15 Debt repayment burden of nonfinancial and household sectors in

Brazil, ROK and China ................................................................................. 146

Figure I-1-2-2-16 Rise in leverage of listed companies in emerging countries (2007-2013) ........ 146

Figure I-1-2-2-17 Rise in leverage of listed companies in major emerging countries

(2007-2014) .................................................................................................. 147

Figure I-1-2-2-18 Corporate bond issues and project finance tranches by Brazilian

companies (100 mil. $) .................................................................................. 148

Figure I-1-2-2-19 Ratio of private-sector debts in Brazil that are dollar denominated ................. 149

Figure I-1-2-2-20 Changes in household debts in major emerging countries

(2008Q3-2015Q3, percentage point).............................................................. 150

Figure I-1-2-2-21 Changes in the ratio of households' debt balance to GDP in

ASEAN countries.......................................................................................... 150

Figure I-1-2-2-22 Coverage rate of credit information concerning the adult population ............ 151

Figure I-1-2-2-23 Ratio of global imbalance to nominal GDP .................................................... 152

Figure I-1-2-2-24 Changes in current balance in major countries in the world ............................ 152

Figure I-1-2-2-25 Changes in scale of global imbalance ............................................................. 153

Table I-1-2-3-1 Major targets for 2016

(e.g. Report on Government Activity, National People’s Congress) ................ 154

Table I-1-2-3-2 Priority measures for 2016

(Report on Government Activity, National People’s Congress) ...................... 155

Figure I-1-2-3-3 Targets for the 13th five-year plan ................................................................. 158

Figure I-1-2-3-4 Overview of the 13th five-year plan ............................................................... 159

Table I-1-2-3-5 Efforts of Chinese government to resolve the excess production capacity ....... 161

Figure I-1-2-3-6 5 scenarios of the birth rate in China

(population estimate by the United Nations) .................................................. 164

Figure I-1-2-3-7 Working-age population in China

(population estimate by the United Nations) .................................................. 165

Figure I-1-2-3-8 Total population of China (population estimate by the United Nations) .......... 166

Table I-1-2-3-9 Changes in working-age population in China (2010-2040) ............................. 166

Table I-1-2-3-10 Made in China 2025 ...................................................................................... 167

Table I-1-2-3-11 Innovation-related international rankings ....................................................... 168

Figure I-1-2-3-12 Changes in R&D expenses in China .............................................................. 169

Figure I-1-2-1-13 Top 10 countries for international patent applications (2015) ......................... 170

Table I-1-2-3-14 Nationalities of top 10 companies for international

patent applications (2015) ............................................................................. 170

Figure I-1-2-3-15 Changes in real GDP growth rate in emerging countries ................................. 171

Figure I-1-2-3-16 Changes in India’s real GDP growth rate and contributions by demand .......... 172

Figure I-1-2-3-17 Changes in India’s real GVA growth rate and contributions by industry .......... 173

Figure I-1-2-3-18 India’s growth rates by industry ..................................................................... 174

Figure I-1-2-3-19 India’s nominal GDP growth rates ................................................................. 175

Figure I-1-2-3-20 India’s GDP (nominal growth rates, real growth rates and deflators) .............. 175

Figure I-1-2-3-21 Changes in India’s current balance ................................................................. 176

Figure I-1-2-3-22 Changes in India’s fiscal balance ................................................................... 177

Table I-1-2-3-23 TEAM INDIA (Policy and Vision for 2022) ................................................... 178

Figure I-1-2-3-24 Changes in India’s exchange rate ................................................................... 179

Figure I-1-2-3-25 Trends of stock prices in India ....................................................................... 180

Figure I-1-2-3-26 Trend in consumer price index in India .......................................................... 181

Table I-1-2-3-27 Eliminating restrictions on foreign investment in India .................................. 183

Figure I-1-2-3-28 Future prediction of India’s population composition

(estimation by the United Nations) ................................................................ 186

Table I-1-2-3-29 Outlook for India’s real GDP growth rate ....................................................... 186

Figure I-1-2-3-30 Ratio of India’s GDP to the World ................................................................. 187

Column Figure 4-1 Changes in India’s exports of goods and services (ratio to GDP) .................... 188

Column Figure 4-2 Changes in India’s net exports of services (breakdown) ................................. 189

Column Figure 4-3 Changes in sales of IT industry in India ......................................................... 190

Column Figure 4-4 Destinations for IT-BPM exports in India....................................................... 190

Column Figure 5-1 Changes in India’s trade to China................................................................... 191

Column Figure 5-2 Changes in India’s export items to China (contributions)................................ 192

Column Figure 5-3 Composition of India’s export items to China

(comparison of 2010 and 2015) ..................................................................... 192

Column Figure 5-4 Changes in India’s import items from China (contributions) ........................... 194

Column Figure 5-5 Composition of India’s import items from China

(comparison of 2010 and 2015) ..................................................................... 194

Figure I-1-2-3-31 Overview of ROK's Three-Year Plan for Economic Innovation ...................... 196

Figure I-1-2-3-32 Percentages of employed persons in ROK by industry and ratio of added

value to nominal GDP (2014) ........................................................................ 198

Table I-1-2-3-33 Ratio of added value in service sector to nominal GDP

in major countries (2014) .............................................................................. 198

Figure I-1-2-3-34 Changes in share of values of exports and resource exports

in nominal GDP ............................................................................................ 200

Table I-1-2-3-35 Major expenditure items in Russia’s anti-crisis plan for 2016 ......................... 202

Figure I-1-2-3-36 Output gap (horizontal axis) and structural fiscal balance

(vertical axis) in Central and South American countries ................................. 203

Figure I-1-2-3-37 Changes in Argentina's real GDP growth rate ................................................. 205

Figure I-1-2-3-38 Changes in the increase rate of consumer prices (CPI) in Argentina ............... 205

Figure I-1-2-3-39 Changes in Argentina’s international balance of payments ............................. 206

Figure I-1-2-3-40 Changes in exchange rate of Argentine peso .................................................. 207

Figure I-1-2-3-41 Ratio of fiscal balance to GDP in oil-producing countries in Middle East ....... 208

Figure I-2-1-1 Economic growth rates before and after the economic crisis ........................... 210

Table I-2-1-2 Economic outlook on the United States and Europe in the

Monthly Economic Report (issue of December of each year) ......................... 210

Figure I-2-1-3 Transition Downward revisions of developed countries’ growth rates by the

IMF’s World Economic Outlook reports ........................................................ 212

Figure I-2-1-4 Changes in the GDP gap in the OECD member countries ............................... 213

Figure I-2-1-5 Changes in the number of employees and wage level by occupation type

United States ................................................................................................. 215

Table I-2-1-6 Occupational classification and task classification ......................................... 217

Figure I-2-1-7 Changes in the shares of employees by task type around the world ................ 220

Figure I-2-1-8 Trend in the number of employees by task type.............................................. 221

Figure I-2-1-9 Trend in the number of employees by occupation type ................................... 222

