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Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law

Volume 13

For further volumes:http://www.springer.com/series/8912

http://www.springer.com/series/8912

Michael N. SchmittGeneral Editor

Louise ArimatsuManaging Editor

T. McCormackCorrespondents’ Reports Editor

Yearbook of InternationalHumanitarian LawVolume 13, 2010

123

General EditorMichael N. SchmittUS Naval War College, CNWS-ILD686 Cushing RoadNewport, RI 02841-1207USAemail: [email protected]

Correspondents’ Reports EditorT. McCormackMelbourne Law SchoolUniversity of MelbourneVictoria 3010Australiae-mail: [email protected]

Managing EditorLouise ArimatsuThe Royal Institute ofInternational Affairs

Chatham House10 St. James’s SquareLondon SW1Y 4LEUKe-mail:[email protected]

Cover Photograph: US marines on operations in remote southwest AfghanistanPhotographer: John Moore, 2009� Getty Images 2011

ISSN 1389-1359 e-ISSN 1574-096xISBN 978-90-6704-810-1 e-ISBN 978-90-6704-811-8DOI 10.1007/978-90-6704-811-8

� Stichting T.M.C. Asser Instituut, The Hague, and the authors 2011This Volume is also available as a journal product through Cambridge University Press. In addition tothe electronic version published on www.springerlink, the Yearbook is also available online through theCambridge Journals Online service.Published by T.M.C. ASSER PRESS, The Hague, The Netherlands www.asserpress.nlProduced and distributed for T.M.C. ASSER PRESS, by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or byany means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without writtenpermission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purposeof being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does notimply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevantprotective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

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Board of Editors

Professor Michael N. Schmitt, United States Naval War College (General Editor)Dr Louise Arimatsu, The Royal Institute of Internationl Affairs, London

(Managing Editor)Professor Tim McCormack, University of Melbourne (Correspondents’

Reports Editor)Professor Eric David, Brussels Free UniversityProfessor John Dugard, University of LeidenProfessor Bill Fenrick, Dalhousie Law School

Professor Horst Fischer, University of Leiden and Ruhr-Universität BochumH.E. Judge Abdul Koroma, International Court of Justice, The HagueMs Jelena Pejic, International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva

Professor Chris Maina Peter, University of Dar es SalaamProfessor Tim McCormack, University of Melbourne

H.E. Judge Theodore Meron, International Criminal Tribunal for the FormerYugoslavia, The Hague

Professor Djamchid Momtaz, Teheran UniversityBacre Waly Ndiaye, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights,

New YorkH.E. Judge Elizabeth Odio-Benito, International Criminal Court, The Hague

Mr W. Hays Parks, USAH.E. President Fausto Pocar, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former

Yugoslavia, The Hague

Board of Recommendation

Her Royal Highness Princess Margriet of the Netherlands, Vice-Chair,Netherlands Red Cross Society

Professor Emeritus George Aldrich, University of Leiden,Iran-US Claims Tribunal

Professor Emeritus Florentino P. Feliciano, Member Appelate Board, WTO;Senior Associate Justice, Supreme Court of the Philippines (retired)

Professor Emeritus Dr Frits Kalshoven, University of LeidenH.E. Judge C G. Weeramantry, International Court of Justice (retired)

Editorial Office

Ms Karin Peters, Editorial Assistant, T.M.C. Asser InstituutT.M.C. Asser Instituut, P.O. Box 30461, 2500 GL Hague, The Netherlands

[email protected]; www.asser.nl; www.wihl.nl

Correspondents

The Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law extends its sincere thanks andappreciation to its correspondents, without whose assistance the compilation ofthis volume would not have been possible.

