volume 2 road traffic sign applications
TRANSCRIPT
VOLUME 2
ROAD TRAFFIC SIGN
APPLICATIONS
DIGITISED VERSION – May 2012
SOUTHERN
AFRICAN
DEVELOPMENT
COMMUNITY
SARTSM – VOL 2
WARNING SIGNS
JUNE 2012
CHAPTER 1
SECTIONS
3.0 Contents
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Road Layout Signs
3.3 Direction of Movement Signs
3.4 Symbolic Signs
3.5 Hazard Marker Signs
3.6 Warning Sign Combinations
3.7 National Variants
INTRODUCTION
MAY 2012
SECTIONS
1.0 Contents
1.1 General
1.2 Chapters
TITLE
SOUTH AFRICAN ROAD TRAFFIC SIGNS MANUAL Volume 2 Chapter 1
ISBN STATUS DOT FILE DATE
Digitised Version 000/0/0/0 Digitised May 2012
CARRIED OUT BY
Transport and Traffic Technology Africa (Pty) Ltd P O Box 1109 SUNNINGHILL 2157
COMMISSIONED BY
Department of Transport
Private Bag X193
PRETORIA
0001
ORIGINAL AUTHOR PUBLISHER ENQUIRIES
D Bain Director-General: Transport Private Bag X193 PRETORIA 0001
It is impossible for a publication of this nature to free of errors. It would be appreciated if errors be brought to the notice of -
Director-General: Transport
Department of Transport
Infrastructure Network Management
Private Bag X193
PRETORIA
0001
COPYRIGHT
This publication is protected by copyright under the Bern Convention. In terms of the Copyright Act No. 98 of 1978, no part of this publication may be produced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. © National Department of Transport 1999, 2012
KEYWORDS
ROAD SIGN, ROAD MARKING, REGULATORY, WARNING
COST: VOLUME 2
VOLUME SET R
Chapter 1 R Chapter 11 R Chapter 2 R Chapter 12 R Chapter 3 R Chapter 13 R Chapter 4 R Chapter 14 R Chapter 5 R Chapter 15 R Chapter 6 R Chapter 16 R Chapter 7 R Chapter 17 R Chapter 8 R Chapter 18 R Chapter 9 R Chapter 19 R Chapter 10 R
CONTENTS 1.0.1
MAY 2012 SARTSM – VOL 2 INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
CONTENTS
1.0.1 Sections and Subsections
Number Title Page No. 1.0 CONTENTS 1.0.1
1.0.1 Sections and Subsections 1.0.1
1.0.2 Figures 1.0.1
1.0.3 Tables 1.0.1
1.1 GENERAL 1.1.1
1.1.1 Background 1.1.1
1.1.2 Structure and Layout 1.1.1
1.1.3 Terminology 1.1.4
1.1.4 Traffic Control Devices 1.1.5
1.1.5 Road Traffic Sign Classification 1.1.5
1.1.6 Principles of Road Traffic Signing 1.1.5
1.1.7 Placement of Traffic Control Devices 1.1.6
1.1.8 Sign Sizes 1.1.8
1.1.9 Specification and Manufacture 1.1.8
1.1.10 Environmental Impact 1.1.8
1.1.11 Awareness and Education 1.1.8
1.2 CHAPTERS 1.2.1
1.2.1 General 1.2.1
1.0.2 Figures
Figure No. Title Page No. Fig 1.1 Typical Page Layout and Text Conventions 1.1.2
Fig 1.2 Typical Figure Page Layout 1.1.3
Fig 1.3 Key to Colour Coding 1.1.4
Fig 1.4 Road Traffic Sign Classification 1.1.7
Fig 1.5 Lateral and Vertical Clearances for Small Single Support Signs 1.1.11
Fig 1.6 Lateral and Vertical Clearances for Larger Multiple Support Signs 1.1.12
Fig 1.7 Positioning of Hazard Markers 1.1.13
Fig 1.8 Positioning of Route marker Signs 1.1.14
Fig 1.9 Lateral and Vertical Clearance for Overhead Sign Structures 1.1.15
Fig 1.10 Typical Problems and Aspects of Longitudinal Positioning of Signs 1.1.16
1.0.3 Tables
Table No. Title Page No. Table 1.1 Minimum Road Traffic Sign Sizes 1.1.9
Table 1.2 Retroreflective Materials for Road Signs 1.1.10
Table 1.3 Volume 2 Chapter Subjects 1.2.1
GENERAL 1.1.1
MAY 2012 SARTSM – VOL 2 INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
1.1.1 Background
1 Volume 2 of the South African Road Traffic Signs Manual was
not published with Volumes 1, 3 and 4 in 1993, because it
required significant development work and this would have
resulted in a delay in the publishing of the other Volumes. In the
intervening period the South African Road Traffic Signs
Manual, Volumes 1 and 4, has been integrated with the
Southern African Development Community Road Traffic
Manual to form the harmonized Third Edition of the latter
Manual. During this process all road signs, road markings and
traffic signals approved by the Road Traffic Signs Technical
Committee since 1993 have been incorporated into the Third
Edition. Where appropriate these new road signs, road
markings and traffic signals are included in the coverage of the
chapters of Volume 2.
2 The coverage of Volume 2, namely chapter subjects and
chapter contents, was determined by task groups appointed by
the Road Traffic Signs Technical Committee and by the
Committee itself. The potential scope for coverage, particularly
in some subject areas, is huge. In order to contain the scope to
manageable proportions, individual practices of road authorities
are not recorded where these differ. Instead a more generic
range of examples, which should be capable of being used by
any road authority, are included in the chapters. Precise
adherence to the details of the examples is not mandatory.
3 As a result of the method of development of the content of
Volume 2 it has been decided to make the chapters available
on an individually bound basis, in an inexpensive format, for a
period of 12 to 24 months to gauge the reaction of users.
Subject to this reaction and the level of comment received, the
chapters may be amended and / or finalised and printed in a
format to match the rest of the Manual.
4 At the time of publishing a decision has not been made by the
Southern African Development Community representatives
whether to adopt Volume 2 or not.
1.1.2 Structure and Layout
1 Notwithstanding the fact that SADC has not accepted Volumes
2 and 3 of the Manual at the time of publishing the Volumes
have been prepared to the same standards and the style of
layout as Volumes 1 and 4. In Volume 2 references to traffic
regulations relate to South African law, and where signface
examples indicate destination names, these give South African
examples.
2 Ultimately the Third Edition of the Southern African
Development Community Road Traffic Signs Manual is likely to
comprise:
Volume 1: Uniform Traffic Control Devices: Detailing signing
policies and design principles together with specific information
on the meaning and individual application of all traffic control
devices.
Volume 2: Traffic Control Device Applications: This volume
covers the use of sets of signs, markings and signals for
specific applications.
Volume 3: Traffic Signal Design: Detailing in depth
requirements for the selection and installation of traffic signals
and their methods of control.
Volume 4: Traffic Signs Design: Dimensional detail for all road
signs and their signface components.
3 Whilst the primary function of this volume is to give guidance to
users on how to combine the use of road signs of all classes
with road markings and traffic signal (rather than dealing with
these individually as in Volume 1), different chapters offer
additional guidance to varying degrees. In some instances the
chapters repeat and combine elements of Volume 1 and
Volume 4 chapters with guidance on how to apply the signs,
markings and signals. This aspect is covered in more depth in
Section 1.2.
4 The text is subdivided into the following numbered components
(the examples indicate Chapter 8):
(a)Chapters - 8;
(b) Sections - 8.1;
(c) Subsections - 8.1.1;
(d) Paragraphs - 8.1.1.1;
(e) Figures - 8.1;
(f) Details (within Figures) - 8.1.1;
(g) Tables - 8.1.
These numbers should be used for reference purposes. They
are used as such throughout the text.