Figure I-2-1-10 Trend in the number of employees by occupation type

(ordinance-designated cities) (from 1992 to 2012) ......................................... 223

Figure I-2-1-11 Trend in the number of employees by occupation type

(non-ordinance-designated cities) (from 1992 to 2012) .................................. 224

Figure I-2-2-1 Changes in the working-age population and capital stock in

individual countries ....................................................................................... 228

Figure I-2-2-2 Changes in the TFP of individual countries .................................................... 229

Figure I-2-2-3 Decomposition of each country’s potential growth rate .................................. 230

Figure I-2-2-4 TFP growth necessary for achieving a potential growth rate ........................... 232

Figure I-3-1-1 Changes in the share of value added by the services industry in

nominal GDP ................................................................................................ 235

Figure I-3-1-2 Relationship between per-capita GDP and the share of the services industry

in GDP (2014) ............................................................................................... 236

Figure I-3-1-3 Changes in the industrial structure in China

(GDP and the number of employees) ............................................................. 237

Figure I-3-1-4 Changes in the industrial structure in China (shares) .................................... 237

Figure I-3-1-5 Changes in China’s real GDP growth rate (by industry) ................................. 238

Figure I-3-1-6 Changes in the composition of China’s GDP .................................................. 239

Table I-3-1-7 Share of capital formation in GDP ................................................................. 239

Figure I-3-1-8 Changes in the growth rate of retail sales in China by item............................. 240

Figure I-3-1-9 Growth rate of retail sales in China by item (2015) ........................................ 241

Table I-3-1-10 Value and growth rate of Internet sales in China (2015) ................................. 242

Figure I-3-1-11 Growth rate of retails sales in China

(ratio to the same month of the previous year) ............................................... 242

Figure I-3-1-12 Growth rate of disposable income per capita in Chinese urban areas

(accumulated amount from the beginning of the year, ratio to the same

quarter of the previous year) .......................................................................... 243

Figure I-3-1-13 Changes in the value of global exports of goods and services ......................... 244

Figure I-3-1-14 Changes in the value of global exports of goods and services

(ratio to nominal GDP) .................................................................................. 245

Figure I-3-1-15 Growth rate of goods and services trade (exports) .......................................... 246

Figure I-3-1-16 Growth rates of goods and services trade (imports) ........................................ 246

Figure I-3-1-17 High-income countries’ shares of goods and services exports and imports

in world ........................................................................................................ 247

Figure I-3-1-18 Changes in goods and services trade balance in major countries ..................... 248

Figure I-3-1-19 Changes in countries’ shares in global services exports .................................. 248

Figure I-3-1-20 Contribution to the growth rate of global services exports by country

(2005-2014) (top 20 countries) ...................................................................... 249

Figure I-3-1-21 Contribution to the growth rate of global services imports by country

(2005-2014) (top 20 countries) .................................................................... 250

Figure I-3-1-22 Changes in the value of global services exports by sector (2005-2014) ........... 251

Figure I-3-1-23 Ratio of the value of exports of travel services to nominal GDP (2014) .......... 252

Figure I-3-1-24 Changes in the value of global services exports (share of each sector) ............ 253

Figure I-3-1-25 Changes in the value of global services exports

(contribution on a year-on-year basis) ............................................................ 254

Figure I-3-1-26 Ratio of services exports to nominal GDP in the G20 countries (2014) ......... 255

Figure I-3-1-27 Relationship between the value of service exports and share of value

added by the services industry (ratio to nominal GDP) (2014) ....................... 256

Figure I-3-1-28 Changes in services trade balance in major countries ..................................... 257

Figure I-3-1-29 Changes in services exports (United States) ................................................... 258

Figure I-3-1-30 Changes in services exports (United Kingdom) .............................................. 259

Figure I-3-1-31 Changes in services exports (ROK) ............................................................... 260

Figure I-3-1-32 Changes in services exports (Taiwan) ............................................................ 260

Figure I-3-1-33 Changes in services exports (China) .............................................................. 261

Figure I-3-1-34 Changes in services exports (Germany) ......................................................... 261

Figure I-3-1-35 Changes in services exports (Japan) ............................................................... 262

Figure I-3-1-36 Contribution to the growth rate of the value of exports of

“telecommunications, computer and information services” (9.7%)

by country (2005-2014) (top 20 countries) ................................................... 264

Figure I-3-1-37 Value of exports of “telecommunications, computer and information services”

(2014) (top 20 countries) ............................................................................... 264

Figure I-3-1-38 Ratio of the value of exports of telecommunications, computer and

information services to nominal GDP (2014) ................................................. 265

Figure I-3-1-39 Growth rate of exports of telecommunications, computer and information

services in ROK and Estonia (2005-2014) ..................................................... 265

Table I-3-1-40 Government systems of the ROK and Estonia ................................................ 266

Table I-3-1-41 Definition of telecommunications, computer and information services ........... 267

Figure I-3-1-42 Ratio of the value of exports of professional services to nominal

GDP (2014)................................................................................................... 268

Figure I-3-1-43 Growth rate of exports of professional services in major countries and

contribution to the growth rate by item (2010-2014) ...................................... 269

Figure I-3-1-44 Value of exports of research and development services (2014) and its

growth rate (2010-2014) sin major countries ................................................ 269

Figure I-3-1-45 Value of exports of professional and business consulting services

(2014) and its growth rate (2010-2014) in major countries ........................... 270

Figure I-3-1-46 Value of exports of technical, trade-related services, and business services

(2014) and its growth rate (2010-2014) in major countries ............................. 270

Figure I-3-1-47 Trade balance concerning professional services (United States) ..................... 271

Figure I-3-1-48 Trade balance concerning professional services (United Kingdom) ................ 272

Figure I-3-1-49 Trade balance concerning professional services (Germany) ............................ 273

Figure I-3-1-50 Trade balance concerning professional services (Japan) ................................. 274

Figure I-3-1-51 Changes in the share of the value of exports of professional

services by country........................................................................................ 275

Figure I-3-1-52 Contribution to the growth rate of the global market of professional

services (growth rate of the value of imports) (8.8%) by country

(2005-2014) (top 20 countries) ...................................................................... 275

Table I-3-1-53 Definition of professional services ................................................................. 276

Figure I-3-1-54 Ratio of the value of exports of product-related services to nominal

GDP (2014)................................................................................................... 277

Figure I-3-1-55 Value of exports of maintenance and repair services and its growth rate

(2005-2014) .................................................................................................. 277

Figure I-3-1-56 Changes in the share of value of exports of maintenance and repair

services by country........................................................................................ 278

Figure I-3-1-57 Changes in the growth of value of exports of maintenance and

repair services ............................................................................................... 279

Figure I-3-1-58 Comparison of the value of exports of maintenance and repair services

and that of products ....................................................................................... 280

Table I-3-1-59 Definition of product-related services ............................................................ 280

Figure I-3-1-60 Ratio of the value of receipts of royalties and license fees to nominal

