voltage and var control applicationsgrouper.ieee.org/groups/td/dist/da/doc/voltage and var...voltage...
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Voltage and Var Control Applications Including Smart Inverters, Energy Storage, and Secondary Side Solutions
Dr. Arindam Maitra, EPRI
Dr. Jason Taylor, EPRI
IEEE PES Meeting, Denver July 29th, 2015
1
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Industry Issue
Distribution Planning and Operations are Becoming More Complex
• Traditional methods of managing voltage and reactive power rely on voltage regulators and capacitor banks
• New requirements like peak demand reduction, VVO/CVR for load management are requiring new coordination challenges
• Emerging DER along edge of the n/w
• Autonomous units not well-coordinated with conventional capacitors, voltage regulators and load-tap changers
VVO/CVR
Processor
RTU
End of Line
Voltage
Feedback
Standalone
Model-based
Rule-based
LTC Control
RTU
VVC Processor
Substation
116
118
120
122
124
126
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Cap banks, Vreg
Cap banks, Vreg,
plus Smart
inverters
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Uncertainty and Future of the Distribution System
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Distance from Substation
Vo
lta
ge
• Replace xfmr
• Reconductor
• Line Tap Changer (LTC)
• Cap bank
• Line regulators
Traditional Regulation Options Benefits of CVR and VVO: - Lower losses in lines, transformers - Lower losses in end-use devices - Allows more real-power throughput
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Vo
ltag
e
Distance from Substation
Upper Threshold
Lower Threshold
Volt/Var Optimization
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Smart Inverters
Storage
Power Electronic Devices
Potential Benefits – Faster response
– Flatter voltage profile
– Direct placement for localized problems
Distributed Voltage Regulation
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Grid Impacts of Intermittent Distributed Resources
Source: EPRI
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Cap
Bank Substation
(LTC)
distribution line LVR
0.9
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1
1.02
1.04
#1 #3 #5 #7 #9 #11 #13
vo
lta
ge
highest
voltage
lowest
voltage
va
riatio
n o
ve
r tim
e
Limited voltage control
Centralized Control
Distributed Secondary Side Volt-VAR Control
Secondary Side Control
0.9
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1
1.02
1.04
#1 #3 #5 #7 #9 #11 #13
vo
lta
ge
Improved voltage control
Distributed Control
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Cap
Bank Substation
(LTC)
distribution line LVR
Distributed Secondary Side Volt-VAR Control
Secondary Side Control
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Numerous Potential Performance Objective(s)
Efficiency
• Reduced distribution line losses
• Improved customer efficiency CVR
• Peak Demand reduction
Power Quality
• Flatter voltage profile
• Improved harmonics
• Voltage flicker
• Overvoltage
Asset Utilization
• Reduce LTC tap changes
• Reduce line regulator tap changes
• Reduce switch cap changes
• Deferment of system upgrades
Reliability • Momentary interruption support
• Automatic reconfiguration support
Enabling • Increased DER hosting capacity
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Smart Inverters
Reactive power dispatch
– Output constrained by active power generation
– Multiple control configurations (settings)
Industry Adoption • IEEE standard 1547 • California Rule 21 • Manufacturers onboard
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0 5 10 15 20 25
1.024
1.026
1.028
1.03
1.032
1.034
1.036
1.038
1.04
1.042
1.044
Hour
Vo
lta
ge
(p
u)
Voltages with different voltvar settings
---- Voltvar
---- No PV
---- PV base
What is the best voltage response?