AFRICA

Major Dan Kuwali, Burkina Faso,Central African Rep., Cote d’Ivoire,DR Congo, Egypt, Kenya, Liberia,Morocco, Sudan and Uganda

Professor Kamel Filali, AlgeriaMs Nadine Fourie, South Africa

ASIA-PACIFIC

Ms Nika Dharmadasa, AustraliaMs Alison Duxbury, AustraliaMs Joanne Lau, AustraliaMr James May, AustraliaMs Krystina Grinberg, AustraliaMr M. Zahurul Haq, BangladeshMr Aziz Mohammed, FijiMs Treasa Dunworth, New Zealand

EUROPE

Dr Thomas Desch, AustriaProfessor Eric David, BelgiumMs Lelja Vujinovic, Bosnia

HerzegovinaMr Konstantinos Mastorodimos,

Cyprus and HellasMr Peter Otken, DenmarkProfessor Paul Tavernier, FranceMr Rain Liivoja, Estonia, Finland

and LatviaMr Jani Leino, Finland

Dr Eszter Kirs, HungaryMr Ray Murphy, IrelandMs Rachelle Cera, ItalyDr Valentina Della Fina, ItalyDr Ornella Ferrajola, ItalyMs Silvana Moscatelli, ItalyDr Valeria Eboli, ItalyMr Giovanni Carlo Bruno, ItalyMs Ieva Miluna, LatviaMr Rytis Satkauskas, LithuaniaProfessor Antoni Pigrau, SpainDr Ola Engdahl, SwedenDr Roberta Arnold, SwitzerlandProfessor Peter Rowe, United Kingdom

MIDDLE EAST

Dr Yaël Ronen, IsraelDr Mustafa Mari, Occupied Palestinian

Territories

NORTH AMERICA

Mr Joseph Rikhof, CanadaMr Burrus M. Carnahan, USALieutenant Colonel Chris Jenks, USA

CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA

Professor Rafael Prieto Sanjuán,Colombia

Mr Juan Pablo Péréz-Léon Avevedo,Peru

Contents

Part I Articles

1 Who May Be Killed? Anwar al-Awlaki as a Case Studyin the International Legal Regulation of Lethal Force . . . . . . . . . 3Robert Chesney

2 Adjudicating Armed Conflict in Domestic Courts:The Experience of Israel’s Supreme Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Galit Raguan

3 Counter-Insurgency Operations in Afghanistan. What aboutthe ‘Jus Ad Bellum’ and the ‘Jus in Bello’: Is the Law StillAccurate? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Chris De Cock

4 Civilian Intelligence Agencies and the Use of Armed Drones . . . . 133Ian Henderson

5 International Humanitarian Law and Bombing Campaigns:Legitimate Military Objectives and ExcessiveCollateral Damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175Christine Byron

6 The Law of Armed Conflict and International HumanRights Law: Some Paradigmatic Differencesand Operational Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213Rob McLaughlin

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7 Unlawful Presence of Protected Persons in Occupied Territory?An Analysis of Israel’s Permit Regime and Expulsions fromthe West Bank Under the Law of Occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245Alon Margalit and Sarah Hibbin

Part II Current Developments

8 Year in Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285Louise Arimatsu and Mohbuba Choudhury

9 Drone Attacks under the Jus Ad Bellum And Jus in Bello:Clearing the ‘‘Fog of Law’’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311Michael N. Schmitt

10 Domestic, Legal or Other Proceedings Undertaken byBoth the Government of Israel and the Palestinian Side . . . . . . . 327Ivana Vuco

11 Poison, Gas and Expanding Bullets: The Extension of theList of Prohibited Weapons at the Review Conferenceof the International Criminal Court in Kampala . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337Robin Geiß

12 The US Department of Defense Law of War Manual:An Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353Stephanie Carvin

Part III Focus Topic: The Gaza Blockade

13 Rule Selection in the Case of Israel’s Naval Blockade of Gaza:Law of Naval Warfare or Law of the Sea? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367James Kraska

14 The Contemporary Law of Blockade and the GazaFreedom Flotilla. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397Andrew Sanger

viii Contents

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Part IV Correspondents’ Reports

15 A Guide to State Practice in the Field of InternationalHumanitarian Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449Compiled by Tim McCormack