GDP (2014)................................................................................................... 281

Figure I-3-1-61 Contribution to the growth rate of the value of receipts of royalties and

license fees (6.8%) by country (2005-2014) (top 20 countries)....................... 282

Figure I-3-1-62 Contribution to the growth rate of payments of royalties and license fees

(6.8%) by country (2005-2014) (top 20 countries) ......................................... 282

Figure I-3-1-63 Changes in the growth rate of value of receipts of royalties

and license fees ............................................................................................. 283

Figure I-3-1-64 Changes in the share of value of receipts of royalties and license fees ............ 283

Figure I-3-1-65 Changes in the breakdown of royalties and license fees in

the United States ........................................................................................... 284

Figure I-3-1-66 Changes in the breakdown of royalties and license fees in Japan .................... 285

Table I-3-1-67 Definition of royalties and license fees .......................................................... 285

Figure I-3-1-68 Ratio of the value of exports of financial services to nominal GDP (2014) ..... 286

Figure I-3-1-69 Ratio of the value of exports of insurance and pension services to

nominal GDP (2014) ..................................................................................... 287

Figure I-3-1-70 Ratio of the value of exports of transport services to nominal GDP (2014) ..... 287

Figure I-3-1-71 Ratio of the value of exports of construction services to

nominal GDP (2014) ..................................................................................... 288

Figure I-3-1-72 Ratio of the value of exports of public services to nominal GDP (2014) ......... 288

Figure I-3-1-73 Share of value added by the services industry in manufacturing

industry exports ............................................................................................ 289

Figure I-3-1-74 Share of value added by business services in agricultural exports ................... 290

Figure I-3-1-75 Sources of value added concerning exports in the agricultural sector .............. 290

Column Figure 6-1 Four modes of services trade under the WTO GATS ...................................... 292

Column Figure 7-1 Examples of solution cores ............................................................................ 294

Figure I-3-2-1 Volume of global data flow and estimates for the future ................................. 295

Figure I-3-2-2 Changes in overseas sales of innovative industries in the United States .......... 296

Table I-3-2-3 Recent trends in digital platforms in emerging countries ................................ 297

Figure I-3-2-4 Annual income of the users of major online platforms in the United States..... 297

Figure I-3-2-5 Supply and demand curves in the state of monopoly ...................................... 300

Figure I-3-2-6 Supply and demand curves under the direct network effect ............................ 300

Figure I-3-2-7 Supply and demand curves under the indirect network effect ......................... 301

Table I-3-2-8 Microeconomic background that supports platform businesses ....................... 301

Figure I-3-2-9 Conceptual diagrams for the direct and indirect network effect ...................... 302

Figure I-3-2-10 Influence of the use of IT in the state of monopoly ......................................... 302

Figure I-3-2-11 Influence of the use of IT under the direct network effect ............................... 303

Figure I-3-2-12 Supply and demand curves under direct network effect in the AI sector

centered on data accumulation ....................................................................... 303

Figure I-3-2-13 Creation of a cross-sectoral platform.............................................................. 304

Figure I-3-2-14 Business model for a virtuous cycle to maintain and strengthen

the competitive advantage ............................................................................. 305

Table I-3-2-15 Example of platforms that lower the marginal cost through the use of IT........ 305

Figure I-3-2-16 Models for the creation of cross-sectoral platforms ........................................ 306

Figure I-3-2-17 Influence of the use of IT under the indirect network effect ............................ 306

Table I-3-2-18 Example of data localization .......................................................................... 310

Figure I-3-3-1 Urbanization rates of major emerging countries and regions........................... 314

Figure I-3-3-2 Projections of demand for infrastructure by sector in emerging and

developing countries (2014-2020) ................................................................. 315

Figure I-3-3-3 Projections of demand for and investments in infrastructure in emerging and

developing countries (2014-2020).................................................................. 316

Figure I-3-3-4 Composition of expenditures of subnational governments in Asian

countries and regions (ratio to GDP)(2012) ................................................. 317

Figure I-3-3-5 Changes in the amount of funds for infrastructure development through

the PPP (based on financing contracts) .......................................................... 317

Figure I-3-3-6 Average number of power failures per month in each region .......................... 318

Figure I-3-3-7 Amount of losses that companies incur due to power failures in

each region (%) ............................................................................................. 318

Figure I-3-3-8 Correlation between the real GDP growth rate and the quality of

electricity supply (2005) ................................................................................ 319

Figure I-3-3-9 Correlation between the real GDP growth rate and the quality

of roads (2005) .............................................................................................. 320

Figure II-1-1-1 Changes in Japan’s current account balance ................................................... 322

Figure II-1-1-2 Changes in the value of payments in Japan’s current account ......................... 322

Figure II-1-1-3 Value of receipts in Japan’s current account and composition of

contributions to the growth (2015) ................................................................. 323

Figure II-1-1-4 Export partners' shares in 2015 and contribution of countries and

regions to the export growth rate ................................................................... 324

Figure II-1-1-5 Shares of export items in 2015 and contribution to the export growth

rate by item ................................................................................................... 324

Table II-1-1-6 Contribution to the export growth rate by country and item ............................ 325

Figure II-1-1-7 Average annual growth rate of exports of the manufacturing industry

by region (2010-2014) ................................................................................... 326

Figure II-1-1-8 Shares of regions in Japan’s exports (2014).................................................... 326

Figure II-1-1-9 Regions’ contributions to Japan’s export growth rate (from 2010 to 2014) ...... 327

Table II-1-1-10 Contributions to the export growth rate in the manufacturing industry

by region and industry (from 2010 to 2014) ................................................... 327

Figure II-1-1-11 Goods and services exports of Japan, China and Germany as a

percentage of GDP ........................................................................................ 328

Figure II-1-1-12 Changes in exports of the EU countries (as a percentage of GDP)

(exports to outside the EU) .............................................................................. 329

Figure II-1-1-13 Changes in the number of Japanese affiliates overseas and their sales ............ 330

Figure II-1-1-14 Japan’s exports to China by goods ................................................................. 330

Figure II-1-1-15 Japanese affiliates in China (2013) ................................................................. 331

Figure II-1-1-16 Location of Japanese affiliates (FY2013) ....................................................... 332

Table II-1-1-17 Major imported items of China (top items based on the import value) ............ 333

Table II-1-1-18 Imported items of China (top items based on the growth rate) ........................ 334

Figure II-1-1-19 Changes in the share of goods in China’s imports .......................................... 335

Figure II-1-1-20 Changes in China’s import values by country ................................................. 336

Figure II-1-1-21 Composition of items imported to China from Japan and their growth rates ... 337

Figure II-1-1-22 Composition of items imported to China from major countries and

heir growth rates ........................................................................................... 338

Figure II-1-1-23 Changes in Japan’s services import and export values (trillion yen) ................ 342

Figure II-1-1-24 Changes in global goods and services trade.................................................... 342

Figure II-1-1-25 Growth rate of the export of “professional services” of major countries and

contribution ratio by item (2010-2014) .......................................................... 343

Figure II-1-1-26 A model for a company’s productivity and overseas expansion ...................... 345