5 The page layout includes a "header" at the top in which the
section name and page number are indicated. Page numbers
are restarted in each section e.g. 8.1.1, 8.3.1 etc. A "footer" is
located at the bottom of the page and this indicates the date of
publication (or re-publication in the case of future
amendments), the name of the manual and the volume
number, and the chapter name. Figures 1.1 and 1.2 illustrate
the above elements.
6 Since the Volume is being published by individual chapters
each chapter has been given a Contents section covering all
Section and Subsection topics, all Tables and all Figures. No
overall index will be published at this stage.
7 The text in the Manual is primarily provided in Arial 8.5 point
typeface.
8 A range of text conventions have been used to place emphasis
where this has been deemed necessary. The conventions used
and their functions are as follows:
SARTSM – VOL 2 INTRODUCTION MAY 2012
GENERAL 1.1.2
Fig 1.1 Typical Page Layout and Text Conventions
MAY 2012
MAY 2012 SARTSM – VOL 2 INTRODUCTION
GENERAL 1.1.3
Fig 1.2 Typical Figure Page Layout
MAY 2012
SARTSM – VOL 2 INTRODUCTION MAY 2012
GENERAL 1.1.4
(a) bold italic - to indicate the significance of a specific road
traffic sign;
(b) bold - to place particular emphasis on a word or section of
text, including titles and section headings;
(c) italic - to indicate the name of a chapter or other document
referred to in the text AND to indicate foreign terms used in
the text;
(d) UPPERCASE (or CAPITAL) letters - as a lower level of
emphasis, but particularly to indicate the specific names
given to road traffic signs.
The use of CAPITAL letters may be superimposed in the BOLD
ITALIC or BOLD conventions (see Figures 1.1. and 1.2).
9 Figures are used extensively to provide guideline examples of
typical situations involving the application of road traffic signs.
Many such situations have a specific longitudinal nature to
them which is difficult to cater for within a standard A4 page
format. A3 figure pages have therefore been widely used
throughout this Volume. Even an A3 page presents limitations
when trying to illustrate a length of road some 100's of metres
in length. For this reason figures are not drawn to scale and are
commonly distorted so that the width or cross-section of a road
is exaggerated in comparison to the length, in order to improve
clarity.
10 This volume of the Manual is not printed in colour. It is
important, however, that designers and manufacturers are
aware of the correct colours for signs, signals and markings.
important, however, that designers and manufacturers are
aware of the correct colours for signs, signals and markings.
Where it is particularly appropriate road traffic sign examples
used to illustrate the various types of sign, signal and marking
have been shaded in a black and white coding of the required
colours. This coding is illustrated in Figure 1.3.
11 The basic principles of the road traffic sign colour coding
system are shown in colour in Volume 1, Chapter 1, Section
1.4, where a limited number of colour pages are indicated, and
in the Contents sections of several Volume 1 chapters.
1.1.3 Terminology
1 A considerable effort has been made to obtain a close
correlation between the language of the Manual with that used
in legislation. Being a guideline document this is less evident in
Volume 2 than in Volume 1, where the significance of all road
traffic signs is covered in detail. Legal meanings and definitions
are, however, very important to the correct application of road
traffic signs and where this is relevant in a Volume 2 chapter,
these meanings or definitions are quoted in the text (see
Chapters 2 and 3).
2 For those users of this Volume who are not familiar with the
more formal use of certain words in Volumes 1 and 4, the
interpretations attached to these words is repeated in the
following paragraphs. An understanding of these interpretations
is important in the context of possible legal action against road
authorities and their agents.
Fig 1.3 Key to Colour Coding
MAY 2012 SARTSM – VOL 2 INTRODUCTION
GENERAL 1.1.5
3 There are three words used throughout the Manual dealing with
the function, design and application of traffic control devices,
the interpretation of which is fundamental to the use of the
Manual. These words are the very common words "SHALL",
"SHOULD" and "MAY". The meanings attached to these words
for the purpose of interpreting the Manual shall be:
(a) "SHALL" - a mandatory condition - when this word is used
it means that the condition or conditions referred to must be
compiled with;
(b) "SHOULD" - an advisory condition - when this word is used
it is advisable or recommended to comply with the condition
or conditions referred to (see also "RECOMMENDED" in
paragraph 1.1.3.5);
(c) "MAY" - a permissive condition - the conditions referred to
are optional.
The legal significance of these terms must be understood by
users of the Manual. It is very likely that authorities will be
subject to greater levels of legal action in the future. Failure to
adhere to the intention of the Manual as indicated above could
affect the outcome of such action to the detriment of the
authority.
4 The word "SHALL" is used in two ways. "SHALL" is used to
refer to the actions required of road users and in this context
the provisions of the regulations take legal precedence.
"SHALL" is also used to refer to actions required of authorities
in the use of traffic control devices. In many instances such
mandate is also provided for in the regulations.
5 When the word "SHOULD" is used the condition referred to is
open to a measure of interpretation. This is recognised in the
Manual where, occasionally, the word "RECOMMENDED" is
used in place of "SHOULD". "RECOMMENDED" should be
understood to have a stronger implication than "SHOULD". If
an authority chooses not to conform to the recommended
action, it would be well advised to record why it has chosen not
to do so.
6 The use of the word "MAY" is much wider and less specific
than the other two words. It is used directly in relation to the
actions road users and/or authorities can take, at their
discretion, with regard to the function and use of road traffic
signs. "May" is also widely used in a general sense throughout
the text of the Manual.
7 The word "yellow" is used throughout the manual in place of
"amber" with respect to traffic signal indications. "Yellow" is the
more common international term.
8 Traffic control devices include all road traffic signs and other
devices, including delineation devices, used to regulate, warn,
guide or inform road users. Traffic control devices are thus
used to achieve an acceptable level of road safety by providing
for the orderly and predictable movement of all traffic, vehicular
and pedestrian, throughout all levels of the road network.
9 Road traffic signs, by legal definition, include all prescribed road
signs, road markings and traffic signals, and are to be used
solely for the purpose of traffic control and are not an
advertising medium.
1.1.4 Traffic Control Devices
1 The chapters in this Volume deal with the use of a very wide
range of interrelated traffic control devices. How effective this
use or application is, relies on an understanding of a range of
basic requirements which should be fulfilled when traffic control
devices are used. These requirements are covered in detail in
Volume 1, Chapter 1.
2 In order that they may best fulfil their required function traffic
control devices shall:
(a) fulfil a need;
(b) command attention;
(c) convey a clear, simple meaning at a glance;
(d) command the respect of road users;
(e) allow adequate time to the correct response from road
users.
3 To achieve these objectives, traffic control devices should
exhibit high levels of:
(a) conformity;
(b) accuracy of signface display;
(c) uniformity of signface display;
(d) consistency of sign use practice;
(e) continuity of message display.
4 In terms of Section 82 of the Act, the Minister may authorise the
use of an experimental traffic control device for a limited period
of time so that the suitability and effectiveness may be
determined. No new sign or symbol shall be used without prior
approval. A draft sign or symbol design may be submitted, but
should not be used until it has been refined and approved in
terms of the standard design rules.
5 It is desirable, in the interests of uniformity, that the need for a
new symbol, sign or marking be submitted, with motivation to:
The Secretary
Route Numbering and Road Traffic Signs Sub-Committee
c/o Department of Transport
Private Bag X193
Pretoria
0001.
1.1.5 Road Traffic Sign Classification
1 Full details of the manner in which road traffic signs are
classified and sub-classified, together with their numbering
structure are given in Volume 1, Chapter 1.
2 The great majority of road signs may be used in a
PERMANENT or TEMPORARY form, although there are a few
road signs which shall only be used in one or other form. This is
made obvious in Volume 1. At the time of order, temporary sign
numbers should always include the first letter "T".
Manufacturers in particular, however, should ensure that their
orders are sufficiently clear in this regard prior to manufacture.
3 To assist users of Volume 2, the basic road traffic sign
classification is illustrated in Figure 1.4.
