1. Definition verb- Subject , Voice Voice is the form of the verb in the sentence that shows whether the subject acts or is acted upon. Kinds: There are two types of voice. such as: 1. Active Voice () 2. Passive Voice ()

2. 1) Active Voice Definition Active Voice Example: Karim have done the work I see a bird. 3. 2) Passive Voice Definition Passive Voice Example: The work has been done by Karim. A bird is seen by me. 4. Subjective Case Objective Case Active Voice Subject Passive Voice object I Me We Us You You He Him She Her They Them It It 5. Tense Active Passive Present Indefinite Do/Does Am/ is/are Present Continuous Am/is/are Am being/ is being/ are being Present Perfect Have/ has Have been/ has been Past Indefinite Did was/ were Past Continuous was/were was being/ were being Past Perfect had had been Future Indefinite shall/will shall be/ will be Future Continuous shall be/ will be shall be being/ will be being Future Perfect shall have / will have shall have been/ will have been Passive Auxiliary 6. Tense Passive Voice- verb - Present Indefinite Tense: Active: Subject+ verb+ object Passive: object+ am/is/ are+ verb p.p. + by+ subject. 7. He does the work = The work is done by him. You eat mango. = Mango is eaten by you. 8. 2) Present continuous Tense: Active: Sub +am/is/are+verb+ing+obj. Passive: Obj +am/is/are +being+ verb p.p.f + by+ sub. I am writing a letter. = A letter is being written by me. He is enjoying the matter. = The matter is being enjoyed by him. 9. 3) Present Perfect Tense: Active: Sub+ have/ has+ verb p.p.f +obj. Passive: Object+ have/ has+ been + verb p.p.f + by+ subject. Example: I have done the work. = The work has been done by me. They have broken the glass. = The glass has been broken by them. 10. 4) Past Indefinite Tense: Active: Sub+ verb past form+obj. Passive: Object+was/were+verb past participle+by+subject. Example: Aria wrote a letter. = A letter was written by Aria. Columbus discovered America. = America was discovered by Columbus. 11. 5) Past Continuous Tense: Active: Sub+ was/were+verb+ing+obj. Passive: Object+was/were+being+verb P.P.f+by+subject. Example: He was writing a letter. = A letter was being written by him. They were building a house. = A house was being built by them. 12. 6) Past Perfect Tense: Active: Subj+had+ verb P.P.F+ obj. Passive: Object+ had+ been+ verb P.P.F+by+ Subject. Example: He had written a letter. = A letter had been written by him. He had done the work. = The work had been done by him. 13. 7) Future Indefinite Tense: Active: Subj+shall/will+verb+object. Passive: Object+ shall/will+ be+verb- P.P.f +by+ Subject. Example: He will do the job. = The job will be done by him. They will make me upset. = I shall be made upset up them. 14. 8) Future continuous Tense: Active: Subj+shall/will+be+verb+ing+obj. Passive:Object+shall/will+be+being+verb- P.P.F+ by+ Subject. Example: You will be selling books. = Books will be being sold by you. We shall be doing the work. = The work will be being done by us. 15. 10) Future Perfect Tense: Active: Sub+Shall/will have+ verb P.P.F+ Obj. Passive: Object+ shall/will have been+ verb- P.P.F +by+ Subject. Example: You will have done the work. = The work will have been done by you We shall have enjoyed the scenery. = The scenery will have been enjoyed by us. 16. Note: , please, displease, favour, disfavour, surprise satisfy, dissatisfy verb - With (person), at (thing) Example: He surprised me. - I was surprised with him. His conduct displeased me - I was displeased at his conduct. 17. May, might, can, could, shall, should, will, would, must, ought to Active voice Passive voice- 'be' verb Past participle 18. Can Can be + pv (PPF) May May be + PV (PPF) May have May have been + PV (PPF) Might Might be + PV (PPF) Might Have Might have been + PV (PPF) Could Could be + PV (PPF) Could have Could have been + PV (PPF) Must have Must have been + PV (PPF) Should Should be + PV (PPF) Would Would be + PV (PPF) Would have Would have been + PV (PPF) Ought to ought to be + PV (PPF) Use to use to be + PV (PPF) Am/ is/ are/ to Am/ is/ are + to be + PV (PPF) Am/ is/ are+was/were+going+to+ verb+ present Am/ is/ are+ going to+ be+ + PV (PPF) 19. You should obey your parents. = Your parents should be obeyed by you. We ought to love our country. = Our country ought to be loved by us. He may help you. = You may be helped by him. You must do the work. = The work must be done by you. 20. Active voice am, to, is to, are to, have to, has to, had to, going to passive voice- 'be' verb Past participle 21. I didn't have to do the work. = The work didn't have to be done by me. They are going to open a bank. = A bank is going to be opened by them. I am to do it. = It is to be done by me. 22. Auxiliary verb --- Structure: Auxiliary verb+ obj+ be/being/been+verb p.p.f+by+sub Has he done it? = Has it been done by him? Are you reading a book? = Is a book being read by you? Passive Voice of Interrogative Sentence 23. W.H questions active voice passive N. B:, 'who, By whom' 'Whom' 'Who' W.H questions structure 24. Will you open the door? = Will the door be opened by you? How did you do it? = How was it done by you? Who stole your book? = By whom was your book stolen? 25. When did you do the sum? = When was the sum done by you? What class do you read in? = What class is read in by you? Who had done it? = By whom had it been done? 26. Whom did you call? = Who was called by you? How did you want this? = How was this wanted by you? Which book do you want? = Which book is wanted by you? Who will do the work? = By whom will the work be done? Who taught you English? = By whom were you taught English? 27. Passive voice of Imperative Sentences Structure: Let+ object+ be+verb- p.p.f Open the door. = Let the door be opened Post the letter. = Let the letter be posted. Change the voice. = Let the voice be changed. 28. Note: Imperative sentence- please Passive Voice- "You are requested to" , Sentence Negative "You are requested not to" 29. Please do the work. = You are requested to do the work. Please do not do the work. =You are requested not to do the work Please do not tell a lie. = You are requested not to tell a lie. 30. Imperative Sentence, let passive voice- Let Structure: Let+ object+ be+verb- P.P.F+ by+ subject. 31. Let me do the sum. = Let the sum be done by me. Let him read the book. = Let the book be read by him. Let her sing a song. = Let a song be sung by her. 32. Imperative Sentence Negative Passive voice- Let not Structure: Let not+object+be+verb- Past participle. 33. Do not laugh at the poor. =Let not the poor be laughed at. Do not tell a lie. = Let not a lie be told. Do not make a noise = Let not a noise be made. Do not laugh at the poor. =Let not the poor be laughed at. Do not tell a lie. = Let not a lie be told. Do not make a noise = Let not a noise be made. 34. Note: Imperative sentence- direct Indirect object passive voice- direct object Subject Indirect object- to for 35. Give me a glass of water. = Let a glass of water be given to me. Buy me a book. = Let a book be bought for me. 36. Passive Voice of double objects Object sentence Passive- Object Subject verb N. B. Object Subject 37. He teaches us English. =We are taught English by him I give him a book. = He was given a book by me. Salim offered me a seat. =I was offered a seat by Salim. 38. Reflexive object (Himself, myself, ourselves, yourselves, herself, themselves) Passive voice- subject object by 39. He hurt himself. = He was hurt by himself. Somon praises himself. = Somon is praised by himself. He killed himself. = He was killed by himself.