Figure II-1-1-27 Ratio of goods exports to GDP for Japan and major Europe countries ............ 346

Figure II-1-1-28 Ratio of services exports to GDP ................................................................... 347

Figure II-1-1-29 Ratio of services exports to GDP ................................................................... 347

Figure II-1-1-30 Ratio of inward and outward foreign direct investments to GDP

for major countries ........................................................................................ 348

Figure II-1-1-31 Change in ratio of foreign direct investment balance to GDP ......................... 349

Figure II-1-2-1 (Reshown) Changes in the ratio of the inflow of workers who have

completed tertiary education to the population ............................................... 352

Figure II-1-2-2 Changes in the number of foreign students in major countries ........................ 353

Figure II-1-2-3 Changes in the proportion of students who obtained a job in Japan ................ 354

Figure II-1-2-4 Foreign students’ desired career path after graduation

(area of employment) .................................................................................... 355

Table II-1-2-5 Systems to attract highly skilled foreign professionals ................................... 357

Figure II-1-2-6 Foreigners’ view on living and working in Japan ........................................... 358

Figure II-1-2-7 Dissatisfaction with working in Japan ............................................................ 359

Figure II-1-2-8 Average wages by age group in Japan and major Europe countries ................. 360

Figure II-1-2-9 Composition of foreign students in Japan [by nationality] .............................. 361

Figure II-1-2-10 Composition of foreign students in Japan [by major] ..................................... 361

Figure II-1-2-11 Foreign study destinations for Chinese students

(undergraduate students, etc.) .......................................................................... 362

Figure II-1-2-12 Foreign study destinations for Chinese students (master’s degree) .................. 363

Figure II-1-2-13 Foreign study destinations for Chinese students (doctor’s degree) .................. 363

Figure II-1-2-14 Routes of recruitment of foreign workers ....................................................... 364

Figure II-1-2-15 Changes in the number of workers with analytical talent ................................ 365

Figure II-1-2-16 Acquisitions by Google ................................................................................. 366

Figure II-1-2-17 Companies’ view on the supply of IT workers................................................ 368

Figure II-1-2-18 Need for and securing of workers with IT integration skills at IT

companies and user companies ...................................................................... 368

Figure II-1-2-19 Factors to which IT engineers attach importance when switching jobs ........... 369

Figure II-1-2-20 Level of satisfaction with the current jobs and workplace environment .......... 370

Figure II-1-2-21 Annual income distribution among the respondents ....................................... 371

Figure II-1-2-22 Job rank of respondents ................................................................................. 372

Figure II-1-2-23 Items which engineers think are appreciated in the workplace ........................ 373

Figure II-1-2-24 Elements related to the frequency of participation in training

(recognition of necessity) .............................................................................. 374

Figure II-1-2-25 Elements related to the frequency of participation in training

(level of satisfaction with working hours) ...................................................... 375

Figure II-1-2-26 Reasons for the desire to work abroad ............................................................ 376

Figure II-1-2-27 Countries in which IT engineers wish to work................................................ 377

Figure II-1-2-28 Silicon Valley, the automobile industry’s new major cluster in the

United States ................................................................................................. 378

Figure II-1-2-29 Number of Japanese companies in the Bay Area ............................................ 379

Figure II-1-2-30 Approaches to the incorporation of foreign technologies ................................ 380

Figure II-1-2-31 Issues faced by Japanese companies when incorporating

foreign technologies ...................................................................................... 381

Figure II-1-2-32 Key points in forming alliances with or acquiring foreign

companies and employing local workers ....................................................... 381

Figure II-1-2-33 Key points concerning the training of employees ........................................... 382

Figure II-1-2-34 Changes in TFP (by industry) (1) ................................................................... 383

Figure II-1-2-35 Changes in TFP (by industry) (2) ................................................................... 385

Figure II-1-2-36 Industries with a high productivity should expand their scale,

while those with a low productivity should raise their productivity ................ 388

Figure II-1-2-37 Channels of knowledge diffusion across national borders ............................... 389

Figure II-1-2-38 Changes in global technology trade ............................................................... 390

Figure II-1-2-39 Current status of technology trade in Japan’s manufacturing industries (1) ..... 391

Figure II-1-2-40 Current status of technology trade in Japan’s manufacturing industries (2) ..... 392

Figure II-1-2-41 TFP of the Japanese manufacturing industries ................................................ 393

Figure II-1-2-42 External technology trade is closely related to TFP ........................................ 394

Table II-1-2-43 Estimation results concerning the international movement of

human resources and innovation .................................................................... 397

Figure II-1-2-44 Changes in the number of short-stay commercial visitors to Japan,

the United States and China........................................................................... 398

Figure II-1-2-45 Share of immigrants (those with academic achievement and highly

skilled workers) in OECD countries .............................................................. 399

Figure II-1-1-20 Change in the amount of Japan’s service imports and exports

(trillion yen) (repost) ..................................................................................... 400

Table II-2-1-1 Changes in the services trade balance (Japan) ................................................ 401

Figure II-2-1-2 Changes in services account balance (Japan) (on the yen basis) ...................... 402

Figure II-2-1-3 Services account balance and import and export values (Japan) (2015) .......... 403

Figure II-2-1-4 Growth rate of services imports and exports by item (Japan) (2005-2015) ...... 405

Figure II-2-1-5 Services account balance and import and export values

(United States) (2014) ................................................................................... 406

Figure II-2-1-6 Changes in services account balance (United States)

(royalties and license fees) ............................................................................ 406

Figure II-2-1-7 Growth rate of services imports and exports by item

(United States) (2005-2015) .......................................................................... 407

Figure II-2-1-8 Countries’ contributions to the growth rate of services exports by sector ........ 408

Figure II-2-1-9 Ratio of services exports to GDP in G20 countries (2014) .............................. 409

Figure II-2-1-10 Changes in the value of services imports (by region)...................................... 410

Figure II-2-1-11 Distribution of TFP of non-exporters, goods exporters and

services exporters .......................................................................................... 411

Figure II-2-1-12 Productivity of and wages at goods and services exporters ............................. 412

Figure II-2-1-13 Comparison between OECD countries and non-OECD countries in

terms of OECD Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) (2015) ............. 414

Figure II-2-1-14 OECD Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) (2015)

(telecommunications) .................................................................................... 416

Figure II-2-1-15 OECD Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) (2015)

(legal services) .............................................................................................. 417

Figure II-2-1-16 Impact of a reduction in the STRI by 0.05 on imports and exports.................. 418

Figure II-2-1-17 Growth rate of the value of services exports and outward foreign

direct investments in the services sector (2006-2012) .................................... 420

Figure II-2-1-18 Growth rate of the value of services exports and outward foreign direct

investments in the services sector (royalties and license fees) ........................ 421

Figure II-2-1-19 Changes in the balance of outward foreign direct investments

(services industries)....................................................................................... 422

Figure II-2-1-20 Changes in the balance of outward foreign direct investments

(services industries) (ratio to GDP)................................................................ 422