SARTSM – VOL 2 INTRODUCTION MAY 2012
GENERAL 1.1.6
1.1.6 Principles of Road Traffic Signing
1 All road traffic signs shall conform to the requirements of
paragraph 1.1.4.3. The guidelines given in the Manual conform,
in general terms, to the following basic principles or
assumptions:
(a) give a positive message in preference to a negative
message whenever such a choice is available;
(b) use symbols or diagrams in preference to words;
(c) signs should preferably have the same appearance by day
and by night (use of retroreflective material);
(d) limit the amount of information given at any one time to
what can reasonably be observed and processed by road
users; however,
(e) when two required messages are linked or complement
each other, such as a regulatory message and a warning
message, it will commonly improve the effectiveness of
message transfer to mount the relevant signs together;
(f) the overall approach to signing should embody the
principles of positive guidance (see Section 1.8);
(g) all candidate destination names cannot be displayed at any
given point;
(h) pre-trip planning is essential;
(i) regional, area or district names are not a precise enough
source if information.
2 The design and use of guidance signs further requires a
disciplined approach to the understanding and application of
principles as follows:
(a) navigation (see Volume 1, Chapters 4 and 8):
(i) primary aids:
route maps
route numbers
interchange (EXIT) and junction numbers
selective destination display to provide orientation
distance to high speed exits;
(ii) sign information functions:
location (you are here)
direction
orientation
confirmation;
(b) system efficiency:
(i) functional requirements (see paragraph 1.1.4.3);
(ii) criteria to meet the required functions;
(c) signface design function (see Volume 1, Chapter 4):
(i) clear and simple message transfer to enable road users
to:
see sign (conspicuity)
recognise sign function (class identification)
read the sign (legibility)
interpret the message (comprehension)
make a decision
act on a decision timeously;
(ii) important message transfer factors:
amount of information
length of words
similarity of words
letter/background contrast
upper/lower case letters
letter size and style
legibility distance/reading time
angle of display;
(d) information display (see Volume 1, Chapter 4):
(i) use standard symbols rather than words;
(ii) display a standard quantity of information in a standard
way;
(iii) limit total amount of information.
3 For full details of the principles of road traffic signing, refer to
Volume 1, Chapter 1, and to the chapter appropriate to the
class of sign under consideration. In particular, when
considering the selection of appropriate destination names for
use on guidance and/or direction signs refer to Volume 1,
Chapters 4 and 8. Destination names should not be selected
on a localised basis. Their selection should be as a result of a
broader consideration of the road network as a whole.
4 The following criteria are important in deciding which
destination will be most effective:
(a) availability at the destination of motorist services;
(b) ability to provide navigational orientation (familiarity);
(c) the next destination;
(d) the proximity of other destinations;
(e) importance in terms of:
(i) population;
(ii) regional centre (economic activity);
(iii) traffic generation;
(iv) transient tourist population;
(f) junction or termination of routes.
1.1.7 Placement of Traffic Control Devices
1 In general in this volume, when it is relevant to give specific
dimensions relating to the placement of signs, the information
given is limited to longitudinal dimensions. These are most
commonly referred to:
(a) the distance from a junction or hazard; or
(b) the distance between successive signs which form a
sequence of signs (or markings) e.g. temporary signing at
roadworks.
2 Traffic control devices and their supports shall be placed for the
purpose of regulating, warning, guiding and informing road
users only on the authority of a public body or official having
jurisdiction. No traffic control device or its support shall bear
any advertising message or any other message not essential to
the control of traffic, with the exception of STREET NAME signs
GL1 and SUBURB NAME signs GL2 (see Volume 1, Chapter
1, Section 1.9).
GENERAL 1.1.7
SARTSM – VOL 2 INTRODUCTION MAY 2012
Fig 1.4 Road Traffic Sign Classification
SARTSM – VOL 2 INTRODUCTION MAY 2012
GENERAL 1.1.8
3 Details of the orientation, lateral and vertical placement of signs
are given in Figures 1.5 to 1.10. Figure 1.10 illustrates a
number of common pitfalls or difficulties relating to the
placement of signs which need to be avoided or overcome.
4 Ministers, Administrators, or duly authorised officials, have the
power in terms of Road Traffic Legislation, to remove, or order
the removal of any non-prescribed or unauthorised sign.
1.1.9 Sign Sizes
1 Minimum sizes for various road traffic sign types are prescribed
in Legislation. In the case of regulatory and warning road signs
the minimum sizes are linked to increments in speed limit.
2 The minimum size prescribed in Legislation normally refers to
the overall size of the road traffic sign in the form of a height,
length or diameter. In some cases the minimum dimension
applies to one component (a traffic signal aspect), or to only
one of the dimensions (the width of a road marking line).
3 Authorities shall not use signs of sizes less than those
prescribed. To facilitate awareness of these sizes the minimum
dimensions are listed in Table 1.1.
1.1.9 Specification and Manufacture
1 For full details relating to specification and manufacture of road
traffic signs refer to Volume 1, Chapter 1, Section 1.5. A limited
amount of the material given in that section is repeated here.
2 The South African Bureau of Standards has a number of
"Specifications" (CKS) and "Standard Specifications" (SABS)
which are relevant to the manufacture and appearance of road
traffic signs. The most relevant of these are:
(a) SANS 1519-1:2006 and 1519-2:2004 Road Signs;
(b) SANS 731-1:2006 and 731-2:2006 Road Marking Paint;
(c) CKS 192 - 1981: Drop-on Type Reflectorised
Road-Marking Paint;
(d) CKS 501 - 1981: Road Marking Paint, High Build,
Non-Skid;
(e) SANS 1442:2008 Roadstuds;
(f) SANS 1459:2004 Traffic Lights.
Where these specifications do not include a colour
specification, such as for paints, this is covered by:
(a) SANS 1091:2004 National Colour Standards for Paint; or
(b) CKS 279 - 1971: Colours for Paints.
3 Designers, authorities and manufacturers must ensure that
their specifications and manufacturing methods result in road
traffic signs which comply with the SABS colour specifications,
or similar specifications, and that they remain within accepted
tolerance levels for the expected life of the sign. Authorities in
particular should monitor performance in this regard since early
colour failure could have serious cost implications.
4 Many road signs and road markings are specified with
retroreflective materials. Certain parts of some road signs shall
be retroreflective and for others the use of retroreflective
materials is optional. These requirements are summarised in
Table 1.2.
5 Retroreflective material is available in many grades of quality.
Three of these grades are specified in SABS 1519 for use on
road signs, namely Class I, Class II and Class III. Whilst there
are obvious initial cost implications to the cost of Class I, II or
III materials in preference to materials with a shorter life and
poorer retroreflective properties, it is strongly recommended
that purchasers of road signs specify at least Class I materials,
even for temporary signs. This will almost certainly result in a
sign life which is cost effective over time.
6 When specifying the manufacture of a road sign which requires
the superimposition of one colour of retroreflective material on
another, care must be taken to ensure that adequate luminance
and contrast rates are achieved from the sign for the message
to be legible. As a general rule a contrast ratio of the
coefficients of retroreflection of colours placed on each other is
recommended as follows:
(a) for small finely detailed areas (letters and symbols) - a
minimum ratio for light-to-dark of 7 to 1, with a preference
for 10 to 1 or more;
(b) for large areas (arrows or blocks) a minimum ratio of 3,5 to
1, with a preference for 5 to 1.
Recommended retroreflective material class combinations are
given in Table 1.2.
1.1.10 Environmental Impact
1 The provision of a road traffic sign represents a conflict of
interests. On the one hand it is considered necessary to
communicate a message to road users and in order to do this,
the necessary road traffic sign is designed to intrude into the
field of view of road users. On the other hand this field of view
may have some particular environmental or aesthetic value.
2 This conflict of interests is, in practice, rarely avoidable in the
interests of road safety. However, its effect should be
recognised and considered, particularly in visually sensitive
environments and the impact minimised if possible. In almost
any environment the over-supply of road traffic signs, or
indeed any other form of sign, can be considered to have
an unacceptable environmental impact.