Part V Documentation

16 Classification Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663

17 Bibliography 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669Aleksandra Bojovic, Andrew Sanger, Manuela Melandriand Mohbuba Choudhury

Table of Cases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701

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Abbreviations

AALCO Asian-African Legal ConsultativeOrganization

Abl. AmtsblattAC Appeal CasesACTR Australian Capital Territory ReportsAD Annual Digest of Public International Law

CasesAdelaide LR Adelaide Law ReviewADF Australian Defence ForceAFDI Annuaire français de droit internationalAFRC Armed Forces Revolutionary Council

(Sierra Leone)African HRLJ African Human Rights Law JournalAfrican JI & CL African Journal of International and

Comparative LawAfrican YIHL African Yearbook on International

Humanitarian LawAir Force LR Air Force Law ReviewAir LR Air Law ReviewAirpower J Airpower JournalAir Univ. Rev. Air University ReviewAJCL American Journal of Comparative LawAJIL American Journal of International LawAJLP Australian Journal of Legal PhilosophyAlbany LR Albany Law ReviewAll ER All England Law ReportsALR Australian Law ReportsAmer. Crim. LR American Criminal Law ReviewAmer. Univ. JIL & Pol. American University Journal of

International Law and Policy

xi

Amer. Univ. ILJ American University International LawJournal

Amer. Univ. ILR American University International LawReview

Amer. Univ. LR American University Law ReviewAMISOM African Union Mission to SomaliaANA Afghanistan National ArmyAP Additional ProtocolAP Associated PressAPL(s) Anti-personnel landmine(s)ARABSAT Arab Satellite Communications

OrganizationArizona JI & CL Arizona Journal of International and

Comparative LawArmy Law. The Army LawyerASEAN Association of South East Asian NationsASF African Standby ForceASIL Proc. American Society of International Law

ProceedingsATCA Alien Tort Claims Act (USA)ATT Arms Trade TreatyAU African Union

AMIB African Union Mission in BurundiAMIS African Union Mission in SudanAMISOM African Union Mission in Somalia

Australian YIL Australian Yearbook of International LawAustrian JPIL Austrian Journal for Public International

LawAustrian Rev. Int. & Eur. L Austrian Revue of International and

European LawAVM Anti-vehicle landmine

Berkeley JIL Berkeley Journal of International LawB.O. Boletín Oficial de la República ArgentinaBGBl BundesgesetzblattBGH BundesgerichtshofBoston Univ. ILJ Boston University International Law

JournalBoston College Int. & Comp. LR Boston College International and

Comparative Law ReviewBrooklyn JIL Brooklyn Journal of International LawBTF Balkans Task ForceBverfGE BundesverfassungsgerichtBYIL British Yearbook of International Law

xii Abbreviations

California LR California Law ReviewCalif. Western ILJ California Western International Law

JournalCan. JL & Jur. Canadian Journal of Law and

JurisprudenceCanadian YIL Canadian Yearbook of International LawCardozo LR Cardozo Law ReviewCase Western Reserve JIL Case Western Reserve Journal of

International LawCatholic Univ. LR Catholic University Law ReviewCCW Convention on Certain Conventional

WeaponsCD Conference on DisarmamentCDF Civil Defence Forces (Sierra Leone)CENTCOM Central CommandChicago JIL Chicago Journal of International LawChinese JIL Chinese Journal of International LawCHR (UN) Centre for Human RightsCIA Central Intelligence AgencyCICC Coalition for the International Criminal

CourtCICR Comité International de la Croix RougeCID Criminal Investigation DivisionCIS Commonwealth of Independent StatesCIVPOL Civilian PoliceCLA Chief Legal AdvisorCLJ Criminal Law JournalCLR Commonwealth Law ReportsCMAC Court Martial Appeal CourtCmnd. Command PaperColumbia HRLR Columbia Human Rights Law ReviewColumbia JTL Columbia Journal of Transnational LawColumbia LR Columbia Law ReviewConnecticut JIL Connecticut Journal of International LawCornell ILJ Cornell International Law JournalCr. App. R Criminal Appeals ReportsCRC Convention on the Rights of the ChildCriminal LF Criminal Law ForumCriminal LR Criminal Law ReviewCSP Conference of States PartiesCTBT Comprehensive Test Ban TreatyCTED Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive

DirectorateCTS Commonwealth Treaty Series

Abbreviations xiii

CWC Chemical Weapons ConventionDalhousie LJ Dalhousie Law JournalDenver JIL & Pol. Denver Journal of International Law and

PolicyDLR Dominion Law ReportsDMU Detainee Management UnitDoD Department of Defense (USA)Drake LR Drake Law ReviewDRC Democratic Republic of CongoDuke JCIL Duke Journal of Comparative and Inter-

national Law

ECCAS Economic Community of Central AfricanStates

ECCC Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts ofCambodia

ECHR Rep. European Convention on Human RightsReports

ECHR European Convention on Human RightsECOMOG ECOWAS Cease-Fire Monitoring GroupECOSOC United Nations Economic and Social

CouncilECOWAS Economic Community of West African

StatesECtHR European Court on Human RightsEECC Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims CommissionEHRR European Human Rights ReportsEmory ILR Emory International Law ReviewEJIL European Journal of International LawERW Explosive Remnants of WarEU European UnionEur. Ct. HR European Court of Human RightsEUFOR European Union ForceEur. Comm. HR European Commission of Human RightsEur. J Crime, Crim. L & Crim. Jus. European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law

and Criminal JusticeEx D Exchequer Digest

F FederalF Supp. Federal SupplementFARDC Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic

of the CongoFCJ Federal Court of Justice (Canada)FCR Federal Court ReportsFDC Force Detention Centre

xiv Abbreviations

FDTL East Timorese Defence ForceFed. Reg. Federal Register (United States)Fed. Rep. Federal ReporterFinnish YIL Finnish Yearbook of International LawFNI Front des Nationalistes et Intégrationistes

(Congo)Fordham ILJ Fordham International Law JournalFordham LR Fordham Law ReviewFPLC Forces Patriotiques pour la Libération du

CongoFRETILIN Frente Revolucionaria Timor Lest

IndependenceFRPI Force de Résistance Patriotique en Ituri

(Congo)FRY Federal Republic of YugoslaviaFYROM Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

GA General Assembly (United Nations)GAOR General Assembly Official RecordsGA Res. General Assembly Resolution (United

Nations)GC Geneva ConventionsGeorgetown Int. Environ. LR Georgetown International Environmental

Law ReviewGeorgetown JIL Georgetown Journal of International LawGeorgia JI & Comp. L Georgia Journal of International and

Comparative LawGerman LJ German Law JournalGR2P Global Responsibility to ProtectGW ILR The George Washington International Law

ReviewGW JIL and Econ. The George Washington Journal of

International Law and EconomicsGU Gazzetta Ufficiale (Italian Official Gazette)GYIL German Yearbook of International Law

Hague YIL Hague Yearbook of International LawHarvard ILJ Harvard International Law JournalHarvard JHR Harvard Journal of Human RightsHarvard JL & Pub. Pol. Harvard Journal of Law & Public PolicyHarvard JOL Harvard Journal on LegislationHarvard LR Harvard Law ReviewHarvard NSJ Harvard National Security JournalHCJ High Court of JusticeHRLJ Human Rights Law Journal

Abbreviations xv

HRLR Human Rights Law ReviewHRQ Human Rights Quarterly

I/A Court HR Inter-American Court of Human RightsI/A Comm. HR Inter-American Commission on Human

RightsI/A YBHR Inter-American Yearbook on Human

RightsICA International Council on ArchivesICBL International Campaign to Ban LandminesICBS International Committee of the Blue ShieldICC International Criminal CourtICCPR International Covenant on Civil and