Figure II-2-1-21 Shares of industries in the balance of outward foreign direct investments

(2014) ........................................................................................................... 423

Figure II-2-1-22 Value of return from outward foreign direct investments and rate of return

(value of return/balance) (services industries) ................................................ 424

Figure II-2-1-23 Shares of industries in the value of return from outward foreign direct

investments (2014) ........................................................................................ 425

Figure II-2-1-24 Rate of return from outward foreign direct investments

(value of return/balance) ............................................................................... 426

Table II-2-1-25 New trends in Japan’s services trade .............................................................. 426

Column Figure 10-1 Breakdown of royalties and license fees (2013) ............................................. 428

Column Figure 10-2 Size of the contents markets in major foreign countries .................................. 429

Column Figure 10-3 Size of the overseas contents market and the share of Japanese

contents in sales ............................................................................................ 430

Column Figure 10-4 Three stages for capturing foreign demand under the Cool Japan Strategy .... 430

Column Figure 10-5 28th Tokyo International Film Festival .......................................................... 431

Figure II-2-1-26 Ratio of investment in brands, human resources and organizations

to GDP in major countries (cited from 2013 White Paper on International

Economy and Trade) ..................................................................................... 432

Figure II-2-1-27 International comparison of intangible assets/GDP ........................................ 433

Figure II-2-1-28 Changes in companies’ investments in human resource development

in Japan (excluding OJT) .............................................................................. 433

Figure II-2-1-29 International comparison of investment in human resource development

(excluding OJT) (ratio to GDP) ..................................................................... 434

Figure II-2-1-30 General conference of the IoT Acceleration Consortium ................................ 437

Figure II-2-1-31 Organization of the IoT Acceleration Consortium .......................................... 437

Figure II-2-1-32 First meeting of the Support Committee for the IoT Acceleration Lab ............ 438

Figure II-2-1-33 Venue of IoT Lab Connection (Matching Event) ............................................ 438

Figure II-2-1-34 IoT Lab Selection .......................................................................................... 439

Table II-2-2-1 Ranking of the number of foreign tourists (2014) ........................................... 441

Figure II-2-2-2 Changes in the number of tourists around the world ....................................... 442

Figure II-2-2-3 Changes in the number of tourists and tourism revenue in various countries

(2004-2013) .................................................................................................. 442

Figure II-2-2-4 Changes in the number of arrivals and departures in Japan ............................. 443

Figure II-2-2-5 Changes in Japan’s balance relating to travel (ratio to GDP) .......................... 444

Figure II-2-2-6 Changes in the balance relating to travel (ratio to GDP) by region ................ 444

Figure II-2-2-7 Changes in travel service receipts and payments (ratio to GDP) by region ...... 445

Figure II-2-2-8 Examples of experience-based tourism programs in France ............................ 446

Figure II-2-2-9 Volume of shipments of Beaujolais Nouveau wine to countries ...................... 447

Figure II-2-2-10 Number of tourists to the Gironde department .............................................. 447

Figure II-2-2-11 Initiatives by ONLY LYON and the results .................................................... 448

Figure II-2-2-12 Comparison of entry fees at major cultural heritage sites in

Japan and Europe .......................................................................................... 449

Figure II-2-2-13 Changes in tourists’ expectations before and after their visits to Japan and

distribution of the number of visits to Japan ................................................... 450

Figure II-2-2-14 Composition of foreign tourists to Japan by nationality .................................. 451

Figure II-2-2-15 Consumption per capita by Chinese tourists by item ...................................... 451

Figure II-2-2-16 Recent exchange rates of China Yuan Renminbi to Japan Yen ........................ 452

Figure II-2-2-17 Length of stay of foreign visitors to Japan by nationality and their

consumption per capita.................................................................................. 452

Figure II-2-2-18 Comparison of the number of tourists from the United Kingdom to

major Asian countries (2014)......................................................................... 453

Figure II-2-2-19 Japan selection rate and annual frequency of foreign travel among

tourists to Japan ............................................................................................ 454

Figure II-2-2-20 Japan selection rate in various countries (2014) ............................................. 454

Figure II-2-2-21 Ratio of tourists to Japan and Thailand from various regions (2014)............... 455

Figure II-2-2-22 Ratio of repeat visitors to Japan (tourists coming to Japan for

sightseeing and leisure purposes) (2015) ....................................................... 456

Figure II-2-2-23 Changes in the percentage of tourists who are willing to visit Tokyo and

local regions .................................................................................................. 456

Figure II-2-2-24 Accumulated number of foreign visitors staying in each prefecture and

concentration in prefectures in the top 20% .................................................... 457

Figure II-2-2-25 Accumulated number of foreign visitors staying in each region and

concentration in regions in the top 20% ......................................................... 458

Figure II-2-2-26 Comparison of tourism consumption in Japan and France and interests

of foreign visitors to Japan ............................................................................ 458

Figure II-2-2-27 Outline of the measures under the Tourism Vision to Support the

Future of Japan ............................................................................................. 459

Figure II-2-2-28 Companies' initiatives to create opportunities for business with

foreign tourists .............................................................................................. 460

Figure II-2-2-29 Foreign workers capable of handling foreign visitors to Japan (n=1893) ........ 461

Figure II-2-2-30 Thai government’s initiatives on tourism ....................................................... 462

Figure II-2-2-31 Ratio of exports of travel services to GDP (2014) .......................................... 462

Figure II-2-2-32 Growth and breakdown of MICE-related tourism revenue.............................. 463

Figure II-2-2-33 Changes in the number of foreign tourists to Thailand (2007-2015) ............... 464

Figure II-2-2-34 Number of visitors to Thailand and Japan by nationality ................................ 464

Figure II-2-2-35 Average length of tourists’ stay in Thailand by country of residence ............... 465

Figure II-2-2-36 Composition of tourists’ nationality in the number of tourists to

Thailand and the total number of days of stay (2014) ..................................... 465

Figure II-2-2-37 Trends in tourists to Thailand (2014) (tourists to Japan = 1) ......................... 466

Figure II-3-1-1 Changes in gross prefectural product (nominal) by region .............................. 470

Figure II-3-1-2 Changes in the number of employees (manufacturing industry)...................... 471

Figure II-3-1-3 Changes in the number of employees in the manufacturing industry

and in the non-manufacturing industry .......................................................... 472

Figure II-3-1-4 Changes in the number of employees by region (all industries) ...................... 472

Figure II-3-1-5 Changes in the youth population by region .................................................... 473

Figure II-3-1-6 Changes in direct exports by region (manufacturing industry) ........................ 474

Figure II-3-1-7 Changes in the growth rate of direct exports by region ................................... 475

Figure II-3-1-8 Changes in the proportion of exporting establishments in Japan’s

manufacturing industry (by sector) ................................................................ 476

Figure II-3-1-9 Changes in the proportion of exporting establishments in Japan’s

manufacturing industry (by region) ............................................................... 476

Figure II-3-1-10 Changes in the dependency on direct exports (manufacturing industry) .......... 477

