voci - ventilation optimization composite index

7/29/2019 VOCI - Ventilation Optimization Composite Index

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Application of Ventilation

Optimization Composite Index

(VOCI) for Office Buildings in

Hot and Humid Regions

Mr Chan Siew Chong

15-09-2011 11:15am 12:45 pm

International Green Building Conference

2011

Singapore


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Ventilation Optimization

Composite Index (VOCI)

The integrated simulation model

of passive designs for buildingventilation


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The Background

Historical Review


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In Rural Areas

(Source: Lim,

2011)


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The Surroundings

(Source : Lim, 2011)


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In Urban Areas

(Source : Dr Sabarinah, 2007)


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In the Buildings

(Source: Dr Sabarinah, 2007)


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Nowadays (1/3)

(Source: Dr Sabarinah, 2007)


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Nowadays (2/3)

(Source: Abd Khalid, 2008)


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Nowadays (3/3)

(Source: Abd Khalid, 2008)


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Common Features

Large Openings.

Channels for air flow.

Horizontal and Vertical dimensions.

Near to Green Areas.

Shadings.


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Models in Application

Overview


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Models Currently in Used (1/2)

According to Chen (2009),

1.Analytical Models

2.Empirical Models

3.Small-scale Experimental Models

4.Full-scale Experimental Models

5.Multi-zone Models.

6.Zonal Models

7.CFD Models


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Models Currently in Used (2/2)

Model Types Publication (%)

Analytical 3

Empirical 2

Small-scale 5

Full-scale 10

Multizone 7Zonal 3

CFD 70

(Source: Chen, 2009) 100


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The Shortcomings

1. Building Oriented.

2. Complex calculation (black box

operation).

3. Expensive / Costly.

4. Conflicting Results.

5. Insufficient coverage areas.


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VOCI The Proposed Model

The Background


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The Concept (1/3)

Sustainable Development:

Development that meets the needs

of the present without compromising

the ability of future generations to

meet their own needs.(Source: WCED, 1987)


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The Concept (2/3)

(Source: Scott Cato, 2009) (Source: Adams, 2006)


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The Concept (3/3)

When the concept applies,

Sustainable Development VOCI

Economics Operation Cost

Social Thermal Comfort

Environment Natural Ventilation


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The Mission

This model is aimed to study the

potential in maximizing the utility of

natural ventilation in a building layoutthrough passive design.

The main target of this model is to

achieve the maximum thermal comfortlevel, while at the same time minimizing

the utility of artificial energy.


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The Settings


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The Physical LayoutZone 2 Zone 3

(North) (North East)

Zone 1 Zone 4

(Centre) (East)

Zone 6 Zone 5

(South) (South East)

Zone 8 Zone 1 Zone 4

Zone 9

Zone 2 Zone 3(North West)Zone 8

(West)

(North) (North East)Zone 7(South West)

(West) (Centre) (East)

Zone 7 Zone 6 Zone 5(South West) (South) (South East)

Zone Division Within A Building Compound Layout


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The Parameters (1/3)

Related to Natural Ventilation (NV):

1.Local Air Velocity (LAV)

2.Proportion of Green Area (PGA)

3.Passive Design Areas (PDA):o Air Well (AW) Horizontal Openings

o Faade Design (FD) Wind Pressure Amplifierso Ventilation Openings (VO) Vertical Openings

o Corridor and Shading (CS) Air Channels

o Wall and Partitions (WP) Air Velocity Reduction Factor


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Related to Thermal Comfort (TC):

1.Occupants satisfaction level (PMV-PPD

Fangers Model)2.Temperature level (Adaptive approach)

Related to Operation Costs (OC):

1.Life Cycle Operation Cost:o Energy Usage

o Replacement and Maintenance.


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The Procedure


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Stage 1: Individual Case

1.Input of Field data (through Questionaire).

2.Tabulate parameters according to zone.

