volume 4 online issn 1882-2975park.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/jmatsushima/_src/2311/kurohara...khrrr ~ë ~ë...
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Volume 4, pp. 45-61 Electronic Journal of The MOTTAINAI Society Online ISSN 1882-2975
1 2
©
1 2 2009 7 10 2010 10 27 WEB 2010 11 2
2000
BDFBDF
EPR 4.9 5.7BDF
BDF
( , 2006)
1
401
1 kcal3 kcal
Pimentel and Pimentel, 1995
60%
1
2004
Volume 4, pp. 45-61
e.g., Campbell and Laherrere, 1998
e.g., Deffeyes, 2005 2
3(Tsoskounoglou et al., 2008)
IEA: International Energy AgencyWorld Energy Outlook 2008
6.5
McKellar et al., 2010
2000
BDF Bio Diesel Fuel
e.g., Farrell et al., 2006a; 2006b
BDF
BDF
BDF
BDF
2.1 BDF BDF
BDF
BDF( , 2008)
(1) BDF
(2) BDF
(3)
(4)
BDF
(5) BDF
SOx
BDF BDF
C3H5(OCOR)3+3CH3OH !
3CH3COOR+C3H5(OH)3 BDF
BDF
BDF
Volume 4, pp. 45-612.2 BDF
BDFBDF
1990
BDF2004 EU 217 kL
115 kL9.5 kL
2 EU
2 EU BDF
( , 2008)
BDF
5,000L100L
800L2004 BDF
5,000kL
2.3
2
2.3.1
BDF17 8
1 18(
, 2008) BDFBDK-200
23 (
, 2009) BDF4 BDF
183
BDF
197.27 km/L 4.25 km/
L (, 2008)
1 18
200L
38,200L 33,755L 52
Volume 4, pp. 45-61
(1)
(2) (3) 200L (4) 200L (5) 36L 1.4kg (6) (7) (8) BDF (9) BDF BDF
2.3.2
9 11BDF
12 4
BDF14
166 5,000L BDF
4
19 BDFBDF
BDFBDF
5
5 BDFBDF
196
BDF 18
Volume 4, pp. 45-61
220 95B100 100%BDF
B20 20% BDF
1 9 8 181,000
1
19 160,897L
Volume 4, pp. 45-61
19 1,377,400L
2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 BDF
EPR ( Energy Profit Ratio)EPR
EPR = /
EPR 1
EPR
EPR
Gately (2007) 4
1
2
3 2
4 3
3
BDF
BDF
" "
Volume 4, pp. 45-61
EPR
EPR
Volume 4, pp. 45-61
Volume 4, pp. 45-61
Volume 4, pp. 45-61
Volume 4, pp. 45-61
Volume 4, pp. 45-61
Volume 4, pp. 45-61
Volume 4, pp. 45-61
Volume 4, pp. 45-61
Volume 4, pp. 45-61
Campbell,C.J. and Laherrere,J.H. ,1998 The End of Cheap Oil, Scientific American, 278(3),78-83.
Deffeyes, K. S., 2005, Beyond Oil, Hill and Wang, 202p.
Farrell, A. E., Plevin, R. J. Turner, B. T., Jones, A. D. O’Hare, M. and Kammen, D. M., 2006a, Energy returns on ethanol production, Science, 312, 1746-1748.
Farrell, A.E., Plevin, R.J., Turner, B.T., Jones, A.D., O'Hare, M., and Kammen, D.M., 2006b Ethanol can contribute to energy and environmental goals, Science, 311, 506-508.
Hall, C.A.S., Balogh, S., Murphy, D.J.R., 2009, What is the Minimum EROI that a Sustainable Society Must Have?, Energies, 2, 25-47.
Hill, J., Nelson, E., Tilman, D., Polasky, S., and Tiffany, D., 2006, Environmental, economic, and energetic costs and benefits of biodiesel and ethanol biofuels, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A, Vol. 103, No. 30, 11,206-11,210.
International Energy Agency, 2008, World Energy Outlook, 569p.
Gately, M., 2007, The EROI of U.S. offshore energy extraction: A net energy analysis of the Gulf of Mexico, Ecological Economics, 63, 355-364.
McKellar, J. M., Bergerson, J. A., MacLean, H. L., 2010, eplacing Natural Gas in Alberta’s Oil Sands: Trade-Offs Associated with Alternative Fossil Fuels, Energy Fuels, 24, 1687–1695.
Pimentel, D. and Pimentel, M., 1995, Land, Energy and Water: The Constraints Governing Ideal U.S. Population Size, NPG forum series
Volume 4, pp. 45-61
(http://www.npg.org/forum_series/land_energy&water.htm)
Tsoskounoglou, M., Ayerides, G., and Tritopoulou, E., 2008, The end of cheap oil: Current status and prospects, Energy Policy, 36, 3797– 3806.
von Blottnitz, H.and Curran, M. A., 2006, A review of assessments conducted on bio-ethanol as a transportation fuel from a net energy, greenhouse gas, and environmental life cycle perspective, Journal of Cleaner Production, 15, 607-619.