Figure II-3-1-11 Ratio of exports to the total value of shipments in the manufacturing

industry in Japan (by region) ......................................................................... 478

Figure II-3-1-12 Ratio of exports in the manufacturing industry by company size

(2013/2014) .................................................................................................. 478

Figure II-3-1-13 Changes in the ratio of exports among SMEs in the manufacturing industry

(2002/03-2013/14) ......................................................................................... 479

Figure II-3-1-14 Growth in direct exports and value of shipments among SMEs in the

manufacturing industry .................................................................................. 480

Figure II-3-1-15 Comparison of large enterprises and SMEs in the manufacturing industry

concerning growth in direct exports ............................................................... 480

Figure II-3-1-16 Changes in SMEs’ share in the value of direct exports by the manufacturing

industry ......................................................................................................... 481

Figure II-3-1-17 Contribution to the export growth of the manufacturing industry by

company size ................................................................................................ 482

Figure II-3-1-18 Proportion of business establishments that recorded higher growth in the

value of direct exports than in the value of domestic shipments ..................... 483

Figure II-3-1-19 Proportion of business establishments that recorded higher growth in the

value of direct exports than in the value of domestic shipments

(by industry) ................................................................................................. 483

Figure II-3-1-20 Contribution by exports to the total sales value .............................................. 484

Figure II-3-1-21 Changes in the difference between companies with increasing

exports and non-exporting companies in terms of the growth rate of

the payroll ..................................................................................................... 485

Column Figure 12-1 (Reference) Influence of exports on the increasing rate of the number of

employees (elasticity) .................................................................................... 486

Figure II-3-1-22 Distribution of the export growth rate by region in Japan and Germany

(from 2003 to 2008) ...................................................................................... 487

Figure II-3-1-23 Distribution of the export growth rate by region in Japan and Germany

(from 2008 to 2013) ...................................................................................... 488

Table II-3-1-24 Average and dispersion of the export growth rate by region ........................... 488

Table II-3-1-25 Status of exports by prefecture (manufacturing industry) ............................... 489

Figure II-3-1-26 Average growth rates of groups of prefectures classified by the scale

of exports (from 2002/03 to 2013/14) ............................................................ 490

Figure II-3-1-27 Average growth rates of groups of prefectures classified by the scale

of exports (from 2007/08 to 2013/14) ............................................................ 490

Figure II-3-1-28 Distribution of export ratio by region in Japan and Germany.......................... 491

Figure II-3-1-29 Contribution by region and by sector to the growth rate of total direct

exports in Japan (manufacturing industry) ..................................................... 492

Table II-3-1-30 Contribution by region and by sector to the growth rate of total direct

exports in Japan (manufacturing industry) ..................................................... 492

Figure II-3-1-31 Growth rate of direct exports by the manufacturing industry in Japan

(positive and negative contributions by region and by sector) ........................ 493

Figure II-3-1-32 Lorenz curve of the accumulation of positive contributions to the

growth rate of direct exports in Japan ............................................................ 494

Table II-3-1-33 Growth rate of direct exports and contribution by sector in region (Japan) ..... 495

Table II-3-1-34 Growth rate of direct exports and contribution by items in region

(Germany) .................................................................................................... 496

Table II-3-1-35 (Reference) Division of the prefectures into the 17 regions in Figure 2-3-1-35

...................................................................................................................... 497

Figure II-3-1-36 Changes in exports by the manufacturing industry by state in Germany

(contribution to export growth by items with increasing exports and items

with decreasing exports) ................................................................................ 498

Figure II-3-1-37 Changes in exports by the manufacturing industry by prefecture in Japan

(contribution to export growth by sectors with increasing exports and

sectors with decreasing exports) .................................................................... 499

Figure II-3-1-38 Ratio of regions with increasing direct exports by sector (Japan) .................... 500

Figure II-3-1-39 Ratio of regions with increasing direct exports by items (Germany) ............... 501

Figure II-3-1-40 Number of sectors in the manufacturing industry where both the total

value of shipments and the value of exports are growing ............................... 502

Figure II-3-1-41 Changes in exports by three prefectures (contributions by sectors with

increasing exports and by sectors with decreasing exports) ............................ 503

Table II-3-1-42 Status of direct exports by sector in Toyama Prefecture

(manufacturing industry) ............................................................................... 504

Table II-3-1-43 Status of direct exports by sector in Miyazaki Prefecture


Table II-3-1-44 Status of direct exports by sector in Fukuoka Prefecture


Figure II-3-1-45 Overseas sales of pharmaceutical manufacturers in Toyama Prefecture .......... 507

Figure II-3-1-46 Vision for the future of the manufacturing industry in Toyama Prefecture ...... 508

Figure II-3-2-1 Changes in exports by top exporting countries ............................................... 511

Figure II-3-2-2 Changes in exports by major countries (as for the EU, only exports to

outside the EU are covered) ........................................................................... 512

Figure II-3-2-3 Changes in real effective exchange rates in major countries ........................... 513

Figure II-3-2-4 Changes in value added by industry (states of Germany) ................................ 514

Figure II-3-3-5 Employment growth in the manufacturing industry in Germany

(from 2010 onward) ...................................................................................... 515

Figure II-3-2-6 Growth rates of value added and the number of employees in the

manufacturing industry in Germany .............................................................. 516

Figure II-3-2-7 Growth rates of productivity and the number of employees in the

manufacturing industry in Germany .............................................................. 516

Figure II-3-2-8 Comparison of the growth rate of productivity and the growth rate of the

number of employees in the whole German industry...................................... 517

Figure II-3-2-9 Regional disparities in GDP per capita (European countries) .......................... 518

Figure II-3-2-10 Regional imbalance in the number of employees

(major European countries) ........................................................................... 518

Figure II-3-2-11 Wages per hour in major countries (manufacturing industry) .......................... 519

Figure II-3-2-12 Employers' social security burden rate in major countries .............................. 520

Figure II-3-2-13 Comparison of the ease of doing business in major countries ......................... 521

Figure II-3-2-14 Comparison of major countries in terms of innovation ................................... 522

Figure II-3-2-15 Ratio of cities or states in Europe where the number of patent

applications per capita is high ........................................................................ 523

Figure II-3-2-16 Number of patent applications and growth rate of value added by the

manufacturing industry in states of Germany ................................................. 523

Figure II-3-2-17 Share of employees in the science and technology sector in the labor force

(major European countries) ........................................................................... 524

Figure II-3-2-18 Regional inequality concerning employees in the science and

technology sector (major European countries) ............................................... 524

Figure II-3-2-19 Establishment of innovation companies through universities in German

states (conceptual diagram) ........................................................................... 527

Figure II-3-2-20 Number of universities in German states ........................................................ 528

Figure II-3-2-21 Changes in the number of students in states of Germany ................................ 528

Figure II-3-2-22 Unemployment rate in individual German states ............................................ 529

Table II-3-2-23 The state of Bavaria’s initiatives to promote exports by SMEs ....................... 531

Table II-3-2-24 Questionnaire survey with German companies

(means for expanding export markets) ........................................................... 532