1.1.11 Awareness and Education
1 The extent of change in the sign system incorporated in this
Edition makes it obligatory on all authorities to co-ordinate
awareness and educational campaigns directed at:
(a) road users;
(b) road authority officials;
(c) traffic officers;
(d) those involved in vehicle driver training;
(e) traffic control device manufacturers;
(f) international visitors.
2 Awareness and educational effort should be directed at the
operational principles of the signing system.
MAY 2012 SARTSM – VOL 2 INTRODUCTION
GENERAL 1.1.9
TABLE 1.1 MINIMUM ROAD TRAFFIC SIGN SIZES TABLE 1.1
Road Traffic Sign Function Min. External Dimensions (mm)
Type Speed Limit (km/h)
60 80 100 120
Road Signs Circular Regulatory General 600 900 1200 1200 (Diameter) Overhead 900 1200 1200 1600 Parking/Stopping 450 900 1200 1200 Rectangular Regulatory General 600 x 900 x 1200 x 1200 x (Height x Width) 450 675 900 900 Overhead 900 x 1200 x 1200 x 1600 x 675 900 900 1200 Parking/Stopping 445 x 900 x 1200 x 1200 x 338 675 900 900 Bus & Minibus Stop 450 x 600 x 800 x 900 x 225 300 400 450 Triangular Regulatory and Warning 900 1200 1200 1500 (Side Length) Sign R2.1 - plate Yield to Pedestrians 300 x 450 x 600 x 750 x (Height x Width) 225 338 450 563 Signs W401 and W402 Hazard Marker/Delineator 600 x 600 x 800 x 800 x (Height x Width) 150 150 200 200 Signs W403 and W404 Railway Crossing 800 1200 1200 1200 (Diagonal) Signs W405 to W410 Hazard Marker 450 450 600 600 (Height) Sign TW411 Barricade 200 x 300 x 400 x 400 x (Height x Width) 1200 1800 2400 2400 Traffic Signals Circular Disc Aspect Signal Indications (including symbols) 210 210 210 210 Road Markings Longitudinal Regulatory, Warning and (Width) Guidance 100 100 100 100 Longitudinal Regulatory (Length) Urban 9000 9000 9000 9000 Rural 12000 12000 12000 12000
NOTES: (1) A tolerance of 5% below all minimum external road sign
dimensions is permitted. (2) A tolerance of 10% below the minimum width of a
longitudinal road marking is permitted. (3) A tolerance if 10% below the minimum diameter of a
traffic signal disc is permitted. (4) A STOP sign R1 or any of its derivatives shall conform to
the minimum external dimensions given for the same size circular regulatory sign, except that such sign used for a scholar patrol may have a minimum diameter of 450 mm. Signs R1.3 and R1.4 shall be the same size as one side of the STOP sign R1 with which they are used.
(5) A sign for pedestrians and/or cyclists may have a
minimum diameter of 300 mm. (6) A KEEP LEFT sign R103 used on the vertical face of a
bollard may have a minimum diameter of 300 mm. (7) A ONE-WAY ROADWAY sign R4.1, R4.2 or R4.3 shall
have a minimum short side of 450 mm and a minimum long side of 600 mm.
(8) A PEDESTRIAN PRIORITY sign R5 shall have a minimum side length of 450 mm.
(9) An exclusive secondary message sign shall have the same length as the diameter or width of the upper primary sign with which it is used.
SARTSM – VOL 2 INTRODUCTION MAY 2012
GENERAL 1.1.10
TABLE 1.2 RETROREFLECTIVE MATERIALS FOR ROAD SIGNS TABLE 1.2
Permanent Road Signs (1) Sign Segment Recommended Class of Retroreflective Material
Type
Border Symbols Letters Background Border I Letters Background
REGULATORY
Control
4
4
4
4
I
I
Command 4 4 4 4 I I
Prohibition 4 8 8 4 I I
Reservation 4 4 4 84 I 8I
Comprehensive 4 4 4 4 I
De-restriction 4 4 4 4 I I
WARNING Advance
4
8
8
4
I
I
Hazard 4 4 4 I I
GUIDANCE Location
8
84
8
4
8
I
Route Marker 4 4 4 4 I I
Trailblazer 4 4 4 4 I I
Direction 4 4 4 84(3) I 8I
Freeway Direction 4 4 4 4 III I
Tourism 4 4 4 84 (3) I 8I
Local Direction
Diagrammatic
4
4+block
8
8
8
8
84
4
8
I(2)
2))
8I
8I Pedestrian 8 8 8 84 8 8I
INFORMATION 4 4 4 84 I 8I
KEY
4Retroreflective 8Semi-matt 84Optional
NOTES:
(1) All temporary road signs shall have a retroreflective
background, and semi-matt border, symbol, arrows or
letters.
(2) Check luminance factor before specifying higher than
Class I. (3) Certain signs are specified as retroreflective (see
Volume 4 Chapters 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 and 13).
GENERAL 1.1.11
SARTSM – VOL 2 INTRODUCTION MAY 2012
Fig 1.5 Lateral and Vertical Clearances for Small Single Support Signs
GENERAL 1.1.12
SARTSM – VOL 2 INTRODUCTION MAY 2012
Fig 1.6 Lateral and Vertical Clearances
For Larger Multiple Support Signs
1.1.13 GENERAL
MAY 2012 SARTSM – VOL 2 INTRODUCTION
Fig 1.7
Positioning of Hazard Markers
SARTSM – VOL 2 INTRODUCTION MAY 2012
GENERAL 1.1.14
Fig 1.8
Positioning of Route Marker Signs
1.1.15 GENERAL
MAY 2012 SARTSM – VOL 2 INTRODUCTION
Fig 1.9 Lateral and Vertical Clearances for Overhead Sign Structures
GENERAL 1.1.16
SARTSM – VOL 2 INTRODUCTION MAY 2012
Fig 1.10 Typical Problems and Aspects of
Longitudinal Positioning of Road Signs
CHAPTERS 1.2.1
MAY 2012 SARTSM – VOL 2 INTRODUCTION
1.2 CHAPTERS
1.2.1 General
1 Table 1.3 lists the principal subjects of each chapter in Volume
2. The subject matter of each chapter is expanded upon in later
subsections.
2 In general terms the chapters in Volume 2 are intended to
cover the "application" of various road signs, road markings
and traffic signals in combination with each other, as
appropriate to specific road environment situations. In most
instances these "applications" are commonly used, although
occasionally they are relatively rare.
3 When the development of Volume 2 started, there were
no preconceptions regarding how individual chapters would deal
with their subject matter, except that those which had previously
been distributed as "Road Signs Notes" were likely to follow the
coverage of the "Road Signs Notes". In the main the purpose of the
chapters is to provide examples of the use of road traffic signs in
terms of the chapter subject area's application requirements. In
reality some of the chapter subjects do not specifically cover
"applications".
TABLE 1.3 VOLUME 2 CHAPTER SUBJECTS TABLE 1.3
Chapter Number Subject
1 Introduction
2 Road Marking Applications
3 Regulatory and Warning Signs and Markings Applications
4 Tourism Signing
5 Freeway Signing
6 Toll Route Signing
7 Signing for Railway Crossings
8 Public Transport Signing
9 Urban Guidance Signing
10 Rural Guidance Signing
11 Signing for Heavy Vehicles
12 Signing for Traffic Calming
13 Roadworks Signing
14 Signing for Pedestrian Environments
15 Structural Details of Road Signs
16 Road Signs Management
17 Road Sign Materials
18 Road Marking Materials
19 Variable Message Signs
SARTSM – VOL 2 INTRODUCTION MAY 2012
CHAPTERS 1.2.2
4 The various subjects have tended to be treated in one of three
basically different ways, according to the needs of the subject
as perceived during the development of Volume 2. The
chapters can be grouped under methods of treatment as
follows:
(a) basic sets of example "applications" - Chapters 3, 5 to 12,
and 14;
(b) coverage not based on "application" examples - Chapters
15 to 19;
(c) more in-depth coverage including significant repetition of
material from Volume 1 and/or Volume 4, including a wide
range of example "applications" - Chapters 2, 4 and 13 (two
of these chapters, namely Chapters 4 and 13 replace
long-standing Road Signs Notes 3 and 13 respectively).