3.Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)

4.Output for Stage 2: Integration Base


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Input of Field Data (1/2)) Pair Wise Comparison (Perbandingan Secara Pasangan)

) Based on your personal opinion, please indicate the relative importance levelbetween the following each paired parameters that will affect the indoornatural ventilation quality and performance.(Berdasarkan kepada pendapat peribadi, sila nyatakan tahap kepentinganrelatif antara kedua-dua parameter berpasangan berikut demi mempengaruhikualiti dan prestasi pengudaraan semulajadi dalaman)

Note: 1 Neutral (Equal Importance) (Sama penting)3 Weakly More Importance Than (Sedikit lebih penting daripada)5 Strongly More Importance Than (Agak lebih penting daripada)7 Very Strongly More Importance Than (Sangat penting daripada)9 Absolutely More Importance Than (Amat Sangat penting daripada)

* Please tick () in relevant box for each group(Sila tandakan () dalam kotak berkenaan bagi setiap kumpulan)

roupmpulan)

Element

(Elemen)

Level of Importance (Tahap Kepentingan) Element

(Elemen)9 7 5 3 1 3 5 7 9

A ThermalComfort(KeselesaanTerma)

LifecycleCost(Kos Kitar

Hayat)


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Input of Field Data (2/2)

TC/OC TC/GA TC/AV OC/GA OC/AV GA/AV1 9 3.5 2.4 0.4 7.6 0.111111

2 5 4 3.1 5 3.5 0.23 5 3 0.4 0.4 5.6 0.333333

4 5 2 1.2 2.7 8.7 0.25 3 0.8 2.3 1.8 5.6 0.333333

6 7 0.1 1.8 2.4 4.3 0.111111

7 1 0.6 1 3.5 2.3 1

8 0.142857 0.3 0.333333 4.4 6.5 0.3333339 1 0.5 1 3.9 1 1

10 5 1 7 3.2 4.5 7

n

Mean 3.459894 0.98127 1.139048 1.377937 2.107937 0.808677

Std Dev 2.639273 1.533793 1.773347 1.812015 2.728571 1.715337

Normalised 3 1 1 1 2 1

No.Section A - 6 Inputs


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Analytical Hierarchy Process

(1/2)

TC OC PGA LAV AW FD CS WPTC 1 A AW 1 B

OC 1/A 1 FD 1/B 1

PGA 1 VO

AV 1 CS 1

Total WP 1

Total

Passive Design Area (PDA)

Key in Field Data

TC OC PGA LAV

Main Parameters

Internal External

AW FD VO CS WP

AHP Process

VO

1


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Analytical Hierarchy Process

(2/2)(i) Paired Wise Comparison:AW FD VO CS WP

AW 1.000 3.000 1.000 2.000 2.000FD 0.333 1.000 1.000 2.000 2.000

VO 1.000 1.000 1.000 4.000 4.000

CS 0.500 0.500 0.250 1.000 3.000WP 0.500 0.500 0.250 0.333 1.000

Total 3.333 6.000 3.500 9.333 12.000

(ii) Weightage of Passive Design Areas:AW FD VO CS WP Average Adj

AW 0.300 0.500 0.286 0.214 0.167 0.293 0.295508

FD 0.100 0.167 0.286 0.214 0.167 0.187 0.188695

VO 0.300 0.167 0.286 0.429 0.333 0.303 0.304073

CS 0.150 0.083 0.071 0.107 0.250 0.132 0.129215

WP 0.150 0.083 0.071 0.036 0.083 0.085 0.08251Total 1.000 (Eigenvector)


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The Output (1/2)General Information

Local Air Velocity (LAR) m/s

Proportional Green Area (PGA) (in ratio)

PDAs UOM

Total Area 280 m2

(for all enclosure - wall, floor and ceiling)AW Area 32 0.114286

FD Area 45 0.160714

VO Area 67 0.239286

CS Area 120 0.428571

WP Area 34 0.121429

Total 1.064286

Thermal Comfort Ranking 0.833

Operational Cost Ranking 0.556


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The Output (2/2)Weightage of Passive Design Areas

AW Air Well 0.296FD Faade Design 0.189VO Ventilation Openings 0.304

CS Corridors and Shadings 0.129WP Walls and Partitons 0.083 1.000

Weightage of Main Parameters

TC Thermal Comfort 0.330OC Lifecycle Operational Cost 0.190PGA Proportional Green Area 0.240LAV Local Air Velocity 0.240 1.000


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The LinkCase 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case . Case n

Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1



Zone . Zone . Zone . Zone . Zone .