Political RightsICCROM International Centre for the Study of the

Preservation and Restoration of CulturalProperty

ICISS International Commission on Interventionand State Sovereignty

ICJ International Court of JusticeICJ Rep. International Court of Justice ReportsICLR International Criminal Law ReviewICLQ International and Comparative Law

QuarterlyICOM International Council of MuseumsICOMOS International Council on Monuments and

SitesICRC International Committee of the Red CrossICRtoP International Coalition for the Responsi-

bility to ProtectICTR International Criminal Tribunal for

RwandaICTY International Criminal Tribunal for the

former YugoslaviaIDR International Defense ReviewIFLA International Federation of Library

Association and InstitutionsIFOR Implementation ForceIHL International Humanitarian LawIJLM International Journal of Legal MedicineIJRL International Journal of Refugee LawILAS JI & Comp. L ILAS Journal of International and

Comparative LawILC International Law Commission

xvi Abbreviations

ILC Yearbook Yearbook of the International LawCommission

ILM International Legal MaterialsILR International Law ReportsIMO International Maritime OrganizationIMT International Military Tribunal (in

Nuremberg)IMTFE International Military Tribunal for the Far

East (in Tokyo)Indian JIL Indian Journal of International LawIndiana I & Comp. LR Indiana International & Comparative Law

ReviewINTELSAT International Telecommunications

Satellite OrganizationInt. LF International Law ForumINTERFET International Force in East TimorIRA Irish Republican ArmyIran-US CTR Iran-United States Claims Tribunal

ReportsIRRC International Review of the Red CrossISAF International Security Assistance ForceIsrael LR Israel Law ReviewIsrael YB Israel YearbookIsrael YB HR Israel Yearbook on Human RightsIYIL Italian Yearbook of International Law

JAMA Journal of the American MedicalAssociation

J Armed Conflict L Journal of Armed Conflict LawJCSL Journal of Conflict and Security LawJICL Journal of International and Comparative

LawJIL & Prac. Journal of International Law and PracticeJ Int. Criminal Justice Journal of International Criminal JusticeJPI Judicial Police InspectorsJ Trans. L & Pol. Journal of Transnational Law & PolicyJ Trauma The Journal of Trauma

KFOR Kosovo ForceKLA Kosovo Liberation Army

LAS League of Arab StatesLeiden JIL Leiden Journal of International LawLNTS League of Nations Treaty SeriesLOAC Law of Armed Conflict

Abbreviations xvii

Loy. LA I & CLJ Loyola of Los Angeles International andComparative Law Journal

Loyola I & CLJ Loyola International and ComparativeLaw Journal

LQR Law Quarterly Review

Maryland JIL & T Maryland Journal of International Law andTrade

MCC Military Criminal CodeMelbourne JIL Melbourne Journal of International LawMelbourne Univ. LR Melbourne University Law ReviewMichigan JIL Michigan Journal of International LawMichigan LR Michigan Law ReviewMil. LR Military Law ReviewMINURCAT United Nations Mission in the Central

African Republic and ChadMINURSO United Nations Mission for the Referen-

dum in Western SaharaMINUSTAH United Nations Stabilization Mission in

HaitiMLR Modern Law ReviewMNF Multinational ForceMonash LR Monash Law ReviewMoniteur Belge Belgian Official Parliamentary JournalMONUC United Nations Mission in the Democratic

Republic of CongoMoscow JIL Moscow Journal of International LawMPYBUNL Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations

LawMPYIL Max Planck Yearbook of International

LawMRT Militair Rechtelijk Tijdschrift

NATO North Atlantic Treaty OrganisationNaval LR Naval Law ReviewNCOs Non-Commissioned OfficersNebraska LR Nebraska Law ReviewNew England LR New England Law ReviewNGO Non-Governmental OrganisationNILR Netherlands International Law ReviewNJ Nederlandse JurisprudentieNLA Albanian National Liberation ArmyNLR Naval Law ReviewNordic JIL Nordic Journal of International Law

xviii Abbreviations

North Carolina LR North Carolina Law ReviewNorthwestern JIHR Northwestern Journal of International