5 The chapters dealing essentially with sets of application
examples are commonly structured in two parts. With the
exception of Chapter 3: Regulatory and Warning Signs and
Markings Applications, the first part illustrates specific road
traffic signs relevant to the chapter subject, and the second part
covers the example applications. Chapter 3 does not include a
listing of regulatory and warning signs and road markings since
the example applications could commonly apply to many of the
large number of such signs and markings. Chapter 5: Freeway
Signing deals fairly generically with many of its examples
because these cover the use of guidance signs in standard
sequences. In particular, the examples dealing with the
upward-pointing arrow system, for overhead direction signs,
cover standard sign sequences and illustrate a range of arrow
clusters appropriate to each sequence.
6 The subject matter dealt with in Chapters 15 to 19 is not
appropriate to being covered by example applications.
Chapters 15 to 18 deal with sign manufacture, road sign
management systems, and sign and marking materials in much
greater detail and in a more in-depth technical manner than is
given in Volumes 1 and/or 4. Chapter 19: Variable Message
Signs, does illustrate a number of typical applications but
primarily covers a systems approach to the use of variable
message signs and more technical detail of variable message
sign design (see also Volume 1, Chapter 9).
7 Chapter 2: Road Marking Applications covers an extensive
range of examples of road marking applications but also
includes material on the principles of road marking and the
basic design parameters such as module dimensions and
patterns from Volume 1, together with dimensional details of all
unique markings, arrows and symbols from Volume 4. Special
coverage is given to options for the use of PAINTED ISLAND
marking RM5. Another special feature of this chapter is
provided in the form of Table 2.3 which lists all markings by
number, type and dimensions, with representative areas of
each marking. The latter may be used to estimate quantities for
road marking contracts with reasonable levels of accuracy.
8 Chapter 4: Tourism Signing similarly covers the subject in
greater depth than other chapters. At the time of writing there
are still matters of policy relating to tourism signing which are
under consideration, or have been requested for
re-consideration. The chapter includes new information on:
(a) the structure of tourism organisations;
(b) the processing of requests for tourism signs;
(c) the management of requests for tourism signs;
(d) a re-structured tourism sign classification;
(e) the tourism signing of high density tourism areas.
In addition the tourism signface layout and dimension rules
covered in Volumes 1 and 4 are repeated for guidance. These
have been condensed into a set of figures for convenient
reference.
The coverage of tourism signing in Chapter 4 is centred on
rural tourism signing practices. The majority of the information
given is also relevant to the design and provision of tourism
signs in urban environments, subject to the policies and rules
specific to urban tourism signing. These aspects are covered in
Volume 2, Chapter 9: Urban Guidance Signing. Chapter 4
currently includes a section on tourism signing warrants which
is incomplete.
9 At the time of publication, work on the development of tourism
signing warrants and certain identified tourism symbol
requirements is incomplete. The committee structure dealing
with these aspects has recommended that all Tourism Direction
and Local Direction signing warrants, both rural and urban be
collated in a single document rather than separately in Chapter
4 and 9. This concept has been developed in principle, in the
form of a "Supplement 4-9" but is not yet complete, or
approved. The conceptual layout of "Supplement 4-9" includes
an illustration of all symbols. The listing of symbols currently in
Chapter 4 may therefore be deleted when the Chapter is
finalised (see paragraph 1.1.1.3). In making the proposal for a
"Supplement 4-9" the intention was to create a document which
would directly meet the needs of those responsible for
assessing compliance with warrants, and which would also be
easy to update if new symbols and warrants are required in the
future.
10 Chapter 13: Roadworks Signing is like other chapters in that it
illustrates the range of available temporary signs and has a
large number of temporary signing applications for use at
roadworks sites. Because the use of temporary signs at
roadworks is not covered in Volume 1, this chapter gives
information on the following principles relating to signing at
roadworks:
(a) traffic management;
(b) setting of speed limits at roadworks;
(c) temporary delineation;
(d) contract specification.
SOUTHERN
AFRICAN
DEVELOPMENT
COMMUNITY
SARTSM – VOL 2
WARNING SIGNS
JUNE 2012
CHAPTER 2
SECTIONS
3.0 Contents
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Road Layout Signs
3.3 Direction of Movement Signs
3.4 Symbolic Signs
3.5 Hazard Marker Signs
3.6 Warning Sign Combinations
3.7 National Variants
ROAD MARKING APPLICATIONS
MAY 2012
SECTIONS
2.0 Contents
2.1 Introduction
2.2 General Principles
2.3 Road Marking Applications in Rural Situations
2.4 Road Marking Applications in Urban Situations
2.5 Road Marking Applications for Freeways
2.6 Road Marking Applications for Parking Applications
2.7 Enhanced Standard Details
TITLE
SOUTH AFRICAN ROAD TRAFFIC SIGNS MANUAL Volume 2 Chapter 2
ISBN STATUS DOT FILE DATE
Digitised Version 000/0/0/0 Digitised May 2012
CARRIED OUT BY
Transport and Traffic Technology Africa (Pty) Ltd P O Box 1109 SUNNINGHILL 2157
COMMISSIONED BY
Department of Transport
Private Bag X193
PRETORIA
0001
ORIGINAL AUTHOR PUBLISHER ENQUIRIES
D Bain Director-General: Transport Private Bag X193 PRETORIA 0001
It is impossible for a publication of this nature to free of errors. It would be appreciated if errors be brought to the notice of -
Director-General: Transport
Department of Transport
Infrastructure Network Management
Private Bag X193
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COPYRIGHT
This publication is protected by copyright under the Bern Convention. In terms of the Copyright Act No. 98 of 1978, no part of this publication may be produced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. © National Department of Transport 1999, 2012
KEYWORDS
ROAD SIGN, ROAD MARKING, REGULATORY, WARNING
COST: VOLUME 2
VOLUME SET R
Chapter 1 R Chapter 11 R Chapter 2 R Chapter 12 R Chapter 3 R Chapter 13 R Chapter 4 R Chapter 14 R Chapter 5 R Chapter 15 R Chapter 6 R Chapter 16 R Chapter 7 R Chapter 17 R Chapter 8 R Chapter 18 R Chapter 9 R Chapter 19 R Chapter 10 R
CONTENTS 2.0.1
MAY 2012 SARTSM – VOL 2 ROAD MARKINGS
CHAPTER 2: ROAD MARKING APPLICATIONS
CONTENTS
2.0.1 Sections and Subsections
Number Title Page No.
2.0 CONTENTS 2.0.1
2.0.1 Sections and Subsections 2.0.1
2.0.2 Figures 2.0.2
2.0.3 Tables 2.0.4
2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.1.1
2.1.1 General 2.1.1
2.1.2 Objectives 2.1.1
2.1.3 Coverage of This Chapter 2.1.1
2.1.4 Road Marking Classification 2.1.2
2.1.5 Figure Conventions 2.1.2
2.2 GENERAL PRINCIPLES 2.2.1
2.2.1 General 2.2.1
2.2.2 Figure Dimensions 2.2.1
2.2.3 General Principles of Road Marking Dimensions 2.2.1
2.2.4 Basic Design Principles 2.2.2
2.2.5 Specifications 2.2.10
2.2.6 Roadstuds 2.2.10
2.2.7 Materials and Maintenance 2.2.14
2.2.8 Temporary Markings 2.2.14
2.2.9 Warrants
2.3 ROAD MARKING APPLICATIONS IN RURAL SITUATIONS 2.3.1
2.3.1 General 2.3.1
2.3.2 Section Coverage 2.3.1
2.3.3 Specifications and Materials Quantities 2.3.1
2.3.4 Rural Longitudinal Road Markings 2.3.2
2.3.5 Basic Junction Marking 2.3.7
2.3.6 Dual Carriageway Road Marking 2.3.15
2.3.7 Three Lane Cross-Sections 2.3.20
2.3.8 Rural Painted Island Markings 2.3.25
2.4 ROAD MARKING APPLICATIONS IN URBAN SITUATIONS 2.4.1
2.4.1 General 2.4.1
2.4.2 Section Coverage 2.4.1
2.4.3 Specifications and Materials Quantities 2.4.1
2.4.4 Urban Longitudinal Road Markings 2.4.2
2.4.5 Basic Urban Junction Marking 2.4.6
2.4.6 Road Marking in Central Business Districts 2.4.14
2.4.7 Road Marking for Pedestrian Applications 2.4.19
2.4.8 Reversible Lane Applications 2.4.25
2.4.9 Less Common Urban Road Marking Applications 2.4.27
2.4.10 Some Road Marking Do’s and Don’ts 2.4.30
2.0.2 CONTENTS
SARTSM – VOL 2 ROAD MARKINGS MAY 2012
Number Title Page No.