Stage 1

Stage 2

Integration

LAV

PGA

PDA

TC

OC


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Stage 2: Integration

1.Input from Stage one.

2.Tabulate zones according to parameters.

3.Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA)

4.Final Output: VOCI

(Ventilation Optimization Composite Index)


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Tabulated Data (1/7)

I. Independents (x):

Local Air velocity (LAV).

Proportional Green Area (PGA).

Thermal Comfort (TC).Lifecycle Operation Cost (OC).


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Air Velocity

Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 Case 6 Case 7 Case .. Case n Average

0.18 0.32 1.5 0.2 0.4 2.9 0.2 0.29 0.27 0.695556

Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 Case 6 Case 7 Case .. Case n Average1.8 0.32 1.5 0.2 0.4 2.9 2 0.29 0.27 1.075556

Zone 1

Zone 9


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Proportional Green Area:

Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 Case 6 Case 7 Case .. Case n Average0.18 0.32 0.15 0.2 0.4 0.29 0.2 0.29 0.27 0.255556


0.9 0.45 0.65 0.72 0.4 0.8 0.2 0.9 0.55 0.618889

Zone 1

Zone 9


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Thermal Comfort



0.32 0.32 0.45 0.2 0.69 0.38 0.79 0.33 0.26 0.415556

Zone 1

Zone 9


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Lifecycle Operational Cost


0.54 0.66 0.15 0.34 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.34 0.27 0.344444


Zone 1

Zone 9


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I. Dependents (y):

Proportional Passive Design Area

(PPDA).


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Tabulated Data (7/7)Proportional Passive Design Area (PPDA):

Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 Case 6 Case 7 Case .. Case n Average Std Dev

AW 0.18 0.32 0.15 0.2 0.4 0.29 0.2 0.29 0.27 0.255556 0.079547 0.050622

FD 0.2 0.12 0.12 0.24 0.22 0.18 0.3 0.25 0.32 0.216667 0.070356 0.039600

VO 0.23 0.2 0.3 0.13 0.1 0.18 0.25 0.1 0.15 0.182222 0.069242 0.038356

CS 0.1 0.22 0.18 0.3 0.14 0.36 0.1 0.25 0.14 0.198889 0.090891 0.066089

WP 0.34 0.33 0.45 0.23 0.12 0.14 0.05 0.3 0.12 0.231111 0.13233 0.140089

Total 1.05 1.19 1.2 1.1 0.98 1.15 0.9 1.19 1 1.084444 0.091482 0.334756

Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 Case 6 Case 7 Case .. Case n Average Std Dev

AW 0.26 0.22 0.15 0.18 0.31 0.16 0.12 0.18 0.19 0.196667 0.058523 0.027400

FD 0.24 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.29 0.29 0.19 0.22 0.17 0.218889 0.045123 0.016289

VO 0.21 0.18 0.24 0.25 0.05 0.18 0.17 0.1 0.19 0.174444 0.063857 0.032622

CS 0.19 0.25 0.18 0.29 0.14 0.14 0.19 0.1 0.15 0.181111 0.058831 0.027689

WP 0.17 0.12 0.17 0.1 0.12 0.25 0.13 0.08 0.23 0.152222 0.057831 0.026756

Total 1.07 0.96 0.93 1.01 0.91 1.02 0.8 0.68 0.93 0.923333 0.057174 0.130756

Element Average Std Dev Std Adj-1

AW 0.236173 0.072455 0.377978

FD 0.214259 0.073539 0.389378

VO 0.198765 0.065765 0.311400

CS 0.189259 0.078722 0.446200

WP 0.191481 0.070636 0.359244

Total 1.029938 0.072346

Zone 1

Zone 9


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Multiple Regression Analysis

(1/6) Types of Analysis:

1.PPDA (y) vs LAV (x1)

2.PPDA (y) vs PGA (x2)

3.PPDA (y) vs TC (x3)

4.PPDA (y) vs OC (x4) Optimize the proportional value of each

paired parameters.


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(2/6) The Process:

1.Correlate the Dependents withIndependent.

2.Iterate up to highest level (approach to 1).

3.Determine the values of coefficients.4.Using Solver to identify final optimized

values of dependents and independents.