Figure II-3-2-25 Example of internal and external networks connected by the cluster manager

(conceptual diagram) ..................................................................................... 535

Figure II-3-2-26 Example of a career model for cluster managers ............................................ 535

Figure II-3-2-27 Major export destinations of the city of Hamburg .......................................... 536

Table II-3-2-28 History of the measures for the acceptance of foreign workers in Europe ....... 538

Figure II-1-2-1 (Reshown) Changes in the ratio of the inflow of workers who have

completed tertiary education to the population ............................................... 539

Figure II-3-2-29 Results of a survey with export-oriented companies concerning the

risks for their economic development ............................................................ 540

Figure II-3-2-30 Proportion of foreign students among students at universities, graduate

schools and universities of applied sciences ................................................... 541

Figure II-3-2-31 Composition of foreign students in Germany (by nationality and by major) ... 542

Figure II-3-2-32 Proportion of foreign students in Japan and Germany that intend

to remain in the country after their graduation ............................................... 543

Figure II-3-2-33 Number of Blue Cards issued by country ....................................................... 544

Table II-3-2-34 Proportion of former foreign students among holders of a resident

permit for highly skilled foreign professionals ............................................... 545

Figure II-3-2-35 Composition of workers at Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft ....................................... 546

Figure II-3-2-36 Composition of students at TUM ................................................................... 547

Figure II-3-2-37 Challenges faced by exporting companies in Japan (2015) ............................. 549

Figure II-3-2-38 Difference between the outsourcing rates for companies recording

export growth and companies recording no growth ........................................ 550

Column Figure 13-1 Distribution of competitiveness clusters in France ......................................... 551

Column Figure 13-2 Companies and organizations participating in Lyon’s

healthcare cluster, “Biopôle” ......................................................................... 553

Figure II-3-3-1 Number of SMEs engaging in export (manufacturing industry) ...................... 555

Figure II-3-3-2 Direct export and indirect export ................................................................... 557

Figure II-3-3-3 Export and labor productivity (1) ................................................................... 558

Table II-3-3-4 Export and labor productivity (2) ................................................................... 558

Figure II-3-3-5 Expenses saved and composition of companies’ replies .................................. 560

Figure II-3-3-6 Acquisition of new export customers through the use of trading

companies and wholesalers ........................................................................... 561

Figure II-3-3-7 Reason for not using trading companies or wholesalers .................................. 562

Figure II-3-3-8 Non-exporting business establishments with high export potential

(yellow part) .................................................................................................. 563

Table II-3-3-9 Classification of business establishments based on the presence or

absence of direct export and productivity (by sector) ..................................... 564

Figure II-3-3-10 Proportion of non-exporting business establishments with high

export potential (by sector) ............................................................................ 565

Table II-3-3-11 Classification of business establishments based on the presence or

566absence of direct export and productivity (by region) ............................... 566

Figure II-3-3-12 Proportion of non-exporting business establishments with high

export potential (by region) ........................................................................... 566

Figure II-3-4-1 Changes in the export value of Japanese agricultural, forestry and

fishery products and foods ............................................................................. 568

Figure II-3-4-2 Global import and export values of foods, etc. ............................................... 569

Figure II-3-4-3 Changes in the value of exports of foods, etc. in major exporting countries .... 570

Figure II-3-4-4 Changes in the share of export value of foods, etc. in nominal

GDP in individual countries .......................................................................... 571

Figure II-3-4-5 Import and export values of foods, etc. in individual countries (2012) ............ 572

Figure II-3-4-6 Overview of the classification of countries by type of import/export

concerning foods, etc. ................................................................................... 573

Figure II-3-4-7 Classification of countries by type of import/export

concerning foods, etc. (2013) ........................................................................ 574

Figure II-3-4-8 Ratio of the value of research and development and other services

to the value added in food exports (2011) ...................................................... 575

Figure II-3-4-9 Changes in the share of each item in the Netherlands’ exports ........................ 576

Figure II-3-4-10 Changes in Netherlands’ exports of foods, etc. and share of each

item in exports .............................................................................................. 577

Figure II-3-4-11 Netherlands’ major export destination countries (foods, etc.).......................... 579

Figure II-3-4-12 Wageningen University and Research ............................................................ 580

Figure II-3-4-13 Organization structure of Wageningen UR ..................................................... 581

Figure II-3-4-14 Test pilot plant ............................................................................................... 582

Figure II-3-4-15 Products for which NIZO was involved in R&D ............................................ 583

Figure II-3-4-16 Contributions by items in individual states of Germany ................................. 585

Figure II-3-4-17 Major export destination countries/regions for Japan’s agricultural,

forestry and fishery products and foods (2015) .............................................. 588

Figure II-3-4-18 Japan’s export items under the category of agricultural, forestry and fishery

products and foods (2015) ............................................................................. 589

Figure II-3-4-19 Value of direct exports by company size (food industry) ................................ 590

Figure II-3-4-20 Status of exports of agricultural, forestry and fishery products

based on container cargo exports (by producing prefecture)

(top 10 prefectures) ....................................................................................... 591

Figure II-3-4-21 Products exported by Hokkaido (2015) .......................................................... 592

Figure II-3-4-22 Changes in products exported by Hokkaido ................................................... 592

Figure II-3-4-23 Sapporo Air Cargo Terminal .......................................................................... 593

Figure II-3-4-24 Changes in imports and exports at SIACT ..................................................... 593

Figure II-3-4-25 Export products handled at SIACT ................................................................ 594

Figure II-3-4-26 Flow of cargo handling at SIACT .................................................................. 594

Figure II-3-4-27 Distribution center ......................................................................................... 595

Figure II-3-4-28 Fish auction market ....................................................................................... 596

Figure II-3-4-29 Loading Furano melons onto a truck at Asahikawa Airport ............................ 596

Figure II-3-4-30 Frozen sweet corn undergoing the trial and development process to

achieve the best quality ................................................................................. 597

Figure II-3-4-31 Changes in the value of exports of foods, etc. by Japan

(top 10 exporting destination countries/regions) ............................................ 597

Figure II-3-4-32 Changes in the value of imports of foods, etc. by Hong Kong

(top 10 importing source countries/regions) ................................................... 598

Figure II-3-4-33 Number of facilities certified under the Hokkaido HACCP (FY2015) ............ 600

Figure II-3-4-34 Area of arable land per farmer household....................................................... 601

Figure II-3-4-35 Cluster in the Food Valley Tokachi ................................................................ 601

Figure II-3-4-36 Vegetable-sorting facility at JA Kawanishi ..................................................... 602

Figure II-3-4-37 Changes in the production value per household after the introduction

of Chinese yams ............................................................................................ 603

Figure II-3-4-38 Changes in the export volume and export value of Tokachi-Kawanishi

Chinese yams ................................................................................................ 604

Figure II-3-4-39 Correlation between yield per 10a and income concerning Chinese yams ....... 605

Column Figure 15-1 Nishiyama Seimen’s overseas shops .............................................................. 607