2.5 ROAD MARKING APPLICATIONS FOR FREEWAYS 2.5.1
2.5.1 General 2.5.1
2.5.2 Longitudinal Freeway Markings 2.5.2
2.5.3 Exclusive or Dedicated Exit Lanes 2.5.2
2.5.4 Weaving Section Markings 2.5.2
2.5.5 Heavy Vehicle Crawler Lanes 2.5.2
2.5.6 Lane Drops on Freeways 2.5.2
2.5.7 Off-and-On-Ramp markings 2.5.10
2.5.8 Crossroad Marking Treatment 2.5.16
2.5.9 Arrestor Bed Markings 2.5.20
2.510 Shoulder Marking for SOS Telephone Points 2.5.22
2.6 ROAD MARKING APPLICATIONS FOR PARKING ENVIRONMENTS 2.6.1
2.6.1 General 2.6.1
2.6.2 Parallel Parking 2.6.2
2.6.3 Exclusive Parking Bays 2.6.7
2.7 ENHANCED STANDARD DETAILS 2.7.1
2.7.1 General 2.7.1
2.7.2 Painted Islands 2.7.1
2.7.3 Other Dimensional Details 2.7.8
2.7.4 Arrow Types 2.7.12
2.7.5 Symbol Types 2.7.27
2.7.6 Word Letters 2.7.40
2.0.2 Figures
Figure No. Title Page No.
Fig 2.1 Regulatory Road Markings - 1 2.1.3
Fig 2.2 Regulatory Road Markings - 2 2.1.4
Fig 2.3 Regulatory Road Markings - 3 2.1.5
Fig 2.4 Regulatory Road Markings - 4 2.1.6
Fig 2.5 Regulatory Road Markings - 5 2.1.7
Fig 2.6 Warning Road Markings - 1 2.1.8
Fig 2.7 Warning Road Markings - 2 2.1.9
Fig 2.8 Guidance Road Markings - 1 2.1.10
Fig 2.9 Guidance Road Markings - 2 2.1.11
Fig 2.10 Figure Conventions 2.1.13
Fig 2.11 Typical Modules for Broken Line Markings 2.2.3 Fig 2.12 Lateral Alignment of Road Line Markings 2.2.4 Fig 2.13 STOP and YIELD Sight Distance Considerations 2.2.5 Fig 2.14 Line Combinations Incorporating No Overtaking Markings 2.2.7 Fig 2.15 No Overtaking Lines for Vertical Curves 2.2.8 Fig 2.16 No Overtaking Lines for Horizontal Curves 2.2.9 Fig 2.17 Basic Details of Roadstuds on Two-Lane Two-Way Roadways 2.2.12 Fig 2.18 Roadstuds on Multi-Lane Roads 2.2.13 Fig 2.19 Rural Broken Line Module Characteristics 2.3.3 Fig 2.20 Longitudinal Line Combinations – 1 (Rural) 2.3.4 Fig 2.21 Longitudinal Line Combinations – 2 (Rural) 2.3.5 Fig 2.22 Access Across No Overtaking/No Crossing Lines 2.3.6 Fig 2.23 Basic Junction Marking – 1 (Rural) 2.3.8 Fig 2.24 Basic Junction Marking – 2 (Rural) 2.3.9 Fig 2.25 Basic Junction Marking – 3 (Rural) 2.3.10 Fig 2.26 Basic Junction Marking – 4 (Rural) 2.3.11 Fig 2.27 Multi-Lane Junction Marking – 1 (Rural) 2.3.12
SARTSM – VOL 2 ROAD MARKINGS MAY 2012
CONTENTS 2.0.3
Figure No. Title Page No.
Fig 2.28 Multi-Lane Junction Marking – 2 (Rural) 2.3.13
Fig 2.29 Multi-Lane Junction Special Aspects 2.3.14
Fig 2.30 Beginning/End of Dual Carriageway - 1 2.3.16
Fig 2.31 Beginning/End of Dual Carriageway - 2 2.3.17
Fig 2.32 Beginning/End of Dual Carriageway - 3 2.3.18
Fig 2.33 Beginning/End of Dual Carriageway - 4 2.3.19
Fig 2.34 Climbing Lane – Drop Fast Lane 2.3.21
Fig 2.35 Climbing Lane – Drop Slow Lane 2.3.22
Fig 2.36 3 Lane/2 Way – Overtaking Opportunity 2.3.23
Fig 2.37 Application of LANE REDUCTION ARROWS WM6 2.3.24
Fig 2.38 Painted Island – Rural Applications - 1 2.3.26
Fig 2.39 Painted Island – Rural Applications - 2 2.3.27
Fig 2.40 Urban Broken Line Combinations 2.4.3
Fig 2.41 Longitudinal Line Combinations – 1 (Urban) 2.4.4
Fig 2.42 Longitudinal Line Combinations – 2 (Urban) 2.4.5
Fig 2.43 Basic Intersection Marking – 1 (Urban) 2.4.7
Fig 2.44 Basic Intersection Marking – 2 (Urban) 2.4.8
Fig 2.45 Multi-Lane Junction Markings – 1: Typical Un-signalised Junction (Urban) 2.4.9
Fig 2.46 Multi-Lane Junction Markings – 2: Signalised Junction 2.4.10
Fig 2.47 Turning Guide Line GM2 Details - 1 2.4.11
Fig 2.48 Turning Guide Line GM2 Details - 2 2.4.12
Fig 2.49 Box Junction – Examples 2.4.13
Fig 2.50 Central Business District Streets – 1: Basic Lane Markings 2.4.15
Fig 2.51 Central Business District Streets – 2: Two-Way Street Details 2.4.16
Fig 2.52 Central Business District Streets – 3: Two-Way Street Details 2.4.17
Fig 2.53 Examples of Specific Applications of Road Marking Types (Urban) 2.4.18
Fig 2.54 Pedestrian Crossings – 1: At Junctions 2.4.20
Fig 2.55 Pedestrian Crossings – 2:Mid-Block 2.4.21
Fig 2.56 Pedestrian Crossings – 3: Compromise Application for School Crossing at Junction with or 2.4.22
without Scholar Patrol
Fig 2.57 Pedestrian Refuge Islands 2.4.23
Fig 2.58 Specific Details of Pedestrian related Applications of Road Markings 2.4.24
Fig 2.59 Reversible Lane Applications 2.4.26
Fig 2.60 Less Common Applications - 1 2.4.28
Fig 2.61 Less Common Applications - 2 2.4.29
Fig 2.62 Road Marking Do’s and Don’ts 2.4.31
Fig 2.63 Freeway Broken Line Module Characteristics 2.5.3
Fig 2.64 Longitudinal Line Combinations – 1 (Freeway) 2.5.4
Fig 2.65 Longitudinal Line Combinations – 2 (Freeway) 2.5.5
Fig 2.66 Exclusive Exit Lanes 2.5.6
Fig 2.67 Weaving Lanes 2.5.7
Fig 2.68 Crawler Lane – Heavy Vehicles 2.5.8
Fig 2.69 Lane Drop – Fast Lane/Slow Lane 2.5.9
Fig 2.70 Typical Off-Ramp 2.5.11
Fig 2.71 Typical On-Ramp 2.5.12
Fig 2.72 Multi-Lane Ramps – Diamond or Parclo 2.5.13
Fig 2.73 Special Ramp Configurations - 1 2.5.14
Fig 2.74 Special Ramp Configurations - 2 2.5.15
Fig 2.75 Crossroad Ramp Terminal Treatment - 1 2.5.17
Fig 2.76 Crossroad Ramp Terminal Treatment – 2 2.5.18
Fig 2.77 Crossroad Treatment – 3 (Freeway) 2.5.19
Fig 2.78 Arrestor Bed Details 2.5.21
Fig 2.79 SOS Telephone Shoulder Layout 2.5.23
Fig 2.80 90o Parking - including Motor Cycle Parking 2.6.2
Fig 2.81 60o Parking 2.6.3
Fig 2.82 45o Parking – including Motor Cycle Parking 2.6.4
Fig 2.83 Parallel Parking 2.6.5
SARTSM – VOL 2 ROAD MARKINGS MAY 2012
2.0.4 CONTENTS
Figure No. Title Page No.