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Local Air Velocity to Proportional Passive Design Area

YC X X X X X X X X X X YP

PPDA LAV LAV LAV LAV LAV LAV LAV LAV LAV LAV PPDA

1 KIV 1.084444 0.695556 0.483798 0.336508 0.23406 0.162802 0.113238 0.078763 0.054784 0.038105 0.026504 1.084454

2 1.068889 0.793333 0.629378 0.499306 0.396116 0.314252 0.249307 0.197783 0.156908 0.12448 0.098755 1.0688433 1.109444 0.94 0.8836 0.830584 0.780749 0.733904 0.68987 0.648478 0.609569 0.572995 0.538615 1.109681

4 1.071111 1.152222 1.327616 1.529709 1.762564 2.030866 2.340009 2.69621 3.106633 3.579532 4.124416 1.06342

5 1.073333 1.204444 1.450686 1.747271 2.104491 2.534743 3.052957 3.677117 4.428883 5.334343 6.42492 1.074804

6 1.007778 1.125556 1.266875 1.425939 1.604973 1.806486 2.033301 2.288593 2.575938 2.899362 3.263393 1.016462

7 0.92 1.333333 1.777778 2.37037 3.160494 4.213992 5.618656 7.491541 9.988721 13.31829 17.75773 0.919953

8 1.011111 1.502222 2.256672 3.390022 5.092567 7.650167 11.49225 17.26391 25.93424 38.95899 58.52505 1.0111129 0.923333 1.075556 1.15682 1.244224 1.338232 1.439343 1.548093 1.66506 1.790865 1.926175 2.071708 0.920716

824.0988 -2570.068 0 5933.037 0 -11418.37 0 23802.53 -26298 11649.89 -1922.22

0.266412 0.318927 0.902944 0.883791 0.996287

1.183382 1.400392 1.657198 1.961098 2.320727 2.746305 3.249927 3.845904 4.551171 5.385772 1.086536

Improvement %

Individual Input

Zone Sec

Coefficient

Regression2

status


(3/6)

12

3

4


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(4/6)Proportional Green Area to Proportional Passive Design AreaYC X

1X

2X

3X

4X

5X

6X

7X

8X

9X

10YP

PPDA PGA PGA PGA PGA PGA PGA PGA PGA PGA PGA PPDA

1 KIV 1.084444 0.255556 0.065309 0.01669 0.004265 0.00109 0.000279 7.12E-05 1.82E-05 4.65E-06 1.19E-06 1.083645

2 1.068889 0.343333 0.117878 0.040471 0.013895 0.004771 0.001638 0.000562 0.000193 6.63E-05 2.28E-05 1.0698013 1.109444 0.35 0.1225 0.042875 0.015006 0.005252 0.001838 0.000643 0.000225 7.88E-05 2.76E-05 1.077584

4 1.071111 0.304444 0.092686 0.028218 0.008591 0.002615 0.000796 0.000242 7.38E-05 2.25E-05 6.84E-06 1.077316

5 1.073333 0.365556 0.133631 0.04885 0.017857 0.006528 0.002386 0.000872 0.000319 0.000117 4.26E-05 1.10198

6 1.007778 0.574444 0.329986 0.189559 0.108891 0.062552 0.035933 0.020641 0.011857 0.006811 0.003913 1.006933

7 0.92 0.484444 0.234686 0.113693 0.055078 0.026682 0.012926 0.006262 0.003034 0.00147 0.000712 0.936836

8 1.011111 0.472222 0.222994 0.105303 0.049726 0.023482 0.011089 0.005236 0.002473 0.001168 0.000551 0.9918299 0.923333 0.618889 0.383023 0.237049 0.146707 0.090795 0.056192 0.034777 0.021523 0.01332 0.008244 0.923521

-120.4741 1713.725 -9363.393 24129.46 -26216.36 0 15169.83 0 0 0 -9580.2

0.683089 0.784875 0.887162 0.931201 0.934554

0.409361 0.167577 0.068599 0.028082 0.011496 0.004706 0.001926 0.000789 0.000323 0.000132 1.154474

Zone Sec

Coefficient

Regression2

status

Improvement %

Individual Input


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(5/6)Thermal Comfort to Proportional Passive Design AreaYC X