Human RightsNorthwestern Univ. LR Northwestern University Law ReviewNotre Dame JL Notre Dame Journal of LawNotre Dame LR Notre Dame Law ReviewNPC New Penal CodeNQHR Netherlands Quarterly of Human RightsNYIL Netherlands Yearbook of International

LawNY Univ. JIL & Pol. New York University Journal of

International Law and PoliticsNY Univ. LR New York University Law ReviewNZLR New Zealand Law Review

ÖAD Österreichische AußenpolitischeDokumentation

OAS Organization of American StatesOECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean StatesOEF Operation Enduring Freedom

(Afghanistan)OIF Operation Iraqi FreedomONU Organisation des Nations UniesONUB United Nations Operation in BurundiONUC United Nations Operation in the CongoOPCW Organisation for the Prohibition of

Chemical WeaponsOSA Operational Support ArrangementOTP Office of the Prosecutor (of the ICTR

and/or ICTY)

Palestine YIL Palestine Yearbook of International LawPCIJ Permanent Court of JusticePD Probate Division, English Law ReportsPenn. State ILR Pennsylvania State International Law

ReviewPKF Peace Keeping ForcePMG Peace Monitoring GroupPOC Protection of CiviliansPOW Prisoner of WarProc. ASIL Proceedings of the American Society of

International Law

QB Queen’s Bench

Abbreviations xix

RBDI Revue Belge de droit internationalRDI Rivista di diritto internazionaleRDPC Revue de droit pénal et de criminologieRecueil des Cours Collected Courses of the Hague Academy

of International LawRGDIP Revue générale de droit international

publicRIAA Reports of International Arbitral AwardsRICR Revue International de la Croix RougeRPF Rwandan Patriotic FrontRQDI Revue Québécoise de Droit InternationalRSC Rules of the Supreme CourtRSCDPC Revue de science criminelle et de droit

pénal comparéRSDIE Revue Suisse de droit international et de

droit européenRSK Republic of Serbian KrajinaRUF Revolutionary United Front (Sierra Leone)Rutgers LR Rutgers Law ReviewR2P-RtoP Responsibility to Protect

SADC South African Development CommunitySan Diego LR San Diego Law ReviewSASC South African Security CouncilSaskatchewan LR Saskatchewan Law ReviewSC Security Council

SC CTC Security Council’s Counter-TerrorismCommittee

SCOR Security Council Official RecordsSC Res. Security Council Resolution

SCR Supreme Court ReportsS. Ct. Supreme Court Reporter (United States)SCU Serious Crimes UnitSFOR Stabilization ForceSFRY Socialist Federal Republic of YugoslaviaSG Secretary-GeneralSIPRI Stockholm International Peace Research

InstituteSOFA Status of Force AgreementSouth African YIL South African Yearbook of International

LawSouth Texas LR South Texas Law ReviewStanford JIL Stanford Journal of International LawStanford JIR Stanford Journal of International RelationsStanford LR Stanford Law Review

xx Abbreviations

Syracuse JIL & Com. Syracuse Journal of International Law &Commerce

SZIER Schweizerische Zeitschrift für internatio-nales und europäisches Recht

Tel Aviv Univ. LR Tel Aviv University Law ReviewTemple LR Temple Law ReviewTennessee LR Tennessee Law ReviewTexas ILJ Texas International Law JournalTexas LR Texas Law ReviewTFG Transitional Federal Government

(Somalia)TIAS Treaties and other International Acts

SeriesTilburg For. LR Tilburg Foreign Law ReviewTLPS Timorese Police ForceTransn. L & Contemp. Probs. Transnational Law and Contemporary