Column Figure 15-2 Annual international academic conference concerning functional foods for

integrative medicine (Sapporo) ...................................................................... 608

Column Figure 15-3 Samporoku (Ryugetsu) .................................................................................. 608

Figure II-3-5-1 Changes in the balance of inward foreign investments in Japan

and its ratio to nominal GDP ......................................................................... 611

Figure II-3-5-2 Changes in the flow of inward foreign direct investments in Japan ................. 612

Figure II-3-5-3 Number of establishments (head offices) of foreign companies by region....... 613

Table II-3-5-4 Top 10 prefectures and ordinance-designated cities with the largest

number of foreign companies (head offices) .................................................. 613

Figure II-3-5-5 Interest in attracting foreign companies and efforts to attract

foreign companies ......................................................................................... 614

Figure II-3-5-6 Business support services desired by foreign companies

(multiple answers allowed) ............................................................................ 615

Figure II-3-5-7 Factors useful for attracting foreign companies

(respondents chose three most relevant items) ............................................... 616

Column Figure 16-1 Number of inward foreign direct investments in Europe

(Germany, France and Italy) .......................................................................... 618

Column Figure 16-2 Various organizations and their activities ....................................................... 618

Figure II-4-1-1 Estimates of the proportion of the working-age population for

major regions ................................................................................................ 620

Figure II-4-1-2 Population projections for major regions ........................................................ 621

Figure II-4-1-3 Changes in the growth rate of real GDP in Arica ............................................ 621

Table II-4-1-4 Africa’s share in the world’s natural resources production and reserves .......... 622

Figure II-4-1-5 Countries’ economic size as shares in African economy ................................. 623

Figure II-4-1-6 Breakdown of sub-Saharan Africa’s GDP by industrial sector ........................ 624

Figure II-4-1-7 Labor cost levels in major Asian and African countries (2014) ....................... 624

Figure II-4-1-8 Tap water diffusion rate by region .................................................................. 625

Figure II-4-1-9 Balances of direct investments in Africa by country ....................................... 626

Figure II-4-1-10 Number of business locations established by Japanese companies

(as of October 2014)...................................................................................... 626

Figure II-4-1-11 Market opportunities in major African countries ............................................ 627

Figure II-4-2-1 Population mix by age in Vietnam (2015) and Japan (1970) ........................... 631

Figure II-4-2-2 Changes in the growth rate of real GDP in Vietnam and contributions

by demand components to the growth ............................................................ 632

Figure II-4-2-3 Changes in exports by Vietnam (shares of the domestic sector

and foreign sector) ...................................................................................... 633

Figure II-4-2-4 Changes in the value of exports by Vietnam (top 5 items) .............................. 633

Figure II-4-2-5 First meeting of the Joint Committee between Japan and Vietnam on

Cooperation in Industry, Trade and Energy .................................................... 635

Figure II-4-2-6 Shares of industries in Vietnam’s real GDP .................................................... 636

Table II-4-2-7 Literacy rate in Vietnam ................................................................................ 637

Figure II-4-2-8 Population projections for India (comparison with China) .............................. 638

Figure II-4-2-9 Changes in India’s share in global GDP

(on a purchasing power parity basis).............................................................. 638

Figure II-4-2-10 Changes in the number of Japanese companies operating in India .................. 639

Figure II-4-2-11 Distribution of Japanese business facilities in India ........................................ 640

Table II-4-2-12 Number of Japanese business facilities by industry ........................................ 641

Table II-4-2-13 Challenges encountered by Japanese companies when expanding into India... 642

Figure II-4-2-14 Twelve candidate sites for JIT ...................................................................... 643

Figure II-4-2-15 Prime Minister Narendra Modi welcoming Prime Minister Shinzo Abe .......... 644

Figure II-4-2-16 Comparison of the populations of Middle Eastern countries (2015) ................ 645

Figure II-4-2-17 Changes in the working-age population in major oil-producing countries ....... 646

Figure II-4-2-18 Comparison of reserves of resources in Iran and other countries .................... 646

Figure II-4-2-19 Proportion of non-oil-derived revenue in the overall revenue in

individual countries (average from 2012 to 2014) .......................................... 647

Table II-4-2-20 Ranking of the production volume of automobiles (unit: 10,000) ................... 647

Figure II-4-2-21 Iran’s crude oil production volume................................................................. 648

Figure II-4-2-22 Revenue of major oil-producing countries (ratio to GDP) .............................. 648

Figure II-4-2-23 Changes in Iran’s fiscal balance ..................................................................... 649

Figure III-1-2-1 Items negotiated for single undertaking at the Doha Round and main

issues for the discussion ................................................................................ 656

Figure III-1-2-2 History of the Doha Round negotiations ........................................................ 657

Figure III-1-2-3 Supply chains in East Asia ............................................................................. 663

Figure III-1-2-4 Pathways to FTAAP ...................................................................................... 664

Figure III-1-2-5 Global FTA trends ......................................................................................... 665

Figure III-1-2-6 Trends in the number of investment treaties worldwide .................................. 666

Table III-1-2-7 Matters contained in investment treaties ........................................................ 667

Figure III-2-1-1 Percentage of the countries participating in TPP agreement

negotiations in Global GDP (2014) ................................................................ 670

Figure III-2-1-2 Percentage of the countries participating in TPP agreement negotiations

in Japan's exports .......................................................................................... 670

Figure III-2-1-3 Conceptual image of the full cumulation system ............................................ 672

Table III-2-1-4 Examples of benefits of TPP agreement ......................................................... 673

Figure III-2-1-5 Outline of Comprehensive TPP-related Policy Framework ............................. 675

Figure III-2-1-6 Results of questionnaire survey on challenges of overseas expansion ............. 676

Figure III-2-1-7 Support through mutual cooperation between support organizations under

Consortium for New Export Nation ............................................................... 677

Figure III-2-1-8 Support through experts under Consortium for New Export Nation ................ 678

Column Figure 17-1 Website of Banshu Hamono ........................................................................... 680

Column Figure 17-2 KAGO that is making the most of softness of tin ........................................... 681

Column Figure 17-3 Internet sales using website in foreign languages ........................................... 681

Figure III-2-1-9 History of Japan’s EPA negotiations............................................................... 682

Figure III-2-1-10 Current situation of economic partnerships with Japan (as of June 2016) ....... 683

Figure III-2-1-11 Comparison of FTA coverage ratio ................................................................ 684

Figure III-2-1-12 Meaning of participation in RCEP ................................................................. 688

Figure III-2-1-13 Pictures from the APEC Ministerial Meeting (AMM) and

APEC Economic Leaders’ Meeting (AELM) in 2015..................................... 694

Table III-2-1-14 Investment-related treaties concluded by Japan .............................................. 695

Table III-2-2-1 Top-level sales pitches by the Prime Minister and Cabinet members

(as of Feb. 2016) ........................................................................................... 717

Figure III-2-2-2 Conclusion of social security agreements (as of April 2016) ......................... 719

China-Japan-ROK FTA

list of figures and tables - meti

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