1X

2X

3X

4X

5X

6X

7X

8X

9X

10YP

PPDA TC TC TC TC TC TC TC TC TC TC PPDA

1 KIV 1.084444 0.324444 0.105264 0.034152 0.011081 0.003595 0.001166 0.000378 0.000123 3.98E-05 1.29E-05 1.045423

2 1.068889 0.291111 0.084746 0.02467 0.007182 0.002091 0.000609 0.000177 5.16E-05 1.5E-05 4.37E-06 1.024799

3 1.109444 0.324444 0.105264 0.034152 0.011081 0.003595 0.001166 0.000378 0.000123 3.98E-05 1.29E-05 1.045423

4 1.071111 0.324444 0.105264 0.034152 0.011081 0.003595 0.001166 0.000378 0.000123 3.98E-05 1.29E-05 1.045423

5 1.073333 0.398889 0.159112 0.063468 0.025317 0.010099 0.004028 0.001607 0.000641 0.000256 0.000102 1.021485

6 1.007778 0.37 0.1369 0.050653 0.018742 0.006934 0.002566 0.000949 0.000351 0.00013 4.81E-05 1.071235

7 0.92 0.304444 0.092686 0.028218 0.008591 0.002615 0.000796 0.000242 7.38E-05 2.25E-05 6.84E-06 1.029603

8 1.011111 0.322222 0.103827 0.033455 0.01078 0.003474 0.001119 0.000361 0.000116 3.74E-05 1.21E-05 1.043369

9 0.923333 0.415556 0.172686 0.071761 0.029821 0.012392 0.00515 0.00214 0.000889 0.00037 0.000154 0.942685

3.105289 -10.32675 -12.67246 92.00316 0 0 -443.7469

0.218714 0.266835 0.266472 0.26668 0.26668 0.26668

0.364075 0.132551 0.048258 0.01757 0.006397 0.002329 0.000848 0.000309 0.000112 4.09E-05 1.072328

Improvement %

Individual Input

Zone Sec

Coefficient

Regression2

status


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(6/6)Operational Cost to Proportional Passive Design AreaYC X

1X

2X

3X

4X

5X

6X

7X

8X

9X

10YP

PPDA OC OC OC OC OC OC OC OC OC OC PPDA

1 KIV 1.084444 0.344444 0.118642 0.040866 0.014076 0.004848 0.00167 0.000575 0.000198 6.82E-05 2.35E-05 0.997729

2 1.068889 0.285556 0.081542 0.023285 0.006649 0.001899 0.000542 0.000155 4.42E-05 1.26E-05 3.61E-06 1.033272

3 1.109444 0.437778 0.191649 0.0839 0.036729 0.016079 0.007039 0.003082 0.001349 0.000591 0.000259 1.099368

4 1.071111 0.277778 0.07716 0.021433 0.005954 0.001654 0.000459 0.000128 3.54E-05 9.85E-06 2.74E-06 1.055586

5 1.073333 0.275556 0.075931 0.020923 0.005765 0.001589 0.000438 0.000121 3.32E-05 9.16E-06 2.52E-06 1.065235

6 1.007778 0.277778 0.07716 0.021433 0.005954 0.001654 0.000459 0.000128 3.54E-05 9.85E-06 2.74E-06 1.055586

7 0.92 0.447778 0.200505 0.089782 0.040202 0.018002 0.008061 0.003609 0.001616 0.000724 0.000324 0.925986

8 1.011111 0.386667 0.149511 0.057811 0.022354 0.008643 0.003342 0.001292 0.0005 0.000193 7.47E-05 1.029013

9 0.923333 0.333333 0.111111 0.037037 0.012346 0.004115 0.001372 0.000457 0.000152 5.08E-05 1.69E-05 1.007669

189.4128 -2281.454 9747.567 -15153.75 0 0 45308.43 0 -77977.5

0.077937 0.370622 0.495785 0.510116 0.510116

0.424231 0.179972 0.07635 0.03239 0.013741 0.005829 0.002473 0.001049 0.000445 0.000189 1.162568

Zone Sec

Coefficient

Regression2

status

Improvement %

Individual Input


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Transport the Data

LAV

PGA

TC

OC

Optimized

Valuesthrough

MRA

VOCIThe Link


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The Link (1/2)Main Parameters

Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 Case 6 Case 7 Case .. Case n AverageTC 0.3 0.4 0.05 0.33 0.06 0.29 0.4 0.19 0.27 0.254444OC 0.4 0.3 0.12 0.44 0.32 0.18 0.3 0.35 0.32 0.303333

PGA 0.1 0.2 0.18 0.1 0.14 0.36 0.1 0.25 0.14 0.174444LAV 0.2 0.1 0.65 0.13 0.48 0.17 0.2 0.21 0.27 0.267778Total 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 Case 6 Case 7 Case .. Case n AverageTC 0.23 0.28 0.35 0.23 0.25 0.28 0.33 0.32 0.29 0.284444OC 0.34 0.22 0.34 0.34 0.32 0.19 0.22 0.21 0.35 0.281111

PGA 0.17 0.25 0.21 0.38 0.29 0.32 0.21 0.19 0.23 0.25LAV 0.26 0.25 0.1 0.05 0.14 0.21 0.24 0.28 0.13 0.184444Total 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

TC 0.267901OC 0.268765PGA 0.234815

LAV 0.228519

Zone 1

Combined Average

Zone 9


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The Link (2/2)Passive Design Area Preference Ranking


AW 0.18 0.32 0.15 0.2 0.4 0.29 0.2 0.29 0.27 0.255556

FD 0.2 0.12 0.12 0.24 0.22 0.18 0.3 0.25 0.32 0.216667VO 0.23 0.2 0.3 0.13 0.1 0.18 0.25 0.1 0.15 0.182222CS 0.1 0.22 0.18 0.2 0.14 0.36 0.1 0.25 0.14 0.187778

WP 0.29 0.14 0.25 0.23 0.14 -0.01 0.15 0.11 0.12 0.157778Total 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1


AW 0.21 0.23 0.24 0.14 0.23 0.23 0.15 0.3 0.14 0.207778

FD 0.24 0.2 0.21 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.29 0.12 0.19 0.2VO 0.25 0.15 0.3 0.23 0.17 0.17 0.1 0.25 0.23 0.205556CS 0.1 0.18 0.1 0.26 0.23 0.16 0.3 0.13 0.25 0.19

WP 0.2 0.24 0.15 0.18 0.19 0.26 0.16 0.2 0.19 0.196667Total 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

C.AverageAW 0.22037

FD 0.224444VO 0.206296

CS 0.173951WP 0.174938Total 1

Zone 1

Zone 9


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VOCI - Decision Simulation

Weightage PPDA Combined

TC 0.2679012 1.072328 0.287278OC 0.2687654 1.162568 0.312458

PGA 0.2348148 1.154474 0.271088

LAV 0.2285185 1.086536 0.248294 UOM m

2

Total 1.000 4.476 1.119 388.000 (Total Area)

434.218 (Total PDA)

Final Output (1/2)


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Final Output (2/2)

Priority m2

Ranking

AW 0.220 95.689 2.000FD 0.224 97.458 1.000

VO 0.206 89.577 3.000

CA 0.174 75.532 5.000

BP 0.175 75.961 4.000Checking 0.000

Priority (Allocation settings)

(Optimum PPDA for

each parameter)


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Hypothesis TestingH0 M1 = M0

H1 M1 M0

where M1 = 1.119

M0 = 1.029938

SD1 = 0.072346N = 9

(Z-test) (T-test)

Hypothesis Testing 3.698045 3.48655

with tail-test of one two one two

At confidence level of 0.95 0.05 0.025 0.05 0.025Tabled value is 1.645 1.96 1.86 2.306

Therefore, Ho is rejected rejected rejected rejected

(Conclusion: There is significant difference between the amendment of the design layout).

(for PDA Comparison)


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Expected Contribution

To estimate the passive design areas

for optimizing natural ventilation

performance within a building. To provide a basic guideline for the

designers for allocation of passive

areas within and around a building.


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Limitation

Applicable for low density office

buildings (one or two storey).

Suitable for office buildings surroundedby spacious green environment.

Useful for areas with consistent outdoor

temperature and air velocity. Initial costs for ventilation systems are

considered as sunk costs.


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THANK YOU

voci - ventilation optimization composite index

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