Fig 2.84 Parallel “Envelope” Parking 2.6.6
Fig 2.85 Disabled Persons and Exclusive Parking Bays 2.6.8
Fig 2.86 Loading Bays and Exclusive Parking bays 2.6.9
Fig 2.87 RM5 – Painted Islands – 1 – Basic Bar Details 2.7.2
Fig 2.88 RM5 – Painted Islands – 2 – Basic “Dividing” Island/Chevron Bar and Hollow Bar Details 2.7.3
Fig 2.89 RM5 – Painted Islands – 3 – Types/Applications of Painted Island Markings 2.7.4
Fig 2.90 RM5 – Painted Islands – 4 2.7.5
Fig 2.91 RM5 – Painted Islands – 5 2.7.6
Fig 2.92 RM5 – Painted Islands – 6 2.7.7
Fig 2.93 RM10 – Box Junction 2.7.9
Fig 2.94 RM11 – Zig Zag Zone Lines 2.7.10
Fig 2.95 WM10 – Speed Hump 2.7.11
Fig 2.96 RM8 – Mandatory Direction Arrows – 1;WM7 - Mandatory Direction Arrow Ahead - 1 2.7.13
Fig 2.97 RM8 – Mandatory Direction Arrows – 2;WM7 - Mandatory Direction Arrow Ahead - 2 2.7.14
Fig 2.98 RM8 – Mandatory Direction Arrows – 3;WM7 - Mandatory Direction Arrow Ahead - 3 2.7.15
Fig 2.99 RM15 – Traffic Circle Mandatory Arrows - 1 2.7.16
Fig 2.100 RM15 – Traffic Circle Mandatory Arrows - 2 2.7.17
Fig 2.101 WM6 – Lane Reduction Arrows - 1 2.7.18
Fig 2.102 WM6 – Lane Reduction Arrows - 2 2.7.19
Fig 2.103 WM8 – No Overtaking Ahead Arrows - 1 2.7.20
Fig 2.104 WM8 – No Overtaking Ahead Arrows - 2 2.7.21
Fig 2.105 WM11.1 – End of Exclusive Use Lane Arrows – Option to Turn 2.7.22
Fig 2.106 WM11.2 – End of Exclusive Use Lane Arrows – Straight-on Option 2.7.23
Fig 2.107 GM3 – Bifurcation Arrows - 1 2.7.24
Fig 2.108 GM3 – Bifurcation Arrows - 2 2.7.25
Fig 2.109 GM4 – Information Arrows 2.7.26
Fig 2.110 RM17.1 – Bicycle Lane Symbol; GM6.1 – Bicycle Symbol 2.7.28
Fig 2.111 GM6.2 – Airport Symbol 2.7.29
Fig 2.112 GM17.3 – Disabled Persons Parking Bay Symbol; GM6.3 – Disabled Persons Symbol 2.7.30
Fig 2.113 RM17.4 – High Occupancy Vehicle Lane Symbol; GM6.4 – High Occupancy Vehicle 2.7.31
(HOV) Symbol
Fig 2.114 RM7.1 – Details of Oval Symbol for use with EXCLUSIVE PARKING BAY Marking RM7 2.7.32
Fig 2.115 RM7.1 – Letter Details - 1 2.7.33
Fig 2.116 RM7.1 – Letter Details - 2 2.7.34
Fig 2.117 RM7.1 – Letter Details - 3 2.7.35
Fig 2.118 RM7.1 – Letter Details - 4 2.7.36
Fig 2.119 RM7.1 – Letter Details - 5 2.7.37
Fig 2.120 WM1 – Railway Crossing Ahead Symbol 2.7.38
Fig 2.121 WM5 – Yield Control Ahead Symbol 2.7.39
Fig 2.122 GM7 – STOP Marking - 1 2.7.41
Fig 2.123 GM7 – STOP Marking - 1 2.7.42
Fig 2.124 GM7 – Letters - 1 2.7.43
Fig 2.125 GM7 – Letters - 2 2.7.44
Fig 2.126 GM7 – Letters - 3 2.7.45
Fig 2.127 GM7 – Letters - 4 2.7.46
Fig 2.128 GM7 – Letters - 5 2.7.47
2.0.3 Tables
Page No.
Table No. Title
Table 2.1 Nominal taper Rates for Longitudinal Lines 2.2.6
Table 2.2 Recommended Longitudinal Roadstud Spacing 2.2.11
Table 2.3 Summary of Road Marking Dimensions (even numbered fol-out pages) 2.2.6 – 16
INTRODUCTION 2.1.1
MAY 2012 SARTSM – VOL 2 ROAD MARKINGS
CHAPTER 2: ROAD MARKING APPLICATIONS
2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.1.1 General
1 Road markings comprise a group of traffic control devices
within the definition of the term Aroad traffic signs@. Road
markings incorporate a wide range of devices which may be
embedded in, or applied or attached to, the road surface,
kerbing or objects within the roadway for the purpose of
regulating, warning or guiding traffic. Road markings also
delineate the limits of the roadway and all or portions of the
travelled way. Delineation devices such as roadstuds, guardrail
retroreflectors and traffic cones are therefore classified as road
markings.
2 This chapter is intended to assist both road marking designers
in the drawing office and field staff responsible for the actual
implementation of the details produced in the drawing office.
One main purpose of the material covered is therefore to make
designers aware, by means of typical drawings, of the range of
road marking "tools" available and how they can and should be
used in conjunction with each other. Whilst there is always a
desire amongst enthusiastic designers to produce their own
style of drawing it is recommended that the figure illustration
conventions used in this chapter be incorporated into working
drawings so that a standard drawing content and method of
display of information may ultimately evolve.
3 In the above context a significant proportion of road marking
field work is commonly undertaken without site specific
drawings, because it involves the application of basic principles
and standards. The second main purpose of this chapter is
therefore to assist with such field work.
4 Road markings, particularly longitudinal markings, play a
valuable role in maintaining the continuity of visual information
to drivers. The provision of continuous road markings along a
road is practical whereas the provision of continuous visual
information by means of road signs is not. Such road markings
are thus important to the driving task and in particular to the
task of vehicle control in terms of the disciplined use of road
space (see Volume 1, Chapter 1, Sections 1.7 and 1.8).
2.1.2 Objectives
1 The objectives to be aimed for in providing road markings are:
(a) road safety;
(b) conformity of practice;
(c) good traffic management leading to optimum road capacity;
(d) provision of the correct marking first time. 2 The application of road markings to the road surface, and
the subsequent maintenance of them, represents an on-going
budgetary problem for all road authorities. It is therefore the
objective of this chapter to provide sufficient information and
guidance to those involved with road markings to create an
awareness of the need to ensure the effectiveness of the
markings they provide.