ProblemsTRC Report Truth and Reconciliation Commission

Report (South African)Tulane JI & Comp. L Tulane Journal of International &

Comparative LawTulsa J Comp. & IL Tulsa Journal of Comparative and

International LawTVF Trust Fund for Victims

UCLA LR University of California Los Angeles LawReview

UN United NationsUNAKRT United Nations Assistance to the Khmer

Rouge TrialUNAMA United Nations Assistance Mission in

AfghanistanUNAMET United Nations Mission in East TimorUNAMI United Nations Assistance Mission for IraqUNAMID United Nations/ African Union Hybrid

Operation in DarfurUNAMIR United Nations Assistance Mission for

RwandaUNAMSIL United Nations Mission in Sierra LeoneUNCHR United Nations Commission on Human

RightsUNCHS United Nations Centre for Human

SettlementsUNCIVPOL United Nations Civilian Police

Abbreviations xxi

UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade andDevelopment

UN Doc. United Nations Documents SeriesUNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer

ForceUNDP United Nations Development ProgrammeUNEF United Nations Emergency Force (in the

Sinai)UNEP United Nations Environment ProgrammeUNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and

Cultural OrganisationUNFICYP United Nations Force in CyprusUNGCI United Nations Guards Contingent in IraqUNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for

RefugeesUNHFOR United Nations Human Rights Field Office

in RwandaUNICEF United Nations (International) Children’s

(Emergency) FundUNIDIR United Nations Institute for Disarmament

ResearchUNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for

WomenUNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in LebanonUNIIMOG United Nations Iran/Iraq Military Observer

GroupUNIKOM United Nations Iraq/Kuwait Observer

MissionUNIPSIL United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding

Office in Sierra LeoneUNITAF United Nations Unified Task ForceUNITAF United Nations Task Force (in Somalia)UNMEE United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and

EritreaUNMIL United Nations Mission in LiberiaUNMIN United Nations Mission in NepalUNMIS United Nations Mission in SudanUNMIT United Nations Mission in Timor-LesteUNOCI United Nations Operations in Côte d’IvoireUNOMIG United Nations Observer Mission in

GeorgiaUNOMSIL United Nations Observer Mission in Sierra

LeoneUNOSOM United Nations Operation in SomaliaUNPF United Nations Peacekeeping Force

xxii Abbreviations

UNPOS United Nations Political Office for SomaliaUNPROFOR United Nations Protection Force (in Bosnia

and Herzegovina)UNTAC United Nations Transitional Authority in

CambodiaUNTAET United Nations Transitional Authority in

East TimorUNTS United Nations Treaty SeriesUNWCC United Nations War Crimes Commission

Univ. Calif. Davis LR University of California Davis LawReview

Univ. Chicago LR University of Chicago Law ReviewUniv. Miami I & Comp. LR University of Miami International &

Comparative Law ReviewUniv. Pa. J Const. L University of Pennsylvania Journal of

Constitutional LawUniv. Pitt. LR University of Pittsburgh Law ReviewUniv. Richmond LR University of Richmond Law ReviewUSAFA JLS United States Air Force Academy Journal

of Legal Studies

Vanderbilt JTL Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational LawVCLT Vienna Convention on the Law of TreatiesVermont LR Vermont Law ReviewVirginia JIL Virginia Journal of International LawVirginia LR Virginia Law ReviewVWU Victims and Witness Unit of the Registry

(Congo)

Wake Forest LR Wake Forest Law ReviewWBR Wound Ballistics ReviewWCR War Crimes ReportsWHO World Health OrganisationWhittier LR Whittier Law ReviewWisconsin ILJ Wisconsin International Law JournalWLR Weekly Law Reports

Yale HR & Dev. LJ Yale Human Rights & Development LawJournal

Yale JIL Yale Journal of International LawYale LJ Yale Law JournalYb Eur. Conv. HR Yearbook of the European Convention of

Human RightsYb ILC Yearbook of the International Law

Commission

Abbreviations xxiii

YIHL Yearbook of International HumanitarianLaw

Yug. Rev. IL Yugoslav Review of International Law

ZaöRV Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentlichesRecht und Völkerrecht

ZöR Zeitschrift für öffentliches Recht

xxiv Abbreviations