Depends on the objective
Response using different volt-var settings
Capacitor switching or inverter status change
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Control Settings Specification depends upon…
Control Design Sensitivities Time-series, stochastic assessments • Spatial variation • Temporal variation
performance
objective
network
characteristics
inverter
rating
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… as well as Operational Conditions
Formulation of control design practices is needed
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Energy Storage Four-quadrant Operation
• Voltage regulation using both active and reactive power
Test Feeder Evaluation
• Large voltage variations due to PV
• Storage to provide voltage regulation
• Various deployments considered
Figure Error! No text of specified style in document.-1
PV systems for 57305 feeder
PV Systems for 57307 feeder
Regulator
Substation and meter
Capacitors
PV system
Distance measured from the meter
1.6 miles
1.612 miles
1.579 miles
1.273 miles
1.148 miles
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Effect of Energy Storage Location on Voltage
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
PV Ramp UP
PV Ramp DOWN
Largest Voltage variation (%)
With Energy Storage No Energy Storage
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
PV Ramp UP
PV Ramp DOWN
Largest Voltage variation (%)
With Energy Storage No Energy Storage
0 0.5 1 1.5
PV Ramp UP
PV Ramp DOWN
Largest Voltage variation (%)
With Energy Storage No Energy Storage
0 0.5 1 1.5
PV Ramp UP
PV Ramp DOWN
Largest Voltage variation (%)
With Energy Storage No Energy Storage
The voltage profile improves for each bus. The largest voltage variations at PV buses decrease from 0.014 pu to 0.002 pu.
At PV Bus 2
At PV Bus 1
At Feeder End 1
At Substation
210kW/735kWh
450kW/1575kWh
2.14MW/7.6MWh
Energy Storage absorbs or generates only active power (Volt/Watt Control)
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Effect of Energy Storage Location on Voltage Regulation
00.20.40.60.8
11.21.41.6
Largest voltage variation at PV Bus 2
PV Ramping Up PV Ramping Down
Storage Location
Larg
est
volt
age
vari
atio
n (
%)
The voltage regulation concerns are demonstrated using PV bus 2
As ES moves away from PV location, the improvement in voltage variation decreases.
PVBus_2
PVBus_1
Energy Storage absorbs or generates only reactive power (Volt-Var Control)
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Re
du
ctio
n in
Vo
ltag
e V
aria
tio
n (
%)
Storage Location
Active Power Reactive Power
General Study Circuit Findings
Impacts are location and circuit specific
• Distance from PV
• System strength
• X/R ratio
Active power injection or absorption may better counteract the variations
Voltage at PV Bus 2
Increasing distance from Substation
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Example Secondary Side Voltage Management Solutions
ENGO-V10 (Varentec)
Shunt connected
240V, 1-phase
0-10 kvar (leading)
Voltage and power factor control
60/50 Hz
IPR-50 (GridCo)
In-line Power RegulatorTM
240V, 1-phase
50 kVA
Regulation ±10%
±5 kvar
60 Hz
To LoadTo Source
Shunt Current
Source
Bypass Switch
Series Injection
Transformer
Series
Voltage
Source
B. McMillan, et al., "Application of Power Electronics LV Power Regulators in a Utility Distribution System," in Rural Electric Power Conference (REPC), 2015 IEEE, 2015.
ENGO-V10 Product Overiview, http://varentec.com
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Example European Devices PCS 100 AVR (ABB)
Active Voltage Regulator (AVR)
400 V, 3-phase
400 kVA
50 Hz
± 10% correction
Regulation accuracy ± 1 (typical)
LVRSysTM (a-eberie)
Low Voltage Regulator System
400 V, 3-phase
55 – 400 kVA
50 Hz
± 6% (± 10% extended range)
9 steps, 1.5% (2.5%)
To Load
To Source
Rectifier
& Inverter
Bypass
Boost
transformer
(if not 400/480
V supply)
Distribution
Transformer
To LoadSource
(per-phase)
TR2TR1
Thyristor Control
“Case Study - PSC100 Active Voltage Regulator (AVR): Voltage Regulation for Utility Grids with Distributed Generation,” ABB, www.abb.com/powerquality
“Low Voltage Regulator System: Technical Data,” ABB, http://www.a-eberle.de
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Continuing Efforts
Modeling and Simulation
• Models of emerging devices
• Simulation capabilities for advanced distribution automation
• Actual circuit evaluations
• Model validation
Planning & Design
• Impact (coordination) with existing (other) voltage regulation components
• Coordination/integration with DMS
• Determination of control settings practices
• Device location and sizing practices