2.1.3 Coverage of This Chapter
1 Individual road markings and their functions and basic
dimensions are detailed in Volume 1, Chapter 7. These basic
dimensions are summarised in this chapter in Table 2.1.
Detailed dimensions of individual road markings, such as
arrows and symbols, previously included in Volume 4,
Chapter12, have been incorporated into this chapter to
enhance the completeness of the coverage of the chapter. The
specification of road markings and the materials from which
they are created is limited. Details of specifications are given in
Chapters 1 and 7 of Volume 1.
2 Due to the subject matter of various other chapters in this
Volume of the Manual there is potential for overlap in the
coverage of different chapters. Whilst duplication has not be
avoided entirely it has been kept to a minimum.
3 The typical examples of road marking applications given in this
chapter concentrate on combinations of road markings, and ,
where appropriate, their dimensional relationship, and deal less
with road signs or traffic signals than other chapters. Indications
of road signs or traffic signals are generally limited to the
display of the appropriate sign number or traffic signal symbol.
4 Road markings appropriate to specific subjects are covered in a
diagrammatic manner in the figures in the following chapters:
(a) Chapter 7: Signing for Railway Crossings;
(b) Chapter 8: Public Transport Signing;
(c) Chapter 11: Signing for Heavy Vehicles;
(d) Chapter 12: Signing for Traffic Calming;
(e) Chapter 14: Signing for Pedestrian Environments.
The figures in these chapters do not normally give dimensional
details. Not all of the concepts covered by these figures are
dealt with in this chapter. As a general rule, however, if
designers wish to develop concepts that are not covered in
detail, it is very likely that a sufficient number of similar
concepts are covered by the typical application examples, for
these to act as a toolbox of components. Designers can utilise
these to suit their needs (see Subsection 2.1.5).
5 Chapter 3 deals with regulatory and warning road signs and
markings and therefore has similar coverage, in many ways, to
this chapter. Where there is an overlap in coverage this chapter
concentrates on the road markings, including dimensional
detailing, and the figures are closer to a scale representation of
the roadway. Chapter 3 tends to give a diagrammatic coverage
highlighting the relationship between signs and markings, with
only nominal dimensional information.
SARTSM – VOL 2 ROAD MARKING MAY 2012
INTRODUCTION 2.1.2
6 The provision of road traffic signs must be considered during
the geometric design of a road or intersection of roads. Whilst
this must be undertaken with due regard to the relationship
between the signs and markings, it is generally recommended
that consideration of the road markings be undertaken as an
integral part of the design and this should occur early in the
design process. This approach is likely to highlight any
geometric deficiencies before completion of the design.
7 The examples of typical road marking details given in this
chapter have been broadly grouped into the following
categories:
(a) Section 2.2 - Basic Principles;
(b) Section 2.3 - Rural Situations;
(c) Section 2.4 - Urban Situations;
(d) Section 2.5 - Freeways;
(e) Section 2.6 - Parking Environments.
8 In grouping typical applications into rural, urban and freeway,
specific examples have been placed in the most appropriate
group. Many such examples may also be appropriate to
another group. In general the examples are not repeated under
these circumstances. This does not mean that the principles,
for example, applied to an example of the marking of a rural
climbing lane are not appropriate to a climbing lane to be
provided within an urban area. What should be adapted to the
urban environment are those design components which vary
with speed, space or specific urban standards i.e. line marking
modules. The same type of situation may occur in terms of
details which are grouped as freeway examples but which may
also be appropriate on a high speed at-grade road. Whenever
possible, attention will be drawn to such examples in the text.
9 Specific details of the many arrows, symbols and letters used
as road markings are given in Section 2.7 - Enhanced Standard
Details.
10 It is important that the geometric elements of road marking be
considered in the context of the geometry of the road on which
they are to be marked. This will be highlighted when
appropriate in relevant subsections.
2.1.4 Road Marking Classification
1 Road markings are made up of the following types;
(a) transverse markings (approximately at right angles to the
roadway centre line);
(b) longitudinal markings;
(c) arrows;
(d) painted islands;
(e) symbols;
(f) words, letters and/or numerals;
(g) parking markings;
(h) roadstuds;
(i) other delineation devices.
2 Road markings are classified by their functional purpose. In this way a particular type of marking such as an arrow, which is identical in shape to another arrow, may take on a different function according to the manner in which it is used or
according to its colour. It should be noted that whilst different
markings are applied in different colours, specific colours are
not linked generically to specific functions i.e. whilst (with one
minor exception) yellow is only used for regulatory markings,
all regulatory markings are not yellow in colour. The exception
to the use of yellow occurs when SYMBOL MARKINGS GM6
and/or WORD MARKINGS GM7 are used with a regulatory
marking, under which circumstances it is recommended that
the GM6 and/or GM7 markings also be marked in yellow.
Approved legal road marking styles, patterns, and symbols are
illustrated in Figures 2.1 to 2.9, and full details of their
characteristics are listed in Table 2.1.
3 The functional classification of road markings is as follows:
(a) regulatory markings;
(b) warning markings;
(c) guidance markings;
(d) roadstuds;
(e) other delineation devices.
4 The following rules apply in general to the wide range of road
markings:
(a) broken longitudinal lines are permissive in character;
(b) continuous solid longitudinal lines are restrictive in
character;
(c) double continuous solid longitudinal lines indicate maximum
levels of restriction;
(d) an increase in the width of a line and/or in the density of a
broken line is an indication of increased emphasis in the
message being given by the marking.
5 Broken line markings are not random patterns of lines and
gaps. Each such marking type has specific dimensions and the
patterns are repeated at regular intervals as MODULES (see
Table 2.1 and Figures 2.11 and 2.12).
2.1.5 Figure Conventions
1 Illustration of complex road markings, incorporating the level of
detail required to achieve the objectives of this chapter, can
result in complex and difficult to read figures when these are
confined to an A4, or even an A3 page format. In order to limit
the figure complexity much of the information is given by means
of a number of conventions, some of which are exclusive to this
chapter. These conventions are shown in Figure 2.10.
2 An effort has been made to ensure that the figures are as
realistic as possible, at the expense of being absolutely true to
scale. In almost all instances which depict a lengthy section of
roadway the lateral scale has been exaggerated in relation to
the longitudinal scale. In the longitudinal direction the scale of
"lines" and "gaps" has been made as true as practical.
Wherever possible road markings have been shown in hollow
outline rather than solid (although the hollow shapes may be
shaded to illustrate a particular colour).
3 Apart from Figures 2.1 to 2.9, which illustrate all the available
road marking types, the figures which detail typical applications
are generally treated in one of three ways, as follows:
(continued on page 2.1.12)
MAY 2012 SARTSM – VOL 2 ROAD MARKINGS
INTRODUCTION 2.1.3
Fig 2.1 Regulatory Road Markings - 1
SARTSM – VOL 2 ROAD MARKING MAY 2012
INTRODUCTION 2.1.4
Fig 2.2 Regulatory Road Markings - 2
MAY 2012 SARTSM – VOL 2 ROAD MARKINGS
INTRODUCTION 2.1.5
Fig 2.3 Regulatory Road Markings - 3
SARTSM – VOL 2 ROAD MARKING MAY 2012
INTRODUCTION 2.1.6
Fig 2.4 Regulatory Road Markings - 4
MAY 2012 SARTSM – VOL 2 ROAD MARKINGS
INTRODUCTION 2.1.7
Fig 2.5 Regulatory Road Markings - 5
SARTSM – VOL 2 ROAD MARKING MAY 2012
INTRODUCTION 2.1.8
Fig 2.6 Warning Road Markings - 1
MAY 2012 SARTSM – VOL 2 ROAD MARKINGS
INTRODUCTION 2.1.9
Fig 2.7 Warning Road Markings - 2
SARTSM – VOL 2 ROAD MARKING MAY 2012
INTRODUCTION 2.1.10
Fig 2.8 Guidance Road Markings - 1